Pervasive Computing and Sustainability

K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability 1

Pervasive Computing and SustainabilityDr. Krishna KantNational Science FoundationGeorge Mason University

10/08/2010

Session on: Pervasive Computing and Smart EnvironmentsOct 7-8, 2010

Center for Research in Wireless Mobility and Networking

University of Texas at Arlington


OutlinePervasive Computing and

SustainabilityA bit about my researchNSF programs on Sustainability

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Sustainability & Pervasive Computing

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Primary Factors

Impacts

Understanding

AdaptationPervasive

Computing

Mitigation


Dimensions of SustainabilityPrimary Factors

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Natural resource depletion

Greenhouse gas

emissions

Habitat destructio

n/ Biodiversit

y reduction

Oceanic health

degradation Water

waste & quality threats

Destructive

agricultural practices

Toxic waste &

contamination

Interactions

5

Dimensions of SustainabilityImpacts

10/08/2010 K. Kant, Pervasive Computing & Sustainability

Sea level rise

Severe weather patterns

Forest Fires & other

disasters

Population Migrations

Food Availability

Disease propagation

Water Availabilit

y

Interactions &

reinforcements

Invasive species

expansion


Sustainability ChallengeQuantify sustainability of everything we

use or do◦Carbon footprint of manufacturing,

distribution, & recycling◦Carbon footprint of active usage◦Use of natural resources (e.g., water)◦Toxic inputs, effluents and byproducts◦End of life treatment (e.g., extraction of toxic

substances).Drive metrics & impact based behavioral

changes to enhance sustainability10/08/2010


Carbon Footprint of IT DevicesRelated to life-cycle energy Consumption (LEC)

◦ Direct Consumption (Non-usage)◦ Indirect Consumption

Need to consider both in proper context◦ LEC of my car or my computer, not a random one

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Raw Material

s

Distribution

Manufacturing

Usage

Disposal


Toxic Materials in IT Devices Computers

◦ Batteries (Li-Ion safer than older Ni-Cd)◦ Circuit boards (Hg w/ small amounts of Pb & Cd)◦ LCD screen (backlight has Hg)◦ Plastics, epoxies, PVC, BFRs (Brominated flame retardents).◦ Many other toxic elements: Be, Tl, Sb, As, Ba, Cd, …◦ Non-toxic but valuable materials: Al, Cu, Fe, Sn, Au, Ag, …

Cell Phones◦ Smaller amounts of above. Coatings made of lead

Some statistics◦ Global e-waste: 40Billion Kg/yr, increasing at 3x normal

waste rate◦ Small amounts can contaminate large area

E-waste: only <5% of total, but 70% all heavy metals

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Where does Toxic E-waste go?

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What happens to e-waste? Toxic chemical releases due to

improper open incineration Seepage of toxic materials in

ground-water Quick obsolescence & dumped

into regular garbage Unsafe handling for valuable

materials

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We have a ProblemUsage energy/device going down,

but #devices increasing◦A trend from embedded devices to data

centers Mobile: 40-50% energy non usage related

◦Extraction of harmful materials, reusability of parts, upgradability, more challenging

◦Rebound effects – Laziness, greater penetration, dependence …10/08/2010


How do we address these?Overdesign smarter design

◦ Fine-grain monitoring & control of energy usage

Reduce per capita LEC◦ Quantification of non-usage part of LEC & its

reduction.◦ Context based control of energy usage of

devices.Tracking of toxic & valuable

materialsSo, do we embed tiny

monitoring/tracking devices into everything?◦ A future nightmare or panacea?

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Sustainable Pervasive Computing ChallengesPerhaps an altered vision?

◦ Pervasive computing no longer about tiny devices seamlessly integrated into everything.

◦ Fewer, larger, smarter, multi-sensor nodes◦ Retrievable & recyclable instead of invisible

Metrics & tradeoffs◦ LEC per application, instead of usage energy

per application or LEC/device◦ Designs to minimize LEC per application and

per capita (multiple apps considered together).10/08/2010


Sustainable Pervasive Computing ChallengesHardware Technology

◦ Eliminate toxic substances? Use biodegradable materials?

◦ No valuable materials to justify offshore dumping?

◦ Dead but trackable? ◦ Tracking of toxic & valuable materials at device

& higher levels.Smarter sensing, not more sensing

◦ Multi-modal collaborative sensing,◦ Inferencing to deduce missing data points

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Current ResearchEnergy Adaptive Computing

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Renewable Energy Push

Limit energy draw from grid ◦Less

infrastructure◦Less losses◦but variable

supply


Need better power adaptability

High Temperature DC’sChiller-less oprn

◦Less energy/materials, but space inefficient

High temperature oprn◦Smaller Toutlet – Tinlet ◦More throttling◦More failure prone (?)


X

Need smarter thermal adaptability

Overdesign Smarter Control

Smarter power supply◦ Digital control of phases

based on current load.◦ On each phase change,

need to rebalance phases.Smaller heat sink, …


Better power/thermal adaptability


Energy Adaptive ComputingDynamic end to end adjustment to

adapt to energy availability.

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Ener

gy

plen

ty

com

putin

g

Relative power requirements1.02.03.04.0 0

Per

form

ance

Ener

gy

adap

tive

com

putin

g

Ener

gy

defic

ient

co

mpu

ting

Ener

gy

effic

ient

co

mpu

ting

EAC Instances


EAC ChallengesPower as a resource

◦Effective & available power (similar to effective/available BW)?

◦Required at multiple levels: facility, enclosure, machine, …

Energy Adaptation Mechanisms◦Multi-level control under changing supply &

demands◦Network control: Adaptation induced

congestion & how to deal with it.Security Issues

◦Leaner capacity makes energy attacks easier.



Science, Engineering and Education for Sustainability (SEES)Consolidation of several disparate efforts

across NSF on sustainability.◦ 2011 request to Congress

www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2011/pdf/23-NSF-Wide_Investments_fy2011.pdf◦ Goal: To generate discoveries & capabilities in

climate and energy S&E needed to inform societal actions that lead to environmental and economic sustainability.

Emphasis Areas◦ Smart adaptation and mitigation, ◦ Earth-friendly and energy-efficient technologies, ◦ Workforce development for economic, energy &

environmental sustainability.

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http://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2011/pdf/23-NSF-Wide_Investments_fy2011.pdf


FY 2011 NSF Budget Request ($M)

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Directorate/Office FY2010 FY2011Biological Sciences 121 126CISE 17 29.4Engineering 108 120Geosciences 196 231Math & Physical sciences 87 111Social, beh. & Economic Sciences 20.8 28OCI 5.5 5.0OISE 2.5 8.2OPP 65.3 69.3OIA 26.5 26.5EHR 11.5 12Total 661 766

http://www.nsf.gov/about/budget/fy2011/index.jsp

Request to congress: not approved budget


Drivers: NSB-NSF 2009 Study on Sustainability

Finding 1: … A comprehensive coordinated Federal strategy is required …

Finding 2: … Private and Federal support … of R&D is inadequate.

Finding 3: … The U.S. energy economy … does not adequately value environment ...

Finding 4: Human capital development in the sustainable energy sector is vital.

Finding 5: … Limited intl engagement and collaboration inhibits progress …

Finding 6: … Strong public consensus & support … are needed to achieve a national transformation …

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Drivers: NSF Environment Advisory Committee Report

Increase support of interdisciplinary environmental research & coupled human/ natural systems.

Lead in developing sensor networks that monitor environmental variables & human activities with environmental consequences.

Redouble efforts promoting environmental education & public engagement.

Educate policymakers on complexities of environmental/socio-economic systems & tipping points.

Encourage a greater role for "citizen scientists.”

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Computational SustainabilityLead PI: Carla Gomes, Cornell University

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Data & Machine

Learning

Balancing Environmental &Socioeconomic

Needs

Conservation and Biodiversity

Dynamical Models

Constraint Reasoning

& Optimization

Resource Economics,

EnvironmentalSciences & Engr.

Transformative Synthesis

Rene

wable

Ener

gy

Goal for Sustainability• Establish computational sustainability as a new field• Bring new insights to sustainability challenges• Prepare a new generation to grapple with long-term sustainability

Expeditions in

Computing(CISE)

http://www.cis.cornell.edu/ics/projects/IRPs.php


Picture in 2010NSF wide Climate Research Initiative (CRI)

◦ Earth System modeling (EaSM) plus 4 othersEaSM:

◦ $45-$50M, deadline in June. Award TBA shortly◦ Two types 1: capability building, 2: Regular

proposals◦ Many CS opportunities

Instrumentation, massive data mgmt, dealing with uncertainties & uneven fidelity, multilevel modeling, provenance techniques, …

◦Didn’t get much CS participation Several issues: timing, not CS focused, …

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Initiatives for 2011NSF wide

◦Climate Research Initiative continues◦Energy-environment-society nexus a very

important component Environmentally friendly energy production,

harvesting, distribution, usage Smart grid & micro-grids

CISE focused SEES program for 2011◦Still being formulated, expected later in

FY2011◦Interdisciplinary but CISE centric topics

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Advertisement!Special issue of Pervasive & Mobile

Computing Journal on Sustainability

Guest Editors: K. Kant & S. Midkiff

Deadline: Dec 15, 2010

http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704220/description#description 10/08/2010

http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/704220/description#description




Thank you!

10/08/2010


Thank you!

10/08/2010

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Pervasive Computing and Sustainability

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