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Pest Control
Introduction
Pest Management – the philosophy of how pest problems are handled
Pests – definitionAny destructive, unwanted, dangerous or
disease vectoring organismPests compete with humans Pests threaten human health & welfare
Introduction (cont.)
Goal – safely prevent, suppress or eliminate unwanted organisms
The “best” means of prevention or control
Acceptable levels “action” or “aesthetic” thresholds
Pests referred to as the “target” organism
A Really Brief History of Pest Control
Man started farming about 10,000 years ago
Realized need to control pestsCultural practices probably came firstPhysical controls tooNatural occurring elements with
pesticidal qualities: sulfur, copper, arsenic, cyanide
A Really Brief History (cont.)
Botanical pesticides plant-based pesticides
“Natural controls” – predators, parasites and pathogens
“Biological controls” – manipulation of natural controls
Early pesticides had limited use and were expensive
Things to Consider
Over 50% of pesticide use in non-agricultural use
That means landscape and household use
As a pest control technician . . . We intentionally and deliberately . . . Apply pesticides into the environment
Categories of Pests
Invertebrates Arthropods – jointed appendages &
external skeletonInsects, spiders, mites, ticks,
crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes, etc.
Worms – segmented & non-segmented, includes nematodes
Mollusks – snails & slugs
Categories of Pests (cont.)
Vertebrates – animals with a spine and internal skeleton
Rodents – rats, mice, meadow voles, pocket gophers, tree squirrels, ground squirrels, moles, rabbits
Birds - starlings, sparrows, house finches, pigeons
Others – opossums, raccoons, deer, neighbor’s kids, etc
Categories of Pests (cont.)
WeedsAnnuals, perennials, biennialsCool season or winter annualsWarm season or summer annuals
Microbials – disease causing organismsFungi, bacteria, viruses
Three Categories of Pests
Key PestsCauses major damage on a regular basisWeed Key Pests have ability to compete
with desirable plantsRegular controls required to prevent
damage
Three Categories of Pests (cont.)
Occasional PestsOccasions that may cause pests inc. life
cycles, environmental factors, people’s activities
Ex. ants may become pests due to changes in sanitation, weather, food sources
Three Categories of Pests (cont.)
Secondary PestsBecomes problem after controlling Key
PestsEx. Secondary weeds follow Key WeedsSecondary plant pests follow Key PestsInsects attack people after host is
removed
Plant Quarantine System
A-Rated PestsQ-Rated PestsB-Rated PestsC-RatedD-Rated OrganismsTrace InfestationLight InfestationMedium Infestation
General Controls to Pest Management
Prevention – environmentally and economically sound
Prevention is cheaper than control of established pests
Reduce or eliminate chances of pest’s establishment
Mechanical and cultural practices and sanitation can be highly effective
Mechanical & Cultural Practices
Use of clean materialsNoxious Weed ListsPreventive herbicidesPreventive fungicidesNatural enemiesPest exclusion and trappingModify the environment
Sanitation
A solution to many problems
Habitat removal or reduction
Food source removal or reduction
Plant care and maintenance
Suppression
Common methods suppress not eliminate
Intended to reduce populations below Economic Threshold
Allows natural enemies to control pestsGoal of most pesticide applicationsMethods also include cultivation, mowing
and release of biological controls
Eradication
Wipe ‘em out!
Total elimination of a pest
CostlyUsed against exotic
or introduced pests
Biological Controls
Use of natural enemiesUse other arthropods or pathogensUsually against arthropods and weedsPests usually introduced with no natural
enemiesNatural enemies located in pests’ native
habitat
Biological Controls (cont.)
Host specificBio-controls can be
slowDo not offer
complete controlNaturally occurring
bio-controls lag
Chemical Controls
Pesticides for prevention or control
Effective, fast and economical
Insect damage can stop in hours
Fungicides offer protection
A Word About Exclusion
Often the least expensive and most effective means of pest control
Don’t allow pests to:feed . . . drink . . . enter . . . hide . . . or nest
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Goal – to gain best control possibleReally about suppressionMixed, compatible methodsMinimize disruption to environmentEconomical, long-term protectionChemical pesticides used less and at
lower concentrationsEconomic threshold – limiting factor
Considerations for IPM Use
Prior pest historyAt what stages are plant materialsWeather and seasonObservations and monitoring information
Considerations for IPM Use
Current cultural practicesContinual future monitoringThese are important considerations for
all forms of pest management
The Pest Management Program
Know your pestKnow available controlsWeigh benefits and risks of each methodProper selection of methodChange methods as possible
The Pest Management Program
Correct use of methodsFollow the laws and regulationsEvaluate resultsMake adjustments accordingly Continue monitoring
Chemical Pesticides
Chemical Pesticides
Pesticide . . . Definition 1 – any material applied to
plants, soil, water, harvested crops, structures, clothing and furnishings, or animals to kill, attract, repel, or regulate or interrupt growth and mating of pests
Chemical Pesticides
Pesticide . . . Definition 2 – any substance or mixture of
substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any insects, rodents, nematodes, fungi, or weeds, or any other forms of life declared to be pests, and any other substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator, defoliant, or desiccant
Chemical Pesticides
From the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
The federal law that regulates pesticide registration, labeling, use and disposal in the United States
Chemical Pesticides
Suffix –cide from the Latin –cida “killer”Therefore, a Pesticide kills pests
Pesticide Laws & Regulations
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA
California Department of Pesticide Regulation CA DPR
Safe, efficient and proper useSafe working environment for applicatorsTrainingLabeling
Pesticide Laws & Regulations (cont.)
Encourage pest management systemsBiological and cultural practicesStresses use of selective pesticidesProtects non-target organisms and
environment
Pesticide Labels
A legal documentA “must” read – and understand it too!Labels may refer to “other” documentsThose become “part” of that labelRegulations set the label formatSupplemental labels on many pesticides
Some Things You Just Never Do With Pesticides
NEVER: Leave pesticides
unattendedStore pesticides in
unlabeled containersTransport pesticides in
the passenger compartment of any vehicle
Handle anything you eat, smoke or wear
Read the Label
Before purchasingBefore mixing and
applyingBefore storingBefore tossing unused
pesticides
Read the Label
Before tossing empty containersPersonal Protective Equipment (PPE)It’s all on that label
What’s On That Label?
Brand nameChemical nameCommon nameSignal wordsFormulationsIngredientsRegistration and establishment numbers
What’s On That Label?
ManufacturerPrecautionary statementsStatement of practical treatmentStatement of use classificationDirections for useAgricultural use requirements
What’s On That Label (cont.)
Restricted entry statement
Misuse statementStorage and
disposal directions
Warranty
Signal Words
Category ISignal words
DANGER – POISON
Highly toxic!LD50 = 0 to 50 mg/kgDanger only – specific hazard ex. eye or skin
Signal Words (cont.)
Category IISignal Word
WARNING
Moderately toxic compoundsLD50 = 50 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg
Signal Words (cont.)
Category IIISignal Word
CAUTION
LD50 = 500 mg/kg to 5,000 mg/kg
Signal Words (cont.)
Category IVSignal Word
CAUTION
LD50 > 5,000 mg/kg
Unqualified claims of safety are unacceptable
“KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN”
Formulations
The final productDetermines the method of applicationPesticides are typically NOT “ready-to-
use”
Formulations
Formulation types(D) Dust(E), (EC) Emulsifiable Concentrate (G) Granular(P), (PS) Pelletized(W), (WP) Wettable PowderEtc., etc., etc….
Ingredients
Ingredients are labeled by a percentage by weight of:
Inert ingredients, and…Active
Inert Ingredients
Have no pesticidal actionMay or may not be toxic, flammable, or
environmentally hazardous Allow active ingredients to mix with
water, store, increase effectiveness, increase stability, etc.
Active Ingredients (A.I.)
Active ingredients (A.I.)“Material that actually destroys the
target pest or… Performs the desired function”
Active Ingredients (A.I.)
Dry pesticides measured in pounds of A.I. per pound of
pesticide
Liquid pesticides measured in pounds of A.I. Per gallon of
pesticide
Modes of Action
The way the pesticide reacts with the target organism to destroy it
Insecticides Stomach, contact and systemic poisons
Herbicides Contact or translocated
Methods of Applications
Tank sprayersHose-end sprayersDrop spreadersBroadcast or rotary
spreadersSoil drenching
Application Safety
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)Wind speed and directionTemperaturesApplicator trainingHandlingLicensing
Calibration of Pesticide Equipment
Equipment in clean, good working orderCalibration ensures accurate deliveryTravel speedFlow ratesSwath width
Resistance to Pesticides
Definition:A condition in which pests become
tolerant to a pesticide that once controlled that pest
Resistance to Pesticides
Using rates lower than instructions found on a pesticide label
Good or bad? Is less more? Lower rates may be used in specific
situations: i.e. UC Pest Management Guidelines
BUT. . . .
Resistance to Pesticides
And that’s a mighty big but! ! !Because . . . Lower rates can in fact speed the
development of pesticide resistance of pest organisms to the pesticide
Resistance to Pesticides
As resistance develops . . . Higher rates of pesticides are often
required to achieve the same levels of control
Resistance to Pesticides
Pesticides become ineffective Switching pesticides may or may not
helpWhen resistance to one chemical occurs .
. . Resistance to other chemicals often
follows
Resistance to Pesticides
Resistance can even develop to chemicals from other chemical classes . . .
MAJOR BUMMER
Resistance to Pesticides
Resistance involves a change in genetic characteristics
Pest survivors of pesticides . . . Often pass along genetic characteristics .
. . Providing resistance tot eh following
generations
Resistance to Pesticides
In a given population . . .pesticide application occurs . . .portion of pests survive by breaking down or modifying the pesticide . . . offspring of survivors develop genetic resistance to the particular chemical . . .resistance is passed generation-to-generation
Resistance to Pesticides
Resistance has developed in every major class of pesticides!
Resistance has developed in:insects . . .mites . . .weeds . . .rodents and . . .& plant pathogens
Resistance to Pesticides
Resistance can be managedManagement depends upon genetic and
biological factors Both are beyond our control!
Resistance to Pesticides
Not to fret! There is hope!Resistance management also depends
upon operational factors This is an area, as pest control
technicians, that we can exhibit control
Resistance to Pesticides
Resistance can spread rapidly . . . And be difficult to manageGenetic factors influencing the
development of pesticide resistance . . . effect how pest organisms inherit resistant geneshow many organisms in a population exhibit resistant tendencies
Resistance to Pesticides
how many organisms exhibit resistant genesif resistant genes are common, are they readily passed along in the population . . .
Resistance to Pesticides
Biological factors influencing resistance development can be exhibited as . . .
Unique characteristics to a pest and its habits such as . . .life span . . . number of offspring . . .ability to move large distances and . . . food requirements
Resistance to Pesticides
In a population of short-lived . . . rapidly developing . . . immobile pests . . . with many offspring . . . will develop resistance . . . slowly or rapidly?
Rapidly! ! !Why?
Resistance to Pesticides
Because in this situation susceptible pests are quickly eradicated
Resistant individuals are left to continue to reproduce
Resistance is passed along and resistant individuals develop rapidly
And due to the low-mobility factor . . .
Resistance to Pesticides
Few susceptible individuals infiltrate the resistant population . . .
Examples include:mites . . . aphids . . . cockroaches . . . rodents and . . . fungi
Resistance to Pesticides
Operational factors can be . . .unique characteristics of a pesticide . . . and/or the way it is used . . . that either favor or . . . reduce resistance
Resistance to Pesticides
Methods can include:type of pesticide(s) used . . .persistence of pesticide residues . . . application rates of pesticides . . .life stage of pest being treated . . . single use or combinations of pesticides
Resistance to Pesticides
Solutions to pesticide resistance can include:reducing exposure of pesticides to pest populations . . . vary control methods . . .
biological controls . . .crop rotation and . . . use of resistant plant varieties
Resistance Management
Resistance to pesticides develops quickest when closely related pesticides are chosen as the management program
Good resistant management uses as many different controls as possible
Resistance Management
Pesticides can be used to eliminate susceptible individuals
Non-chemical methods used to eliminate resistant individuals
Resistance Management
Some basic steps to resistance managementchemicals are chosen to kill the pest but not natural enemies . . . non-persistent pesticides are then used allowing some individuals to survive . . .
Resistance Management
alternate selective pesticides varying modes of action . . .apply pesticides during damaging life cycle of the pest . . . spot- or strip-treat to allow susceptible individuals to survive . . . treat alternate generations . . . cease using pesticides when resistance appears
Pesticide Residues
Remain on the surface of treated and unintentionally treated areas following pesticide applications
Factors affecting accumulation of pesticide residuespersistence of the pesticidefrequency of applicationamount of application
Pesticide Residues
Residues are subject to interactions in the environmentbreakdown or . . .recombination
Pesticide Residues
Residues can be necessary to provide continuous exposure to target pests
Residues become undesirable . . . when they expose people, domestic animals or wildlife . . . to unsafe levels of a pesticide
Pesticide Residues
When targets are missed pesticides can leave residues in . . . soils . . . ground and surface water or . . . surfaces of non-target areas
Empty pesticide containers can also be a source of pesticide residues
Pest Control Licensing
Pest Control Advisor (PCA)Qualified Applicators License (QAL)Qualified Applicators Certificate (QAC)
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs) licensed professional by the State of California Department of Pesticide Regulationproduction consultants serving California agriculture and horticulture producers
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
PCAs specialize in pest managementare an important resource to producers in a wide range of production concerns related to plant health
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
PCAs are licensed by the State of California to engage in the following activities:
Provide written pest management recommendations
Must be an authority on any agricultural use
May solicit sales of products or services for agricultural use
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
PCA specialties are diverse, including:may help maintain highway vegetationsolve weed congestion in public waterwaysassist in pest-free greenhouses, golf courses, turf and landscapeensure the growth of healthy, abundant food, fiber and ornamentals
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)Bachelor’s degree (i.e., B.A. or B.S.) in
one of the following areas: Agricultural sciences Biological sciences Natural sciences Pest management
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)42 semester or 63 quarter units in the
following areas: Physical and biological sciences Crop health Pest management systems and methods Production systems
Pest Control Advisers (PCAs)
Plus 40 hours of continuing education per every two (2) years
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/adviser.htm
Qualified Applicators License (QAL)
You must possess a valid Qualified Applicator License (QAL) if you do any of the following:
Apply or supervise the application of federally restricted use pesticides or state restricted materials for any purpose or on any property other than that provided by the definition of private applicator1 (Title 3 of California Code of Regulations [3 CCR], Code section 6000.2 [a-c])
Qualified Applicators License (QAL)
Supervise the pesticide applications made by a licensed pest control business and are responsible for its safe and legal operation (Food and Agricultural Code [FAC] sections 11701-11709)
Qualified Applicators License (QAL)
Requires one of the following categories:
•Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Landscape Maintenance •Right-of-Way Plant •Agriculture •Forest •Aquatic•Regulatory
•Seed Treatment •Animal Agriculture •Demonstration and Research •Health Related •Wood Preservative •Antifouling Tributyltin •Sewer Line Root Control •Field Fumigation •Microbial Pest Control
Qualified Applicators License (QAL)
Must pass the ‘categories’ sections and the ‘laws and regulations’ section with a 70% or greater grade
Continuing education of twenty (20) hours per two (2) years
Qualified Applicators Certificate (QAC)
You must possess a valid Qualified Applicator Certificate (QAC) if you do any of the following:
Apply or supervise the application of federally restricted use pesticides or state restricted materials for any purpose or on any property other than that provided by the definition of private applicator1 (Title 3 of California Code of Regulations [3 CCR], Code section 6000.2 [a-c]).
Qualified Applicators Certificate (QAC)
If you own a business of maintenance gardening, and perform pest control that is incidental to such a business. If this is the case, you must possess the Maintenance Gardener Category (Q) or the Landscape Maintenance Pest Control Category (B) on your certificate and, in addition, obtain a Maintenance Gardner Pest Control Business License.
Qualified Applicators Certificate (QAC)
Requires at least one of the following categories:
Residential, Industrial, and InstitutionalLandscape MaintenanceRight-of-Way Plant Agriculture Forest Aquatic Regulatory Seed Treatment
Animal Agriculture Demonstration and ResearchHealth Related Wood Preservative Antifouling Tributyltin Sewer Line Root Control Field Fumigation Microbial Pest Control Maintenance Gardener
Qualified Applicators Certificate (QAC)
Must pass the ‘categories’ sections and the ‘laws and regulations’ section with a 70% or greater grade
Continuing education of eight (8) hours per two (2) years
http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/license/qac.htm