Pesticide Safety Training CEU Courseabctlc.com/downloads/PDF/Pest Safety Training Ass.doc · Web...

Registration formPesticide Safety Training $200.00

48 HOUR RUSH ORDER PROCESSING FEE ADDITIONAL $50.00Rush service does not include overnight delivery or FedEx fees.

Start and finish dates: _____________________________________________________ You will have 90 days from this date in order to complete this course

Print Name____________________________________________________________I have read and understood the disclaimer notice found on pages 2&4. Signature is required. You can electronically sign with XXX

Signature _________________________________________________________________

Address: __________________________________________________________________

City___________________________ State ________Zip________________________

Phone:Home (_____)_______________________ Work (______)___________________________

Fax (_____)___________________________ Email________________________________

License orOperator ID #_______________________________Exp. Date____________________

Class/Grade__________________________________Please circle/check which certification you are applying the course CEU’s.

Commercial Applicator____ Residential Applicator____ Industrial Applicator____

Pesticide Handler____ Agricultural Applicator____ Adviser____ Other ________________

Your certificate will be mailed to you in about two weeks.

Technical Learning College PO Box 3060, Chino Valley, AZ 86323 Toll Free (866) 557-1746 Fax (928) 272-0747 E-Mail [email protected]

If you’ve paid on the Internet, please write your Customer#______________

Please pay with your credit card on our website under Bookstore or Buy Now. Or call us and provide your credit card information.

We will stop mailing the certificate of completion so we need either your fax number or e-mail address. We will e-mail the certificate to you, if no e-mail address; we will fax it to you.

DISCLAIMER NOTICEI understand that it is my responsibility to ensure that this CEU course is either approved or accepted in my State for CEU credit. I understand State laws and rules change on a frequent basis and I believe this course is currently accepted in my State for CEU or contact hour credit, if it is not, I will not hold Technical Learning College responsible. I fully understand that this type of study program deals with dangerous, changing conditions and various laws and that I will not hold Technical Learning College, Technical Learning Consultants, Inc. (TLC) liable in any fashion for any errors, omissions, advice, suggestions or neglect contained in this CEU education training course or for any violation or injury, death, neglect, damage or loss of your license or certification caused in any fashion by this CEU education training or course material suggestion or error or my lack of submitting paperwork. It is my responsibility to call or contact TLC if I need help or assistance and double-check to ensure my registration page and assignment has been received and graded. It is my responsibility to ensure all information is correct and to abide with all rules and regulations.

State Approval Listing Link, check to see if your State accepts or has pre-approved this course. Not all States are listed. Not all courses are listed. If the course is not accepted for CEU credit, we will give you the course free if you ask your State to accept it for credit.

Professional Engineers; Most states will accept our courses for credit but we do not officially list the States or Agencies. Please check your State for approval.

State Approval Listing URL…http://www.tlch2o.com/PDF/CEU%20State%20Approvals.pdf

You can obtain a printed version of the course manual from TLC for an additional $79.95 plus shipping charges.

AFFIDAVIT OF EXAM COMPLETIONI affirm that I personally completed the entire text of the course. I also affirm that I completed the exam without assistance from any outside source. I understand that it is my responsibility to file or maintain my certificate of completion as required by the state or by the designation organization.

Grading InformationIn order to maintain the integrity of our courses we do not distribute test scores, percentages or questions missed. Our exams are based upon pass/fail criteria with the benchmark for successful completion set at 70%. Once you pass the exam, your record will reflect a successful completion and a certificate will be issued to you.

For security purposes, please fax or e-mail a copy of your driver’s license and always call us to confirm we’ve received your assignment and to confirm your identity.

Thank you…

All downloads are electronically tracked and monitored for security purposes.

Pesticide Safety Training Assignment 11/1/20172

http://www.tlch2o.com/PDF/CEU%20State%20Approvals.pdf

CUSTOMER SERVICE RESPONSE CARD

Pesticide Safety Training Course

NAME: _______________________

E-MAIL_________________________________PHONE_____________________

PLEASE COMPLETE THIS FORM BY CIRCLING THE NUMBER OF THE APPROPRIATE ANSWER IN THE AREA BELOW.

1. Please rate the difficulty of your course.Very Easy 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Difficult

2. Please rate the difficulty of the testing process. Very Easy 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Difficult

3. Please rate the subject matter on the exam to your actual field or work.Very Similar 0 1 2 3 4 5 Very Different

4. How did you hear about this Course? _______________________________

5. What would you do to improve the Course?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

6. How about the price of the course?

Poor_____ Fair ____ Average ____ Good____ Great_____

7. How was your customer service?

Poor___ Fair ____ Average ____ Good _____ Great_____

8. Any other concerns or comments.

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________


Important Information about this Course (Disclaimer Notice) This CEU course has been prepared to educate pesticide applicators and operators in general safety awareness of dealing with the often-complex and various pesticide treatment sprays, devices, methods, and applications. This course (manual) will cover general laws, regulations, required procedures and accepted policies relating to the use of pesticides and herbicides. It should be noted, however, that the regulation of pesticides and hazardous materials is an ongoing process and subject to change over time. For this reason, a list of resources is provided to assist in obtaining the most up-to-date information on various subjects. This manual is a not a guidance document for applicators or operators who are involved with pesticides. It is not designed to meet the requirements of the United States Environmental Protection Agency or your local State environmental protection agency or health department. This course manual will provide general pesticide safety awareness and should not be used as a basis for pesticide treatment method/device guidance. This document is not a detailed pesticide informational manual or a source or remedy for poison control.

Technical Learning College or Technical Learning Consultants, Inc. makes no warranty, guarantee or representation as to the absolute correctness or appropriateness of the information in this manual and assumes no responsibility in connection with the implementation of this information. It cannot be assumed that this manual contains all measures and concepts required for specific conditions or circumstances. This document should be used for educational purposes only and is not considered a legal document. Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.

Confine chemicals to the property or plants being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse containers. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your county agricultural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. You should never burn pesticide containers.

Individuals who are responsible for pesticide storage, mixing and application should obtain and comply with the most recent federal, state, and local regulations relevant to these sites and are urged to consult with the EPA and other appropriate federal, state and local agencies.

USE PESTICIDES WISELY: ALWAYS READ THE ENTIRE PESTICIDE LABEL CAREFULLY, FOLLOW ALL MIXING AND APPLICATION INSTRUCTIONS AND WEAR ALL RECOMMENDED PERSONAL PROTECTIVE GEAR AND CLOTHING. CONTACT YOUR STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR ANY ADDITIONAL PESTICIDE USE REQUIREMENTS, RESTRICTIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS.

NOTICE: MENTION OF PESTICIDE PRODUCTS IN THIS COURSE DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT OF ANY MATERIAL OR HERB OR HERBAL SUPPLEMENT. ALWAYS FOLLOW THE PRODUCT’S LABEL INSTRUCTIONS.

NOTICEI understand that it is my responsibility to ensure that this CEU course is either approved or accepted in my State for CEU credit. I understand State laws and rules change on a frequent basis and I believe this course is currently accepted in my State for CEU or contact hour credit, if it is not, I will not hold Technical Learning College responsible. I also understand that this type of study program deals with dangerous conditions and that I will not hold Technical Learning College, Technical Learning Consultants, Inc. (TLC) liable for any errors or omissions or advice contained in this CEU education training course or for any violation or injury caused by this CEU education training course material. I will call or contact TLC if I need help or assistance and double-check to ensure my registration page and assignment has been received and graded.



Pesticide Safety Training Answer Key

Name____________________________________________

Phone# _________________________________________________

Multiple Choice. Pick only one answer per question.Circle or Mark off, Underline or Bold the answer. Please circle or underline the number of the assignment version 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5

1. A B C D E F2. A B C D E F3. A B C D E F4. A B C D E F5. A B C D E F6. A B C D E F7. A B C D E F8. A B C D E F9. A B C D E F10.A B C D E F11.A B C D E F12.A B C D E F13.A B C D E F14.A B C D E F15.A B C D E F16.A B C D E F17.A B C D E F18.A B C D E F19.A B C D E F20.A B C D E F21.A B C D E F22.A B C D E F23.A B C D E F24.A B C D E F25.A B C D E F26.A B C D E F27.A B C D E F28.A B C D E F29.A B C D E F30.A B C D E F31.A B C D E F32.A B C D E F33.A B C D E F34.A B C D E F35.A B C D E F36.A B C D E F

37.A B C D E F38.A B C D E F39.A B C D E F40.A B C D E F41.A B C D E F42.A B C D E F43.A B C D E F44.A B C D E F45.A B C D E F46.A B C D E F47.A B C D E F48.A B C D E F49.A B C D E F50.A B C D E F51.A B C D E F52.A B C D E F53.A B C D E F54.A B C D E F55.A B C D E F56.A B C D E F57.A B C D E F58.A B C D E F59.A B C D E F60.A B C D E F61.A B C D E F62.A B C D E F63.A B C D E F64.A B C D E F65.A B C D E F66.A B C D E F67.A B C D E F68.A B C D E F69.A B C D E F70.A B C D E F71.A B C D E F72.A B C D E F

73.A B C D E F74.A B C D E F75.A B C D E F76.A B C D E F77.A B C D E F78.A B C D E F79.A B C D E F80.A B C D E F81.A B C D E F82.A B C D E F83.A B C D E F84.A B C D E F85.A B C D E F86.A B C D E F87.A B C D E F88.A B C D E F89.A B C D E F90.A B C D E F91.A B C D E F92.A B C D E F93.A B C D E F94.A B C D E F95.A B C D E F96.A B C D E F97.A B C D E F98.A B C D E F99.A B C D E F100. A B C D E F101. A B C D E F102. A B C D E F103. A B C D E F104. A B C D E F105. A B C D E F106. A B C D E F107. A B C D E F108. A B C D E F


109. A B C D E F110. A B C D E F111. A B C D E F112. A B C D E F113. A B C D E F114. A B C D E F115. A B C D E F116. A B C D E F117. A B C D E F118. A B C D E F119. A B C D E F120. A B C D E F121. A B C D E F122. A B C D E F123. A B C D E F124. A B C D E F125. A B C D E F126. A B C D E F127. A B C D E F128. A B C D E F129. A B C D E F130. A B C D E F131. A B C D E F132. A B C D E F133. A B C D E F134. A B C D E F135. A B C D E F136. A B C D E F137. A B C D E F138. A B C D E F139. A B C D E F140. A B C D E F141. A B C D E F142. A B C D E F143. A B C D E F144. A B C D E F145. A B C D E F146. A B C D E F147. A B C D E F148. A B C D E F149. A B C D E F150. A B C D E F151. A B C D E F152. A B C D E F153. A B C D E F154. A B C D E F








385. A B C D E F386. A B C D E F387. A B C D E F388. A B C D E F389. A B C D E F390. A B C D E F

391. A B C D E F392. A B C D E F393. A B C D E F394. A B C D E F395. A B C D E F396. A B C D E F

397. A B C D E F398. A B C D E F399. A B C D E F400. A B C D E F

You are finished with your assignment. Please fax this answer key and your registration page along with the customer survey to TLC.

We will require a photocopy of your driver’s license.

Fax Number (928) 272-0747 Back-Up Fax (928) 468-0675

Always call us after faxing the paperwork to ensure that we’ve received it. Allow two weeks for processing and for the proper forms to be sent back to you. If you need this course graded and your certificate sooner, add a $50.00 rush fee. This may not include postage charges. Thank you for your business.


Rush Grading ServiceIf you need this assignment graded and the results mailed to you within a 48-hour period, prepare to pay an additional rush service handling fee of $50.00. This fee may not cover postage costs. If you need this service, simply write RUSH on the top of your Registration Form. We will place you in the front of the grading and processing line.


ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

1. We will require all students to fax or e-mail a copy of their driver’s license with the registration form.2. You will need to pick one of the following four assignments to complete. This selection process is based upon your last name. 3. If your last name begins with an A to G, you will pick assignment number 1, if your last name begins with the letter H to P, you are to complete assignment number 2 and if your last name begins with the letter Q-R, you will pick assignment number 3 and if your last name begins with the letter S-Z, you will pick assignment number 4.

Assignment #1 for all pest applicators whose last name begins with A-G you will find your assignment on pages 11-64.

Assignment #2 for all pest applicators whose last name begins starting with the letter H-P, your assignment is found on pages 65-119.

Assignment #3 for all pest applicators whose last name begins starting with the letter Q-R, your assignment is found on pages 121-174.

Assignment #4 for all pest applicators whose last name begins starting with the letter S-Z, your assignment is found on pages 175-228.


"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him.”

Please fax the answer key toTLC Western Campus Fax (928) 272-0747.

Call us a couple hours after faxing to ensure that we received your paperwork.

9Pesticide Safety Training 9/1/2011 www.abctlc.com


Pesticide Safety Training Assignment #1For Students Names A-G

You will have 90 days from the start of this course to have successfully passed this assignment with a score of 70 %. You may e mail the answers to TLC, [email protected] or fax the answers to TLC, (928) 272-0747. This assignment is available to you in a Word Format on TLC’s Website. You can find online assistance for this course on the in the Search function on Adobe Acrobat PDF to help find the answers. Once you have paid the course fee, you will be provided complete course support from Student Services (928) 468-0665.

Write your answers on the Answer Key found in the front of this assignment. 1. We will require all students to fax or e-mail a copy of their driver’s license with the registration form.2. You will need to pick one of the following four assignments to complete. This selection process is based upon your last name. 3. If your last name begins with an A to G, you will pick assignment number 1, if your last name begins with the letter H to P, you are to complete assignment number 2 and if your last name begins with the letter Q-R, you will pick assignment number 3 and if your last name begins with the letter S-Z, you will pick assignment number 4.

Multiple Choice, Please select one answer and mark it on the answer key. The answer must come from the course text. (s) means answer can be plural or singular.

Pesticide Formulation Process1. Regardless of their source, __________________have a range of solubilities. Some dissolve readily in water; others, only in oils. Some active ingredients may be relatively insoluble in either water or oil. A. Solid particles D. Original identityB. Components of a true solution E. Pesticide active ingredientsC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

2. Solubility characteristics and the intended use of the pesticide generally define which formulations best deliver the active ingredient. Usually, an active ingredient is combined with _________________ prior to packaging. A. An emulsifying agent D. Appropriate inert materialsB. Form suspensions E. Liquid active ingredientC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above

Solution3. A(n) _____________________results when a substance is dissolved in a liquid. The components of a true solution cannot be mechanically separated. A. Solution D. Original identityB. Components of a true solution E. Terms and processesC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

4. Once mixed, a true solution does not require agitation to keep its various parts from settling. ____________ are frequently transparent, although if they are dark colored, this may not be the case.A. Emulsifying agents D. SolutionsB. Form suspensions E. Liquid active ingredientsC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above


Suspension5. A suspension is a mixture of finely divided, solid particles dispersed in a liquid. The solid particles do not dissolve in the liquid, and the mixture must be agitated to keep the particles evenly distributed. Most suspensions will have________________________. A. Solid particles D. A cloudy, murky appearanceB. Components of a true solution E. Terms and processesC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

6. The label directs the user to shake well before using. Such products also form suspensions when mixed with water for application as a spray. Explicit label information describes the need for sufficient agitation to keep the _________________of the product dispersed in the spray tank.A. An emulsifying agent D. An active ingredientB. Solid particles E. Liquid active ingredientC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above

Emulsion7. An emulsion occurs when one liquid is dispersed (as droplets) in another liquid. Each liquid retains its original identity. Some degree of agitation generally is required to keep the emulsion from separating. Emulsions usually have ________________. A. Solid particles D. An original identityB. Components of a true solution E. A milky appearanceC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

8. The active ingredient is dissolved in an oil-based solvent. When the product is mixed with water, an emulsion (oil in water) is formed. An emulsifying agent (often called an emulsifier) formulated into product helps__________________________. A. An emulsifying agent D. Prevent the emulsion from separatingB. Form suspensions E. Liquid active ingredientC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above

9. Familiarity with these terms and processes leads to a greater understanding and appreciation of the advantages and disadvantages of many commonly used pesticide formulations. Liquid formulations are generally mixed with water, but in some instances labels may permit the use of crop oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, or some other light oil_____________________.A. As solid particles D. As an original identityB. As components of a true solution E. As a carrierC. With a range of solubilities F. None of the Above

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)10. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation usually contains a liquid active ingredient, one or more ________________(which give EC formulations their strong odor), and an agent that allows the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion. A. Emulsifying agents D. Active ingredientsB. Petroleum-based solvents E. Liquid active ingredientsC. Pesticides F. None of the Above

11. Most ECs contain between 25 and 75 percent (2 to 8 pounds) active ingredient per gallon. ECs are among the_________________. They are used against agricultural, ornamental and turf, forestry, structural, food processing, A. Mixed with the carrier D. Small amount of active ingredientB. Most versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above


Liquid Formulations12. For retail sale and use only by certified applicators or persons under the direct supervision of and only for those ________________covered by the certified applicator’s certification. A. Uses D. Active ingredientsB. Most versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above

13. Livestock, and public health pests. They are adaptable to many types of application equipment, from small, ____________________, low-volume ground sprayers, mist blowers, and low-volume aircraft sprayers.A. Specified carriers D. Application equipmentB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Portable sprayers to hydraulic sprayersC. One or more other ingredients F. None of the Above

Solutions (S) 14. Some pesticide active ingredients dissolve readily in a liquid carrier such as water or a petroleum-based solvent. When mixed with the carrier, they form ______________that does not settle out or separate. A. A solution D. Small amount of active ingredientsB. Most versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above

15. _________________of these pesticides usually contain the active ingredient, the carrier, and one or more other ingredients. Solutions may be used in any type of sprayer, indoors or outdoors.A. Formulations D. Application B. Low-concentrate formulation E. Water-soluble typeC. One or more other ingredients F. None of the Above

Ready-to-use Low-concentrate Solutions (RTU) 16. Low-concentrate formulations are ready to use and require no further dilution before application. They consist of a small amount of active ingredient (often 1 percent or less per unit volume) dissolved in______________________. They usually do not stain fabrics or have unpleasant odors. A. The carrier D. Small amount of active ingredientB. Most versatile formulations E. An organic solventC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above

17. They are especially useful for ________________and for household use. Major disadvantages of low-concentrate formulations include limited availability and high cost per unit of active ingredient. A. A specified carrier D. Structural and institutional pestsB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Water-soluble pesticidesC. One or more other ingredients F. None of the Above

18. Many organic solvents are harmful to foliage, so they often cannot be used as____________.A. Plant sprays D. Active ingredientsB. Versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above

Ultra-low Volume (ULV)19. These concentrates may approach_______________. They are designed to be used as is or to be diluted with only small quantities of a specified carrier and are used at rates of no more than 1/2 gallon per acre. A. A specified carrier D. 100 percent active ingredientB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Water-soluble pesticidesC. Other ingredients F. None of the Above


20. These _________________are used mostly in outdoor applications, such as in agricultural, forestry, ornamental, and mosquito control programs.A. Carriers D. Special purpose formulationsB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Water-soluble pesticidesC. One or more other ingredients F. None of the Above

Invert Emulsions 21. An invert emulsion contains a water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier. Invert emulsions require a ______________________that allows the pesticide to be mixed with a large volume of petroleum-based carrier, usually fuel oil. A. Liquid suspensions D. Special kind of emulsifierB. Liquid product E. Invert emulsion dropletsC. Liquid formulation F. None of the Above

22. Invert emulsions aid in reducing drift. With other formulations, some spray drift results when water droplets begin to evaporate before reaching__________________; as a result, the droplets become very small and light. A. A specified carrier D. Application equipmentB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Water-soluble pesticideC. Target surfaces F. None of the Above

Baits (B) 23. A bait formulation is an active ingredient mixed with food or another attractive substance. The bait either attracts the pests or is placed where the pests will find it. Pests are killed by eating the bait that contains the pesticide. The amount of active ingredient in most ________________is quite low, usually less than 5 percent. A. Dry inert carrier D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Bait formulationsC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

24. Baits are _______________to control ants, roaches, flies, other insects, and rodent control. Outdoors they sometimes are used to control snails, slugs, and insects such as ants and termites. Their main use is for control of vertebrate pests such as rodents, other mammals, and birds. A. Mainly used is for control D. Used to monitor and track the activity andB. Concentrates E. Used inside buildingsC. Second-generation anticoagulants F. None of the Above

Metal Phosphides25. Metal phosphides have been used as a means of killing rodents and are considered single-dose fast acting rodenticides (death occurs commonly within 1-3 days after single bait ingestion). A bait consisting of food and a __________________is left where the rodents can eat it. A. Dry inert carrier D. Dust formulationB. Tracking powder E. Phosphide (usually zinc phosphide)C. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

26. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. This method of vermin control has possible use in places where rodents are resistant to some of the anticoagulants, particularly for control of house and field mice; _______________are also cheaper than most second-generation anticoagulants, so that sometimes, in the case of large infestation by rodents, their population is initially reduced by copious amounts of zinc phosphide bait applied, and the rest of population that survived the initial fast-acting poison is then eradicated by prolonged feeding on anticoagulant bait. A. Main use is for control D. And used to monitor and track the activityB. Are concentrates E. Zinc phosphide baitsC. Second-generation anticoagulants F. None of the Above


27. Inversely, the individual rodents, that survived anticoagulant bait poisoning (rest population) can be eradicated by pre-baiting them with nontoxic bait for a week or two (this is important to overcome bait shyness, and to get rodents used to feeding in specific areas by specific food, especially in eradicating rats) and subsequently applying ___________________of the same sort as used for pre-baiting until all consumption of the bait ceases (usually within 2-4 days). A. Poisoned bait D. Anticoagulant bait poisoningB. Vitamins D E. An inorganic chemical compoundC. Phosphine(s) F. None of the Above

28. These methods of alternating rodenticides with different modes of action gives actual or almost 100% eradications of the rodent population in the area, if the __________________are good (i.e., rodents feed on it readily).A. Acceptance/palatability D. Explosion of the phosphine gasB. Zinc-phosphide baits E. Phosphate homeostasisC. Calcium phosphide F. None of the Above

Zinc Phosphide29. Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) is an inorganic chemical compound. ______________have been used as rodenticides. A mixture of food and zinc phosphide is left where the rodents can eat it. The acid in the digestive system of the rodent reacts with the phosphide to generate the toxic phosphine gas. A. Metal phosphides D. Anticoagulant bait poisoningB. Vitamins D E. An inorganic chemical compoundC. Phosphine(s) F. None of the Above

30. This method of vermin control has possible use in places where rodents immune to many of the common poisons have appeared. Other pesticides similar to zinc phosphide are_____________.A. Acceptance/palatability factors D. Aluminium phosphide and calcium phosphideB. Zinc-phosphide baits E. PhosphatesC. Calcium phosphides F. None of the Above

31. Zinc phosphide is typically added to rodent baits in amount of around 0.75-2%. The baits have strong, pungent garlic-like odor characteristic for______________________. A. Black powder D. Anticoagulant bait poisoningB. Vitamins D E. Phosphine liberated by hydrolysisC. Phosphine(s) F. None of the Above

32. The odor attracts rodents, but has a repulsive effect on other animals; birds, notably wild turkeys, are not sensitive to the smell. The baits have to contain sufficient amount of zinc phosphide in sufficiently attractive food in order to kill rodents in ___________________may cause aversion towards zinc-phosphide baits encountered by surviving rodents in the future.A. Palatable bait D. A single serving; a sub-lethal doseB. Zinc-phosphide baits E. Phosphate homeostasisC. Calcium phosphide F. None of the Above

33. Rodenticide-grade zinc phosphide usually comes as a black powder containing 75% of zinc phosphide and______________________, an emetic to cause vomiting if the material is accidentally ingested by humans or domestic animals. However, it is still effective against rats, mice, guinea pigs and rabbits, all of which do not have a vomiting reflex.A. Black powder D. 25% of antimony potassium tartrateB. Vitamins D E. An inorganic chemical compoundC. Phosphine(s) F. None of the Above


34. The tablets or pellets (usually aluminium, calcium or magnesium phosphide for fumigation/gassing) may also contain other chemicals which evolve ammonia, which helps to reduce the potential for ___________. A. Acceptance/palatability D. Explosion of the phosphine gasB. Zinc-phosphide baits E. Spontaneous ignition or explosion of the phosphine gasC. Calcium phosphide F. None of the Above

35. _________________ do not accumulate in the tissues of poisoned animals, so the risk of secondary poisoning is low.A. Black powder D. Anticoagulant bait poisoningB. Vitamins D E. An inorganic chemical compoundC. Phosphine(s) F. None of the Above

Hypercalcemia36. Calciferols (vitamins D), cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) are used as rodenticides. They are toxic to rodents for the same reason they are important to humans: they affect _____________________in the body. A. Acceptance/palatability D. Calcium and phosphate homeostasisB. Zinc-phosphide baits E. Phosphate homeostasisC. Calcium phosphide F. None of the Above

37. Vitamins D are essential in minute quantities (few IUs per kilogram body weight daily, only a fraction of a milligram), and like most fat soluble vitamins, they are toxic in larger doses, causing _____________________. A. Hypervitaminosis D. Explosion of the phosphine gasB. Zinc-phosphide baits E. Phosphate homeostasisC. Calcium phosphide F. None of the Above

Safely Use Rodent Control Products38. Rodent control products, if misused, can potentially poison or otherwise harm you, your children, or your pets. For this reason, it is important to read the product label and follow all directions when using a rodenticide or any_____________________________. A. Pest control product D. Pest control devicesB. Preventive measures E. Other pest control productC. Pesticide problem F. None of the Above

39. EPA requires all pesticide labels to list important use instructions and precautions to ensure that pesticides and pest control devices are used safely and effectively, and to prevent harmful exposure. You must always read and understand all label information before using any _______________. A. Pest control product D. Pest control devicesB. Preventive measures E. Product labelC. Pesticide problem F. None of the Above

40. EPA also recommends that you store ___________________away from children and pets, in a locked utility cabinet or garden shed. Any traps or baits should also be set in locations where children or pets cannot access them.A. Pest control product D. Pest control devicesB. Preventive measures E. Pesticides and pest control devicesC. Pesticide problem F. None of the Above

41. EPA, along with CDC and many rodent control professionals, believes that _________________ is the most effective way to control rodent populations. A. Pest control product D. Pest control devicesB. Preventive measures E. Preventing pest problemsC. Pesticide problem F. None of the Above


42. Relying on preventive measures (e.g., cleaning up food and water sources and sealing entry points) and __________________________(e.g., trapping) can reduce the reliance on, and therefore the corresponding risk from, the use of chemical rodenticides. This combination of approaches is generally known as Integrated Pest Management (IPM).A. Pest control product D. Pest control devicesB. Preventive measures E. Product labelC. Reduced-risk treatment methods F. None of the Above

43. Always follow label instructions and take steps to avoid exposure. If_________________, be sure to follow the First Aid instructions on the product label carefully. For additional treatment advice, contact the Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. If you wish to report a pesticide problem, please call 1-800-858-7378.A. Pest control product D. Pest control devicesB. Preventive measures E. Any exposures occurC. Pesticide problem F. None of the Above

Salicylic Acid44. Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree, from the bark of which the substance used to be obtained) is a monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of______________________. This colorless crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. A. Adjuvant D. Phenolic phytohormone(s)B. Type(s) of formulation E. Organic synthesis and functionsC. Phenolic acid and a beta hydroxy acid F. None of the Above

45. It is derived from the metabolism of salicin. In addition to being a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active component of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), it is probably best known for its use in anti-acne treatments. The ____________________ are known as salicylates.A. Pathogenic attack D. Salts and estersB. Wetting agent E. Salts and esters of salicylic acidC. Target surfaces F. None of the Above

46. Salicylic acid (SA) is a(n) ________________ and is found in plants with roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, transpiration, ion uptake and transport. SA also induces specific changes in leaf anatomy and chloroplast structure. A. Adjuvants D. Phenolic phytohormone(s)B. Type(s) of formulation E. Organic synthesis and functionsC. Concentration gradient F. None of the Above

47. SA is involved in endogenous signaling, mediating in plant defense against pathogens. It plays a role in the resistance to pathogens by inducing the production of pathogenesis-related proteins. It is involved in the _______________________________in which a pathogenic attack on one part of the plant induces resistance in other parts. The signal can also move to nearby plants by salicylic acid being converted to the volatile ester, methyl salicylate. A. Pathogenic attack D. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)B. Wetting agent E. Type of formulationC. Target surfaces F. None of the Above

Spray Adjuvants48. Spray adjuvants can contribute substantially to safe and effective pest control. Many spray adjuvants are available, each formulated to solve problems associated with a particular type of application. Check ___________________________________to make sure adjuvants are suitable for the site you plan to spray, the target pest, your equipment, and, of course, the pesticide you plan to use.A. Pesticide and adjuvant labels D. Phenolic phytohormone(s)B. Type(s) of formulation E. Organic synthesis and functionsC. Concentration gradient F. None of the Above


49. Remember, many pesticide products already contain_________________. If a pesticide is already formulated properly for your crop, using an additional wetting agent, for example, may not give better spreading or coverage; instead, it could increase runoff, reduce deposit, and even severely damage the target plants.A. An adjuvant D. Salts and estersB. Wetting agent E. Type of formulationC. Target surfaces F. None of the Above

50. A pesticide formulation consists of both active and inert ingredients. The active ingredient (a.i.) functions as the pesticide; the inert ingredient includes the carrier and adjuvants. The active ingredient includes always listed on the product label. The type of formulation may also be given. Persons handling pesticides must become familiar with the ____________________to better understand the nature of the products.A. Adjuvants D. Phenolic phytohormone(s)B. Type(s) of formulation E. Organic synthesis and functionsC. Active ingredients and formulation types F. None of the Above

Stickers51. A sticker is an adjuvant that increases the adhesion of____________________. These adjuvants can decrease the amount of pesticide that washes off during irrigation or rain. A. Pathogenic attack D. Salts and estersB. Wetting agent E. Solid particles to target surfacesC. Target surfaces F. None of the Above

52. Stickers also can reduce evaporation of the pesticide, and some slow down the degradation of pesticides by sunlight. Many adjuvants are formulated as __________________to make a general-purpose product.A. Adjuvants D. Phenolic phytohormone(s)B. Type(s) of formulation E. Spreader-stickersC. Concentration gradient F. None of the Above

Strigolactones53. Strigolactones are plant hormones that have been implicated in inhibition of shoot branching. Strigolactones are ____________and trigger germination of parasitic plant seeds (for example Striga from which they gained their name) and stimulate symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi. A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Carotenoid-derivedB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. Cationic surfactants F. None of the Above

54. Strigolactones contain a __________________that is easily hydrolyzed in the rhizosphere meaning that there is a large concentration gradient between areas near the root and those further away.A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Labile ether bondB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantC. Cationic surfactant F. None of the Above

Surfactants55. Surfactants, also called________________________, physically alter the surface tension of a spray droplet. For a pesticide to perform its function properly, a spray droplet must be able to wet the foliage and spread out evenly over a leaf. A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Stimulate symbiotic mycorrhizal fungiB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. Cationic surfactants F. None of the Above


56. Surfactants enlarge the area of pesticide coverage, thereby increasing the pest’s exposure to the chemical. ____________ are particularly important when applying a pesticide to waxy or hairy leaves. A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Stimulate symbiotic mycorrhizal fungiB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. Cationic surfactants F. None of the Above

57. Without proper wetting and spreading, _____________often run off or fail to cover leaf surfaces adequately. Too much surfactant, however, can cause excessive runoff and reduce pesticide efficacy.A. Spray droplets D. Stimulate symbiotic mycorrhizal fungiB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. Cationic surfactants F. None of the Above

58. Surfactants are classified by the way they ionize or split apart into _______________or molecules called ions. A surfactant with a negative charge is anionic. A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Electrically charged atomsB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. Cationic surfactants F. None of the Above

59. One with a positive charge is cationic, and one with no electrical charge is nonionic. Pesticidal activity in the presence of ___________________can be quite different from activity in the presence of a cationic or anionic surfactant. A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Stimulate symbiotic mycorrhizal fungiB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. A nonionic surfactant F. None of the Above

60. Selecting the _______________can reduce the efficacy of a pesticide product and injure the target plant. Anionic surfactants are most effective when used with contact pesticides (i.e., pesticides that control the pest by direct contact rather than being absorbed systemically). A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Wrong surfactantB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantC. Cationic surfactant F. None of the Above

61. Cationic surfactants should never be used as _______________because they usually are phytotoxic.A. Wetting agents and spreaders D. Stand-alone surfactantsB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantsC. Cationic surfactants F. None of the Above

Nonionic Surfactants62. Nonionic surfactants, often used with systemic pesticides, help pesticide sprays penetrate plant cuticles. Nonionic surfactants are compatible with most pesticides, and most EPA-registered pesticides that require a______________.A. Wetting agents and spreader D. Surfactant recommend a nonionic typeB. Surfactant(s) E. Anionic surfactantC. Cationic surfactant F. None of the Above

Superwarfarins63. Warfarin (also known under the brand names Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, Lawarin, Waran, and Warfant) is________________. It is most likely to be the drug popularly referred to as a "blood thinner," yet this is a misnomer, since it does not affect the thickness or viscosity of blood. Instead, it acts on the liver to decrease the quantity of a few key proteins in blood that allow blood to clot.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. An anticoagulant C. Adjuvant F. None of the Above


64. It was initially marketed as a pesticide against rats and mice and is still popular for this purpose, although more potent poisons such as ________________have since been developed. A. Brodifacoum D. PesticideB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant(s) F. None of the Above

65. A few years after its introduction, ___________________was found to be effective and relatively safe for preventing thrombosis and embolism (abnormal formation and migration of blood clots) in many disorders. It was approved for use as a medication in the early 1950s and has remained popular ever since; warfarin is the most widely prescribed anticoagulant drug in North America. A. Warfarin D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant F. None of the Above

66. When administered, these drugs do not anticoagulate blood immediately. Instead, onset of their effect requires about a day before ______________ being normally made by the liver have time to naturally disappear in metabolism, and the duration of action of a single dose of racemic warfarin is 2 to 5 days. Under normal pharmacological therapy A. Effective and relatively safe D. Particular pesticide labelB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Clotting factorsC. Adjuvant(s) F. None of the Above

Thickeners67. As the name suggests, ___________________increase the viscosity (thickness) of spray mixtures. These adjuvants are used to control drift or slow evaporation after the spray has been deposited on the target area. Slowing evaporation is important when using systemic pesticides because they can penetrate the plant cuticle only as long as they remain in solution. A. Thickeners D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant F. None of the Above

How to Choose the Right AdjuvantMany factors must be considered when choosing an adjuvant for use in a pest management program. Following are some guidelines:

68. Use only adjuvants manufactured and marketed for agricultural or horticultural uses. Do not use industrial products or household detergents with pesticides because they may interfere with pesticide performance.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant(s) F. None of the Above

69. Remember, there are no miracle adjuvants. It is generally wise to be skeptical of such claims as “keeps spray equipment clean” or “causes better root penetration” unless the manufacturer has supporting evidence to back up such claims.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant(s) F. None of the Above

70. Make sure the adjuvant has been thoroughly tested and proven effective for your intended use. Test questionable products on a limited area before proceeding with full-scale use.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant F. None of the Above


71. Certain pesticides and application procedures require certain types of adjuvants. Determine the correct type and use only an adjuvant of that type. For example, do not substitute an anionic surfactant when a ____________ is recommended.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Thickness or viscosityB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Nonionic surfactantC. Adjuvant F. None of the Above

72. A _____________________may require one or more adjuvants for a certain use yet prohibit any adjuvant for another use. Read the pesticide label carefully.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Particular pesticide labelB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. Adjuvant(s) F. None of the Above

73. Using ______________is not always necessary. It is just as important to know when not to use an adjuvant as it is to know when to use one.A. Effective and relatively safe D. Particular pesticide labelB. Systemic pesticide(s ) E. Household detergents with pesticide(s)C. An adjuvant F. None of the Above

Three types of pesticide degradation are microbial, chemical, and photodegradation.Microbial Degradation74. ____________________is the breakdown of pesticides by fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms that use pesticides as a food source. A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Microbial degradationC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

75. Most microbial degradation of pesticides occurs in the soil. Soil conditions such as moisture, temperature, aeration, pH, and the amount of organic matter affect the rate of _______________ because of their direct influence on microbial growth and activity.A. Specific characteristics D. Microbial growth and activityB. Chemical reactions E. Accelerated microbial degradationC. Microbial degradation F. None of the Above

76. The frequency of pesticide application also is a factor that can influence microbial degradation. Rapid ____________________ is more likely when the same pesticide is used repeatedly in a field. Repeated applications can actually stimulate the buildup of organisms that are effective in degrading the chemical.A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Microbial degradationC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

77. As the population of these organisms increases, degradation accelerates and the amount of pesticide available to control the pest is reduced. In extreme cases, accelerated _________________ has led to certain products being removed from the marketplace. A. Specific characteristics D. Microbial growth and activityB. Chemical reactions E. Accelerated microbial degradationC. Microbial degradation F. None of the Above

78. ________________________greatly reduce the effectiveness of these chemicals soon after application. The possibility of very rapid pesticide breakdown is reduced by using pesticides only when necessary and by avoiding repeated applications of the same chemical. A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Buildup of organismsC. Microorganisms F. None of the Above


79. Alternating between different classes, groups or formulations of pesticides can minimize the potential for ___________________ problems as well as pest resistance.A. Specific characteristics D. Microbial growth and activityB. Chemical reactions E. Accelerated microbial degradationC. Microbial degradation F. None of the Above

Chemical Degradation80. Chemical degradation is the _____________of pesticides by processes that do not involve living organisms. A. Alkaline conditions D. BreakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Buildup of organismsC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

81. Temperature, moisture, pH and adsorption, in addition to the chemical and physical properties of the pesticide, determine which _________________ take place and how quickly they occur. A. Specific characteristics D. Microbial growth and activityB. Chemical reactions E. Accelerated microbial degradationC. Microbial degradation problems F. None of the Above

82. One of the most common pesticide degradation reactions is hydrolysis, a breakdown process in which the pesticide reacts with water. Many organophosphate and carbamate insecticides are particularly susceptible to________________________. A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Hydrolysis under alkaline conditionsC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

83. Some are actually broken down within a matter of hours when mixed with_______________. Product labels may warn against mixing a pesticide with certain fertilizers, other pesticides or water with specific characteristics. A. Specific characteristics D. Microbial growth and activityB. Chemical reactions E. Accelerated microbial degradationC. Alkaline water F. None of the Above

84. Following these precautions can help prevent pesticide degradation and potential incompatibility problems. In some situations, _______________________may be available to modify spray mix conditions and prevent or reduce degradation. A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Buffers or other additivesC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

85. __________________________and possible corrosion of application equipment can be avoided by not allowing a spray mix to remain in a tank for a long period of time.A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Pesticide degradationC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

Photodegradation86. Photodegradation is the breakdown of pesticides by light, particularly sunlight. Photodegradation can destroy pesticides on foliage, on the surface of the soil, and even in the air. Factors that influence _________________________include the intensity of the sunlight, properties of the application site, the application method and the properties of the pesticide. A. Pesticide photodegradation D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. Buildup of organismsC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above


87. Pesticide losses from ________________________can be reduced by adding the pesticide to the soil during or immediately after application.A. Alkaline conditions D. Very rapid pesticide breakdownB. Chemical degradation E. PhotodegradationC. Effectiveness F. None of the Above

Honey Bee Protection88. For vector control technicians, _____________________is primarily a concern when doing ULV adult mosquito control. The pesticides most commonly used for these applications (pyrethrins and pyrethroids) are toxic to bees. A. Protecting domestic bees D. ULV adult mosquito controlB. An unintended effect E. Many agricultural pesticidesC. Lethal effects of pesticides F. None of the Above

89. They are applied in minute quantities (often less than 1 ounce per acre of total volume of material) during the evening or early morning when bees are inactive. Taking the _____________________ while passing the hives should be adequate to prevent any mortality in the bees from the product. A. Susceptible genes D. Reasonable precaution of turning off the sprayerB. Spontaneous mutations E. Reasonable precautionC. All intended applications F. None of the Above

90. Bees are readily poisoned by organophosphates and many agricultural pesticides. When a pesticide known to be harmful to bees is used near bee hives or to any cropland where honey bees are working,_________________________. A. Becomes resistant D. ULV can be used for adult mosquito controlB. Is an unintended effect E. Special procedures must be followedC. Lethal effects of pesticides F. None of the Above

91. In some areas centralized private organizations operate a beekeeper notification program. Bee notification maps are maintained and each day copies of ____________________from the County Agricultural Commissioner are received. Then interested bee keepers are notified by a single telephone call of all intended applications within one mile of their hives.A. Susceptible genes D. Organochlorines and organophosphatesB. Beekeepers' requests for notification E. Reasonable precautionsC. All intended applications F. None of the Above

Pesticide Resistance92. Pesticide resistance is the ability of pests to_______________. Certain populations of pests use one or more different physiological or behavioral defense mechanisms to withstand doses of pesticides that previously were lethal to the pests. A. Becomes resistant D. Avoid the lethal effects of pesticidesB. An unintended effect E. Many agricultural pesticidesC. Lethal effects of pesticides F. None of the Above

93. This can happen through ______________________in populations resulting in genes that confer pesticide resistance, or because a small proportion of the population carries a gene for pesticide resistance naturally. In either case, resistance develops gradually to the point where pesticide applications begin to fail after repeated exposure to the same pesticide. A. Susceptible genes D. Resistance to organochlorines and organophosphatesB. Spontaneous mutations E. Reasonable precautionC. All intended applications F. None of the Above


94. This is because the parts of the population that carry the gene for susceptibility are killed off, and soon, a disproportionate segment of the population carrying the gene for resistance predominates. This can be __________________ of using pesticides. A. Becomes resistant D. ULV adult mosquito controlB. An unintended effect E. Many agricultural pesticidesC. Lethal effects of pesticides F. None of the Above

95. Resistance in numerous pests of public health importance has occurred to a variety of pesticides. For mosquitoes and flies, __________________ has been particularly common.A. Susceptible genes D. Resistance to organochlorines and organophosphatesB. Spontaneous mutations E. Reasonable precautionC. All intended applications F. None of the Above

96. Selective pressure is the repeated exposure of a population of pests to treatments of the same pesticide over time resulting in a change in the genetic makeup of that population. In this case, the population is selected to favor resistant genes at the expense of susceptible genes, and the population ________________ to that pesticide. A. Becomes resistant D. ULV adult mosquito controlB. An unintended effect E. Many agricultural pesticidesC. Lethal effects of pesticides F. None of the Above

97. Because of the nature of population genetics, the population never becomes_______________, but the frequency of individuals have susceptible genes becomes very small.A. Completely resistant D. Resistance to organochlorines and organophosphatesB. Spontaneous mutations E. Reasonable precautionC. All intended applications F. None of the Above

98. Knowing the mechanisms of development of pesticide resistance is important to developing strategies to avoid creation of resistance in pest populations. The basic principle is the preservation of susceptible genes in pest populations, and the endeavor to do this is named ___________________.A. Mechanisms of development D. Increasing difficulty in controlling a pestB. Cross-resistance E. Pesticide resistance managementC. Pesticide resistance F. None of the Above

99. Usually, when a pest population becomes resistant to one pesticide it can still be controlled by other pesticides, especially pesticides in a_______________________. A. Result of resistance D. Evidence of resistanceB. Different family of chemicals E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Delay resistance F. None of the Above

100. Occasionally, resistance to pesticides other than the pesticide responsible for resistance may occur. This is called ___________________. Its occurrence is usually seen among chemically related pesticides where the mode of action is identical or very similar.A. Mechanisms of development D. Increasing difficulty in controlling a pestB. Cross-resistance E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Pesticide resistance F. None of the Above

Early Signs of Resistance 101. Not all pest control failures are the result of resistance. _____________________may be at fault. However, if the material was timed and applied properly at the recommended rate and no other important factors (such as unfavorable weather) have interfered with the pesticide application, resistance should be considered.A. Result of resistance D. Evidence of resistanceB. Becomes resistant E. Improper pest control practicesC. Delay resistance F. None of the Above


102. ___________________may sometimes be recognized in the field. These include increasing difficulty in controlling a pest, increasing numbers of formerly minor pests, and increasing trouble with insect-transmitted disease. A. Mechanisms of development D. Increasing difficulty in controlling a pestB. Cross-resistance E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Early signs of resistance F. None of the Above

103. Developing resistance can be very subtle and may go unnoticed for a time; it may appear in certain locations or breeding sites. _____________________should be reported to your supervisor immediately since early detection may make it possible to delay resistance by the application of counter measures.A. Result of resistance D. Evidence of resistanceB. Becomes resistant E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Suspected resistance F. None of the Above

Resistance Management104. Based on the genetic principles of development of _______________ in pests, a number of principles have evolved over the years that when implemented can either delay resistance, or avoid it entirely. A. Mechanisms of development D. Increasing difficulty in controlling a pestB. Cross-resistance E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Pesticide resistance F. None of the Above

Some of these principles are:105. Avoid under-dosing in pesticide applications. If this is done repeatedly it encourages survival of individual pests ________________, especially when the effects of the gene are not absolute (protects only partially).A. Result of resistance D. Evidence of resistanceB. Becomes resistant E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Delay resistance F. None of the Above

106. Do not always treat a given population with the same pesticide. Switch to other products periodically. This is called __________________.A. Mechanisms of development D. Increasing difficulty in controlling a pestB. Pesticide rotation E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Pesticide resistance F. None of the Above

107. Test populations of vectors for __________________, and when it is detected switch to alternate pesticides.A. Result of resistance D. Evidence of resistanceB. Becomes resistant E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Delay resistance F. None of the Above

108. Avoid _________________where pest populations are exposed for long periods of time to sub-lethal doses of one pesticide.A. Result of resistance D. Evidence of resistanceB. Becomes resistant E. Slow-release applicationsC. Delay resistance F. None of the Above

109. Combine pesticide applications with other forms of pest management such as biological control, habitat alteration, and use of biorational pesticides. The use of __________________is not a guarantee that resistance to these products will not occur, but resistance to biorational pesticides have been far less common than to conventional pesticides.A. Biological control D. Biorational pesticidesB. Pesticide rotation E. Carrying genes for resistanceC. Pesticide resistance F. None of the Above


Classes of Agricultural InsecticidesThe classification of insecticides is done in several different ways:110. Contact insecticides are toxic to insects brought into direct contact. Efficacy is often related to the quality of________________, with small droplets (such as aerosols) often improving performance. A. Toxic D. Pesticide applicationB. Synthetic chemicals E. InsecticidesC. Systemic insecticides F. None of the Above

111. _________________ are manufactured with metals and include arsenates, copper compounds and fluorine compounds, which are now seldom used, and sulfur, which is commonly used.A. Arsenic D. Baccilus thuringiensis biocidal protein B. Nicotine E. Organic pollutantsC. Inorganic insecticides F. None of the Above

112. Mode of action—how the pesticide kills or inactivates a pest—is another way of classifying insecticides. Mode of action is important in predicting whether _______________to unrelated species, such as fish, birds and mammals.A. An insecticide will be toxic D. Pesticide applicationB. Synthetic chemicals E. InsecticidesC. Systemic insecticides F. None of the Above

113. Natural insecticides, such as nicotine, pyrethrum and neem extracts are made by plants as defenses against insects. __________________have been barred in the U.S. since 2001 to prevent residues from contaminating foods. A. Arsenic D. Nicotine based insecticides B. Nicotine E. Organic pollutantsC. Inorganic insecticides F. None of the Above

114. ______________________are synthetic chemicals which comprise the largest numbers of pesticides available for use today.A. Toxic insecticides D. Pesticide applicationB. Organic insecticides E. InsecticidesC. Systemic insecticides F. None of the Above

115. Plant-Incorporated Protectants (PIP) are _________________produced by plants after genetic modification. For instance, a gene that codes for a specific Baccilus thuringiensis biocidal protein is introduced into a crop plant's genetic material. Then, the plant manufactures the protein. Since the biocide is incorporated into the plant, additional applications at least of the same compound are not required.A. Insecticidal substances D. Biocidal proteins B. Nicotine E. Organic pollutantsC. Inorganic insecticides F. None of the Above

116. ______________ are incorporated by treated plants. Insects ingest the insecticide while feeding on the plants.A. Toxicins D. Pesticide applicationB. Synthetic chemicals E. InsecticidesC. Systemic insecticides F. None of the Above

117. Heavy metals, e.g. arsenic have been used as insecticides; _______________and very rarely used now by farmers.A. Like Arsenic D. They are poisonousB. Like Nicotine E. Like organic pollutantsC. Inorganic insecticides F. None of the Above


Organochlorine Compounds118. The insecticidal properties of the best known representative of this class of insecticides, DDT, was made by the Swiss Scientist Paul Müller. For this discovery, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1948. DDT was introduced on the market in 1944. With the rise of the modern chemical industry, it was possible to make__________________. A. DDT D. Chlorinated hydrocarbonsB. PCP E. OrganophosphateC. RCRA F. None of the Above

119. DDT works by opening the sodium channels in the nerve cells of the insect. A number of the organochlorine pesticides have been banned from most uses worldwide, and globally they are controlled via the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. These include: aldrin, chlordane,__________________________________.A. And DDT D. DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene B. And PCP E. And OrganophosphateC. And RCRA F. None of the Above

Penta or Pentachlorophenol120. Penta or Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant. First produced in the 1930s, it is marketed under many trade names. It can be found in two forms: _______________ itself or as the sodium salt of PCP, which dissolves easily in water.A. DDT D. CholinesterasesB. PCP E. OrganophosphateC. RCRA F. None of the Above

121. In the past, ______________ has been used as an herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, algaecide, disinfectant and as an ingredient in antifouling paint. A. DDT D. Organophosphate B. PCP E. CholinesterasesC. HCL F. None of the Above

122. Some applications were in agricultural seeds (for nonfood uses), leather, masonry, wood preservation, cooling tower water, rope and paper mill system. Its use has been significantly declined due to the high toxicity of ______________ and its slow biodegradation. A. DDT D. CholinesterasesB. PCP E. OrganophosphateC. RCRA F. None of the Above

123. There are two general methods for preserving wood. The pressure process method involves placing wood in a pressure-treating vessel where it is immersed in PCP and then subjected to applied pressure. In the non-pressure process method, __________ is applied by spraying, brushing, dipping, and soaking. A. DDT D. Organophosphate B. PCP E. CholinesterasesC. HCL F. None of the Above

124. PCP has been detected in surface waters and sediments, rainwater, drinking water, aquatic organisms, soil, and food, as well as in human milk, adipose tissue, and urine. As _________ is generally used for its properties as a biocidal agent, there is considerable concern about adverse ecosystem effects in areas of PCP contamination.A. DDT D. CholinesterasesB. PCP E. OrganophosphateC. RCRA F. None of the Above


125. Releases to the environment are decreasing as a result of declining consumption and changing use methods. However, ____________ is still released to surface waters from the atmosphere by wet deposition, from soil by run off and leaching, and from manufacturing and processing facilities.A. DDT D. Organophosphate B. PCP E. CholinesterasesC. HCL F. None of the Above

126. _________ is released directly into the atmosphere via volatilization from treated wood products and during production. Finally, releases to the soil can be by leaching from treated wood products, atmospheric deposition in precipitation (such as rain and snow), spills at industrial facilities and at hazardous waste sites.A. DDT D. CholinesterasesB. PCP E. OrganophosphateC. RCRA F. None of the Above

127. Since the early 1980s, the purchase and use of PCP in the U.S has not been available to the general public. Nowadays most of the ____________ used in the U.S is restricted to the treatment of utility poles and railroad ties. In the United States, any drinking water supply with a PCP concentration exceeding the MCL, 1 ppb, must be notified by the water supplier to the public. Disposal of PCP and PCP contaminated substances are regulated under RCRA as a F-listed hazardous waste.A. DDT D. Organophosphate B. PCP E. CholinesterasesC. HCL F. None of the Above

Organophosphates128. The next large class developed was the organophosphates, which bind to_________________. This results in disruption of nerve impulses, killing the insect or interfering with its ability to carry on normal functions. A. Organophosphate(s) D. Acetylcholinesterase and other cholinesterases B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

129. Organophosphate insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (such as sarin, tabun, soman and VX) work in the same way. ______________have an accumulative toxic effect to wildlife, so multiple exposures to the chemicals amplify the toxicity.A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

Carbamates130. _____________________have similar toxic mechanisms to organophosphates, but have a much shorter duration of action and are thus somewhat less toxic.A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Carbamate insecticides E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

Organophosphates and Carbamates Pesticides131. Organophosphates are phosphoric acid esters or thiophosphoric acid esters. When developed in the 1930s and 1940s, their original compounds were highly toxic to mammals. ________ manufactured since then are less toxic to mammals but toxic to target organisms, such as insects. A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above


132. Malathion, dibrom, chlorpyrifos, temephos, diazinon and terbufos are organophosphates. ________________ are esters of N-methyl carbamic acid. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarb are carbamates. A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

133. Although these pesticides differ chemically, they act similarly. When applied to crops or directly to the soil as systemic insecticides, _______________generally persist from only a few hours to several months. A. Organophosphate(s) D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

134. They have been fatal to large numbers of birds on turf and in agriculture, and negatively impacted breeding success in birds. Many ____________are highly toxic to aquatic organisms. A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

135. These are two very large families of insecticides. Indeed, they have been the primary insecticides for the past 25 to 30 years. They range in toxicity from slightly to highly toxic. They are formulated in all kinds of ways from highly _______________ to very dilute granular (G) formulations.A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above

136. These _________________are similar in their modes of action—they are all nervous system poisons. Insects and all other animals, including humans, have nervous systems that are susceptible. Both insecticide families are efficiently absorbed by inhalation, ingestion, and skin penetration. To a degree, the extent of poisoning depends on the rate at which the pesticide is absorbed. A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons D. PesticidesB. Insecticide families E. CholinesterasesC. Delayed neurotoxics F. None of the Above

137. Organophosphates break down chiefly by______________; rates of hydrolysis vary widely from one compound to another. With certain organophosphates whose breakdown is relatively slow, significant amounts may be temporarily stored in body fat. A. Accidental exposure D. Acetylcholinesterase activityB. Cholinesterase activity E. Hydrolysis in the liverC. Pyrrole family of chemistry F. None of the Above

138. The organophosphates and carbamates replaced the chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g., chlordane, aldrin, and heptachlor) for all uses, including termite control. Examples of organophosphates are chlorpyrifos for termite control and __________________for other household pests. An example of a carbamate is carbaryl, also used for household and lawn pests.A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons D. Pesticide B. Diazinon E. Cholinesterase C. Delayed Pesticide F. None of the Above


How can people be exposed to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides? 139. People can be exposed to _____________________through accidental exposure during use. People can accidentally inhale the pesticides if they are in an area where they were recently applied. The chemicals can be ingested with food or drinks that are contaminated. A. Accidental exposure D. Acetylcholinesterase activityB. Cholinesterase activity E. Organophosphates and carbamates pesticidesC. Pyrrole family of chemistry F. None of the Above

How can these pesticides exhaust affect my health? 140. Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme found in the nervous system, red blood cells and blood plasma. These pesticides damage nerve function by acting as ______________________in the nervous system. A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons D. Pesticide is absorbedB. An enzyme E. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitorsC. Delayed neurotoxicity F. None of the Above

141. Breathing - ____________________can produce muscle twitching, headache, nausea, dizziness, loss of memory, weakness, tremor, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, tearing, constriction of pupils, and slowed heartbeat. A. Accidental exposure D. Acetylcholinesterase activityB. Cholinesterase activity E. OrganophosphatesC. Short-term exposure F. None of the Above

142. ___________________can produce delayed neurotoxicity, such as tingling and burning in the extremities. This delayed neurotoxicity can progress to paralysis and is seldom reversible. Damage to the liver, kidney, immune system and bone marrow may occur. Some carbamates are also suspected carcinogens. A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons D. Long-term exposureB. An enzyme E. Cholinesterase activityC. Delayed neurotoxicity F. None of the Above

Is there a medical test to show whether I was exposed to these pesticides? 143. The level of ______________ in red blood cells or plasma helps physicians determine exposure to these pesticides. However, other chemicals or disease states can alter acetylcholinesterase activity. A. Accidental exposure D. Acetylcholinesterase activityB. Cholinesterase activity E. OrganophosphatesC. Pyrrole family of chemistry F. None of the Above

144. Urine or blood tests only apply if a person was exposed to a large quantity. Persons who will use these pesticides regularly should ask their physician to establish a baseline value prior to prolonged use, followed by____________________.A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons D. Pesticide is absorbedB. Monthly monitoring E. Cholinesterase activityC. Delayed neurotoxicity F. None of the Above

Pyrroles 145. Chlorfenapyr is the only termiticide from the _____________ and is active primarily as a stomach poison with some contact activity. It is also non-repellent to termites. A. Accidental exposure D. Acetylcholinesterase activityB. Cholinesterase activity E. OrganophosphatesC. Pyrrole family of chemistry F. None of the Above


146. Chlorfenapyr is registered as a termiticide under the trade name Phantom®. Chlorfenapyr acts on the mitochondria of cells and uncouples or inhibits oxidative phosphorylation, preventing the formation of the_________________________. As a result, energy production in the cells shuts down, resulting in cellular and, ultimately, termite death. A. Contribute to the effectiveness D. Blocking the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B. Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation E. Crucial energy molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP)C. Paresthesia F. None of the Above

Fiproles (or Phenylpyrazoles) 147. Fipronil is the only insecticide in this new class, introduced in 1990 and registered in the U.S. in 1996. It is marketed as a ____________________under the trade name Termidor®. This termiticide is a non-repellent material with contact and stomach activity. A. Applied alone termiticide D. Disagreeable sensation termiticideB. Rapid biodegradation(s) E. TermiticideC. Non-persistent termiticide F. None of the Above

148. Fipronil works by blocking the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) regulated chloride channel in neurons, thus disrupting the activity of the_____________________________.A. Effectiveness D. Insect’s central nervous systemB. Oxidative phosphorylation E. NeurotoxicityC. Paresthesia F. None of the Above

Pyrethroids149. To mimic the insecticidal activity of the natural compound pyrethrum another class of pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, has been developed. These are non-persistent, which is a sodium channel modulators, and _______________________organophosphates and carbamates. Compounds in this group are often applied against household pests.A. Applied alone D. Disagreeable sensation(s)B. Rapid biodegradation(s) E. Are much less acutely toxic than C. Non-persistent F. None of the Above

150. The pyrethroids are a ___________________similar to the naturally derived botanical pyrethrins. They are highly repellent to MOST INSECTS AND ESPECIALLY termites, which may contribute to the effectiveness of the termiticide barrier. They have been modified to increase their stability in the natural environment. A. Contribution to the effectiveness D. Blocking GABAB. Inhibititor of oxidative phosphorylation E. NeurotoxicityC. Large family of modern synthetic insecticides F. None of the Above

151. They are widely used in agriculture, homes, and gardens. Some examples are bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin. They may be applied alone or ____________. A. Applied alone D. Disagreeable sensation(s)B. Rapid biodegradation(s) E. In combination with other insecticidesC. Non-persistent F. None of the Above

152. Pyrethroids are formulated as_____________, wettable powders (WP), granulars (G), and aerosols. Certain pyrethroids exhibit striking neurotoxicity in laboratory animals when administered by intravenous injection, and some are toxic by the oral route. A. Contribute to the effectiveness D. Blocking the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B. Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation E. Exhibit striking neurotoxicityC. Emusifiable concentrates (EC) F. None of the Above


153. ________________by inhalation and dermal absorption are low, however—there have been very few systemic poisonings of humans by pyrethroids. Though limited absorption may account for the low toxicity of some pyrethroids, rapid biodegradation by mammalian liver enzymes (ester hydrolysis and oxidation) is probably the major factor responsible. A. Applied alone D. Disagreeable sensation(s)B. Rapid biodegradation(s) E. New systemic toxicityC. Systemic toxicity F. None of the Above

154. Most __________________are promptly excreted, at least in part, by the kidney. In response to dermal exposure, some persons may experience a skin sensitivity called paresthesia. The symptoms are similar to sunburn sensation of the face and especially the eyelids. A. Contribute to the effectiveness D. Blocking the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B. Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation E. Exhibit striking neurotoxicityC. Pyrethroid metabolites F. None of the Above

155. Sweating, exposure to sun or heat, and application of _____________the disagreeable sensations. This is a temporary effect that dissipates within 24 hours.A. Applied alone D. Disagreeable sensation(s)B. Rapid biodegradation(s) E. Water aggravateC. Non-persistent F. None of the Above

156. For first aid, wash with soap and water to remove as much residue as possible, and then apply a vitamin E oil preparation or cream to the affected area. Paresthesia is caused more by pyrethroids whose chemical makeup includes________________________________. A. Contribute to the effectiveness D. Blocking the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B. Inhibits oxidative phosphorylation E. Cyano- groups: fenvalerate, cypermethrin, and fluvalinateC. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids F. None of the Above

157. In addition to protecting themselves from future exposure, persons who have experienced paresthesia should choose a pyrethroid with_________________, as well as a wettable powder or microencapsulated formulation.A. Broad-spectrum pyrethroid D. Synthetic chemical insecticidesB. A different active ingredient E. Pyrethrins and pyrethroidsC. Low toxicity to mammals F. None of the Above

About These Pesticides158. ______________________________are insecticides included in over 3,500 registered products, many of which are used widely in and around households, including on pets, in mosquito control, and in agriculture. A. Pyrethrin(s) D. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids B. Synthetic pesticide(s) E. Organophosphate pesticidesC. Synergists F. None of the Above

159. The use of ______________ has increased during the past decade with the declining use of organophosphate pesticides, which are more acutely toxic to birds and mammals than the pyrethroids. A. Pyrethrin(s) D. Chrysanthemum flowersB. Synthetic pesticide(s) E. Organophosphate pesticidesC. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids F. None of the Above

160. This change to less acutely toxic pesticides, while generally beneficial, has introduced certain new issues. For example, residential uses of __________________ may result in urban runoff, potentially exposing aquatic life to harmful levels in water and sediment.A. Broad-spectrum pyrethroid D. Synthetic chemical insecticidesB. Paresthesia E. Pyrethrins and pyrethroidsC. Low toxicity to mammals F. None of the Above


161. Pyrethrins are botanical insecticides derived from __________________ most commonly found in Australia and Africa. They work by altering nerve function, which causes paralysis in target insect pests, eventually resulting in death. A. Pyrethrin(s) D. Chrysanthemum flowersB. Synthetic pesticide(s) E. Organophosphate pesticidesC. Synergists F. None of the Above

162. Pyrethroids are ________________ whose chemical structures are adapted from the chemical structures of the pyrethrins and act in a similar manner to pyrethrins. Pyrethroids are modified to increase their stability in sunlight.A. Broad-spectrum pyrethroid D. Synthetic chemical insecticidesB. Paresthesia E. Pyrethrins and pyrethroidsC. Low toxicity to mammals F. None of the Above

163. Most pyrethrins and some pyrethroid products are formulated with synergists, such as piperonyl butoxide and MGK-264, to enhance the__________________. These synergists have no pesticidal effects of their own but enhance the effectiveness of other chemicals.A. Pyrethrin(s) D. Pesticidal properties of the productB. Synthetic pesticide(s) E. Organophosphate pesticidesC. Synergists F. None of the Above

PermethrinGeneral Information 164. ______________is a broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticide. It is available in dusts, emusifiable concentrates, smokes, ULV concentrates, and wettable-powder formulations. A. Broad-spectrum pyrethroid D. Synthetic chemical insecticidesB. Permethrin E. Pyrethrins and pyrethroidsC. Low toxicity to mammals F. None of the Above

165. The historical development of the synthetic pesticides called pyrethroids is based on the pyrethrins, which are derived from __________________________. A. Pyrethrin(s) D. Chrysanthemums B. Synthetic pesticide(s) E. Organophosphate pesticidesC. Synergists F. None of the Above

166. ___________________are a "natural" environmental product that is of low toxicity to mammals. They are highly photolabile and degrade quickly in sunlight, and the cost of reapplying them has limited their widespread agricultural use. A. Broad-spectrum pyrethroid D. Synthetic chemical insecticidesB. Pyrethrins E. Pyrethrins and pyrethroidsC. Low toxicity to mammals F. None of the Above

167. ______________________have been synthesized to be similar to pyrethrins yet more stable in the environment. Evidence suggests that they have a very large margin of safety when used as directed by the label. A. Pyrethrin(s) D. PyrethroidsB. Synthetic pesticide(s) E. Organophosphate pesticidesC. Synergists F. None of the Above

168. Commercial pyrethroid products commonly use petroleum distillates as carriers. Some commercial products also contain _________________because the rapid paralytic effect of pyrethrins on insects ("quick knockdown") is not always lethal. Pyrethroids are formulated as emusifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, and concentrates for ULV application. A. Broad-spectrum pyrethroid D. Synthetic chemical insecticidesB. OP or carbamate insecticides E. Pyrethrins and pyrethroidsC. Low toxicity to mammals F. None of the Above


Borates169. “Borate” is a generic term for compounds containing the elements boron and oxygen. Boron never occurs alone naturally but as _____________________in several places in the world.A. Diffusible property of borate(s) D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonistsB. Borate-treated wood E. Elements boron and oxygenC. Calcium and sodium borate ores F. None of the Above

170. Borax and other sodium borates are used in numerous products such as laundry additives, eye drops, fertilizers, and insecticides. Though the ______________are not fully understood, boron is very toxic to insects and decay fungi that commonly damage wood in structures. A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Wood preservatives and organic insecticidesC. Mechanisms of toxicity F. None of the Above

171. At low levels, however, boron is only minimally toxic, and perhaps beneficial, to humans, other mammals, and growing plants. Use of borate-treated wood for construction of homes and their wood-based contents appears to offer many advantages to__________________. A. Diffusible property of borate(s) D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonistsB. Borate-treated wood E. Elements boron and oxygenC. Today’s environmentally sensitive world F. None of the Above

172. Unlike most other ___________________ that penetrate best in dry wood, borates are diffusible chemicals—they penetrate unseasoned wood by diffusion, a natural process. A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Wood preservatives and organic insecticidesC. B. thuringiensis (Bt toxin) F. None of the Above

173. Wood moisture content and method and length of storage are the primary factors affecting penetration by diffusion. Properly done, diffusion treatments permit deep penetration of large timbers and __________________that cannot be treated well by pressure. A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Refractory (difficult-to-treat) wood speciesC. B. thuringiensis (Bt toxin) F. None of the Above

174. The diffusible property of borates can be manipulated in many ways; __________________from complex automated industrial processes to simple brush or injection treatments. A. Diffusible property of borate(s) D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonistsB. Borate-treated wood E. Elements boron and oxygenC. Suitable application methods range F. None of the Above

175. Application methods include momentary immersion by bulk dipping; pressure or combination pressure/diffusion treatment; treatment of composite boards and laminated products by treatment of the wood finish; _____________________and long soaking periods; spray or brush-on treatments with borate slurries or pastes; and placement of fused borate rods in holes drilled in wood already in use. A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Wood preservatives and organic insecticidesC. Hot and cold dip treatments F. None of the Above

Neonicotinoids176. Neonicotinoids are ___________________of the natural insecticide nicotine (with a much lower acute mammalian toxicity and greater field persistence). These chemicals are nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists. A. Diffusible property of borate(s) D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonistsB. Borate-treated wood E. Elements boron and oxygenC. Synthetic analogues F. None of the Above


177. Broad-spectrum—systemic insecticides, they have a rapid action (minutes-hours). They are applied as sprays, drenches, seed and soil treatments—often as substitutes for ________________. Treated insects exhibit leg tremors, rapid wing motion, stylet withdrawal (aphids), disoriented movement, paralysis and death.A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Wood preservatives and organic insecticidesC. B. thuringiensis (Bt toxin) F. None of the Above

Biological Insecticides178. Recent efforts to reduce broad spectrum toxins added to the environment have brought biological insecticides back into vogue. An example is the development and increase in use of Bacillus thuringiensis, _______________ and some other insects. A. Diffusible property of borate(s) D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonistsB. Borate-treated wood E. Elements boron and oxygenC. A bacterial disease of Lepidopterans F. None of the Above

179. Toxins produced by different strains of this bacterium are used as a larvicide against caterpillars, beetles, and mosquitoes. Because it has little effect on other organisms, it is considered more environmentally friendly than synthetic pesticides. The toxin from ____________ has been incorporated directly into plants through the use of genetic engineering. A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Wood preservatives and organic insecticidesC. B. thuringiensis (Bt toxin) F. None of the Above

180. Other _______________include products based on entomopathogenic fungi (e.g. Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae), nematodes (e.g. Steinernema feltiae) and viruses (e.g. Cydia pomonella granulovirus).A. Spray or brush-on treatments D. Organophosphates and carbamatesB. Sodium borates E. Entomopathogenic fungiC. Biological insecticides F. None of the Above

Anti-feedants181. Many plants have evolved substances, like polygodial, which prevent insects from eating, but do not kill them directly. The insect often remains nearby, where it dies of starvation. Since __________________are nontoxic, they would be ideal as insecticides in agriculture. Much agrochemical research is devoted to make them cheap enough for commercial use.A. Anti-feedants D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

182. __________________ is an active constituent of Dorrigo Pepper, Mountain Pepper, Horopito, Canelo, Paracress and Water-pepper. It elicits a warm and pungent flavor.A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

183. The ____________________of polygodial has been reported in the scientific literature to include antifungal and antimicrobial activities, antihyperalgesia, potent attachment-inhibitory activity, insect antifeedant activity, antinociception, vasorelaxation action in vessels of rabbit and guinea pig, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Biological activity F. None of the Above


184. Polygodial’s primary antifungal action is as_____________________, disrupting the lipid-protein interface of integral proteins nonspecifically, denaturing their functional conformation. It is also likely that polygodial permeates by passive diffusion across the plasma membrane, and once inside the cells may react with a variety of intracellular compounds. It is also used as an insecticide for its antifeedant property, which causes insects to starve.A. A nonionic surfactant D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

Rotenone185. Rotenone is an odorless chemical that is used as a__________________, piscicide, and pesticide. It occurs naturally in the roots and stems of several plants such as the jicama vine plant. In mammals, including humans, it is linked to the development of Parkinson's disease.A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Broad-spectrum insecticide E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

186. Rotenone is used in solution as a____________, or in emulsified liquid form as a piscicide. People catch fish by extracting rotenone from plants and releasing it into water. Poisoned fish come to the surface and are easily caught. This method was first practiced by various indigenous tribes who smashed the roots. A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Pesticide and insecticide E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

187. Fish caught this way can be eaten because ________________ is very poorly absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract of humans, whereas it is lethal to fish because it readily enters the blood stream of the fish through the gills.A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

188. Small-scale sampling with rotenone is used by fish researchers studying the biodiversity of marine fishes to collect cryptic, or hidden, fishes, which represent an important component of shoreline fish communities. _______________ is the most effective tool available because only small quantities are necessary. It has only minor and transient environmental side-effects. A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

189. Rotenone is also used in powdered form to reduce parasitic mites on chickens and other fowl. In the United States and in Canada, all uses of __________________ except as a piscicide (fish killer) are being phased out. A. Lethal D. An active constituentB. Rotenone E. An odorless chemicalC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

190. Rotenone is sold as an organic pesticide dust for the garden. Unselective in action, it kills potato beetles, cucumber beetles, flea beetles, cabbage worms, raspberry bugs, and asparagus bugs, as well as most other arthropods. ________________ rapidly bio-degrades under warm conditions so there is minimal harmful residue. A. Lethal D. Rotenone or paraquatB. Rotenone E. Extraction from the roots and stemsC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above


191. A light dusting on the leaves of plants will control insects for several days. It is not known to be harmful to humans when used properly. However, a recent report from the National Institutes of Health finds statistically significant associations between use of either _________________ with Parkinson's disease. A. Lethal D. Rotenone or paraquatB. Rotenone E. Extraction from the roots and stemsC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

192. ______________________ is produced by extraction from the roots and stems of several tropical and subtropical plant species, especially those belonging to the genus Lonchocarpus or Derris.A. Lethal D. Rotenone or paraquatB. Rotenone E. Extraction from the roots and stemsC. Polygodial(s) F. None of the Above

Insect Growth Regulators193. An insect growth regulator (IGR) is a synthetic chemical that mimics insect hormones. Hormones regulate a wide array of body and growth (physiological) functions. IGRs may interfere with molting, pupal emergence, or body wall formation. ____________ are often specific for an insect species or a group of very closely related species. A. Hexaflumurons D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

194. They often have delayed effects because they are taken into the insect and stored until the insect reaches the right growth stage. This may range from days to weeks or even months. For example, if the _____________ stops the insect from molting and a given insect is exposed just after a molt, it would continue to function normally until the next molt before dying.A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGR E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

Reduced Risk195. Many IGRs are labeled "______________________" by the Environmental Protection Agency, meaning that they target juvenile harmful insect populations while causing less detrimental effects to beneficial insects. A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Reduced riskC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

196. Unlike classic insecticides, IGRs do not affect an insect's nervous system and are thus more worker-friendly within closed environments. ____________are also more compatible with pest management systems that use biological controls. In addition, while insects can become resistant to insecticides, they are less likely to become resistant to IGRs. A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

Hormonal IGRs197. Hormonal IGRs typically work by mimicking or inhibiting the juvenile hormone (JH), one of the two major hormones involved in insect molting. ______________can also inhibit the other hormone, ecdysone, large peaks of which trigger the insect to molt. A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above


198. If JH is present at the time of molting, the insect molts into a larger larval form; if absent, it molts into a pupa or adult. ________________ that mimic JH can produce premature molting of young immature stages, disrupting larval development. A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

199. They can also act on eggs, causing sterilization, disrupting behavior or disrupting diapause, the process that causes an insect to become dormant before winter. IGRs that inhibit JH production can cause insects to prematurely molt into a nonfunctional adult. ________________that inhibit ecdysone can cause pupal mortality by interrupting the transformation of larval tissues into adult tissues during the pupal stage.A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors201. ___________________ work by preventing the formation of chitin, a carbohydrate needed to form the insect's exoskeleton. With these inhibitors, an insect grows normally until it molts. The inhibitors prevent the new exoskeleton from forming properly, causing the insect to die. Death may be quick, or take up to several days depending on the insect. A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

202. _________________ can also kill eggs by disrupting normal embryonic development. Chitin synthesis inhibitors affect insects for longer periods of time than hormonal IGRs. These are also quicker acting but can affect predaceous insects, arthropods and even fish. A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

203. In the case of termite control, the slow action of the IGR allows the chemical to be widely spread throughout the colony as the termite workers feed and groom one another. ______________ are, in general, environmentally safe and have very low mammalian toxicity. Some examples are hexaflumuron, diflubenzuron, pyriproxyfen, and methoprene.A. Hexaflumuron D. Hormone, ecdysone, large peaksB. IGRs E. Molting or Molt or MoltsC. Chitin synthesis inhibitor(s) F. None of the Above

Hexaflumuron 204. Hexaflumuron (______________) is an insect growth regulator that interferes with insects' chitin synthesis. It was registered in 1994 — the first active ingredient to be registered as a "reduced risk pesticide" through the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) reduced risk program, which waives tests for new pesticides that are thought to pose fewer hazards than existing pesticides. A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. HexaflumeronC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

205. ______________________is a benzoyl-phenylurea termiticide registered for use to control Eastern and Formosan subterranean termites. It is registered for use in above- and below-ground termite bait station systems in food and nonfood areas. A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Hexaflumuron E. Higher risk application methodC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above


206. ______________ may include interior and exterior surfaces of buildings and crawl spaces, fences, utility poles, decking, landscape decorations, trees, and other features which could be damaged by termite foraging and feeding activity.A. Diflubenzuron application methods D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

207. Hexaflumuron is not approved for use in indoor residences. While it is not a restricted use product, _________________ is sold in conjunction with a service provided by pest-control operators licensed by the state to apply termiticides. As hexaflumuron was first registered in 1994, it was not subject to the reregistration process as required by FIFRA.A. Diflubenzuron D. HexaflumuronB. Treatment sites E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

208. The Agency anticipates conducting an ecological risk assessment for _________________, including an endangered species assessment. For human health, risk assessments may be required if there are changes in current use patterns. A. Diflubenzuron D. HexaflumuronB. Treatment sites E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Human Health Risk209. Because of the low toxicity of hexaflumuron, and the low-exposure scenarios associated with _______________products, a human health risk assessment has not been previously conducted.A. Diflubenzuron D. Insect growth regulatorB. Treatment site E. HexaflumuronC. Risk assessment F. None of the Above

210. Given the current uses, the Agency does not anticipate conducting a human health risk assessment for hexaflumuron to support registration review. However, if in the future new uses or use patterns emerge; human health risk assessments that examine the dietary, residential, aggregate, or occupational risks of __________________may be required.A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Hexaflumuron E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Risk assessment F. None of the Above

Diflubenzuron211. Diflubenzuron is an insecticide of the benzamide class. It is used in forest management and on field crops to selectively control insect pests. The mechanism of action of diflubenzuron involves inhibiting __________________which is used by an insect to build its exoskeleton. A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Hexaflumuron E. The production of chitinC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

212. __________________ is an acaricide/insecticide (insect growth regulator) used to control many leaf eating larvae of insects feeding on agricultural, forest and ornamental plants (e.g. gypsy moths, mosquito larvae, rust mites). A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Hexaflumuron F. None of the Above


213. Diflubenzuron is used primarily on cattle, citrus, cotton, mushrooms, ornamentals, standing water, forestry trees and in programs to control mosquito larvae and gypsy moth populations. Formulations include a soluble concentrate, flowable concentrate, wettable powder and a pelleted/tableted. ____________________ is applied by airblast, aircraft and hydraulic sprayers.A. Diflubenzuron D. HexaflumuronB. Treatment sites E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Regulatory History214. Diflubenzuron was first registered as a pesticide in the U.S. in 1976. EPA issued a Registration Standard for ____________________ in September 1985 (PB86-176500). A November 1991 Data Call-In (DCI) required additional residue chemistry and ecological effects data. Currently, 29 diflubenzuron products are registered.A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. HexaflumuronC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Human HealthAssessment Toxicity215. In studies using laboratory animals, _______________ generally has been shown to be slightly toxic on an acute basis. It is absorbed by the dermal route and has been placed in Toxicity Category III (the second lowest of four categories). It has also been placed in Toxicity Category IV (the lowest of four categories) for ingestion by the oral and inhalation routes.A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. Certain higher risk application methodsC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Occupational and Residential Exposure216. Based on current use patterns, handlers (mixers, loaders, and applicators) may be exposed to _________________________ during and after normal use of applications in agricultural and other settings. The Agency is establishing a short-term (1 to 7 days) toxicological endpoint of sulfhemoglobinemia and intermediate-term (1 week to several months) toxicological endpoint of methemoglobinemia.A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. HexaflumuronC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Occupational Exposure217. Of greater concern is the risk posed to diflubenzuron handlers, particularly mixers/loaders/applicators. The risk for short-term occupational exposure is acceptable for handlers wearing long-sleeved shirts, long pants and chemical-resistant gloves. The risk for intermediate term occupational exposure is also acceptable provided dust/mist respirators (TC-21C) are required for mixers, loaders and applicators when working with ___________________ for certain higher risk application methods.A. Diflubenzuron D. Insect growth regulatorsB. Treatment sites E. HexaflumuronC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Ecological Effects218. _______________________ is practically non-toxic to avian species, small mammals, freshwater fish and marine/estuarine fish on an acute oral dietary basis, while it is slightly toxic to avian species on a subacute dietary basis.A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment site E. HexaflumuronC. Risk assessment F. None of the Above


219. Diflubenzuron is non-toxic to bees. The results indicate that diflubenzuron is very highly toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates, including marine/estuarine crustacea, while it is highly toxic to marine/estuarine mollusks. The results indicate that _________________ affects reproduction, growth and survival in freshwater invertebrates as well as reproduction in marine/estuarine invertebrates.A. Diflubenzuron D. An insect growth regulatorB. Treatment sites E. HexaflumuronC. Risk assessments F. None of the Above

Pyriproxyfen220. Pyriproxyfen is a __________________ which is found to be effective against a variety of arthropoda. It was introduced to the US in 1996 to protect cotton crops against whitefly. It has also found useful for protecting other crops. It is also being used as a prevention for fleas on household pets.A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

221. Pyriproxyfen is a __________________, preventing larvae from developing into adulthood and thus rendering them unable to reproduce. In the US pyriproxyfen is often marketed under the trade name Nylar. In Europe pyriproxyfen is known under the brand names Cyclio (Virbac) and Exil Flea Free TwinSpot (Emax).A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

Methoprene222. Methoprene is a _____________ which can be used as an insecticide that acts as a growth regulator. Methoprene is an amber-colored liquid with a faint fruity odor which is essentially nontoxic to humans when ingested or inhaled. It is used in drinking water cisterns to control mosquitoes which spread malaria. A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

223. Methoprene is _____________________with activity against a variety of insect species including horn flies, mosquitoes, beetles, tobacco moths, sciarid flies, fleas (eggs and larvae), fire ants, pharaoh ants, midge flies and Indian meal moths. A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. An insect growth regulator (IGR)C. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

224. Controlling some of these insects, _________________ is used in the production of a number of foods including meat, milk, mushrooms, peanuts, rice and cereals. It also has several uses on domestic animals (pets) for controlling fleas.A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

225. Methoprene products are sold under a number of trade names including Altosid, Precor, Kaba, Pharorid, Dianex, Apex, Fleatrol, Ovitrol, Extinguish and Diacon. _________________ is considered a biochemical pesticide because rather than controlling target pests through direct toxicity. A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above


226. _________________ interferes with an insect’s life cycle and prevents it from reaching maturity or reproducing.A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

Pesticide Components 227. The ______________ was probably the first to be employed, since it is comparatively easy to destroy weeds by burning them or plowing them under, and to kill larger competing herbivores, such as crows and other birds eating seeds. A. Pyridine based pesticide D. Conventional approachB. Pyriproxyfen E. MethopreneC. Juvenile hormone (JH) analog F. None of the Above

228. Techniques such as crop rotation, companion planting (also known as intercropping or mixed cropping), and the selective breeding of ____________________have a long history. A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Pest-resistant cultivars E. Environmental effects and their persistenceC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above

229. Pest control is at least as old as agriculture, as there has always been a need to keep crops free from pests. In order to maximize food production, it is advantageous to protect crops from competing species of plants, as well as from herbivores competing with humans. All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be registered by EPA, based on _______________showing that they can be used without posing unreasonable risks to people or the environment. Because of advances in scientific knowledge, the law requires that pesticides which were first registered before November 1, 1984, be reregistered to ensure that they meet today's more stringent standards.A. Persistence in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Selective breeding E. Scientific studiesC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above

230. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency develops any mitigation measures or regulatory controls needed to effectively reduce each pesticide's risks. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used ________________to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.A. Synthetic pyrethroids D. Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. Without posing unreasonable risksC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above

Chemical Pesticides231. Some examples of _______________follow. Other examples are available in sources such as Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Selective breeding E. Environmental effects and their persistenceC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above

232. Organophosphate Pesticides - These pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates ______________, a neurotransmitter. A. Synthetic pyrethroids D. Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. ChemicalsC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above


233. Most organophosphates are insecticides. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are ________________________. A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Selective breeding E. Not persistent in the environmentC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above

234. Carbamate Pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. The enzyme effects are usually reversible. There are several subgroups within___________________________.A. Synthetic pyrethroids D. Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. The carbamatesC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above

235. _______________________were commonly used in the past, but many have been removed from the market due to their health and environmental effects and their persistence (e.g. DDT and chlordane). A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Organochlorine Insecticides E. Environmental effects and their persistenceC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above

236. Pyrethroid Pesticides were developed as a synthetic version of the naturally occurring pesticide pyrethrin, which is found in chrysanthemums. They have been modified to increase their stability in the environment. ____________________are toxic to the nervous system.A. Some synthetic pyrethroids D. Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. ChemicalsC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above

Pesticides and Water Quality237. Insecticides and herbicides (sometimes referred to as pesticides) are widely used in agriculture, industry, leisure facilities and gardens to control weeds and insect pests and may enter the water cycle in many ways. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, which authorizes EPA to ______________________of pesticides that have the ability to leach into ground water. A. Persistent in the environment D. Control the availabilityB. Selective breeding E. Environmental effects and their persistenceC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above

238. Agricultural activities (pesticide application) can _________________to ground-water contamination with the millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticides spread on the ground and from the storage and disposal of livestock wastes. A. Synthetic pyrethroids D. Dump millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. Make significant contributionsC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above

239. Homeowners, too, can contribute to this type of _______________with the chemicals they apply to their lawns, rosebushes, tomato plants, and other garden plants.A. Synthetic pyrethroids D. Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. Ground-water pollutionC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above


Groundwater 240. _________________originates as precipitation that sinks into the ground. Some of this water percolates down to the water table (shallowest surface of the groundwater) and recharges the aquifer. For shallow wells (i.e., less than 50-75 feet) the recharge area is often the immediate vicinity around the well or "wellhead." A. Synthetic pyrethroids D. Millions of tons of fertilizers and pesticidesB. Acetylcholine E. GroundwaterC. Regulatory controls F. None of the Above

241. Some wells are recharged in areas that may be a great distance from the well itself. If the downward percolating precipitation encounters any source of contamination, at the surface or below it, the water may dissolve some of that contaminant and carry it to the _____________________. A. Saturated zone D. Spills or improper use of chemicalsB. Organic chemicals E. Any source of contaminationC. Aquifer F. None of the Above

242. _______________moves from areas where the water table is high to where the water table is low. Consequently, a contaminant may enter the aquifer some distance upgradient from you and still move towards your well. When a well is pumping, it lowers the water table in the immediate vicinity of the well, increasing the tendency for water to move towards the well. A. Trichloroethylene D. Irrigation practicesB. Aquifer E. Wellhead protectionC. Groundwater F. None of the Above

243. Contaminants can be lumped into three categories: microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, Giardia, etc.), inorganic chemicals (nitrate, arsenic, metals, etc.) and __________________ (solvents, fuels, pesticides, etc.). A. Saturated zone D. Spills or improper use of chemicalsB. Organic chemicals E. Any source of contaminationC. Aquifer F. None of the Above

244. Although it is common practice to associate contamination with highly visible features such as landfills, gas stations, industry or agriculture, potential contaminants are widespread and often come from common everyday activities as well, such as septic systems, lawn and garden chemicals, pesticides applied to highway right-of-ways, _________________________, auto repair shops, beauty shops, dry cleaners, medical institutions, photo processing labs, etc. Importantly, it takes only a very small amount of some chemicals in drinking water to raise health concerns. For example, one gallon of pure trichloroethylene, a common solvent, will contaminate approximately 292 million gallons of water. A. Trichloroethylene D. Irrigation practicesB. Stormwater runoff E. Wellhead protectionC. Ground water F. None of the Above

Wellhead Protection245. Wellhead protection refers to programs designed to maintain the quality of groundwater used as public drinking water sources by managing the land uses around the wellfield. The theory is that management of land use around the well, and over water moving (underground) toward the well, will help to minimize damage to __________________by spills or improper use of chemicals. The concept usually includes several stages. A. Saturated zone D. Subsurface water suppliesB. Organic chemicals E. Any source of contaminationC. Aquifer F. None of the Above


246. Until the 1970s, _____________ was believed to be naturally protected from contamination. The layers of soil and particles of sand, gravel, crushed rocks, and larger rocks were thought to act as filters, trapping contaminants before they could reach the ground water. A. Trichloroethylene D. Irrigation practicesB. Aquifer E. Wellhead protectionC. Ground water F. None of the Above

247. Since then, however, every state in the nation has reported cases of contaminated ground water, with some instances receiving widespread publicity. We now know that some contaminants can pass through all of these filtering layers into the _____________ to contaminate ground water.A. Saturated zone D. Spills or improper use of chemicalsB. Organic chemicals E. Any source of contaminationC. Aquifer F. None of the Above

Checklist for protecting water from pesticides248. Always check pesticide labels to learn _______________, rates and application methods.A. Trichloroethylene D. Irrigation practicesB. Aquifer E. Wellhead protectionC. Ground water F. None of the Above

249. Be aware of the geology and the relative _________________in your area.A. Rinsates D. Depth of the groundwaterB. Prevent back-siphoning E. Any abandoned wellC. Sensitive areas F. None of the Above

250. Build dikes around your bulk tanks to prevent ________________ of pesticides.A. Original containers D. Pesticide applicationsB. Pesticides E. Prevent off-site movementC. Divert surface runoff F. None of the Above

251. Clean your pesticide application equipment in a way that makes it easy to collect ___________.A. Rinsates D. GroundwaterB. Prevent back-siphoning E. Any abandoned wellC. Sensitive areas F. None of the Above

252. Delay ________________ if rain is forecast.A. Original containers D. Pesticide applicationsB. Pesticides E. Prevent off-site movementC. Divert surface runoff F. None of the Above

253. Ensure that ______________________ near a pesticide handling or application site is properly closed.A. Rinsates D. GroundwaterB. Prevent back-siphoning E. Any abandoned wellC. Sensitive areas F. None of the Above

254. Grade the area around your well to_______________________.A. Original containers D. Pesticide applicationsB. Pesticides E. Prevent off-site movementC. Divert surface runoff F. None of the Above

255. Install a check-valve on your water hose to ___________________.A. Rinsates D. GroundwaterB. Prevent back-siphoning E. Any abandoned wellC. Sensitive areas F. None of the Above


256. Know which pesticides you use have a____________________.A. Original containers D. Pesticide applicationsB. Potential for leaching E. Prevent off-site movementC. Divert surface runoff F. None of the Above

257. ____________________of untreated vegetation between treated and sensitive areas.A. Rinsates D. Leave a borderB. Prevent back-siphoning E. Any abandoned wellC. Sensitive areas F. None of the Above

258. ____________________in their original containers in a cool, well-ventilated building with a concrete floor.A. Original containers D. Pesticide applicationsB. Store pesticides E. Prevent off-site movementC. Divert surface runoff F. None of the Above

259. Use ________________only when necessary and then at the lowest rate needed to control a pest.A. Rinsates D. GroundwaterB. Pesticides E. Any abandoned wellC. Sensitive areas F. None of the Above

Reading the Pesticide Label260. The _________________is your best guide to using pesticides safely and effectively. The directions on the label are there primarily to help you achieve “maximum” benefits—the pest control that you desire— with “minimum” risk. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

261. Both depend on following label directions and correctly using the pesticide. Read the label. Read the label before buying the pesticide. Read the label before mixing or using the pesticide each time, and read the label before storing or disposing of the pesticide. Do not trust your memory. You may have forgotten part of the _____________________or they may have changed. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label instructions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

262. Use of any pesticide in any way that is not consistent with __________________ and precautions is illegal. It may also be ineffective and, even worse, dangerous.A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

Insecticide Safety SectionEvaluating Pesticides EPA263. All pesticides sold or distributed in the United States must be registered by EPA, based on scientific studies showing that they can be used without posing _____________ to people or the environment.A. Pesticide poisoning D. Unreasonable risksB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above


264. In evaluating pesticides for reregistration, EPA obtains and reviews a complete set of studies from pesticide producers, describing the human health and environmental effects of each pesticide. The Agency develops any mitigation measures or _________________needed to effectively reduce each pesticide's risks. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Regulatory controls E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

265. EPA then reregisters pesticides that can be used without ________________to human health or the environment. When a pesticide is eligible for reregistration, EPA explains the basis for its decision in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.A. Posing unreasonable risks D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

Occupational Exposure to Pesticides266. A _________________ occurs when chemicals intended to control a pest affect non-target organisms such as humans, wildlife, or bees. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

267. ______________is an important occupational health issue because pesticides are used in a large number of industries, which puts many different categories of workers at risk. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

268. Extensive use puts agricultural workers in particular at increased risk for_________________. Workers in other industries are at risk for exposure as well. For example, commercial availability of pesticides in stores puts retail workers at risk for exposure and illness when they handle pesticide products. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide illnessesB. Label directions E. Ubiquity of pesticidesC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

269. The ubiquity of pesticides puts emergency responders such as fire-fighters and police officers at risk, because they are often the first responders to emergency events and may be unaware of the presence of a_____________________. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Poisoning hazardC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above

270. The process of___________________, in which pesticides are used on inbound international flights for insect and disease control, can also make flight attendants sick. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Pesticide labelB. Label directions E. Aircraft disinsectionC. Any mitigation measures F. None of the Above


271. Different job functions can lead to__________________. Most occupational exposures are caused by absorption through exposed skin such as the face, hands, forearms, neck, and chest. This exposure is sometimes enhanced by inhalation in settings including spraying operations in greenhouses and other closed environments, tractor cabs, and the operation of rotary fan mist sprayers. A. Toxic effects D. Different levels of exposureB. Pesticide active ingredient E. Organic compoundsC. Over-exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above

272. When used properly, pesticides offer a variety of benefits to society. They increase crop production, preserve produce, combat insect infestations, and control exotic species. However, pesticides also have the __________________. A. Pesticide poisonings D. Inherent toxicityB. No detectable toxic effect E. Potential for causing harmC. Toxicity F. None of the Above

273. Approximately 1.1 billion pounds of _________________ are used annually in the U.S., and over 20,000 pesticide products are being marketed in the U.S.A. Toxic effects D. Spraying operationsB. Pesticide active ingredient E. Organic compoundsC. Over-exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above

274. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 10,000-20,000 physician-diagnosed pesticide poisonings occur each year among the approximately 2 million U.S. agricultural workers. Agricultural workers, groundskeepers, pet groomers, fumigators, and a variety of other occupations are at risk for __________________including fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, and sanitizers.A. Pesticide poisonings D. Inherent toxicityB. No detectable toxic effect E. Potential for causing harmC. Exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above

275. Surveillance for occupational pesticide-related illness and injury is designed to protect workers by determining the magnitude and underlying causes of _________________in the workplace. Surveillance also serves as an early warning system of any harmful effects not detected by manufacturer testing of pesticides.A. Toxic effects D. Spraying operationsB. Pesticide active ingredient E. Organic compoundsC. Over-exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above

Toxicity276. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. ____________ can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity), such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). A. Pesticide poisonings D. Inherent toxicityB. No detectable toxic effect E. Potential for causing harmC. Toxicity F. None of the Above

277. By extension, the word may be metaphorically _____________on larger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at large. A. Toxic effects D. Used to describe toxic effectsB. Pesticide active ingredient E. Organic compoundsC. Over-exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above


278. A central concept of toxicology is that effects are dose-dependent; even water can lead to water intoxication when taken in large enough doses, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as snake venom there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect.A. Pesticide poisonings D. Inherent toxicityB. No detectable toxic effect E. Potential for causing harmC. Toxicity F. None of the Above

There are generally three types of toxic entities; chemical, biological, and physical:279. __________________include inorganic substances such as lead, mercury, asbestos, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas, organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most medications, and poisons from living things.A. Toxic effects D. Chemical toxicantsB. Pesticide active ingredient E. Organic compoundsC. Over-exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above

280. Biological toxicants include bacteria and viruses that can induce disease in living organisms. Biological toxicity can be difficult to measure because the "______________________" may be a single organism. Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a serious infection. However, in a host with an intact immune system the inherent toxicity of the organism is balanced by the host's ability to fight back; the effective toxicity is then a combination of both parts of the relationship. A similar situation is also present with other types of toxic agents.A. Pesticide poisonings D. Inherent toxicityB. No detectable toxic effect E. Threshold doseC. Toxicity F. None of the Above

281. _________________are substances that, due to their physical nature, interfere with biological processes. Examples include coal dust and asbestos fibers, both of which can ultimately be fatal if inhaled.A. Toxic effects D. Physical toxicantsB. Pesticide active ingredient E. Organic compoundsC. Over-exposure to pesticides F. None of the Above

Teratogenic Agents282. A wide range of different chemicals and environmental factors are suspected or are known to be ________________ in humans and in animals. A. Organochlorine pesticides D. Potential carcinogenB. Weight-of-the-evidence E. Metabolite DDEC. Teratogenic F. None of the Above

Carcinogen 283. When assessing possible cancer risk posed by a pesticide, EPA considers how strongly carcinogenic the chemical is (its potency) and the___________. The pesticides are evaluated not only to determine if they cause cancer in laboratory animals, but also as to their potential to cause human cancer. A. Potential for human exposure D. Abnormalities of physiological developmentB. Structure activity concerns E. Carcinogenic the chemicalC. An organophosphate anticholinesterase F. None of the Above

284. For any pesticide classified as a ________________, the risk would depend on the extent to which a person might be exposed (how much time and to what quantity of the pesticide). A. Organochlorine pesticides D. Potential carcinogenB. Weight-of-the-evidence E. Metabolite DDEC. Teratogenic F. None of the Above


285. The factors considered include short-term studies, long-term cancer studies, mutagenicity studies, and_________________________. A. Organochlorines D. Abnormalities of physiological developmentB. Structure activity concerns E. Carcinogenic the chemicalC. An organophosphate anticholinesterase F. None of the Above

286. The term “________________” is used in referring to such a review. This means that the recommendation is not based on the results of one study, but on the results of all studies that are available.A. Organochlorine pesticides D. Potential carcinogenB. Weight-of-the-evidence E. Metabolite DDEC. Teratogenic F. None of the Above

Teratogen287. Teratology is the study of _______________. It is often thought of as the study of human birth defects, but it is much broader than that, taking in other non-birth developmental stages, including puberty; and other non-human life forms, including plants.A. Organochlorines D. Abnormalities of physiological developmentB. Structure activity concerns E. Carcinogenic the chemicalC. An organophosphate anticholinesterase F. None of the Above

PathophysiologyOrganochlorines288. DDT is an organochlorine. The ______________, like DDT, aldrin, and dieldrin are extremely persistent and accumulate in fatty tissue. A. Organochlorine pesticides D. Potential carcinogenB. Weight-of-the-evidence E. Metabolite DDEC. Teratogenic F. None of the Above

289. Through the ________________(lower amounts in the environment get magnified sequentially up the food chain), large amounts of organochlorines can accumulate in top species like humans. A. Process of bioaccumulation D. Abnormalities of physiological developmentB. Structure activity concerns E. Carcinogenic the chemicalC. An organophosphate anticholinesterase F. None of the Above

290. There is substantial evidence to suggest that DDT, and its ________________, act as endocrine disruptors, interfering with hormonal function of estrogen, testosterone, and other steroid hormones.A. Organochlorine pesticides D. Potential carcinogenB. Weight-of-the-evidence E. Metabolite DDEC. Teratogenic F. None of the Above

Anticholinesterase compounds291. Malathion is an organophosphate anticholinesterase. Certain ___________have long been known to cause a delayed-onset toxicity to nerve cells, which is often irreversible. A. Organochlorines D. Abnormalities of physiological developmentB. Organophosphates E. Carcinogenic the chemicalC. Organophosphate anticholinesterase F. None of the Above

292. Several studies have shown persistent deficits in cognitive function in workers chronically exposed to pesticides. Newer evidence suggests that these pesticides may cause developmental neurotoxicity at much lower doses and without depression of __________________.A. Potential pesticide poisoning D. Cholinesterase level with the baseline levelB. Plasma cholinesterase levels E. Basic management techniquesC. Pulmonary ventilation F. None of the Above


Diagnosis293. Most pesticide-related illnesses have signs and symptoms that are similar to common medical conditions, so a complete and detailed _______________________is essential for correctly diagnosing a pesticide poisoning. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Environmental and occupational historyB. Skin shows increased absorption E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above

294. A few additional screening questions about the patient's work and home environment, in addition to a typical health questionnaire, can indicate whether there was a _______________. A. Potential pesticide poisoning D. Cholinesterase level with the baseline levelB. Plasma cholinesterase levels E. Basic management techniquesC. Pulmonary ventilation F. None of the Above

295. If one is regularly using carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, it is important to obtain a ______________________________. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Other life-saving measuresB. Skin shows increased absorption E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above

296. Cholinesterase is an important enzyme of the nervous system, and these chemical groups kill pests and potentially injure or kill humans by____________________. If one has had a baseline test and later suspects a poisoning, one can identify the extent of the problem by comparison of the current cholinesterase level with the baseline level.A. Potential pesticide poisoning D. Inhibiting cholinesteraseB. Plasma cholinesterase levels E. Basic management techniquesC. Pulmonary ventilation F. None of the Above

Prevention297. ______________________can be avoided by proper labeling and storage of containers. When handling or applying pesticides, exposure can be significantly reduced by protecting certain parts of the body where the skin shows increased absorption, such as the scrotal region, underarms, face, scalp, and hands. Using chemical-resistant gloves has been shown to reduce contamination by 33-86%.A. Pesticide poisoning D. Accidental poisoningsB. Skin shows increased absorption E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above

Treatment298. Specific treatments for __________________are often dependent on the pesticide or class of pesticide responsible for the poisoning. However, there are basic management techniques that are applicable to most acute poisonings, including skin decontamination, airway protection, gastrointestinal decontamination, and seizure treatment. A. Potential pesticide poisoning D. Acute pesticide poisoningB. Plasma cholinesterase levels E. Basic management techniquesC. Pulmonary ventilation F. None of the Above

299. Decontamination of the skin is performed while other life-saving measures are taking place. Clothing is removed, the patient is showered with soap and water, and the hair is shampooed to ___________ from the skin and hair. A. Remove chemicals D. Other life-saving measuresB. Skin shows increased absorption E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above


300. The eyes are flushed with water for 10–15 minutes. The patient is intubated and oxygen administered, if necessary. In more severe cases, _________________ must sometimes be supported mechanically. A. Potential pesticide poisoning D. Cholinesterase level with the baseline levelB. Plasma cholinesterase levels E. Basic management techniquesC. Pulmonary ventilation F. None of the Above

301. Seizures are typically managed with lorazepam, phenytoin and phenobarbitol, or diazepam (particularly for ___________________). A. Pesticide poisoning D. Other life-saving measuresB. Skin shows increased absorption E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above

302. ____________________is not recommended to be used routinely in pesticide poisoning management, as clinical benefit has not been confirmed in controlled studies; it is indicated only when the patient has ingested a potentially life-threatening amount of poison and presents within 60 minutes of ingestion. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Other life-saving measuresB. Gastric lavage E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above

303. An orogastric tube is inserted and the stomach is flushed with saline to try to remove the poison. If the patient is_________________, a cuffed endotracheal tube inserted beforehand for airway protection. Studies of poison recovery at 60 minutes have shown recovery of 8%-32%. A. Potential pesticide poisoning D. Cholinesterase level with the baseline levelB. Plasma cholinesterase levels E. Basic management techniquesC. Neurologically impaired F. None of the Above

304. The WPS covers every_________________, including livestock producers, who have employees that perform hand labor operations in fields, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses treated with pesticides. Unlike other laws and regulations affecting agricultural labor, the WPS does not exempt any employment in commercial agriculture involving hand labor in fields, but owners or operators and immediate family members are specifically exempt from some provisions. A. Emergency assistance D. Agricultural employmentB. Laws and regulations E. Agricultural employerC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above

305. The WPS expands coverage to include more employees and expands __________________for training employees who handle pesticides, protecting employees from pesticide exposure, and providing emergency assistance to exposed employees. A. Employers' requirements D. Pesticide exposureB. Restricted entry intervals E. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide ActC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above

306. Although many laws affecting ________________ exempt farming enterprises that employ small numbers of hired farmworkers, the new standard has no exemptions based on the number of employees.A. Emergency assistance D. Agricultural employmentB. Laws and regulations E. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide ActC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above


Employers covered by the WPS must:307. ___________________to pesticides by prohibiting handlers from exposing workers during pesticide application, excluding workers from areas being treated and areas under a restricted entry interval, and notifying workers about treated areas. Some activities are allowed during restricted entry intervals if workers are properly trained and protected.A. Emergency assistance D. Pesticide exposureB. Restricted entry intervals E. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide ActC. Reduce overall exposure F. None of the Above

308. _________________by requiring decontamination supplies be present and emergency assistance be available.A. Emergency assistance D. Pesticide exposureB. Restricted entry intervals E. Mitigate exposuresC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above

309. Inform workers about pesticide hazards by _______________(workers and handlers), safety posters, access to labeling information, and access to specific information (listing of treated areas on the establishment).A. Pesticide hazards D. Agricultural employmentB. Laws and regulations E. Requiring safety trainingC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above

310. WPS provisions are _______________and are likely to affect a large number of employers and their workers. States may also issue worker protection standards that are stricter than the WPS. A. Emergency assistance D. Agricultural employmentB. Laws and regulations E. Very complicatedC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above

311. Therefore, employers should contact their State agency that regulates _______________ in cooperation with the EPA to determine whether they must comply with the WPS and local regulations. Nothing in this report replaces technical and professional legal advice.A. Emergency assistance D. Pesticide exposureB. Restricted entry intervals E. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide ActC. Worker protection standards F. None of the Above

Four Basic Requirements These regulations contained four basic requirements: 312. Workers are__________________; A. Not to be sprayed with pesticides D. Reduce exposure to pesticidesB. Required protections E. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above

313. There are specific restricted entry intervals (REI) for 12 pesticides, interim restrictive entry levels for certain pesticides, and __________________for all other agricultural pesticides prohibiting re-entry into treated areas until sprays have dried, dusts have settled, and vapors have dispersed; A. Required protection D. A general re-entry intervalB. Access to labeling information E. Pesticide notice boardC. Contract for services F. None of the Above

314. __________________is required for any worker entering a treated area before the specific re-entry period has expired; and A. Protective clothing D. Reduce exposure to pesticidesB. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above


315. "___________________________" warnings are required for re-entry. These warnings may be given orally in appropriate language, placed on the pesticide notice board, or posted in the field.A. Required protection D. Overall exposure to pesticidesB. Access to labeling information E. Pesticide notice C. Appropriate and timely F. None of the Above

1974 Regulations 316. The EPA determined that the 1974 regulations did not adequately protect agricultural workers and pesticide handlers who were occupationally exposed to pesticides. In order to correct these inadequacies, the EPA issued new regulations designed to __________________, mitigate exposure, and inform workers about pesticides. A. Pesticides D. Reduce exposure to pesticidesB. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above

317. _____________________will be accomplished by prohibiting handlers from exposing workers during application, excluding workers from areas being treated and areas under a REI (some activities are allowed during a REI if workers are properly trained and protected), and notifying workers about treated areas. A. Required protection D. Reducing overall exposure to pesticidesB. Access to labeling information E. Pesticide notice boardC. Contract for services F. None of the Above

Mitigating Exposures 318. _______________will be accomplished by requiring decontamination supplies and emergency assistance. A. Mitigating exposures D. Reduce exposure to pesticidesB. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above

319. Workers will be informed about pesticide hazards through required safety training (workers and handlers), safety posters, access to labeling information, ______________(listing of treated areas on the establishment).A. Required protection D. Overall exposure to pesticidesB. And access to specific information E. Pesticide notice boardC. Contract for services F. None of the Above

Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural PesticidesProvisions of the WPS apply to:320. Owners or managers of farms, forests, nurseries, or greenhouses where __________in the production of agricultural plants.A. Pesticides D. Pesticides are used B. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above

321. Those who hire or contract for services of agricultural workers to do tasks related to the ____________________on a farm, forest, nursery, or greenhouse.A. Production of agricultural plants D. Overall exposure to pesticidesB. Access to labeling information E. Pesticide notice boardC. Contract for services F. None of the Above

322. The general duties of the WPS require an agricultural employer or a pesticide handler-employer to: Assure that each worker and handler subject to the standard receives the ___________________.A. Pesticides D. Reduce exposure to pesticidesB. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above


323. Assure that any pesticide subject to the standard is used in a manner consistent with the labeling of the pesticide, including the____________________________.A. Required protection D. Overall exposure to pesticidesB. Access to labeling information E. Requirements in the standardC. Contract for services F. None of the Above

324. ________________ and directions to each person who supervises any worker or handler to assure that each worker or handler receives the required protection. The information and directions must specify which persons are responsible for actions required to comply with the standard.A. Pesticides D. Provide sufficient informationB. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above

325. Require each person who supervises any worker or handler to assure compliance by the worker or handler with the provisions of this standard and to assure that the worker or handler _____________________.A. Required protection D. Overall exposure to pesticidesB. Access to labeling information E. Receives the required protection (40 CFR)C. Contract for services F. None of the Above

326. The general duties also prohibit agricultural and handler employers from taking any retaliatory actions against workers attempting to comply with this standard, or from taking any action that prevents or discourages any worker or handler from__________________________.A. Pesticides D. Complying or attempting to comply with the WPSB. Required protectionsE. Requiring decontamination suppliesC. Sufficient information F. None of the Above

Labeling327. Requires everyone applying pesticides to ____________________on the pesticide container's label.A. Treated areas D. Obey instructions printedB. Information E. Only narrow exceptionsC. Recent pesticide applications F. None of the Above

Summary of WPS Requirements328. Protection during applications -- Applicators are prohibited from applying a pesticide in a way that will expose workers or other persons. Workers are excluded from areas while _____________________.A. Pesticide safety poster D. Pesticides are being appliedB. Routine washing E. Handlers and early-entry workersC. Areas F. None of the Above

329. Restricted-entry intervals -- Restricted-entry intervals must be specified on all agricultural plant pesticide product labels. Workers are excluded from ___________________during the restricted-entry interval, with only narrow exceptions.A. Treated areas D. Pesticide container's labelB. Information E. Entering a pesticide-treated areaC. Recent pesticide applications F. None of the Above

330. Personal protective equipment -- ____________________must be provided and maintained for handlers and early-entry workers. A. Pesticide safety poster D. Requirements for trainingB. Routine washing E. Personal protective equipmentC. Areas F. None of the Above


331. Notification to workers -- Workers must be _________________so they may avoid inadvertent exposures.A. Notified about treated areas D. Pesticide container's labelB. Information E. Only narrow exceptionsC. Recent pesticide applications F. None of the Above

332. Decontamination supplies -- Handlers and workers must have an ample supply of water, soap, and towels for routine washing and_______________.A. Emergency decontamination D. Requirements for trainingB. Routine washing E. Handlers and early-entry workersC. Areas F. None of the Above

333. Emergency assistance -- Transportation must be made available to a medical care facility if a worker or handler may have been poisoned or injured. _____________ must be provided about the pesticide to which the person may have been exposed.A. Treated areas D. Pesticide container's labelB. Information E. Only narrow exceptionsC. Recent pesticide applications F. None of the Above

334. Pesticide safety training and safety posters -- Training is required for all workers and handlers, and a ________________ must be displayed.A. Pesticide safety poster D. Requirements for trainingB. Routine washing E. Handlers and early-entry workersC. Areas F. None of the Above

335. Access to labeling and site-specific information -- Handlers and workers must be informed of pesticide label requirements. Central posting of ________________ is required.A. Treated areas D. Pesticide container's labelB. Information E. Only narrow exceptionsC. Recent pesticide applications F. None of the Above 336. “Agricultural Use Requirements - Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR Part 170. This standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification, and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements on this label about_______________, notification of workers, and restricted entry intervals.”A. Pesticide safety poster D. Requirements for trainingB. Routine washing E. Handlers and early-entry workersC. Personal protective equipment F. None of the Above

337. Some pesticide uses are not covered by WPS, even when the _______________is on the labeling. For example, if the pesticide labeling bears an Agricultural Use Requirements section, but the product also can be applied to rights-of-way, the rights-of-way use is not covered by WPS. A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Agricultural Use Requirements sectionC. Least toxic F. None of the Above

WPS Requires Restricted Entry to Treated Areas338. Restricted-entry interval (REI) is the time immediately after a pesticide application when entry into the treated area is prohibited or very limited. REIs are established for all pesticides used in the production of agricultural plants__________________. A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Depending on toxicityC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above


339. The REI is listed on the pesticide labeling under the heading “Agricultural Use Requirements” in the “___________________” section of the pesticide labeling or next to the crop or application method to which it applies. A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Directions for Use F. None of the Above

340. REIs must be specified on all agricultural plant pesticide product labels. Workers are excluded from entering a pesticide treated area during the REI, with________________. The duration of REIs ranges from 4 hours to several days. A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Few narrow exceptionsC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

341. Some pesticides have one REI, such as 12 hours, for all crops and uses. Other products have different REIs, depending on the crop or method of application. When two or more pesticides are applied at the same time and have different REIs, the longer interval must be followed. There is a no-entry period for 4 hours for all products with WPS labeling;____________________. A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. This means no early entry F. None of the Above

WPS Requires Notification of Applications342. Employers must notify workers about _______________on the agricultural establishment if they will be on or within a quarter (1/4) mile of the treated area. In most cases, employers may choose between oral warnings or posted warning signs, but they must tell workers which warning method is in effect.A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Pesticide applicationsC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

343. All applications must be additionally recorded and displayed at the central location. Most products allow worker notification either orally or by posting a field warning sign, one or the other is acceptable as long as workers are informed of which method is being used. However, you must provide double notification if the pesticide label has this statement in the “_______________” section under the heading “Agricultural Use Requirements”: A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Directions for Use F. None of the Above

“Notify workers of the application by warning them orally AND by posting warning signs at entrances to treated areas.” 344. If double notification is specified on the pesticide label workers must be orally notified about REIs and treated fields must be physically posted with warning signs during the REI. It is the agricultural establishment’s responsibility to _____________ in the field if it is required. Farms employing ONLY immediate family members are not required to post the field.A. Post warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Danger, Warning, or Caution on the pesticide labelC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

Mitigate Pesticide Exposures To mitigate pesticide exposures that employees receive, the WPS requires:345. Decontamination supplies — providing handlers and workers an ample supply of water, soap, and towels for routine washing and________________________.A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Least toxic F. None of the Above


346. Emergency assistance — making transportation available to a medical care facility if an agricultural worker or handler may have been poisoned or_________________, and providing information about the pesticide(s) to which the person may have been exposed.A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Injured by a pesticideC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

When you are ready to buy a pesticide product, follow these recommendations:347. First, be certain that you have identified the problem correctly. Then, choose the least-toxic pesticide that will achieve the results you want and be the least toxic to you and the environment. When the words “broad-spectrum” appear on the label, this means the product is effective against a broad range of pests. If the label says “________________,” the product is effective against one or a few pests.A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Selective F. None of the Above

348. Find the signal word—either ________________. The signal word tells you how poisonous the product is to humans. Choose the form of pesticide (aerosol, dust, bait, or other) best suited to your target site and the pest you want to control.A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Danger, Warning, or Caution on the pesticide labelC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

349. DANGER means ________________.A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Least toxic F. None of the Above

350. WARNING means _____________________.A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Danger, Warning, or Caution on the pesticide labelC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

351. CAUTION means __________________.A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Least toxic F. None of the Above

Workers in several occupations may be exposed to pesticides by: 352. Preparing pesticides for use, such as by _______________with water or loading the pesticide into application equipment. A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Mixing a concentrateC. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above

353. ________________, such as in an agricultural or commercial setting.A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Applying pesticides F. None of the Above

354. Entering an area where pesticides have been applied to___________, such as picking crops.A. Posted warning signs D. Physically posted with warning signsB. Providing information E. Perform allowed tasks C. Moderately hazardous F. None of the Above


The WPS does not apply when pesticides are applied on an agricultural establishment in the following circumstances:355. For mosquito abatement, Mediterranean fruit fly eradication, or similar wide-area public pest control programs sponsored by governmental entities. The WPS does apply to cooperative programs in which the growers themselves make__________________. A. Least hazardous D. Double notificationB. Poisonous or corrosive E. Emergency decontaminationC. Or arrange for pesticide applications F. None of the Above

IPM Methods (Types of Pest Control) 356. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is __________________to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. A. Environmental conditions D. No risk to people or the environmentB. IPM programs E. An effective and environmentally sensitive approachC. Trapping or weeding F. None of the Above

357. This information, in combination with available pest control methods, is used to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the ________________to people, property, and the environment.A. Mechanical control D. Action thresholdsB. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) E. Least possible hazardC. Pest control methods F. None of the Above

358. ____________________can be applied to both agricultural and non-agricultural settings, such as the home, garden, and workplace. A. Environmental conditions D. The IPM approachB. IPM programs E. Innocuous, and some are even beneficial C. Trapping or weeding F. None of the Above

359. IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options including, but not limited to, the judicious use of pesticides. In contrast, organic food production applies many of the same concepts as______________ but limits the use of pesticides to those that are produced from natural sources, as opposed to synthetic chemicals.A. Mechanical control D. Action thresholdsB. IPM E. Broadcast sprayingC. Pest control methods F. None of the Above

360. IPM is not a single pest control method but, rather, a series of pest management evaluations, decisions and controls. In practicing _____________, growers who are aware of the potential for pest infestation follow a four-tiered approach.A. Environmental conditions D. No risk to people or the environmentB. IPM E. Innocuous, and some are even beneficial C. Trapping or weeding F. None of the Above

The four steps include: Set Action Thresholds361. Before taking any pest control action, __________ first sets an action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. A. Mechanical control D. Action thresholdsB. IPM E. Broadcast sprayingC. Pest control methods F. None of the Above


362. _____________________always mean control is needed. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions.A. Environmental conditions D. Sighting a single pest does notB. IPM programs E. Innocuous, and some are even beneficial C. Trapping or weeding F. None of the Above

Monitor and Identify Pests363. Not all insects, weeds, and other living organisms_______________. Many organisms are innocuous, and some are even beneficial. A. Environmental conditions D. No risk to people or the environmentB. IPM programs E. Innocuous, and some are even beneficial C. Require control F. None of the Above

364. IPM programs work to monitor for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This ____________________removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used.A. Mechanical control D. Action thresholdsB. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) E. Monitoring and identificationC. Pest control methods F. None of the Above

Prevention365. As a first line of pest control, ____________ work to manage the crop, lawn, or indoor space to prevent pests from becoming a threat. In an agricultural crop, this may mean using cultural methods, such as rotating between different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock. A. Environmental conditions D. No risk to people or the environmentB. IPM programs E. Innocuous, and some are even beneficial C. Trapping or weeding F. None of the Above

366. These __________________can be very effective and cost-efficient and present little to no risk to people or the environment.A. Mechanical control D. Action thresholdsB. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) E. Broadcast sprayingC. Control methods F. None of the Above

Control367. Once monitoring, identification, and action thresholds indicate that pest control is required, and preventive methods are no longer effective or available, ___________ then evaluate the proper control method both for effectiveness and risk. A. Environmental conditions D. No risk to people or the environmentB. IPM programs E. Innocuous, and some are even beneficial C. Trapping or weeding F. None of the Above

368. Effective, less risky pest controls are chosen first, _________________, such as pheromones to disrupt pest mating, or mechanical control, such as trapping or weeding. A. Mechanical control D. Including highly targeted chemicalsB. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) E. Broadcast sprayingC. Pest control methods F. None of the Above

369. If further monitoring, identifications and action thresholds indicate that less risky controls are not working, then additional pest control methods would be employed, such as targeted spraying of pesticides. _______________ of non-specific pesticides is a last resort.A. Mechanical control D. Action thresholdsB. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) E. Broadcast sprayingC. Pest control methods F. None of the Above


Six Basic ComponentsAn IPM system is designed around six basic components: The US Environmental Protection Agency has a useful set of IPM principles. 370. Acceptable pest levels: The emphasis is on control, not eradication. _____________ holds that wiping out an entire pest population is often impossible, and the attempt can be economically expensive, environmentally unsafe, and frequently unachievable. A. IPM D. Development cyclesB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

371. IPM programs first work to establish acceptable pest levels, called________________, and apply controls if those thresholds are crossed. These thresholds are pest and site specific, meaning that it may be acceptable at one site to have a weed such as white clover, but at another site it may not be acceptable. A. Physical development D. Naturally occurring microorganismsB. Cultural techniques E. Establish acceptable pest levelsC. Action thresholds F. None of the Above

372. By allowing a pest population to survive at a reasonable threshold, selection pressure is reduced. This stops the ______________to chemicals produced by the plant or applied to the crops. If many of the pests are killed then any that have resistance to the chemical will form the genetic basis of the future, more resistant, population. A. IPM program(s) D. Development cyclesB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Pest gaining resistance F. None of the Above

373. _______________there are some un-resistant pests left that will dilute any resistant genes that appear.A. IPM program(s) D. By not killing all the pestsB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

374. Preventive cultural practices: _____________for local growing conditions, and maintaining healthy crops, is the first line of defense, together with plant quarantine and 'cultural techniques' such as crop sanitation (e.g. removal of diseased plants to prevent spread of infection).A. Physical development D. Naturally occurring microorganismsB. Cultural techniques E. Establish acceptable pest levelsC. Selecting varieties best F. None of the Above

375. Monitoring: Regular observation is the cornerstone of IPM. Observation is broken into two steps, first; inspection and second; identification._________________, insect and spore traps, and other measurement methods and monitoring tools are used to monitor pest levels. Accurate pest identification is critical to a successful IPM program. A. IPM program(s) D. Visual inspectionB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

376. Record-keeping is essential, as is a thorough knowledge of the behavior and reproductive cycles of target pests. Since insects are cold-blooded, their _______________is dependent on the temperature of their environment. A. Physical development D. Naturally occurring microorganismsB. Cultural techniques E. Physical developmentC. Disrupt breeding F. None of the Above


377. Many insects have had their development cycles modeled in terms of degree days. Monitor the degree days of an environment to determine when is the optimal time for________________.A. IPM program(s) D. Development cyclesB. Pests life cycle E. A specific insect's outbreakC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

378. Mechanical controls: Should a pest reach an unacceptable level, mechanical methods are the first options to consider. They include simple hand-picking, erecting insect barriers, using traps, vacuuming, and tillage to _________________.A. Physical development D. Naturally occurring microorganismsB. Cultural techniques E. Establish acceptable pest levelsC. Disrupt breeding F. None of the Above

379. Biological controls: Natural biological processes and materials can provide control, with minimal environmental impact, and often at low cost. The main focus here is on___________________. A. IPM program(s) D. Promoting beneficial insects that eat target pestsB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

380. _______________________, derived from naturally occurring microorganisms (e.g.: Bt, entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic nematodes), also fit in this category.A. Physical development D. Biological insecticidesB. Cultural techniques E. Establish acceptable pest levelsC. Disrupt breeding F. None of the Above

381. Responsible Pesticide Use: Synthetic pesticides are generally only used as required and often only at specific times in a pests life cycle. Many of the newer pesticide groups are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.: nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), but the toxophore or ____________________may be altered to provide increased biological activity or stability. A. IPM program(s) D. Development cyclesB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Active component F. None of the Above

Main Focus of IPM Programs382. An IPM regime can be quite simple or sophisticated. Historically, the main focus of _____________ was on agricultural insect pests. A. Physical development D. Naturally occurring microorganismsB. Cultural techniques E. IPM programsC. Disrupt breeding F. None of the Above

383. Although originally developed for agricultural pest management, _______________ are now developed to encompass diseases, weeds, and other pests that interfere with the management objectives of sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens.A. IPM program(s) D. Development cyclesB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

384. _____________is applicable to all types of agriculture and sites such as residential and commercial structures, lawn and turf areas, and home and community gardens. A. Physical development D. Naturally occurring microorganismsB. Cultural techniques E. Establish acceptable pest levelsC. IPM F. None of the Above


385. Reliance on knowledge, experience, observation, and integration of multiple techniques makes IPM a perfect fit for organic farming (sans artificial pesticide application). For large-scale, chemical-based farms, _____________can reduce human and environmental exposure to hazardous chemicals, and potentially lower overall costs of pesticide application material and labor.A. IPM D. Development cyclesB. Pests life cycle E. Minimal environmental impactC. Genetic basis F. None of the Above

Pesticide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) DefinitionsPersonal Protective Equipment:386. Apparel and devices worn to protect the body from contact with pesticides or pesticide residues, including: coveralls, ___________________, gloves, footwear, aprons, and headgear, protective eyewear, and respirators. A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Chemical-resistant suits F. None of the Above

387. While the following attire is________________, the labeling may require pesticide handlers or early-entry workers to wear it for some tasks: long- and short-sleeved shirts, long and short pants, shoes and socks, other items of regular work clothing. If such non-PPE attire is required, the employer must make sure that it is worn.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Not defined as PPEC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

388. ______________: Allows no measurable amount of the pesticide being used to move through the material during use.A. Chemical-resistant D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above

389. Waterproof: Allows _______________ of water (or water-based solutions) through the material during use.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Organic-vapor cartridgeC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

390. Chemical-resistant footwear: Chemical-resistant shoes; chemical-resistant boots; or chemical-resistant shoe coverings worn over shoes or boots. Substitution: Leather boots may be worn in rough terrain, if chemical-resistant footwear with _____________ and a tread appropriate for wear in such terrain is not obtainable.A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability B. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above

391. _______________________: Goggles, a face shield, or safety glasses with front, brow, and temple protection. Substitution: A full-face respirator may be worn instead of protective eyewear.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Protective eyewear E. Organic-vapor cartridgeC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

392. __________________: A loose-fitting, one- or two-piece, chemical-resistant garment that covers, at a minimum, the entire body except head, hands, and feet.A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Chemical-resistant suit F. None of the Above


393. Coverall: A loose-fitting one- or two-piece garment that covers, at a minimum, the entire body except head, hands, and feet. Coveralls are made of fabric such as cotton or a cotton-polyester blend, and_____________________. The pesticide labeling may specify that the coveralls be worn over a layer of clothing. Substitution: A chemical-resistant suit may be worn instead of coveralls and any required inner layer of clothing.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Are not chemical-resistant C. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

394. Chemical-resistant apron: An apron that is made of chemical-resistant material and that covers the front of the body from mid-chest to the knees. Substitution: If a _______________is worn, no apron is required.A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Chemical-resistant suit F. None of the Above

395. Respirator: A device that protects the respiratory system. It must be the type listed on the pesticide label (or one that is more protective) and must be appropriate for the pesticide product being used and for the activity being performed. Substitutions: A respirator with a canister approved for pesticides or with an organic-vapor cartridge equipped with a _______________may be worn instead of a dust/mist filtering respirator.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Pesticide prefilterC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

396. Chemical-resistant headgear: A _________________ or a chemical-resistant hat with a wide brim.A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above

397. Gloves: Hand-coverings that are the type listed on the pesticide label. Gloves made of leather, cotton, or other absorbent materials must not be worn for handling or early-entry activities unless these materials are listed on the _________________as acceptable for such use.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Pesticide labelingC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

398. Chemical-resistant gloves with _______________lining materials must not be worn for handling or early-entry activities. A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Non-separable absorbentC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

399. Substitution: Leather gloves may be worn over chemical-resistant liners, if chemical-resistant gloves with sufficient durability and suppleness are not obtainable. However, after leather gloves have been worn for protection from pesticide exposure, they may only be worn with __________and may not be worn for any other use.A. Chemical-resistant liners D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above

400. Separable glove liners: __________________are separate glove-like hand coverings, made of lightweight material, with or without fingers.A. Separable glove liners D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above


Pesticide Safety Training Assignment #2You will have 90 days from the start of this course to have successfully passed this assignment with a score of 70 %. You may e mail the answers to TLC, [email protected] or fax the answers to TLC, (928) 272-0747. This assignment is available to you in a Word Format on TLC’s Website. You can find online assistance for this course on the in the Search function on Adobe Acrobat PDF to help find the answers. Once you have paid the course fee, you will be provided complete course support from Student Services (928) 468-0665.



Flowables (F)/Liquids (L) 1. A flowable or liquid formulation combines many of the characteristics of _________and wettable powders. A. Liquid suspensions D. Water-soluble pesticidesB. Liquid products E. Emulsifiable concentratesC. Liquid formulations F. None of the Above

2. Manufacturers use these formulations when the ______________ is a solid that does not dissolve in either water or oil. The active ingredient, impregnated on a substance such as clay, is ground to a very fine powder. A. Flowable and liquid formulations D. Invert emulsionsB. Wettable powders E. Formulations C. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

3. The powder is then suspended in a__________________. The resulting liquid product is quite thick. A. Liquid suspensions D. Small amount of liquidB. Liquid product E. Invert emulsion dropletsC. Liquid formulation F. None of the Above

4. Flowables and liquids share many of the features of_______________, and they have similar disadvantages. They require moderate agitation to keep them in suspension and leave visible residues, similar to those of wettable powders. A. Flowable and liquid formulations D. Invert emulsionsB. Emulsifiable concentrates E. Formulations C. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

5. Flowables/liquids are easy to handle and apply. Because they are liquids, they are subject to spilling and splashing. They contain solid particles, so they contribute to abrasive wear of nozzles and pumps. _________________and liquid suspensions settle out in their containers. A. Liquid suspensions D. Water-soluble pesticidesB. Flowable E. Invert emulsion dropletsC. Liquid formulation F. None of the Above


6. Always shake them thoroughly before pouring and mixing. Because flowable and liquid formulations tend to settle, manufacturers package them in containers of 5 gallons___________________. A. Flowable and liquid formulations D. Invert emulsionsB. Wettable powders E. Formulations C. Or less to make remixing easier F. None of the Above

Aerosols (A) 7. These formulations contain one or more active ingredients and a solvent. Most _________ contain a low percentage of active ingredients. A. Liquid baits D. AerosolsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above

8. There are two types of aerosol formulations—the ready-to-use type commonly available in pressurized sealed containers and those products used in electrical or gasoline-powered aerosol generators that release the formulation as a “________________.” A. An inert gas D. Aerosol formulationsB. Smoke or fog E. A low percentage of active ingredientsC. Ready-to-use F. None of the Above

Ready-to-use Aerosols 9. These formulations are usually small, _________________that release the pesticide when the nozzle valve is triggered. A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Self-contained units F. None of the Above

10. The pesticide is driven through a fine opening by an inert gas under pressure, creating fine droplets. These products are used in greenhouses, in small areas inside buildings, or in localized outdoor areas. Commercial models, which hold 5 to 10 pounds of_________________, are usually refillable. A. Inert gas D. Aerosol formulationsB. Pesticide E. A low percentage of active ingredientsC. Ready-to-use F. None of the Above

Formulations for Smoke or Fog Generators11. These aerosol formulations are not under pressure. They are used in machines that break the liquid formulation into a fine mist or fog (aerosol) using a rapidly whirling disk or heated surface. These ____________________are used mainly for insect control in structures such as greenhouses and warehouses and for mosquito and biting fly control outdoors.A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above

Liquid Baits12. An increasing number of ____________________are being formulated as liquid baits. Liquid rodenticides are mixed with water and placed in bait stations designed for these products. They have two major benefits. A. Inert gases D. Aerosol formulationsB. Gases E. Insecticides and rodenticidesC. Ready-to-use products F. None of the Above


13. Liquid rodenticides are effective in controlling rodents, especially rats, in areas where they cannot find water. They are also effective in areas of poor sanitation where ready availability of food renders ________________ineffective. A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above

14. Liquid insecticide baits are used primarily by the structural pest control industry for controlling ants and, to a lesser extent, cockroaches. They are packaged as ready-to-use, _______________placed inside bait stations. A. An inert gas D. Aerosol formulationsB. Mixed with water E. Sugar-based liquidsC. Ready-to-use F. None of the Above

15. Liquid insecticide ant baits have a number of advantages. They are very effective against certain species of sugar-feeding ants. These ants typically accept and transfer __________________ into the ant colonies. However, some ants will not feed on liquid baits. Liquid baits also must be replaced often.A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above

Dry Formulations16. Dry formulations can be divided into two types: ready-to-use and ____________that must be mixed with water to be applied as a spray.A. Concentrates D. Aerosol formulationsB. Mixe with water E. A low percentage of active ingredientsC. Ready-to-use F. None of the Above

Dusts (D)17. Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of active ingredients (usually 10 percent or less by weight), plus a very fine, _______________made from talc, chalk, clay, nut hulls, or volcanic ash. The size of individual dust particles varies. A. Dry inert carrier D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

18. A few dust formulations are concentrates and contain a high percentage of ____________. Mix these with dry inert carriers before applying. A. Dry inert carrier D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredients F. None of the Above

19. Dusts are always used dry and can easily drift to non-target sites. They are widely used as seed treatments and sometimes for agricultural applications. In structures, dust formulations are used in cracks and crevices and for ________________to control insects such as cockroaches. Insects ingest poisonous dusts during grooming or absorb the dusts through their outer body covering. A. Dry inert carriers D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Spot treatmentsC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

20. __________________also are used to control lice, fleas, and other parasites on pets and livestock.A. Dusts D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above


Tracking Powders 21. Special dusts known as tracking powders are used for rodent and insect monitoring and control. For rodent control, the tracking powder consists of ______________combined with a stomach poison. Rodents walk through the dust, pick it up on their feet and fur, and ingest it when they clean themselves. A. Finely ground dust D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

22. _______________________are useful when bait acceptance is poor because of an abundant, readily available food supply. Non-toxic powders, such as talc or flour, often are used to monitor and track the activity of rodents in buildings. A. Main use is for control D. Tracking the activity productsB. Tracking powders E. Controlling lice, fleas, and other parasitesC. Second-generation anticoagulants F. None of the Above






























































































































132. Malathion, dibrom, chlorpyrifos, temephos, diazinon and terbufos are organophosphates. ___________ are esters of N-methyl carbamic acid. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarb are carbamates. A. Organophosphate(s) D. Concentrated emusifiable concentrates (ECs) B. Cholinesterase(s) E. Aldicarb, carbaryl, propoxur, oxamyl and terbucarbC. Carbamate(s) F. None of the Above


















































































































233. Most organophosphates are insecticides. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are ____________________. A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Selective breeding E. Not persistent in the environmentC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above




Pesticides and Water Quality237. Insecticides and herbicides (sometimes referred to as pesticides) are widely used in agriculture, industry, leisure facilities and gardens to control weeds and insect pests and may enter the water cycle in many ways. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, which authorizes EPA to ______________________ of pesticides that have the ability to leach into ground water. A. Persistent in the environment D. Control the availabilityB. Selective breeding E. Environmental effects and their persistenceC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above


































































295. If one is regularly using carbamate and organophosphate pesticides, it is important to obtain a ___________. A. Pesticide poisoning D. Other life-saving measuresB. Skin shows increased absorption E. Organochlorine poisoningsC. Baseline cholinesterase test F. None of the Above





























321. Those who hire or contract for services of agricultural workers to do tasks related to the _______on a farm, forest, nursery, or greenhouse.A. Production of agricultural plants D. Overall exposure to pesticidesB. Access to labeling information E. Pesticide notice boardC. Contract for services F. None of the Above









































































Pesticide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) DefinitionsPersonal Protective Equipment:386. Apparel and devices worn to protect the body from contact with pesticides or pesticide residues, including: coveralls, ___________________, gloves, footwear, aprons, and headgear, protective eyewear, and respirators. A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Chemical-resistant suits F. None of the Above












397. Work gloves made from lightweight cotton or poly-type material are considered to be glove liners, if worn beneath_____________________.A. Chemical-resistant gloves D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above

398. Unless the ______________________specifically prohibits their use, separable glove liners may be worn beneath chemical-resistant gloves, provided the liners do not extend outside the chemical-resistant gloves that are worn over them.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Pesticide product labelingC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

399. Once used for handling or early-entry activities, ______________________must be discarded immediately after a total of 10 hours of use or within 24 hours of first use, whichever occurs first. A. Separable glove liners D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above


400. The liners must be replaced immediately if they come into direct contact with pesticides. _______________ must be disposed of in accordance with any federal, state, or local regulations.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Pesticide- contaminated linersC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

YOU ARE FINISHED WITH YOUR ASSIGNMENT.



Pesticide Safety Training Assignment #3For Students Names Q-R




Suspension1. A suspension is a mixture of finely divided, solid particles dispersed in a liquid. The solid particles do not dissolve in the liquid, and the mixture must be agitated to keep the particles evenly distributed. Most suspensions will have________________________. A. Solid particles D. A cloudy, murky appearanceB. Components of a true solution E. Terms and processesC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

2. The label directs the user to shake well before using. Such products also form suspensions when mixed with water for application as a spray. Explicit label information describes the need for sufficient agitation to keep the _________________of the product dispersed in the spray tank.A. An emulsifying agent D. An active ingredientB. Solid particles E. Liquid active ingredientC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above

Emulsion3. An emulsion occurs when one liquid is dispersed (as droplets) in another liquid. Each liquid retains its original identity. Some degree of agitation generally is required to keep the emulsion from separating. Emulsions usually have ________________. A. Solid particles D. An original identityB. Components of a true solution E. A milky appearanceC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

4. The active ingredient is dissolved in an oil-based solvent. When the product is mixed with water, an emulsion (oil in water) is formed. An emulsifying agent (often called an emulsifier) formulated into product helps__________________________. A. An emulsifying agent D. Prevent the emulsion from separatingB. Form suspensions E. Liquid active ingredientC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above


5. Familiarity with these terms and processes leads to a greater understanding and appreciation of the advantages and disadvantages of many commonly used pesticide formulations. Liquid formulations are generally mixed with water, but in some instances labels may permit the use of crop oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, or some other light oil_____________________.A. As solid particles D. As an original identityB. As components of a true solution E. As a carrierC. With a range of solubilities F. None of the Above

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC or E)6. An emulsifiable concentrate formulation usually contains a liquid active ingredient, one or more ________________(which give EC formulations their strong odor), and an agent that allows the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion. A. Emulsifying agents D. Active ingredientsB. Petroleum-based solvents E. Liquid active ingredientsC. Pesticides F. None of the Above

7. Most ECs contain between 25 and 75 percent (2 to 8 pounds) active ingredient per gallon. ECs are among the_________________. They are used against agricultural, ornamental and turf, forestry, structural, food processing, A. Mixed with the carrier D. Small amount of active ingredientB. Most versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above

Pesticide Formulation Process8. Regardless of their source, __________________have a range of solubilities. Some dissolve readily in water; others, only in oils. Some active ingredients may be relatively insoluble in either water or oil. A. Solid particles D. Original identityB. Components of a true solution E. Pesticide active ingredientsC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

9. Solubility characteristics and the intended use of the pesticide generally define which formulations best deliver the active ingredient. Usually, an active ingredient is combined with _________________ prior to packaging. A. An emulsifying agent D. Appropriate inert materialsB. Form suspensions E. Liquid active ingredientC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above

Solution10. A(n) _____________________results when a substance is dissolved in a liquid. The components of a true solution cannot be mechanically separated. A. Solution D. Original identityB. Components of a true solution E. Terms and processesC. Range of solubilities F. None of the Above

11. Once mixed, a true solution does not require agitation to keep its various parts from settling. ____________ are frequently transparent, although if they are dark colored, this may not be the case.A. Emulsifying agents D. SolutionsB. Form suspensions E. Liquid active ingredientsC. Frequently transparent F. None of the Above

Liquid Formulations12. For retail sale and use only by certified applicators or persons under the direct supervision of and only for those ________________covered by the certified applicator’s certification. A. Uses D. Active ingredientsB. Most versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above


13. Livestock, and public health pests. They are adaptable to many types of application equipment, from small, ____________________, low-volume ground sprayers, mist blowers, and low-volume aircraft sprayers.A. Specified carriers D. Application equipmentB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Portable sprayers to hydraulic sprayersC. One or more other ingredients F. None of the Above

Solutions (S) 14. Some pesticide active ingredients dissolve readily in a liquid carrier such as water or a petroleum-based solvent. When mixed with the carrier, they form ______________that does not settle out or separate. A. A solution D. Small amount of active ingredientsB. Most versatile formulations E. Organic solventsC. Special purpose formulations F. None of the Above

15. _________________of these pesticides usually contain the active ingredient, the carrier, and one or more other ingredients. Solutions may be used in any type of sprayer, indoors or outdoors.A. Formulations D. Application B. Low-concentrate formulation E. Water-soluble typeC. One or more other ingredients F. None of the Above







Tracking Powders 21. Special dusts known as tracking powders are used for rodent and insect monitoring and control. For rodent control, the tracking powder consists of ______________combined with a stomach poison. Rodents walk through the dust, pick it up on their feet and fur, and ingest it when they clean themselves. A. Finely ground dust D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

22. _______________________are useful when bait acceptance is poor because of an abundant, readily available food supply. Non-toxic powders, such as talc or flour, often are used to monitor and track the activity of rodents in buildings. A. Main use is for control D. Tracking the activity productsB. Tracking powders E. Controlling lice, fleas, and other parasitesC. Second-generation anticoagulants F. None of the Above
















































































































































































































































233. Most organophosphates are insecticides. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are __________________________. A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Selective breeding E. Not persistent in the environmentC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above












































































































































































Flowables (F)/Liquids (L) 386. A flowable or liquid formulation combines many of the characteristics of _________and wettable powders. A. Liquid suspensions D. Water-soluble pesticidesB. Liquid products E. Emulsifiable concentratesC. Liquid formulations F. None of the Above











Formulations for Smoke or Fog Generators396. These aerosol formulations are not under pressure. They are used in machines that break the liquid formulation into a fine mist or fog (aerosol) using a rapidly whirling disk or heated surface. These ____________________are used mainly for insect control in structures such as greenhouses and warehouses and for mosquito and biting fly control outdoors.A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above

Liquid Baits397. An increasing number of ____________________are being formulated as liquid baits. Liquid rodenticides are mixed with water and placed in bait stations designed for these products. They have two major benefits. A. Inert gases D. Aerosol formulationsB. Gases E. Insecticides and rodenticidesC. Ready-to-use products F. None of the Above

398. Liquid rodenticides are effective in controlling rodents, especially rats, in areas where they cannot find water. They are also effective in areas of poor sanitation where ready availability of food renders ________________ineffective. A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above

399. Liquid insecticide baits are used primarily by the structural pest control industry for controlling ants and, to a lesser extent, cockroaches. They are packaged as ready-to-use, _______________placed inside bait stations. A. An inert gas D. Aerosol formulationsB. Mixed with water E. Sugar-based liquidsC. Ready-to-use F. None of the Above

400. Liquid insecticide ant baits have a number of advantages. They are very effective against certain species of sugar-feeding ants. These ants typically accept and transfer __________________ into the ant colonies. However, some ants will not feed on liquid baits. Liquid baits also must be replaced often.A. Liquid baits D. Aerosol formulationsB. Traditional baits E. FormulationsC. Bait stations F. None of the Above


Pesticide Safety Training Assignment #4For Students Names S-Z




Dry Formulations1. Dry formulations can be divided into two types: ready-to-use and ____________that must be mixed with water to be applied as a spray.A. Concentrates D. Aerosol formulationsB. Mixe with water E. A low percentage of active ingredientsC. Ready-to-use F. None of the Above

Dusts (D)2. Most dust formulations are ready to use and contain a low percentage of active ingredients (usually 10 percent or less by weight), plus a very fine, _______________made from talc, chalk, clay, nut hulls, or volcanic ash. The size of individual dust particles varies. A. Dry inert carrier D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

3. A few dust formulations are concentrates and contain a high percentage of ____________. Mix these with dry inert carriers before applying. A. Dry inert carrier D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredients F. None of the Above

4. Dusts are always used dry and can easily drift to non-target sites. They are widely used as seed treatments and sometimes for agricultural applications. In structures, dust formulations are used in cracks and crevices and for ________________to control insects such as cockroaches. Insects ingest poisonous dusts during grooming or absorb the dusts through their outer body covering. A. Dry inert carriers D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Spot treatmentsC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above

5. __________________also are used to control lice, fleas, and other parasites on pets and livestock.A. Dusts D. Dust formulationsB. Tracking powder E. Single-dose fast actingC. Active ingredient F. None of the Above


6. A flowable or liquid formulation combines many of the characteristics of _________and wettable powders. A. Liquid suspensions D. Water-soluble pesticidesB. Liquid products E. Emulsifiable concentratesC. Liquid formulations F. None of the Above
















Invert Emulsions 21. An invert emulsion contains a water-soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier. Invert emulsions require a ______________________that allows the pesticide to be mixed with a large volume of petroleum-based carrier, usually fuel oil. A. Liquid suspensions D. Special kind of emulsifierB. Liquid product E. Invert emulsion dropletsC. Liquid formulation F. None of the Above


22. Invert emulsions aid in reducing drift. With other formulations, some spray drift results when water droplets begin to evaporate before reaching__________________; as a result, the droplets become very small and light. A. A specified carrier D. Application equipmentB. Low-concentrate formulations E. Water-soluble pesticideC. Target surfaces F. None of the Above















































































































































































































































233. Most organophosphates are insecticides. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which are similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are very poisonous (they were used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they usually are__________________________. A. Persistent in the environment D. Posing unreasonable risksB. Selective breeding E. Not persistent in the environmentC. Chemically-related pesticides F. None of the Above












































































































































































Pesticide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) DefinitionsPersonal Protective Equipment:386. Work gloves made from lightweight cotton or poly-type material are considered to be glove liners, if worn beneath_____________________.A. Chemical-resistant gloves D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above


387. Unless the ______________________specifically prohibits their use, separable glove liners may be worn beneath chemical-resistant gloves, provided the liners do not extend outside the chemical-resistant gloves that are worn over them.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Pesticide product labelingC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

388. Once used for handling or early-entry activities, ______________________must be discarded immediately after a total of 10 hours of use or within 24 hours of first use, whichever occurs first. A. Separable glove liners D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Durability and suppleness F. None of the Above

389. The liners must be replaced immediately if they come into direct contact with pesticides. _______________ must be disposed of in accordance with any federal, state, or local regulations.A. Safety glasses D. Handling or early-entry activitiesB. Wear it for some tasks E. Pesticide- contaminated linersC. No measurable movement F. None of the Above

390. Apparel and devices worn to protect the body from contact with pesticides or pesticide residues, including: coveralls, ___________________, gloves, footwear, aprons, and headgear, protective eyewear, and respirators. A. Chemical-resistant hood D. Sufficient durability and a tread appropriateB. Chemical-resistant material E. Product labeling specifically prohibits their useC. Chemical-resistant suits F. None of the Above













Date post:	07-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	trannhan
View:	215 times
Download:	3 times

Pesticide Safety Training CEU Courseabctlc.com/downloads/PDF/Pest Safety Training Ass.doc · Web...

Documents