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PERUS DEADLYENVIRONMENT

THE RISE IN KILLINGS OFENVIRONMENTAL AND LAND DEFENDERS

global witness

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Below:Four indigenousleaders,includin gEdwin Chota,were recently killed bysuspected illegalloggers.Their community ofAlto Tamaya-Sawetocontinuestostruggle for recognition ofits land rightsin the Peruvian Amazon. Emory Richey.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The worlds attention will be on Peru thiscember, as governments rom 195 1 coconvene in the capital Lima or the 2014Climate Con erence. As delegates negota global deal aimed at averting catastrophclimate change, a parallel human rights cis un olding in Peru and around the worlincreasing number o people on the rono the ght to protect the environment abeing killed.

The recent murders o Peruvian indige-nous leader Edwin Chota and three o hicolleagues, who died trying to de end thland in the Amazon rom illegal loggingpart o a global trend in violent crime agactivists. Global Witness research, publisearlier this year, shows that on average, twsuch environmental and land de endersbeing killed each week around the worldrate that has been increasing in recent yeaGovernments arent doing enough to stop

As global demand or natural resourcetensies, more and more ordinary peoplehaving to de end their rights to land and environment rom corporate or state abuMany o the killings stem rom conictsthe ownership and use o land, particularin the ace o expanded mining and loggactivities. An estimated 93% o extractivagriculture projects happen on land that ialready inhabited. 3 Our research ounPeru is the worlds ourth deadliest counto be an environmental or land de ender,behind Brazil, Honduras and the PhilippinBetween 2002 and 2014, at least 57 such ists were killed in Peru. 4 More than haduring the last our years.

In ew countries is the critical role o llike Edwin Chota in the ght to preventenvironmental destruction more apparentthan in Peru. The country is home to an a

o rain orest roughly the size o Germaand Norway combined. 5 The destructitropical orests around the world is one olargest sources o emissions contributingclimate change, and de orestation rates inPeru doubled in 2012 rom the previous accounting or nearly hal its annual grehouse gas emissions. 7

Perus orests are home to more than300,000 indigenous peoples, 8 such aAshninka group, who claim rights to the

PERUS DEADLYENVIRONMENTCONTENTS

Executive summary 3

Recommendations 4

Global killings on the rise 5

Peru in the spotlight 5

ndigenous rights to their land undermined 6

Threats to forest protection 6

Regressive laws may provokefurther conict and violence 7

Case studies: The murder of four indigenouseaders by suspected illegal loggers 8

Case studies: Lives lost in Perus mining sector 10

Conclusion 12

Endnotes 13

November 2014

We are very grateful for the assistance and information provided to us in compilinghe data for this report by La Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos HumanosCNDDHH) in Peru

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raditional lands. The realisation o indige-ous land rights has proven to be one o the

most effective ways to curb de orestation, 9 butommunities are not receiving the supportnd protections they need. There are current-y over 20 million hectares (ha) o indigenousand claims in the Peruvian Amazon that theovernment has ailed to process. 10

Although Peru has made commitments torotect its rain orest, stating its intention toeduce net de orestation to zero by 2021 andecently signing a US$300 million agreement

with the Government o Norway in support ots ambitions, 11 progress will not be achievednless the underlying governance issues thatlague the orest sector are addressed. Major

RECOMMENDATIONSPerus government should:

Implement and respect all o the provisionsset out in the UN Declaration on HumanRights De enders, 16 the Organisation oAmerican States resolution on humanrights de enders, 17 and relevant domesticlaws to protect human rights and environ-mental advocates like Edwin Chota, andhold perpetrators o violence and intimida-tion to account.

Revoke law 30151 that weakens protectionsor peace ul protestors by extending immu-

nity to Perus security agencies or the useo orce in certain situations.

Process pending indigenous land claimsthat cover over 20 million ha o orest, andrealize the rights o Perus indigenous com-munities as enshrined in the UN Declara-tion on the Rights o Indigenous Peoples.

Improve coordinated law en orcementefforts to tackle illegal logging in the orest

sector, by assigning more resources to theMulti-Sectoral Commission against IllegalLogging (CMLTI) and the Regional Environ-mental Prosecutors Offices.

Investigate the alleged corrupt links be-tween public officials and illegal loggers inUcayali and prosecute where corruption isidentied.

Revoke law 30230 18 that weakens Perusenvironmental protection procedures and

institutions, and prioritises investments inagriculture and the extractive sector overland where there are pending indigenousland claims; strengthen and apply adequateresources to the National Service o En-vironmental Certication or SustainableInvestments (SENACE), the body entrust-ed with improving Perus environmentalimpact assessment ramework. 19

In light o these recommendations, theinternational community should publiclycall on the Peruvian Government to ensurethe protection o environmental and landde enders, bring perpetrators to accountand strengthen the countrys land rights andenvironmental procedures and policies in thebuild up to the 20th UN Climate Con erencein Lima.

challenges include lack o l aw en orcement,unchecked illegal logging, insecure landtenure and corruption. Illegal logging is worth1.5 times the value o legal timber exportsin Peru, 12 whilst corruption among publicofficials is endemic in the Amazon region. 13 Other threats to orest protection rom in-

rastructure and mining projects are markedby secretive decision-making and a lack oconsultation with affected communities. 14

Recent moves by Perus government toweaken environmental and land rightslegislation 15 have raised the stakes urther

or activists. Be ore his death, Edwin Chotarepeatedly called or recognition o hiscommunitys land rights and or government

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Continued

PERU IN THE SPOTLIGHTPeru is the worlds ourth most dangerouscountry to be an environmental and landde ender. According to Global Witnesss mostrecent analysis, at least 57 o such activistswere killed between 2002 and the present day,with 60% o them occurring in the last ouryears*. The majority o these deaths stemmed

rom conicts over mining projects. 21 Perusailure to adequately address community

grievances around increasing pressures romextractive industries has in many cases led toviolence against protestors. For example vedemonstrators were killed in the highlandsregion o Cajamarca in 2012 in clashes withpolice over concerns that a proposed minewould harm the local water supply. 22

Recent trends in conict over Perus naturalresources have pointed to the orest sector.The lack o attention shown by Perus govern-ment to resolve the twin problems o illegallogging and insecure land tenure has givenrise to increased violence against indigenouscommunities. In 2013 the high prole murdero Mauro Pio Pea, an indigenous leader whospoke out against illegal logging, shone thespotlight rmly on these orest governanceissues. 23 This was ollowed in September2014 by the murders o Edwin Chota and

GLOBAL KILLINGSON THE RISEAs world leaders prepare to meet or the UNclimate convention in Lima this Decemberto discuss a global deal to reduce greenhousegas emissions, ordinary citizens are being at-tacked and killed or de ending their land andenvironment rom increasing threats. In April2014, Global Witness report Deadly Environ-ment showed that between 2002 and 2013,there were 908 known killings o activistsaround the world. 20 The number o killingsattributable to the protection o land and theenvironment is subject to revision as dataimproves, but the rate is clearly increasing,with three times as many people killed in 2012than in any o the 10 previous years. LatinAmerica and Asia Pacic are the worst-affect-ed regions, and indigenous groups particular-ly hard-hit overall. In many cases indigenousland rights are not recognised in law or

practice, leaving communities vulnerable toexploitation by power ul economic intereststhat brand them as anti-development.

This crisis is poorly understood, and effortsto address it woe ully inadequate. A lack osystematic monitoring means that publiclyavailable in ormation relating to violenceagainst environmental and land de enders ishard to nd and even harder to veri y. GlobalWitness attempt to quanti y the global deathtoll should be considered a conservativeestimate. This opacity is likely both a causeand effect o the culture o impunity thatsurrounds these deaths. Stunningly, onlyone per-cent o documented cases saw a con-viction. National governments and judicialsystems are routinely ailing to protect theircitizens rom harm.

Below:The UN Climate Conference in Lima willput Pehuman rightsrecord under the spotlight. MarcosGon

three members o the Ashninka commuall indigenous environmental activists, bysuspected illegal loggers. 24 Chota andleagues were persistent denouncers o illlogging in their home region o Ucayali rus Amazon. Since 2002 their communitbeen seeking legal recognition o the rigtheir ancestral lands, calling or the govement to deliver on its promise to ormallindigenous territories.

These deaths paint a stark portrait o thproblems afflicting Perus orest and minsectors, calling into question the seriousno the governments international humanrights and environmental commitments inthe run-up to its hosting o the Decembe2014 climate con erence, and demandingattention on Perus efforts to address thesproblems once the con erence is over.

action to prevent illegal logging, but his callswent unheard. Unless more is done to addressthe underlying actors that led to Chotasdeath and the impunity enjoyed by thosebehind his killing, environmental leaders likehim will continue to be at risk. Perus hostingo the UN climate con erence next monthpresents an opportunity or the country todemonstrate its commitment to protectinghuman rights and the environment. The liveso citizens protecting their land and environ-ment may depend on it. Peru must seize thisopportunity; the government and its policieswill be in the international spotlight inDecember, it must not return to the shadowsonce that spotlight has moved.

Number ofknown killings ofenvironmental andland defenders inPeru by year

ight:Recent killingsofenvironmental and land defendersin Perure related tothe struggle against illegallogging. Getty.

*In April2014 wereported58known killingso environmentaland landde endersin Peru. Thenew gureo 57includeskillings up tothisreportspublication date, andthechangeis dueto theexclusion o certain casesthat ollowing urtherinvestigation didnot meet ourstrict criteria. Dueto low levelo reportingo killings, anda lack o officialdata collection, new historic cases requentlycometolight, andexisting guresarealso subject torevisiolight o emergingin ormation. Thehistoric trajectoryo killingsis clearlyrising, but gurescan varyin theshort term subject toon-goingscrutiny

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INDIGENOUS RIGHTSTO THEIR LANDUNDERMINEDAcross Latin America, secure land tenure

or indigenous communities has proven toe one o the most effective ways to reduce

de orestation. 25 But the Peruvian Governmentas been heavily criticized by the countrysargest indigenous network, AIDESEP, orts ailure to prioritise the processing o over0 million ha o pending indigenous landitle applications in the Amazon. 26 While a

US$300 million Declaration o Intent withhe Government o Norway outlines measureso accelerate the titling process, it remains toe seen how committed the government o

Peru is to tackling this longstanding problem.Perus indigenous groups have warned thati the Norway deal is to be a success, Perumust rst improve its policy and practices on

orests and indigenous peoples rights. 27

The deaths o Chota and three otherAshninka leaders showcase the dangers oghting or recognition o indigenous land.Ensuring secure land tenure or indigenousterritories would be a sign not only o Peruscommitment to halt orest loss but also o itsdesire to con ront the governance problems

that led to the killings o these activists.Un ortunately, the passing o law 30230 byPerus Congress in July 2014 raises seriousdoubts over the countrys willingness to dothis. The law grants extended land use rightsto investors or the expansion o large-scaleagriculture, mining, logging and in rastruc-ture projects. 28 Civil society groups havehighlighted the potential threat to indigenouslands the law poses, given that 72 percent oindigenous communities still do not havelegal recognition o their rights to their tradi-tional territories. 29

THREATS TO FORESTPROTECTIONPerus vast orests ace increasing threats

rom logging, extractive and in rastructurerojects. Peru has 73 million ha o orestovering 57 percent o its land area, 30 theourth largest area o tropical orest o anyountry. 31 De orestation in Peru accounts orlmost hal its greenhouse gas emissions, 32

with the rate o destruction more thandoubling between 2011 and 2012 to 246,000a annually. 33 Widespread illegality, 34 orruption 35 and institutional weaknessescross the orest sector 36 means Peru andts international partners ace a dauntingtruggle to ull promises to improveutcomes or the countrys orests.

n response to these threats, at the 2009Copenhagen climate con erence, Peru an-ounced its intention to reduce net de orest-tion to zero by 2020. The ollowing year theovernment launched the National Programo Conserve Forests or the Mitigation o

Climate Change, which aspires to conserve 54million ha o orest. 37 The recent agreementwith Norway aims to ull these commit-ments by providing US$300 million to Peru

o address orest loss in the Amazon as wells to ormalize indigenous land rights. 38 However, or this support to be effective Perumust respect indigenous rights and reversehe recent weakening o legal protections oruman rights and the environment. Imple-

mentation o measures designed to improveorest governance should be effective androperly resourced. Un ortunately, to date,aw en orcement in Perus Amazon region haseen woe ully inadequate, exemplied byncontrolled rates o illegal logging.

The rampant illegality in Perus loggingndustry illustrates the scale o the countrys

orest governance problems. In 2003 theInternational Tropical Timber Organisation(ITTO) estimated Illegal logging to account

or between 70 and 90 percent o trade. 39 Recent evidence indicates little has changed.For example, a recent independent analysiso Perus logging sector ound that more thantwo-thirds o logging concessions inspectedby the government between 2005 and 2012were suspected o major violations o thelaw. 40 The research concluded that loggingpermits based on alsied annual plans arewidely used to harvest trees in unauthorizedareas. 41

A 2012 report by the Environmental Inves-tigation Agency went urther in its claims,suggesting that corruption and illegality isthe norm, not the exception, in Perus loggingindustry. 42 The report tellingly highlightedthe dangers aced by those attempting tochange the system, emphasising the risk ophysical attack. 43 Despite these ailures in

orest governance, Peru recently announcedplans or an additional 5 million ha o loggingconcessions, 44 potentially exacerbating an

already unmanageable situation. Peru mustundertake systemic measures to improve lawen orcement efforts in the orest sector, orexample by assigning more resources to theMulti-Sectoral Commission against IllegalLogging (CMLTI) and to the Regional Environ-mental Prosecutors Offices.

Other major threats to orest protection inPeru, like large-scale in rastructure andextractive projects, have been dogged bypoor decision-making, lack o consultation,and conict. Global Witness research in2012 uncovered suspected corruption at thelocal government level around plans or the

Purs highway, a road project that would haveviolated Perus laws on national parks andprotected areas or uncontacted indigenouspeoples. 45 In Bagua, also in the PeruvianAmazon, at least 32 people were killed in June2009 during clashes between the police andprotestors opposed to proposed laws thatwould have acilitated mining companiesaccess to indigenous land 46 and which indige-nous communities were never consulted on. 47

Unless Perus government acts to addressthese underlying governance problems, itscommitments to orest preservation andclimate change mitigation will remain un ul-lled, and communities trying to protect theirland and orests will continue to ace lethalconsequences.

With the passing o law 30230, the Ministryo Environments authority to designateprotected lands exempt rom industrialactivity has been revoked. 48 This hassevere implications or 20 million ha oindigenous land in the Amazon that is stillpending official titling, as the law is likelyto allow extractive activities to encroach

urther into indigenous territories. Further,the law reduces the time designated orthe evaluation o Environmental ImpactAssessments o extractive projects.International NGOs have highlighted thatthis represents a contravention o the US/Peru Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The FTAprohibits both parties rom weakening orreducing the protections afforded in theirrespective environmental laws. 49

Many o the killings o environmental andland de enders in Peru are attributed toconicts between local communities andextractive projects, with opposition to miningthe principle locus or violence against activ-ists. This problem will only intensi y with theweakening o environmental legislation, em-bodied by law 30230, in the ace o efforts toincrease investment in the extractive sector. 50

Other legal measures have contributed tothe erosion o protections or activists. Therecent passing o law 30151 51 impacts on theright to peace ul protest by granting memberso the armed orces and the national policecertain exemptions rom criminal respon-sibility i they cause injury or death while

Suspected perpetratokillings of environmedefenders in Peru betand present day17%

56%

27%OTHERS

POLICE

POLICE IN CONJUNCTION WIFORCES AND/OR PRIVATE SEC

on duty. 52 The law has been denounced bAmnesty International as a dangerous setin the struggle against impunity and humrights violations. 53

Rather than strengthening legal protectior indigenous land rights and the envi-

ronment, Peru appears to be moving in thopposite direction. The government musttake immediate action to revoke regressivlaws such as 30230 and 30151 i it is to mreal progress in improving its human righsituation and halting de orestation.

REGRESSIVE LAWS MAY PROVOKEFURTHER CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE

Below:Despite government commitmentsto halt forest loss,Perus deforestationrate doubled between 2011 and 2012. Getty/National Geographic.

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CASE STUDIES

n September 2014, in Perus remote Amazonegion o Ucayali, our Ashninka leadersEdwin Chota Valera, Leoncio Quincima

Melndez, Jorge Ros Prez and FranciscoPinedo went missing while travelling toeighbouring Brazil or a meeting on how toddress the regions illegal logging crisis. 54

Days later their bodies were ound, shot deady suspected loggers. 55 Their murders areymptomatic o wider governance issues in

the Ucayali region: the governments ailureto recognise indigenous claims to their tradi-tional lands, an issue Chota and other indige-nous leaders campaigned on or more than adecade; poor law en orcement and pervasivecorruption that is allowing illegal logging tothrive in the Peruvian Amazon; and the gapsin institutional capacity and resources toadequately address these problems.

The struggle of theAlto Tamaya-SawetocommunityAgainst the backdrop o government inactionnd corruption, Edwin Chota and other

Ashninka leaders have ought to protect thencestral lands o their community o Alto

Tamaya-Saweto, a group o 33 Ashninkaamilies living in the Ucayali region near the

Brazilian border. For decades, the Ashninkaeople o the Alto Tamaya River have lived inheir traditional way dedicated to hunting,

shing and small-scale arming and logging. 71 Yet the community has long been a target orllegal loggers seeking high-value species like

mahogany. 72 In a 2013 interview with NationalGeographic, Edwin Chota remarked on thedangers posed by illegal loggers, pointing tohe conditions that would ultimately lead tois death: They threaten us. They intimidates. They have the guns. 73

The struggle o Chotas community is em-lematic o long-standing problems that beset

Perus Amazon region. In 2002 Perus gov-rnment handed out much o the countrys

The murder of four indigenous leaders bysuspected illegal loggers

Above:Indigenouscommunities in PerusAmazon, like AltoTamaya-Saweto,are stillwaiting for over 20million hectaresoftheir landtobe ofcially recognised. Photo: Emory Richey.

Below:In September 2014Jorge RosPrez waskilled,aon their way toBrazilto discussth e regionsillegal log

As ar back as 1996, illegal logging along theTamaya River, home to Chotas community oAlto Tamaya-Saweto, was so rampant that thePeruvian government banned timber extrac-tion across the entire watershed. 80 However,illegal logging continued and his communi-tys repeated complaints were not ollowedup on by the authorities. 81 By 2004, Peruvianillegal loggers had entered the neighbouringindigenous territory o Apiwtxa in Brazil,where some were apprehended by the Bra-zilian army and the environmental protec-tion agency IBAMA. 82 A young Ashninkamember rom Alto Tamaya-Saweto, who hadwarned his Brazilian indigenous relatives othe loggers incursions, was shot dead in the

orest by unknown assailants. 83 The same

loggers were alleged to have tried to bribeEdwin Chota with US$10,000 to dissuade himand his community rom their efforts to stopillegal logging. 84

Chota repeatedly warned regional and na-tional authorities about the multiple threatshe and the amilies in Alto Tamaya-Sawetoreceived. He requested government protec-tion or him and his amily in 2005 due tocontinued threats by loggers, but received noresponse. 85 A year later, Chota denounced theillegal logger Manuel Ros Pezo or threat-ening local indigenous leaders, but again noaction was taken. 86

Over a period o several years, Chota joinedtogether with Ashninka groups across Peruand Brazil to expose illegal logging activities. 87 In 2012, he placed a ormal complaint withthe Environmental Prosecutor o Pucallpa,

Ucayalis capital, but the le was shelved bythe Prosecutor. 88 The ollowing year, Chotasubmitted another police complaint contain-ing the names and pictures o illegal log gersand geo-re erenced locations o their activi-ties. 89 Ucayalis new Environmental Prosecu-tor, Francisco Berropsi, began taking the caseseriously, but was then suddenly replaced bywhat he later denounced as the local timbermaa. 90 Two o the illegal l oggers picturedin Edwin Chotas 2013 police complaint arenow in jail, accused o murdering him and his

ellow activists. 91

Following the murders, Perus PresidentOllanta Humala promised an exhaustiveinvestigation into the killings. 92 One recent

media report suggests, however, that the in-vestigation has been effectively paralyzed dueto a lack o resources. 93 The people behind the

crimes remain at large, and the widows odeceased have been unable to return to thcommunity or ear o urther retributirus government has nally initiated the latitling o Alto-Tamaya-Saweto, 94 and to invest the equivalent o US$300,000 invelopment projects or the community,serious questions need to be answered abowhy it took the deaths o our indigenouleaders to prompt the government to starttitling process and prosecute illegal logge

There are still over 20 million ha o peindigenous land tenure applications in thePeruvian Amazon. Peru must prioritize thtimely and effective titling o these remaindigenous territories, and those behind th

illegal timber trade must be held to accouOnly when perpetrators realise the law ison their side will attacks diminish.

Below:Before hismurder Edwin Chota reported numerousthreatsfrom illegalloggersto the authorities. Emory Richey.

Edwin Chotas ght against illegal logging

Amazon orest to companies as logging con-cessions without recognizing the people whoalready lived there. 74 The Alto Tamaya-Sawetocommunity saw 66,000 ha o their oresthanded out as logging concessions. 75 In aneffort to protect their orests, in July 2002 thecommunity ormally requested or their landto be recognized by the governmentand titled. 76

In 2003, Alto Tamaya-Saweto was ormallyrecognized as an indigenous community 77 andbegan legal proceedings to claim rights over80,000 ha o their ancestral orest. 78 The sameyear, a task team created by the Director oPerus National Institute o Natural Resources(INRENA) recommended Sawetos titling butreported that the titling agency Special Pro-ject or Land Titling and Rural Cadastration(PETT) and INRENA did not have sufficientnancial resources to complete the titlingprocess. 79 One decade later the communityhas still not received its land title.

UCAYALIS TIMBER MAFIAIllegal logging plagues the Ucayali region, whichis the second largest producer of timber56 and thelargest processing centre for forest products in Peru.57 Logging concessions in the region cover 2.5 millionha of Amazon rainforest.58 In a 2012 interview withGlobal Witness, the Environmental Prosecutors Ofceestimated that 80-90 percent of logging in Ucayaliwas illegal.59Of the 151 logging concessions in Ucayali,40 percent were cancelled by the Supervisory Bodyfor Forest Resources and Wildlife (OSINFOR) between2005 and 2012, for breaches of the forest law.60

Links have also been made between Ucayali ofcialsand illegal logging a situation that threatens toundermine efforts to address the issue and strengthenprotections for environmental defenders in the region.For example, a logging company run by the currentVice President of the Ucayali Regional Government,Carlos Henderson, stands accused of illegal logging.Henderson is the General Manager of a logging com-pany called Maderera Maran61 that operates in theAmazon.62 In 2013 OSINFOR, a supervisory body of thenational government, led an administrative processagainst Maderera Maran alleging that it falsely de-clared 4,491 cubic meters of timber cut outside its legalconcession area as having originated from inside itsconcession.63 An appeal was launched by the company,but in October 2014 the Judiciary in Ucayali ruled infavour of OSINFOR, opening the way for the companyto be ned and stripped of the right to operate in theconcession.64

In a separate case, the President of the UcayaliAuditing Commission, Javier Bonilla, accused theUcayali Regional Department for Forest and Fauna(DEFFSU) the institution responsible for issuingtimber licences of facilitating illegal logging throughthe forgery of signatures on harvesting permits from2008 to 2011.65 Rampant illegal logging has alsotaken place in Ucayalis Alto Purs National Park (thelargest in Peru)66 with timber transported by planeschartered from Perus Army, Police and Navy, whowere suspected of collusion.67 More recently, in 2013the Environmental Prosecutor of Ucayali, FranciscoBerropsi, was suddenly replaced a move he told localmedia was due to the timber maa, which he allegedincluded the Director of DEFFSU.68 Berropsi has claimedthat the Director allowed the ow of illegal timber.69 Ina response to Global Witness, the Director of DEFFSUsaid the claims of Berropsi were completely false, andthat it was in fact Berropsi that facilitated the ow ofillegal timber due to dereliction of duty, for which theDEFFSU Director placed a complaint with the PublicProsecutors Ofce and the Coordinator of Environmen-tal Prosecutors that resulted in Berropsis dismissal.

Ucayali is not the only region in Peru suffering fromweak or corrupt institutions and severe gaps in the ruleof law. Earlier this year Perus anti-corruption tzarstated that the regions of Loreto, Perus largest timberproducer, and Amazonas suffer from institutionalisedcorruption.70

It is imperative that Peru take immediate and strongsteps to address corruption and lawlessness in the for-est sector to prevent further harm to activists and theforests they seek to protect. In Chotas home region ofUcayali, action must be taken to bring perpetrators toaccount and deter future attacks on activists by illegalloggers. The Peruvian government should fully inves-tigate the links between illegal logging and the publicofcials and institutions that are meant to prevent it.

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CASE STUDIESLives lost in Perus mining sector

The mining sector in Peru, li ke the forestector, is beleaguered by poor governance.eru is currently the worlds third-biggestroducer of copper and 6th largest producer ofold, 96 with mining accounting for 15 percentf GDP overall 97 and 5.4 percent of Perus totalreenhouse gas emissions. 98 The vast majorityf mineral deposits are located near indige-ous community lands 99 resulting in extensiveonicts over land and the environmental im-acts of mining projects. Recent studies havehown that the gold mining industry, which is

prominent in the Amazon region, 100 is leadingto dramatic increases in deforestation andmercury poisoning, affecting the health andlivelihoods of local indigenous communities. 101

Global Witness research found that 80percent of all killings of environmental andland activists in Peru between 2002 and 2013stemmed from local opposition to extractiveprojects. 102 Perus Human Rights Ombudsmandocumented 1935 social conicts generated byopposition to mining projects over the period

2006 to 2014. 103 Episodes like the protests atBagua in 2009, which led to the deaths of atleast 32 people, amongst them policemen andcivilians, have left a dark cloud over govern-ment efforts to boost mining investment. 104 It is critical that Peru address the underlyinggrievances of environmental and land de-fenders that give rise to these s ometimes fatalconicts. The passage of Law 30230, aimedat boosting extractive industry activity andeasing environmental requirements, threatensto worsen an already dire situation.

Above:Many ofthe killingsof environmentaland land defendersin Peru stem fromconictsbetween miningprojects and communities. Getty/Lonely Planet.

The ongoing conict around the Rio Blancomine in northern Peru is indicative o thecountrys ailure to address persistent andserious governance issues in its mining sector.Rio Blanco lies 50 kilometres rom the borderwith Ecuador, in the high altitude orests oHuancabamba and Ayabac. The project hasa concession area o 6,473 ha, 105 and throughopen pit mining aims to extract 191,000tonnes o copper per year, making it one othe largest undeveloped copper resources inthe world. 106 Since the beginning o the explo-ration phase in 2003, the local communitieso Segunda and Cajas (in Huancabamba) andYanta (in Ayabaca) have opposed the projectand claimed that the company that ownedthe mining project, Mineria Majaz, illegallyoccupied their lands. 107

Protests have been prevalent throughout themines history. In 1994, the company CyprusAntacori bid or the exploration concessionbut withdrew a ter huge protest rallies wereheld by local communities. 108 Monterrico Met-als 109 ounded the company Mineria Majaz in2001 and obtained an exploration concession

or Rio Blanco. 110 The government declaredthe project o national interest in 2003, de-spite the communities o Segunda and Cajazunanimously rejecting it. 111 In November othe same year, the Energy and Mines Ministryapproved the projects environmental impactassessment, which led to urther protestsduring which a local community member,Herrera Racho, was killed a ter being struckby a teargas canister red by police. 112

Additional protests by the communities inJuly 2005 led to allegations that the police puthoods over demonstrators and beat them. 113 Two emale detainees also alleged that theywere sexually assaulted. 114 The police detained28 protestors 115 and another civilian, MelanioGarca, was killed during the police crack-down. 116 The detained protestors claimed thattheir abuse under detention went on or three

days and that they suffered serious injuries.117

In November 2006, the Human Rights Om-budsmans office published a report detailingnumerous illegalities in the process thatauthorized the exploration concession, 118 including a ailure to consult communities.Tensions reared up again in 2009, whenattempts by the police to arrest suspects ordamaging the mining site resulted in thedeaths o two local residents, Cstulo CorreaHuayama and Vicente Romero Ramrez, romthe Cajas community. 119 The same year eightPeruvians commenced legal proceedings in

The case of Rio Blanco

the English High Court against MonterricMetals and its Peruvian subsidiary Rio BlCopper. A reezing injunction on miningtivity was obtained and an out o court sement reached in July 2011, with the comppaying out compensation but not admittinliability. 120 Despite these problems, Monrico Metals have announced that op eratiowill begin in 2015, 121 and have reopenedoffices in Huancabamba. Commentators hclaimed that this was in response to the pasage o law 30230 that eased mining resttions. 122 The Rio Blanco case demonstratPerus consistent prioritization o extractindustry investments over the rights o locommunities.

Above:Protestorsagainst the RioBlanco mine have claiby the police.The recent passingoflaw 30230threatenimpunity for abusesby Perussecurity forces. Peru

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CONCLUSION

n recent years Perus government hasnnounced a series o commitments toa eguard its rain orests and stands to receiveubstantial international nancial support

o bolster its efforts, most recently through aUS$300 million deal with Norway, illustratinghat Peru accepts it has both a global and aational responsibility to protect its orests to

mitigate climate change. But the increasingumber o murders o environmental andand de enders such as Edwin Chota and hisolleagues raise serious questions about theovernments real commitment to protect-ng the environment and those who ght toreserve it.

Perus orest and extractive sectors are bothdogged by social conicts, many involvingndigenous communities, and exacerbated by

weak governance. The governments recentlegislative measures aimed at kick-startinginvestment in the extractives sector haveweakened key environmental sa eguards and

threaten to stoke the res o discontent yeturther. Other laws admonishing responsibil-ity or violent acts by Perus security orceswill embolden would-be perpetrators o abuseagainst activists.

An unprecedented number o killings oenvironmental and land de enders have oc-curred over the last three years in Peru. 123 Thisreport has highlighted just a hand ul o thesecases, which are tragic reminders o Perusenvironmental governance challenges andlack o political will. These killings shouldcompel Peru to take timely and rm steps, inthe run up to the 2014 UN climate con erence

and beyond, to address the underlying causesthat give rise to the killings. I Peru wants tobe a world leader in the ght against climatechange, it should start by protecting the envi-

ronmental de enders who are its best allies inachieving that aim.

PERU MUST DO MORE TO PROTECTITS ENVIRONMENTAL DEFENDERS

ENDNOTES1S eehttp://www.cop20lima.org/about/cop20

2G lobalWitness, DeadlyEnvironment: TheDramatic Risein Killingso EnvironmentalandLandDe enders, 2 014. Availableat: http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/de ault/les/library/Deadly%20Environment.pd

3 Rightsan dResources Initiative, CommunitiesasCounterparties, 2014. Availableat: http://www.rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/Communities-as-Counterparties-FINAL_Oct-21.pd ?utm_source=Munden+Report&utm_campaign=Securing+Indigenous+and+Community+Lands&utm_medium=email

4 In April2014 wereported58known killingso environmentalandlandde endersin Peru.Thenew gureo 57includeskillingsup tothisreportspublication date, andthechangeisdueto theexclusion o certain casesthat ollowing urther investigation didnot meet ourstrict criteria. Dueto low levelso reportingo killings, anda lack o officialdata collection,new historic cases requentlycometo light, andexistingguresarealsosubject torevision inlight o emergingin ormation. Thehistoric trajectory o killingsisclearly rising, but gurescan varyin theshort term subject toon-going scrutiny.

5 AccordingtoWorldBank dataGermanyhasa sur aceareao 357,170 sq. km andNorwayhas385,178 sq. km whichroughly equatesto Perus74 million hao rain orest. Seehtt p://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.SRF.TOTL.K2

6See http://www.global orestwatch.org/country/PER

7PerusEnvironment Ministry, REDDyREDD+: iniciativasparareducirlas emisionesdecarbonoderivadas dela de orestacin ydegradacin delosbosques, 20 September2012,p3. Availableat: http://www.minam.gob.pe/prensa/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2013/12/dossier_DA_prensa1.pd

8INEI, Per: AnlisisEtnosociodemogrcodelasComunidadesNativasdelaAmazona,1993 y2 007. Availableat: http://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0902/Libro.pd

9WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI) andRightsandResourcesInitiative(RRI), SecuringRights,CombatingClimate Change: How StrengtheningCommunity Forest RightsMitigates ClimateChange. September2014.

10 Interethnic Association orthe Development o thePeruvian Rain orest(AIDESEP) pressrelease, Indgenasreclamarn ttulosde 20 millonesdehectreasen Amazoniaperuana, 23 October 2014. Availableat: http://www.aidesep.org.pe/indigenas-reclamaran-titulos-de-20-millones-de-hectareas-en-amazonia-peruana/

11Peru recentlysignedaUS$300 million agreement withNorwaytoachievethisgoal. Officeo thePrimeMinister; Peru, Germany, Norwaylaunch climateand orest partnership, 23September2014. Availableat: http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/press-center/Press-releases/2014/Peru-Germany-Norway-launch-climate-and- orest-partnership.html?id=767640

12FAO, TheStateo Forestsin theAmazon Basin, CongoBasin andSoutheast Asia, June2011

13 TheAmazonian regionso Loretoand Amazonaswererecentlycitedby PerusAnti-corruption tzaras suffering rom institutionalizedcorruption. SeeLa Republica, Casosdecorrupcin aumentaron en casi 200%en LaLibertad, 24 April 2014. Availableat: http://www.larepublica.pe/24-04-2014/casos-de-corrupcion-aumentaron-en-casi-200; Diario 16,ProcuraduraAnticorrupcin investigargravesdenuncias porcorrupcin en cuatroregions,16April 2014. Availableat: http://diario16.pe/noticia/47125-procuraduria-anticorrupcion-investigara-graves-denuncias-corrupcion-cuatro-regiones

14 A 2010 studyestimates91 percent o Peruscurrent 68million hao tropical orest willbedegradedorde orestedwithin 30 yearsi allcurrent plans orin rastructureandresourceusegoahead. See Dourojeanni, A. et al, ThePeruvian Amazon in 2021, 2010, p55-60 andp66-72;GlobalWitness, RockyRoad, 2013 and BBCNews, Peru stateo emergencyoverCongaminetoexpire, 2S eptember2012

15 Tcktcktck, Peru weakensenvironmental sa eguardsmonths aheado Limaclimatecon erence, 23 July 2014 http://tcktcktck.org/2014/07/peru-weakens-environmental-sa eguards-just-months-ahead-lima-climate-change-con erence/63697

16UN General AssemblyResolution A/RES/53/144, Declaration on human rightsde enders,1998

17OEA/Ser.G Dra t resolution CP/CAJP-1818/01, Human RightsDe endersi n theAmericas, 17May2001

18Law 30230 available at: http://www.minem.gob.pe/minem/archivos/le/Mineria/LEGISLACION/2014/JULIO/LEY30230.pdF

19See Environment Chaptero US Peru FreeTradeAgreement availableat: http://www.ustr.gov/sites/de ault/les/uploads/agreements/ ta/peru/asset_upload_le953_9541.pd

20 Thisgureis rom ourApril2014 dataset. A ullgloballyreviseddataset willbepublishedin 2015. GlobalWitness, DeadlyEnvironment: TheDramatic Risein Killings o EnvironmentalandLand De enders, 2014. Availableat: http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/de ault/les/library/Deadly%20Environment.pd

21SeeBBC News, Peru stateo emergencyoverCongaminetoexpire, 2 September2012; TheIndependent, Peru accusedo cover-up a terindigenous protest endsin deathat DevilsBend,19June 2009. Availableat: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/images-o -amazons-tiananmen-1708990.html

22BBCNews, Peru stateo emergencyoverCongaminetoexpire, 2 September2012; theGuardian, Perusenvironment ministerhails landmarkmining re orms, 4 September201 2andLaRepublica, Muertosen Cajamarcasuben a 5 - mientrasla regin viveen un climadetensin, 6 July2012

23 LaRepublica, Caen dospresuntos asesinosdel lderAshninkaAshninkaPoPea, 1 June2013. Availableat: http://www.larepublica.pe/01-06-2013/caen-dos-presuntos-asesinos-del-lider-ashaninka-pio-pena

24 TheGuardian, Illegalloggers blamed or murdero Peru orest campaigner, 9September2014. Availableat: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/09/illegal-loggers-blamed- or-o -peru- orest-campaigner

25 WorldResources Institute(WRI) andRights andResources Initiative(RRI), Securing RiCombatingClimate Change: How Strengthening CommunityForest RightsMitigates ClimaChange, July2014

26Interethnic Association orthe Development o thePeruvian Rain orest(AIDESEP), Indgenasreclamarn ttulosde 20 millonesde hectreasenAmazoniaperuana, 23 October 2014, Availableat: http://www.aidesep.org.pe/indigenas-reclamaran-titulos-de-20-millones-de-hectareas-en-amazonia-peruana/

27Redd-monitor, AIDESEP andRain orest Foundation Norwaywarn that Peru must impropolicyon orestsand indigenouspeoples, 10 October2014

28Law 30230 available at: http://www.minem.gob.pe/minem/archivos/le/Mineria/LEGISLACION/2014/JULIO/LEY30230.pdF

29Pressrelease rom Plata ormaparalaGobernanzaResponsabledela TierrayelColectivTerritoriosSeguros paralas Comunidadesdel Per, Advierten QuePaquete ReactivadorAmenazaDerechos SobreLa Tierra, 2014. Availableat: http://www.rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/Pronunciamiento_Plata orma_y_Colectivo.pd

30 Seehtt p://www.cop20.pe/5177/conoce-ser or-la-nueva-autoridad-nacional- orestal-y-de- auna-silvestre/

31FAO, TheState o Forestsin theAmazon Basin, CongoBasin andS outheast Asia, Junep5

32MinisteriodelAmbiente, REDDyREDD+: iniciativasparareducirlas emisionesdecarbderivadasde lade orestacin ydegradacin delos bosques, 20 September2012, p3. Availaat: http://www.minam.gob.pe/prensa/wp-content/uploads/sites/44/2013/12/dossier_DA_prensa1.pd

33 Seehttp://www.global orestwatch.org/country/PER

34 Scientic Reports4, Articlenumber: 4719, LoggingC oncessionsEnable IllegalLoggingCrisisin the Peruvian Amazon, 17 April2014. Availableat: http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140417/srep04719/ ull/srep04719.html

35 EnvironmentalInvestigation Agency, TheLaundering Machine: How Fraudand Corruptin PerusConcession System areDestroying theFuture o itsForests, 2012. Availableat: heia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Laundering-Machine.pd

36Environmental Investigation Agency, TheLaundering Machine: How Fraudand Corruptin PerusConcession System areDestroying theFuture o itsForests, 2012. Availableat: heia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Laundering-Machine.pd

37Perus Environment Ministry, DecretoSupremo N008-2010 -MINAM, 15, 7, 2010, p2. Availableat: http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.php?accion=verElemento&idElementoIn ormacion=378&id ormula=

38Office o thePrime Minister; Peru, Germany, Norwaylaunch climateand orest partner23 September 2014. Available at: http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/smk/press-center/Press-releases/2014/Peru-Germany-Norway-launch-climate-and- orest-partnership.html?id=767

39Citedin WorldBank, AnlisisPreliminarSobreGobernabilidadyCumplimientodelaLegislacin del Sector Forestalen el Per, 2006, p17. Availableat: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFORESTS/Resources/985784-1217874560960/PeruAnalysis.pd

40 Calculatedbydividing68.3%o allsupervisedconcessions(244.5) by thetotalnumbero logging concessions(609, arrivingat the40% gure. Scientic Reports4, Articlenumbe4719, LoggingConcessionsEnableIllegalLoggingCrisisin thePeruvian Amazon, 17ApriAvailableat: http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140417/srep04719/ ull/srep04719.html

41S cientic Reports4, Articlenumber: 4719, LoggingConcessions EnableIllegal LoggingCrisisin the Peruvian Amazon, 17 April2014. Availableat: http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140417/srep04719/ ull/srep04719.html

42 EnvironmentalInvestigation Agency, TheLaundering Machine: How Fraudand Corruptin PerusConcession System areDestroying theFuture o itsForests, 2012, p3. Availableahttp://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Laundering-Machine.pd

43 EnvironmentalInvestigation Agency, TheLaundering Machine: How FraudandCorruptiin PerusConcession System areDestroying theFuture o itsForests, 2012, p3. Availableahttp://eia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Laundering-Machine.pd

44 CanalN, Ser or: selanzarnuevasconcesiones orestalespor5 millonesdehectreas, 19 August 2014. Availableat: http://canaln.pe/actualidad/ser or-se-lanzara-nuevas-concesiones- orestales-5-millones-hectareas-n149753

45 GlobalWitness, RockyRoad, 2013

46Human Rights Watch, Peru: InvestigateViolence in Bagua, 10 June2009

47EDU, Lajusticiapluraltrasel casoBaguaacincoaosdel desastrepoltico, 2July 2014. Availableat: http://puntoedu.pucp.edu.pe/opinion/la-justicia-plural-tras-el-caso-bagua-a-cinco-anos-del-desastre-politico/

48 Tcktcktck, Peru weakensenvironmental sa eguardsmonths aheado Limaclimatecon erence, 23 July 2014. Availableat: http://tcktcktck.org/2014/07/peru-weakens-environmental-sa eguards-just-months-ahead-lima-climate-change-con erence/63697

49Environmental Investigation Agency, EIAIssuesStatement on Visit byOfficeo theU.STradeRepresentative toPeru, 25 August 2014. Availableat: http://eia-global.org/news-medieia-issues-statement-on-visit-by-office-o -the-u.s.-trade-representative-to

Above: David Salisbury.

Below:Peru must make good on itscommitmentsto reduce deforestation forthe sake offuture generationsof itsindigenous peoples. Emory Richey.

8/10/2019 Perus Deadly Environment the Rise in Killings of Environmental and Land Defenders

8/9

0 Law 30230 availableat: http://www.minem.gob.pe/minem/archivos/le/Mineria/EGISLACION/2014/JULIO/LEY30230.pdF

1Congresso theRepublic o Peru, LeyNo30151, Leyquemodicael inciso11delArtculo20 delCdigoPenal, Re eridoalUsodeArmasu OtroMediodeDe ensapor

ersonaldelas FuerzasArmadasy delaPolicaNacionaldelPeru, 13 January2014,Availableat: http://www2.congreso.gob.pe/Sicr/TraDocEstProc/Contdoc02_2011_2.ns /99575da99eb e305256 2e006d1c 0/58ee5cd8bbd4206605257c5 0047ff14/$FILE/30151.pd

2AmnestyInternationalPeru, Ley30151 envaunasealpeligrosay podradarlugarampunidaden casosde violacionesde derechoshumanos, 17January, Availableat: http://www.mnistia.org.pe/ley-30151-envia-una-senal-peligrosa-podria-dar-lugar-impunidad-en-casos-e-violaciones-de-derechos-humanos/

3 AmnestyInternationalPeru, Ley 30151envaunasealpeligrosay podradar lugarampunidaden casosde violacionesde derechoshumanos, 17January, Availableat:, http://

www.amnistia.org.pe/ley-30151-envia-una-senal-peligrosa-podria-dar-lugar-impunidad-en-asos-de-violaciones-de-derechos-humanos/

4 BBCMundo, Matan a cuatrolderesindgenasen la ronteraentrePerBrasil, 8 September2014, Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/ltimas_noticias/2014/09/140908_ultnot_brasil_muerte_cuatro_lideres_en.shtml

5 ElComercio, Encuentran restosde tercerAshninka asesinadoen Ucayali, Fiscal sealqueosindgenas en la rontera con Brasilhabran sidoasesinados con perdigones, 19September014, Availableat: http://elcomercio.pe/peru/ucayali/ashaninkas-ucayali-edwin-chota-ncuentran-restos-tercer-ashaninka-asesinado-noticia-1758061

6Si stemaNacional deIn ormacin Ambiental, Produccin demadera rollizan metroscbicos 2000-2012, Availableat: http://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.hp?accion=verIndicador&idElementoIn ormacion=963&id ormula=38; and: Ministerio de

Agricultura, Per Forestalen Nmeros2013

7Environmental Investigation Agency, TheLaundering Machine: How Fraudand Corruptionn PerusConcession System areDestroying theFuture o itsForests, 2012, Availableat: http://ia-international.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Laundering-Machine.pd

8 Ministry o Agricultureo Peru, ConcesionesForestales Con FinesMaderables otorgadasorconcurso pblicoy poradecuacin decontrato, Availableat: http://dgffs.minag.gob.pe/ortal/index.php/ordenamiento-y-manejo-ffs/mapas-tematicos-ffs?id=61

9An estimated95 percent o theeconomy directlyor indirectly dependson logging, whilst1 percent o industry isdedicated totimber processing. Ucayali RegionalGovernment,lan EstratgicoInstitucional 2007-2012, 2007, p13 andp32. Estimates o illegalloggingin

Ucayali rom GlobalWitness interview withJorge ManuelTicona o theEnvironmentalrosecutorsOffice in Ucayali, November2012, http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/de ault/les/RockyRoad_GlobalWitness_lo.pd

0 OSINFOR, Resumen deprocesosseguidos porla Direccin deSupervisin deConcesionesorestalesy deFauna Silvestre DSCFFS, 2005 201 2, Availableat: http://www.google.co.uk/rl?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CCwQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sin or.gob.pe%2Fportal%2Fdata%2Farticulo%2FDSCFFS..xlsx&ei=YR9BVPGWOqHC7gb1voC

YBA&usg=AFQjCNGg9kju-GVCvnap9_axfnh5WF4vA&bvm=bv.77648437,d.ZGU&cad=rja

1Datosperu.org, Planode ubicacin dela empresaMADERERA MARANON S.C.R.L, Availablet: http://www.datosperu.org/ee-maderera-maranon-scrl-20128951785.php

2Gr upoHenderson, ManejoForestal Sostenible, Availableat: http://www.grupohenderson.om/welcome/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=45&Itemid=50

3 Organism ortheSupervision o Forest andFauna Resources, Resolucion DirectorialNo42 2014-OSINFOR-DSCFFS, Available at: http://www.osin or.gob.pe/portal/data/recurso/

RD_DSCFFS/RD_2014_0242_DSCFFS.PDF

4 LaRepublica, PJanularecursoqueprotegaa vicepresidentedela reginUcayali, 26October 2014, Availableat: http://www.larepublica.pe/26-10-2014/j-anula-recurso-que-protegia-a-vicepresidente-de-la-region-ucayali

5 Signatures orpermitstoharvest timbercarriedbyriversareallegedtohavebeen orgedbyfficialsat theDEFFS in Ucayali. JavierBonilla, Solicitudinvestigacin deactos decorrupcinn laDEFFS Ucayali, 23 November 2011, Availableat: htt p://www.globalwitness.org/sites/e ault/les/RockyRoad_GlobalWitness_lo.pd

6See RoundRiver Conservation Studies, TheRace orPerus Last MahoganyTrees: Illegal

oggingand theAltoPursNationalPark, March2007andINRENA, Situacin actualdelaxtraccin ilegaldemaderaen elsectornororientaldelParqueNacionalAltoPurs, ReservaomunalPursy su zonadeamortiguamiento, 2007

7Global Witness, RockyRoad, 2013. GlobalWitn essinterviews withSERNANP, Javieronilla, WWF Peru, UpperAmazon Conservancy. In 2009notorious loggerRoland Patrnogic

Rengi o, aliasGin-Gin, wasarrestedtogetherwithtwopolicepilots ortransportingillegalmahogany rom PuertoEsperanzatoPucallpaon apoliceight. El Comercio, Antonov dela

olicatransportaba caobailegal dePurs aPucallpa, 2March 2009, Availableat: http://www.lobalwitness.org/sites/de ault/les/RockyRoad_GlobalWitness_lo.pd

8La Hora, entrevistacon ElExscalAmbientaldeUcayali FranciscoBerrospi, 15thSept 2014,Availableat: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F_xv50ja3Y

9LaRepublica, Direccin ejecutiva orestaldeUcayali ormapartedelareddeorrupcin, 19September 2014, Availableat: http://www.larepublica.pe/19-09-2014/ireccion-ejecutiva- orestal-de-ucayali- orma-parte-de-la-red-de-corrupcion

0 LaRepublica, Casosde corrupcin aumentaron en casi 200% en LaLibertad, 24 April2014.Availableat: http://www.larepublica.pe/24-04-2014/casos-de-corrupcion-aumentaron-en-asi-200; Diario16, ProcuraduraAnticorrupcin investigargraves denunciaspor corrupcinn cuatroregions, 16April 2014. Availableat: http://diario16.pe/noticia/47125-procuraduria-nticorrupcion-investigara-graves-denuncias-corrupcion-cuatro-regiones

71S alisbury, D., BorgoLpez, J., & Vela, J, Transboundarypolitical ecologyin Amazonia:history, culture, andconicts o theb orderlandAshninka. Journalo CulturalGeography,2011, 28(1): pp.147-177.

72National Geographic, MahoganysLast Stand, April2013, Availableat: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/mahogany/wallace-text

73 NationalGeographic, MahoganysLast Stand, April 2013, Availableat: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/mahogany/wallace-text

74 Salisbury, D., BorgoLpez, J., & Vela, J, Transboundarypoliticalecology in Amazonia:history, culture, andconicts o theb orderlandAshninka. Journalo CulturalGeography,2011, 28(1): pp.147-177.

75 El Comercio, Nadaimpedaa Ucayali darlea Sawetoelttulode sutierra, 24 September, Available at: http://elcomercio.pe/peru/ucayali/nada-impedia-ucayali-darle-saweto-titulo-su-tierra-noticia-1759280

76Direccin RegionalSectorial AgriculturaUcayali, In ormeNo. 0018-2013-GRU-P-DRSAU-DSFL-CC.NN./MADP: In ormeS ocioeconmicoy Poblacionalde laComunidad NativaAltoTamaya- Saweto, 3 April, 2013

77Upper Amazon Conservancy, Titlingthe NativeCommunity o Saweto: aChallenge orSocialJustice andConservation in theUcayali Borderlands, March 2013 http://upperamazon.org/titling-the-native-community-o -saweto-a-challenge- or-social-justice-and-conservation-in-the-ucayali-borderlands/

78El Comercio, Nadaimpedaa Ucayali darlea Sawetoelttulode sutierra, 24 September 2014, Availableat: http://elcomercio.pe/peru/ucayali/

nada-impedia-ucayali-darle-saweto-titulo-su-tierra-noticia-175928079Direccin RegionalSectorial AgriculturaUcayali, In ormeNo. 0018-2013-GRU-P-DRSAU-DSFL-CC.NN./MADP: In ormeS ocioeconmicoy Poblacionalde laComunidad NativaAltoTamaya Saweto, April03, 2013.

80 SPIJ, Vedan extraccin orestaldemaderas ydejan en suspensocontratos ypermisos deextraccin en cuencasy bosques, DecretoSupremoNo 13-96-AG, 1996, Availableat: http://www.bvindecopi.gob.pe/regtec/ds13-96-ag.pd

81Direccin RegionalSectorial AgriculturaUcayali, In ormeNo. 0018-2013-GRU-P-DRSAU-DSFL-CC.NN./MADP: In ormeS ocioeconmicoy Poblacionalde laComunidad NativaAltoTamaya Saweto, April03, 2013.

82 Society or ThreatenedPeople, DerAshninka-Fhrer Edwin Chotaist in Lebensge ahr,October201 2, Availableat: http://www.g v.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=2475

83 Society or ThreatenedPeople, DerAshninka-Fhrer Edwin Chotaist in Lebensge ahr,October201 2, Availableat: http://www.g v.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=2475

84 Society or ThreatenedPeople, DerAshninka-Fhrer Edwin Chotaist in Lebensge ahr,October201 2, Availableat: http://www.g v.de/inhaltsDok.php?id=2475

85 Edwin ChotaValera, Solicitudde Garantas Personalesy/o Posesorias- MinisteriodelInterior. AltoTamaya -Saweto Archives: pp.128.

86Edwin ChotaValera, SolicitaI ntervencin deMadera IllegalRolliza yAserrada, AltoTamaya Saweto, 2006, Archives: pp.129.

87Ass ociaoAshaninka doRio Amnia, Apiwtxarecebe DanielleMitterrand, 30 August 2007,Availableat: http://apiwtxa.blogspot.co.uk/2007_08_01_archive.html

88La Hora, entrevistacon ElExscal Ambientalde Ucayali, Francisco Berrospi, 15 September2014, Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F_xv50ja3Y

89Comunidad NativaAlto Tamaya Saweto, CARTAMULTIPLE NS 001-2014-CC.NN ALTOTAMAYA-SAWETO/ECV, April 23 2014, Availableat: http://www.actualidadambiental.pe/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/denuncia-por-tala-ilega_saweto_ucayali.pd

90 LaHora, entrevistacon ElExscal Ambientalde Ucayali, FranciscoBerrospi, 15 September2014, Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-F_xv50ja3Y

91El Comercio, Pucallpa: seentregotrosospechosodelcrimen deEdwinChota, 24 September 2014, Availableat: http://elcomercio.pe/peru/ucayali/pucallpa-se-entrego-otro-sospechoso-crimen-edwin-chota-noticia-1759309

92La in ormacin, Presidenteperuano anunciainvestigacin sobreasesinato decuatroindgenas, 20 October2014, Available at: http://noticias.lain ormacion.com/policia-y-justicia/criminalidad/presidente-peruano-anuncia-investigacion-sobre-asesinato-de-cuatro-indigenas_qJtKY8UI3NKbQVSSj2iEv1/

93 Servindi, Investigacin deasesinatos en Sawetoparalizada por alta depresupuesto, 24October2014. Availableat: http://servindi.org/actualidad/116530

94 elEconomista, Per tramitarelttulodetierrasa avorde lacomunidadde unosindgenasasesinados, 4 October 2014, Availableat: http://www.eleconomistaamerica.pe/politica-eAm-pe/noticias/6130101/10/14/Peru-tramitara-el-titulo-de-tierras-a- avor-de-la-comunidad-de-unos-indigenas-asesinados.html

95 Ministryo Labouro Peru, Ministeriode TrabajoInvierte S/. 900 MilEn ComunidadNativaTamaya-Saweto, 3 October2014, Availableat: htt p://www.mintra.gob.pe/mostrarNoticias.php?codNoticia=4278

96KPMG, Peru Country mining Guide, 2013, Availableat: http://www.kpmg.com/PE/es/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/Country-Mining-Guide-Peru.pd

97Financi alTimes, Mining: Andean concessions, February2013, Availableat: http://www.t.com/cms/s/0/a448ade4-661d-11e2-bb67-00144 eab49a.html#axzz3GgwUmjbg

ENDNOTES98Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2013, IndustriaMineraGua deNegocios en elPer, 2013, p 33,Availableat: http://www.pwc.com/pe/es/doing-business/assets/pwc-doing-business-mining-espanol.pd

99Financial Times, Mining: Andean concessions, February2013, Availableat: http://www.t.com/cms/s/0/a448ade4-661d-11e2-bb67-00144 eab49a.html#axzz3GgwUmjbg

100 Guardian, IllegalgoldminingexposingPerusindigenoustribestomercurypoisoning,9September 2013, Availableat: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/sep/09/peru-amazon-indigenous-tribe-gold-mining

101Carn egieScience, GoldMining RavagesPeru, 28October2 013, Availableat: http://carnegiescience.edu/news/gold_mining_ravages_per%C3%BA

102O the 57casesGlobalWitnesshascompiled, 47 relatedtothe extractiveandminingsector.

103 CooperAccion, ObservatoriodeConictos Minerosen elPer, Reporteprimer semestre2014, Availableat: http://www.cooperaccion.org.pe/OCM/XIV_OCM_2014-07-15.pd

104 Human RightsWatch, Peru:InvestigateViolence in Bagua, 10 June2009, Availableat:http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/06/10/peru-investigate-violence-bagua

105 Bank track, DodgyDeal: Rio BlancoCopper Mine; Availableat: http://www.banktrack.org/manage/ajax/ems_dodgydeals/createPDF/rio_blanco_copper_mine

106Monterrico Metalsplc, CompanyProle, Availableat: http://www.monterrico.com/s/CompanyProle.asp

107www.todosobrerioblanco, In ormede Conictosde Piura, 2007, Availableat: http://www.todosobrerioblanco.com/adjuntos/PrimerIn ormeObservatorioConictosPIURA.pd

108Documentation Centreon EnvironmentalConic ts, RioBlanco Mine Majaz, Availableat:http://www.cdca.it/spip.php?article1682&lang=en

109Monterrico Metalsplc, CompanyProle, Availableat: http://www.monterrico.com/s/CompanyProle.asp

110 Documentation Centreon EnvironmentalConicts, RioBlanco Mine Majaz, Availableat:http://www.cdca.it/spip.php?article1682&lang=it

111GrupodeApoyode laRedMuqui paraelCasoMajaz, In ormeDeConictosPiura, 2007, Availableat: http://www.todosobrerioblanco.com/adjuntos/PrimerIn ormeObservatorioConictosPIURA.pd

112MunicipalidadProvincial deHuancabamba, 1erCongreso InterprovincialdeRondasCampesinas, 17 May2013, Available at: http://mhuancabamba.wordpress.com/2013/05/17/1er-congreso-interprovincial-de-rondas-campesinas/

113 Business& Human RightsResourceCentre, MonterricoMetals lawsuit, Feb2014 http://business-humanrights.org/en/monterrico-metals-lawsuit-re-peru-0#c18018

114 Business& Human RightsResource Centre, MonterricoMetalslawsuit, Feb2014, Availableat: http://business-humanrights.org/en/monterrico-metals-lawsuit-re-peru-0#c18018

115 Business& Human RightsResource Centre, MonterricoMetalslawsuit; Feb2014, Availableat: http://business-humanrights.org/en/monterrico-metals-lawsuit-re-peru-0#c18018

116La Republica, Dejaron morira comunero, 10 January 2009, Availableat: http://www.larepublica.pe/10-01-2009/dejaron-morir-comunero

117 Business& Human RightsResource Centre, MonterricoMetals lawsuit, Feb2 014, Availableat: http://business-humanrights.org/en/monterrico-metals-lawsuit-re-peru-0#c18018

118 De ensoriadel Pueblo; INFORME N001 -2006/ASPMA-MA, 2006,

119CATAPA, Mining conict in Per leavestwodead, 04 December 2009, http://www.catapa.be/en/news/614

120 Britishand Human RightsResource Centre, MonterricoMetals lawsuit(rePeru), 18February 2014, Availableat: http://business-humanrights.org/en/monterrico-metals-lawsuit-re-peru-0#c18018

121ProActivo, ChinaZijin buscainiciarproyectocupr eroRoBlancoen el2015, 30 December 2013, Availableat: http://proactivo.com.pe/china-zijin-busca-iniciar-proyecto-cupri ero-rio-blanco-en-el-2015/

122Servindi, ProyectomineroRoBlanco: una bombadetiempoen la ronteranorte, 31August 2014, Availableat: http://servindi.org/actualidad/112397

123 GlobalWitness, DeadlyEnvironment, TheDramatic Risein Killingso EnvironmentalandLandDe enders, 2014 http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/de ault/les/library/Deadly%20Environment.pd

8/10/2019 Perus Deadly Environment the Rise in Killings of Environmental and Land Defenders

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Global Witness investigates and campaigns to preventnatural resource-related conict and corruption andassociated environmental and human rights abuses. Re erences to Global Witness in this report are toGlobal Witness Limited, a company limited by guaranteeand incorporated in England (Company No. 2871809)

Global Witness, Lloyds Chambers, 1 Portsoken Street,London, E1 8BT, United Kingdom

Phone: +44 (0)207 4925820 Fax: +44 (0)207 4925821mail@globalwitness.org www.globalwitness.org

ISBN Number: 978-0-9929128-6-4

Global Witness Limited, 2014.

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