PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 250 - Secretary of · PDF filePESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 250...

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 250

ARABLE CROPS

IN THE

UNITED KINGDOM

2012

(INCLUDING AERIAL APPLICATIONS 2012)

D.G. Garthwaite, S. Hudson, I. Barker, G. Parrish, L. Smith & S. Pietravalle

Land Use & Sustainability Team Food & Environment Research Agency

Sand Hutton York

YO41 1LZ

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs

ii

National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.

They are free from any political interference. The UK Statistics Authority has a statutory duty to assess National

Statistics for compliance with this Code of Practice. Further information is available from the Office for National

Statistics website (http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html). The statistics undergo regular quality assurance reviews to

ensure that they meet customers’ needs.

If you have any enquiries or feedback on the statistics included in this report they can be directed to the contact given

below:

PUS team – e-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 01904 462 694

Alternatively please contact: FERA at: [email protected]

DATA USES

The data are used for a number of purposes including:

• Informing the pesticide risk assessment (approval) process;

• Policy, including assessing the economic and/or environmental implications of introduction of new active substances and the withdrawal/non-approval of pesticide products (the data reported to organisations such as the OECD and EU enabling the UK to honour international agreements); evaluating changes in growing methods and Integrated Pest Management where this has an impact on pesticide usage;

• Informing the targeting of monitoring programmes for residues in food and the environment;

• Contributing to assessing the impact of pesticide use, principally as part of the Pesticide Forum’s Annual Report;

• Responding to enquiries (for example, Parliamentary Questions, correspondence, queries under the Freedom of Information Act or Environmental Information Regulations, etc.);

• Providing information to assist research projects which can support all of the above activities;

• Training/teaching programmes which are designed to improve practice in the use of pesticides by the farming/training industries;

• Informing the Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) programme to help identify potential misuse of pesticides.

REVISIONS POLICY

The figures presented in this report are finalised. We will provide information on any revisions we make to the report

or the datasets if any inaccuracies or errors occur.

iii

CONTENTS Page Part 1 – Arable Crops in the United Kingdom 2012 Executive Summary 1

Introduction 2 Trends 3 Crops 5 Pesticide Usage 6

Pesticide usage on cereals

Wheat 7

Winter barley 11

Spring barley 15

Oats 19

Rye 23

Triticale 26

Pesticide usage on oilseeds

Oilseed rape 29

Linseed 33

Pesticide usage on potatoes

Ware potatoes 37

Seed potatoes 41

Pesticide usage on pulses

Dry harvest peas 45

Field beans 49

Pesticide usage on sugar beet 53

Appendix 1 – Arable application tables 57 Appendix 2 – Arable definitions 79 Appendix 3 – Arable methodology 80 Appendix 4 – Arable standard errors 83 Appendix 5 – First raising factors 86 Acknowledgements 87 References 87 Part 2 - Aerial applications 2012 88

1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report contains information on arable crops including wheat, barley (spring & winter), oats, rye, triticale, oilseed rape, linseed, ware & seed potatoes, dry harvest peas, field beans and sugar beet. Data on pesticide usage on these crops were collected from 24,600 examples (individual fields of arable crops) grown on 1,736 holdings throughout the United Kingdom. Minor crops encountered, but not included in this report included camelina, lupins and mixed corn. The harvest for 2012 was at the end of an exceptionally wet year with some applications unable to be made because of flooding. However, in some cases the wet weather would have increased pesticide applications, for example blight sprays on potatoes. The sample accounted for 6% of the total area of arable crops grown in the United Kingdom during the 2012 season (autumn 2011 through to harvest in 2012). The area of crops surveyed in each region was proportional to the area of arable crops grown in that region. The data on the area of pesticide treatments and the amount of active substances applied have been raised to give national usage estimates. Wheat comprised 46% of the area of all arable crops grown in 2012, oilseed rape (spring & water) 18%, spring barley 14%, winter barley 9%, ware potatoes, oats and sugar beet 3% each, beans 2%, linseed and peas 1% each and seed potatoes, triticale and rye less than one percent each. In terms of pesticide area treated, wheat accounted for 54% of the total, oilseed rape (spring & winter) 17%, spring barley 8%, winter barley 7%, ware potatoes 7%, sugar beet 3%, field oats 2%, beans and seed potatoes 1% and peas, linseed, triticale & rye less than 1%. By weight, applications to wheat constituted 54% of the total weight of active substances applied, oilseed rape 13%, ware potatoes 11%, winter barley 8%, spring barley 6%, sugar beet 3%, field beans 2%, oats and seed potatoes 1% and peas, linseed, triticale & rye less than 1% each.

Fungicides accounted for 40% of the total pesticide-treated area of arable farm crops grown in the United Kingdom in 2012, herbicides 29%, growth regulators 11%, seed treatments 9%, insecticides & nematicides 9%, molluscicides 2% and sulphur less than 1%. By weight, herbicides accounted for 44% of the pesticide active substances applied, fungicides 33%, growth regulators 18%, insecticides & nematicides 2%, seed treatments, molluscicides and sulphur 1% each. The most extensively-used fungicide formulations applied as sprays were prothioconazole/tebuconazole and chlorothalonil, with epoxiconazole and prothioconazole the most widely-used individual active substances. In terms of weight applied, chlorothalonil and cymoxanil/mancozeb were the two principal formulations used. The most extensively-used herbicide formulations were glyphosate and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl. Glyphosate, prosulfocarb and flufenacet/pendimethalin were the herbicides used most extensively by weight applied. The pyrethroids were the most extensively-used insecticides (excluding nematicides), accounting for 91% of the insecticide-treated area, followed by the carbamates 3%, organophosphates 2% and other insecticides 4%. Two insecticides accounted for 61% of the total insecticide-treated area of all arable farm crops: cypermethrin 31% and lambda-cyhalothrin 30%. Two fungicide formulations, prochloraz/triticonazole and prothioconazole, were used on 11% and 10% of the seed treatment area. The fungicide/insecticide formulation, clothianidin/prothioconazole, comprised a further 10%. Neonicotinoid insecticides alone or in mixtures accounted for 26% of the seed treatment area. Chlormequat applied alone or in mixtures accounted for 59% of the area of arable crops treated with specific growth regulators. Metaldehyde (80%) and methiocarb (17%) were the two most commonly-used molluscicides recorded.

Data for Northern Ireland were not available for 2000 because of the foot & mouth outbreak. The area of all arable crops grown, excluding set-aside and Northern Ireland data for 2000, increased by 1% between 2000 and 2012, and by 4% since 2010. Since 2000 there has been an increase in the area treated of 24%, but a decrease in the weight of pesticides applied of 46%, largely driven by a significant reduction in use of sulphuric acid as a desiccant on potatoes. Since the previous survey in 2010 the area treated increased by 12% with the weight increasing by 7%. The report shows major declines in the use of chlorothalonil (24% by area treated, 27% by weight applied) and a reduction in the use of metaldehyde (7% in terms of area treated and 32% by weight applied) since the last survey in 2010. The new SDHI fungicides, bixafen and fluxapyroxad, only registered since the previous survey, accounted for almost 1.5 million treated hectares in 2012.

2

INTRODUCTION

The Advisory Committee on Pesticides advises government on all aspects of pesticide use. In order to discharge this function, the Committee must regularly monitor the usage of all pesticides. It needs accurate data on the usage of individual pesticides. Pesticide usage data are now also required under the EU Statistics Regulation (1185/2009/EC).

As part of the on-going process for obtaining data, the Pesticide Usage Survey Teams of the Food & Environment Research Agency, an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs; Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture, a division of the Scottish Government’s Agriculture, Food and Rural Communities Directorate and the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute, a Non-Departmental Public Body of DARD, conducted surveys of pesticide usage in arable crops in 2011/12 by visiting holdings throughout the United Kingdom during the winter of 2012/13.

Since 2010 all surveys of pesticide usage in agriculture and horticulture have been fully co-ordinated by the survey teams of England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The methodology used for sample selection and the collection of data from sample holdings is identical in each region. Reports are produced of pesticide usage throughout the United Kingdom. Whilst the teams in England and Northern Ireland have undertaken recent United Kingdom Statistics Authority (UKSA) audits the team in Scotland has yet to do this. However, the data published by the team in Scotland are part of the official statistics for Scotland.

This was the second survey of usage on arable crops in the whole of the United Kingdom and the eleventh survey of pesticide usage on arable farm crops carried out by the Great Britain Pesticide Usage Survey Teams. The previous report for the United Kingdom was published in 2011 covering pesticide usage on arable crops in 2010 (Garthwaite et. al., 2011).

Additional data on crop agronomy are collected for all surveys but may not be presented within the report. For additional data relating to the surveys please refer to the contacts below.

Information on all aspects of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom as a whole, or for Wales or the Defra regions of England, may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK YO41 1LZ.

For further information please contact:

The survey team – e-mail: [email protected] Telephone: 01904 462 694

Or visit the website: http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/pesticideUsage/fullReports.cfm

Alternatively please contact: FERA at: [email protected]

Further data relating specifically to Scotland may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture, Edinburgh. Also available at:

http://www.sasa.gov.uk/pesticides/pesticide-usage/pesticide-usage-survey-reports

Copies of reports on pesticide usage in Northern Ireland may be obtained from Her Majesty's Stationery Offices. Also available at:

http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/pesticide-usage-overview.htm

Recently-published reports for the United Kingdom, Great Britain, England & Wales and Northern Ireland can also be viewed and downloaded on the Internet at:

http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/scienceCapabilities/landUseSustainability/surveys/

3

TRENDS

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

5,000

2000 2008 2010 2012

thou

sand

hec

tare

s

Figure 1 - Changes in the area of arable crops grown in the United Kingdom - 2000 -20121

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

2000 2008 2010 2012

trea

ted

thou

sand

hec

tare

s

Figure 2 - Changes in the overall treated area of arable crops in the United Kingdom -2000 - 20121

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2000 2008 2010 2012

thou

sand

tonn

es

Figure 3 - Changes in the overall weight of pesticides applied to arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2000 - 20121

1 – Data for Northern Ireland were not available for 2000

4

TRENDS (cont.)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Insecticides Fungicides Growthregulators

Herbicides &desiccants

Molluscicides &repellents

Seed treatments

trea

ted

thou

sand

hec

tare

s

Figure 4 - Changes in the area treated of the major pesticide groups applied to arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2000 - 20121

2000

2008

2010

2012

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Insecticides Fungicides Growth regulators Herbicides &desiccants


Seed treatments

thou

sand

tonn

es

Figure 5 - Changes in the weight of the major pesticide groups applied to arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2000 - 20121

2000

2008

2010

2012

1 – Data for Northern Ireland were not available for 2000

5

CROPS Information is given concerning thirteen types of arable crops, comprising wheat; spring & winter barley; oats; rye; triticale; oilseed rape; linseed, ware & seed potatoes; dry harvest peas; field beans; and sugar beet. Data on pesticide usage on these were collected from 24,600 examples (individual fields of arable crops or groups of fields treated identically) grown on 1,736 holdings throughout the United Kingdom. The sample accounted for 6% of the total area of arable crops grown in United Kingdom during the 2012 harvest season.

16%

23%

11%

4%2%

9%

8%

12%

2% 12%

1%

Figure 6 - Regional distribution of arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2012

East Midlands

Eastern

London & South East

North East

North West

South West

West Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber

Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

46%

9%

14%

3%

<1%

<1%18%

1% 3%<1%

1% 2%

3%

Figure 6a - Relative areas of the different arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2012

Wheat

Winter barley

Spring barley

Oats

Rye

Triticale

Oilseed rape

Linseed

Ware potatoes

Seed potatoes

Peas

Beans

Sugar beet

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EastMidlands

Eastern London &SouthEast

NorthEast

NorthWest

SouthWest

WestMidlands

Yorkshire& the

Humber

Wales Scotland NorthernIreland

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 6b - Comparison of regional distribution and treated area of arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2012

Area grown

Area treated

6

PESTICIDE USAGE

18%

27%

11%

3%2%

8%

8%

11%

1% 10%

1%

Figure 7 - Regional distribution of pesticide usage on arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2012 (area treated)

East Midlands

Eastern

London & South East

North East

North West

South West

West Midlands


Wales

Scotland

Northern Ireland

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Insecticides &nematicides

Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators Molluscicides &repellents

Sulphur Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 8 - Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2012

Area

Weight

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18



All pesticides

Num

ber

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 9 - Average number of applications made to arable crops in the United Kingdom - 2012 (excluding seed treatments)

Spray rounds

Products

Active substances

7

PESTICIDE USAGE ON CEREALS Wheat

• 1,991,875 hectares of wheat grown in the United Kingdom

• 27,288,542 treated hectares

• 8,122.76 tonnes applied

• 0.6% of wheat remained untreated

• Wheat received on average 3 fungicides, 3 herbicides, 2 growth regulators and 1 insecticide application

• The main varieties encountered, included Oakley, J B Diego, Solstice, Alchemy, Duxford, Cordiale, Grafton and Gallant

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Fungicides Herbicides Growthregulators



Per

cent

age

of t

otal

Figure 10 - Usage of pesticides on wheat - 2012

Area

Weight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 11 - Timing of pesticide applications on wheat: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

8

Wheat – Fungicides

• Formulation area treated: 11,182,934 hectares

• Weight of active substances applied: 2,536.74 tonnes

• The five most common formulations were:

Formulation area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s. applied (kg)

Proportion of fungicide-

treated area

Proportion of census area

treated

Average number of

applications (where applied)

Average proportion of full label rate

Epoxiconazole 993,991 57,381 0.09 0.36 1.40 0.46

Chlorothalonil 972,438 444,928 0.09 0.39 1.24 0.46

Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 704,982 115,981 0.06 0.24 1.49 0.60

Tebuconazole 678,577 87,674 0.06 0.31 1.08 0.52

Epoxiconazole/metconazole 548,979 36,675 0.05 0.19 1.46 0.34

21%

23%

12%

9%

7%

28%

Figure 12 - Wheat - Reasons for use of fungicides (where specified)

septoria

rust/septoria

general disease control

mildew/rust

ear diseases

other diseases

9

Wheat – Herbicides





(ha)


Proportion of herbicide –treated area


treated

Average number of



Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 904,167 13,272 0.13 0.44 1.02 0.97

Diflufenican/flufenacet 702,778 169,125 0.10 0.34 1.02 0.87

Glyphosate 697,491 536,146 0.10 0.33 1.07 0.47

Fluroxypyr 465,007 61,192 0.07 0.22 1.05 0.33

Flufenacet/pendimethalin 444,834 491,904 0.06 0.22 1.03 0.77

33%

19%13%

8%

8%

19%

Figure 13 - Wheat - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds

blackgrass

general weed control

cleavers

grass weeds

other weeds

Wheat – Growth regulators





(ha)


Proportion of growth

regulator –treated area


treated

Average number of



Chlormequat 2,414,751 1,957,740 0.52 0.81 1.49 0.52

Trinexapac-ethyl 1,392,321 46,610 0.30 0.51 1.36 0.33

Chlormequat/imazaquin 232,986 121,741 0.05 0.10 1.12 0.57 Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 175,871 26,715 0.04 0.08 1.10 0.29 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/ mepiquat 145,567 54,218 0.03 0.06 1.13 0.40

10

Wheat – Insecticides


• Weight of active substances applied: 79.45 tonnes



(ha)


Proportion of insecticide –treated area


treated

Average number of



Cypermethrin 770,954 18,479 0.39 0.33 1.15 0.96

Lambda-cyhalothrin 563,119 2,604 0.28 0.24 1.17 0.92

Esfenvalerate 188,453 600 0.10 0.08 1.18 0.77

Zeta-cypermethrin 123,521 1,243 0.06 0.06 1.08 0.67

Alpha-cypermethrin 100,930 1,340 0.05 0.05 1.13 0.89

92%

2%2%

4%

Figure 14 - Wheat - Reasons for use of insecticides (where specified)

aphids

orange wheat blossom midge

wheat bulb fly

other pests

Wheat – Seed Treatments



• 2% of the seed remained untreated

• Where specified the most common formulations were:

Formulation area treated (ha)


Proportion of seed treatment-treated area

Proportion of census area treated

(excluding unspecified treatments)

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 451,064 48,036 0.27 0.30

Prothioconazole 377,443 6,734 0.23 0.25

Prochloraz/triticonazole 213,202 6,181 0.13 0.14

Silthiofam 185,223 8,231 0.11 0.12

Fludioxonil 117,929 1,058 0.07 0.08

11

Winter barley

• 384,666 hectares of winter barley grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.8 % of winter barley remained untreated

• Winter barley received on average 2 fungicides, 2 herbicides, 1 growth regulator and 1 insecticide application

• The main varieties encountered, included Cassia, Cassata, Saffron, Flagon and Pearl

0

10

20

30

40

50

60





Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 15 - Usage of pesticides on winter barley - 2012

Area

Weight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 16 - Timing of pesticide applications on winter barley: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

12

Winter barley – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Bixafen/prothioconazole 126,718 18,693 0.10 0.24 1.35 0.57

Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 98,053 15,709 0.08 0.18 1.38 0.74

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 79,546 19,347 0.06 0.14 1.51 0.42 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/ trifloxystrobin 72,268 10,399 0.06 0.12 1.62 0.60

Chlorothalonil 70,846 33,053 0.06 0.16 1.14 0.47

22%

17%

16%

11%

8%

26%

Figure 17 - Winter barley - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)


rhynchosporium

mildew

mildew/rhynchosporium

net blotch/rhynchosporium

other diseases

13

Winter barley – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Diflufenican/flufenacet 144,863 33,368 0.12 0.37 1.01 0.83

Pinoxaden 141,050 5,135 0.12 0.36 1.03 0.61

Glyphosate 125,216 94,323 0.11 0.30 1.08 0.47

Chlorotoluron/diflufenican 110,518 165,868 0.09 0.28 1.01 0.52

Pendimethalin/picolinafen 67,503 48,084 0.06 0.17 1.00 0.66

33%

18%9%

8%

8%

24%

Figure 18 - Winter barley - Reasons for use of herbicides (where specified)

broad-leaved weeds


wild oats

grass weeds

blackgrass

other weeds

Winter barley – Growth regulators

• Formulation area treated: 579,062 hectares


• The five most common formulations encountered were:


(ha)





treated

Average number of



Chlormequat 281,173 246,181 0.49 0.61 1.18 0.57

Trinexapac-ethyl 143,381 5,479 0.25 0.32 1.18 0.25 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 47,920 18,931 0.08 0.12 1.03 0.43 Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 42,361 7,507 0.07 0.10 1.08 0.34

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 33,023 7,020 0.06 0.08 1.06 0.44

14

Winter barley – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Cypermethrin 136,282 3,291 0.43 0.31 1.12 0.97

Lambda-cyhalothrin 79,498 366 0.25 0.19 1.11 0.92

Esfenvalerate 41,143 135 0.13 0.10 1.05 0.79

Alpha-cypermethrin 25,288 330 0.08 0.06 1.09 0.87

Zeta-cypermethrin 21,220 206 0.07 0.05 1.06 0.65

Almost all, 98%, of insecticide applications were for the control of aphids. Winter barley – Seed Treatments










Prochloraz/triticonazole 100,711 2,821 0.33 0.33 Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconazole 48,316 778 0.16 0.16

Prothioconazole 41,360 712 0.13 0.14

Fludioxonil/flutriafol 33,837 164 0.11 0.11

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 30,586 3,138 0.10 0.10

15

Spring barley

• 617,518 hectares of spring barley grown in the United Kingdom


• 920.82 tonnes applied

• 2.5% of spring barley remained untreated

• Spring barley received on average 2 herbicides and 2 fungicides

• The main varieties encountered, included Tipple, Westminster, Propino and Quench

0

10

20

30

40

50

60



Molluscicides& repellents

Sulphur Seedtreatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 19 - Usage of pesticides on spring barley - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 20 - Timing of pesticide applications on spring barley: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

16

Spring barley – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Chlorothalonil 192,713 85,270 0.12 0.26 1.20 0.44

Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 189,180 42,646 0.12 0.20 1.49 0.39

Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 111,931 14,735 0.07 0.14 1.33 0.61 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/ trifloxystrobin 87,240 12,215 0.06 0.10 1.36 0.58

Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 85,964 11,106 0.06 0.11 1.29 0.52

68%

15%

6%

4%4% 3%

Figure 21- Spring barley - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)


rhynchosporium

mildew/rhynchosporium

unspecified mildews

rhynchosporium/rust

net blotch/rhynchosporium

17

Spring barley – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Metsulfuron-methyl/ thifensulfuron-methyl 314,685 10,288 0.19 0.49 1.04 0.74

Glyphosate 220,299 179,999 0.14 0.32 1.10 0.52

Mecoprop-P 202,871 128,591 0.13 0.31 1.05 0.49

Pinoxaden 166,212 5,747 0.10 0.27 1.00 0.58

Fluroxypyr 128,856 14,638 0.08 0.20 1.03 0.76

42%

27%

9%

7%

15%

Figure 22 - Spring barley - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

wild oats

crop desiccation

other weeds

Spring barley – Growth regulators





(ha)





treated

Average number of



Chlormequat 47,553 29,863 0.35 0.08 1.02 0.73

Trinexapac-ethyl 44,200 1,784 0.33 0.07 1.08 0.32

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 27,443 5,104 0.20 0.04 1.00 0.77

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 6,591 1,349 0.05 0.01 1.04 0.30

Chlormequat/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 3,704 1,262 0.03 0.01 1.04 0.32

18

Spring barley – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of




Cypermethrin 23,549 577 0.20 0.04 1.08 0.98

Esfenvalerate 22,656 70 0.19 0.03 1.13 0.75


Chlorpyrifos 7,494 4,129 0.06 0.01 1.00 0.76

78%

22%

Figure 23 - Spring barley - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

other pests includingleatherjackets & frit fly

Spring barley – Seed Treatments










Prochloraz/triticonazole 198,907 6,123 0.47 0.41 Fluopyram/prothioconazole/ ebuconazole 57,058 959 0.13 0.12

Prothioconazole 53,934 1,021 0.13 0.11

Fludioxonil/flutriafol 53,784 401 0.13 0.11

Carboxin/thiram 19,634 4,543 0.05 0.04

19

Oats

• 122,869 hectares of oats grown in the United Kingdom

• 811,675 treated hectares


• 8.3% of oats remained untreated

• Oats received on average 2 herbicides, 2 fungicides, 1 growth regulator and 1 insecticide

• 69% of the crop was winter sown

• The main varieties encountered, included Mascani, Gerald and Dalguise

05

101520253035404550


Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators Sulphur Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 24 - Usage of pesticides on oats - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 25- Timing of pesticide applications on oats: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

20

Oats – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Fenpropimorph 24,236 7,282 0.10 0.18 1.04 0.40

Proquinazid 21,227 609 0.09 0.16 1.11 0.57

Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 19,819 3,718 0.08 0.12 1.32 0.67

Tebuconazole 14,043 1,967 0.06 0.10 1.19 0.56

Cyflufenamid 11,698 81 0.05 0.08 1.21 0.28

30%

24%16%

15%

6%

9%

Figure 26 - Oats - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

unspecified mildews

mildew/rust

crown rust


rust

other diseases

21

Oats – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Glyphosate 40,478 27,530 0.16 0.30 1.08 0.41

Fluroxypyr 27,821 3,889 0.11 0.22 1.04 0.73 Metsulfuron-methyl/ tribenuron-methyl 24,030 238 0.09 0.19 1.01 0.77

Florasulam/fluroxypyr 20,546 2,121 0.08 0.17 1.01 0.70

Diflufenican/flupyrsulfuron-methyl 19,720 1,118 0.08 0.16 1.00 0.95

41%

25%

11%

6%

17%

Figure 27 - Oats - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


cleavers

grass weeds

other weeds

Oats – Growth regulators



• The five formulations encountered were:


(ha)





treated

Average number of



Chlormequat 80,270 86,776 0.61 0.60 1.08 0.68

Trinexapac-ethyl 50,374 1,833 0.38 0.38 1.09 0.36

Chlormequat/imazaquin 430 238 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.60 Mepiquat chloride/ prohexadione-calcium 395 87 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.42

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 60 15 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.50

22

Oats – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Cypermethrin 29,336 728 0.42 0.22 1.11 0.99



Esfenvalerate 1,828 5 0.03 0.01 1.56 0.61


Oats – Seed Treatments










Prochloraz/triticonazole 18,899 469 0.30 0.23


Clothianidin/prothioconazole 9,159 787 0.14 0.11

Fludioxonil 7,331 60 0.11 0.09

Carboxin/thiram 7,052 1,405 0.11 0.08

23

Rye

• 6,258 hectares of rye grown in the United Kingdom



• All rye encountered was treated

• Rye received on average 3 fungicides, 2 herbicides, 2 growth regulators and an insecticide

• The main varieties encountered, included Agronom, Ascari and Humbolt

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 28 - Usage of pesticides on rye - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 29 - Timing of pesticide applications on rye: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

24

Rye – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Tebuconazole 8,134 834 0.36 0.73 1.79 0.41

Azoxystrobin 7,853 982 0.34 0.63 2.00 0.50

Cyproconazole 1,234 46 0.05 0.10 2.00 0.46

Epoxiconazole/prochloraz 1,234 213 0.05 0.10 2.00 0.33

Epoxiconazole 1,069 134 0.05 0.17 1.00 1.00

Rust accounted for 79% of the reasons for use of fungicides with yellow rust being specified on 16% of the area. Rye – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Pendimethalin 4,237 2,609 0.31 0.68 1.00 0.47

Tribenuron-methyl 3,590 52 0.26 0.57 1.00 0.97

Mecoprop-P 1,315 1,331 0.10 0.19 1.10 0.73

Diflufenican/flufenacet 1,076 204 0.08 0.17 1.00 0.82 Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 790 8 0.06 0.13 1.00 0.90

Rye – Growth regulators



• The four formulations encountered were:


(ha)





treated

Average number of



Chlormequat 5,191 7,349 0.49 0.83 1.00 0.87 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 3,590 1,652 0.34 0.57 1.00 0.50

Trinexapac-ethyl 1,600 80 0.15 0.26 1.00 0.50 Chlormequat/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 123 35 0.01 0.02 1.00 0.26

25

Rye – Insecticides

• Formulation area treated: 8,751hectares


• The only formulations recorded were:


(ha)




treated

Average number of



Cypermethrin 8,134 202 0.93 0.73 1.79 0.99

Tau-fluvalinate 617 22 0.07 0.10 1.00 0.75

Rye – Seed Treatments



• No untreated seed was encountered

• The two formulations encountered were:






Prochloraz/triticonazole 3,926 63 0.86 0.86

Fuberidazole/triadimenol 647 25 0.14 0.14

26

Triticale

• 13,934 hectares of triticale grown in the United Kingdom



• 5.3% of triticale remained untreated

• Triticale received on average 2 herbicides, 1 fungicide and 1 growth regulator

• The main varieties encountered, included Logo, Tremplin, Noe, Fidelio and Grenado

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 30 - Usage of pesticides on triticale - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 31 - Timing of pesticide applications on triticale: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

27

Triticale – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Epoxiconazole 4,135 493 0.27 0.28 1.05 0.95

Epoxiconazole/metconazole 2,341 164 0.15 0.08 2.00 0.36 Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole/ propiconazole 1,424 694 0.09 0.10 1.00 0.50

Azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph 1,266 481 0.08 0.05 1.00 0.50

Azoxystrobin 1,247 312 0.08 0.09 1.00 1.00

Triticale – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Glyphosate 5,717 4,212 0.20 0.41 1.00 0.41 Metsulfuron-methyl/ tribenuron-methyl 4,421 45 0.15 0.29 1.10 0.76

Bromoxynil/ioxynil 3,675 967 0.13 0.26 1.00 0.66

Mecoprop-P 3,513 2,137 0.12 0.25 1.00 0.47

Difl ufenican/flufenacet 2,461 424 0.09 0.18 1.00 0.57

31%

19%12%

11%

8%

19%

Figure 32 - Triticale - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


broad-leaved weeds

crop desiccation

grass weeds

wild oats

other weeds

28

Triticale – Growth regulators





(ha)





treated

Average number of



Chlormequat 4,017 2,720 0.53 0.29 1.00 0.47

Trinexapac-ethyl 3,199 127 0.43 0.20 1.14 0.40 Chlormequat chloride/ 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/ mepiquat chloride 192 88 0.03 0.01 1.92 0.50 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/ mepiquat 116 71 0.02 0.01 1.00 0.66

Triticale – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Esfenvalerate 1,681 7 0.61 0.12 1.00 1.00

Zeta-cypermethrin 624 6 0.23 0.04 1.00 0.65

Cypermethrin 435 10 0.16 0.03 1.00 0.92

Bifenthrin 33 0 0.01 0.00 1.00 0.74

Triticale – Seed Treatments











Clothianidin/prothioconazole 157 15 0.11 0.04

29

PESTICIDE USAGE ON OILSEEDS Oilseed rape

• 755,717 hectares of oilseed rape grown in the United Kingdom (98% of which is winter sown)



• 0.6% of oilseed rape remained untreated

• Oilseed rape received on average 3 fungicides, 3 herbicides, 2 insecticides and 1 molluscicide (metaldehyde accounted for 90% of all molluscicide usage)

• The main winter varieties encountered, included DK Cabernet, Excalibur, Expower and Sesame; spring varieties Erucola, Tamirin, Ability, Belinda and Makro

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Fungicides Herbicides Molluscicides &repellents


Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 33 - Usage of pesticides on oilseed rape (spring & winter) - 2012

Area

Weight

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 34 - Timing of pesticide applications on winter oilseed rape: September 2011- August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

30

Oilseed rape – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 503,938 79,587 0.16 0.39 1.72 0.64

Boscalid 344,824 52,258 0.11 0.40 1.13 0.61

Prothioconazole 315,644 32,970 0.10 0.30 1.41 0.60

Metconazole 252,602 11,883 0.08 0.28 1.18 0.65

Tebuconazole 250,202 40,067 0.08 0.28 1.19 0.64

35%

29%

8%

6%

4%

18%

Figure 35 - Oilseed rape - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

sclerotinia

phoma

light leaf spot

phoma/light leaf spot


other diseases

31

Oilseed rape – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Propyzamide 393,697 306,971 0.15 0.51 1.02 0.93

Glyphosate 326,505 305,106 0.12 0.37 1.15 0.59

Propaquizafop 317,551 16,197 0.12 0.40 1.05 0.34

Metazachlor 208,938 131,797 0.08 0.26 1.03 0.68 Dimethenamid-P/ metazachlor/quinmerac 174,567 161,663 0.07 0.21 1.11 0.74

26%

13%

12%12%

10%

27%

Figure 36 - Oilseed rape - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds

grass weeds

blackgrass

volunteer cereals


other weeds

32

Oilseed rape – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Lambda-cyhalothrin 548,826 3,466 0.32 0.43 1.70 0.85

Cypermethrin 488,519 12,057 0.28 0.44 1.47 0.66

Tau-fluvalinate 267,816 11,737 0.15 0.31 1.14 0.91

Zeta-cypermethrin 162,809 1,611 0.09 0.15 1.48 0.99

Alpha-cypermethrin 139,596 1,590 0.08 0.11 1.68 0.57

23%

20%

15%

28%

14%

Figure 36 - Oilseed rape - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

pollen beetle

aphids

weevils

cabbage stem flea beetle

other pests

Oilseed rape – Seed Treatments










Fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M/ thiamethoxam 301,168 8,501 0.51 0.59

Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin 193,692 6,649 0.33 0.38

Prochloraz/thiram 89,551 2,236 0.15 0.17

Beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid 4,921 80 0.01 0.01

Thiram 3,435 62 0.01 0.01

33

Linseed

• 27,953 hectares of linseed grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.6% of linseed crops remained untreated

• Linseed received on average 3 herbicides, 1 fungicide and 1 insecticide

• 80% of the crop was spring sown

• The main varieties encountered, included GK Emma, Abacus and Bilton

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90



Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 37 - Usage of pesticides on linseed - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 38 - Timing of pesticide applications on linseed: September 2011 - August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

34

Linseed – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Tebuconazole 21,648 4,213 0.67 0.62 1.24 0.77

Difenoconazole 4,683 306 0.14 0.14 1.18 0.52

Boscalid 4,409 422 0.14 0.14 1.13 0.38

Metconazole 1,471 99 0.05 0.05 1.00 0.93

26%

22%

12%

7%

7%

26%

Figure 39 - Linseed - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

fungicide/plant growth regulator

botrytis

botrytis/sclerotinia

alternaria

sclerotinia

other diseases

35

Linseed – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Glyphosate 18,756 15,947 0.21 0.60 1.11 0.50 Amidosulfuron/ iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 10,620 272 0.12 0.37 1.02 0.93

Tepraloxydim 9,810 580 0.11 0.35 1.00 0.79

Bromoxynil 8,449 2,471 0.09 0.29 1.03 0.78

Metsulfuron-methyl 7,357 33 0.08 0.26 1.03 0.76

37%

15%11%

9%

7%

21%

Figure 40 - Linseed - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


grass weeds

blackgrass

cleavers

other weeds

36

Linseed – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of




Cypermethrin 5,847 146 0.28 0.19 1.10 0.52

Tau-fluvalinate 3,318 159 0.16 0.12 1.00 1.00

Alpha-cypermethrin 526 8 0.02 0.02 1.00 0.75

Zeta-cypermethrin 306 3 0.01 0.01 1.00 1.00

Control of flea beetle accounted for 89% of insecticide usage. Linseed – Seed Treatments










Beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid 9,748 1,950 0.74 0.85

Prochloraz 3,408 68 0.26 0.30

37

PESTICIDE USAGE ON POTATOES Ware Potatoes

• 131,825 hectares of ware potatoes were grown in the United Kingdom



• 0.7% of ware potatoes remained untreated

• Ware potatoes received on average 11 fungicides, 3 herbicides, 1 molluscicide and 1 insecticide (Metaldehyde accounted for 50% of the molluscicide total and methiocarb 45%)

• The main varieties encountered, included Estima, Maris Piper, Marfona, Lady Rosetta, Maris Peer and Markies

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70





Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 41 - Usage of pesticides on ware potatoes - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 42 - Timing of pesticide applications on ware potatoes: January - December 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Growth regulators

38

Ware Potatoes – Fungicides



• The five most used formulations encountered were:


(ha)


Proportion of herbicide-

treated area


treated

Average number of



Cymoxanil/mancozeb 404,463 550,599 0.19 0.69 4.41 0.97

Fluazinam 349,431 62,490 0.17 0.85 3.11 0.93

Cyazofamid 344,027 28,680 0.16 0.76 3.44 1.04

Cymoxanil 288,780 25,211 0.14 0.62 3.56 0.92

Mandipropamid 217,106 32,137 0.10 0.68 2.42 0.99

84%

16%

Figure 43 - Ware potatoes - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

blight


39

Ware potatoes – Herbicides



• The five most used formulations encountered were:


(ha)




treated

Average number of



Diquat 232,659 91,927 0.38 0.86 2.00 0.53

Metribuzin 84,202 41,487 0.14 0.62 1.03 0.57

Linuron 79,080 48,112 0.13 0.58 1.02 0.80

Glyphosate 50,521 53,002 0.08 0.33 1.15 0.59

Carfentrazone-ethyl 44,787 1,832 0.07 0.30 1.14 0.93

39%

33%

20%

3% 5%

Figure 44 - Ware potatoes - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

crop desiccation


broad-leaved weeds

grass weeds

other weeds

Ware potatoes – Growth regulators



• There was only one formulation encountered:


(ha)





treated

Average number of



Maleic hydrazide 19,442 53,369 1.00 0.15 1.00 0.92

40

Ware potatoes – Insecticides & nematicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of




Thiacloprid 45,154 4,106 0.22 0.23 1.46 0.95

Pymetrozine 27,120 4,068 0.13 0.13 1.56 1.00

Esfenvalerate 22,894 113 0.11 0.06 2.78 0.99

Oxamyl 17,718 74,602 0.09 0.13 1.02 1.71

Please note that oxamyl is primarily used as a nematicide for potato cyst nematode control although it has activity against other soil pests. The apparent high rate is an anomaly due to the variability of rates according to row spacing. None of the rates encountered in the survey exceeded the maximum recommended for this product.

83%

13%

4%

Figure 45 - Ware potatoes - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

other pests

nematodes

Ware potatoes – Seed Treatments










Pencycuron 27,471 14,871 0.39 0.38

Imazalil 23,583 596 0.34 0.32

Flutolanil 9,157 2,008 0.13 0.13

Imazalil/pencycuron 4,911 3,131 0.07 0.07

Imazalil/thiabendazole 4,878 649 0.07 0.07

41

Seed Potatoes

• 16,946 hectares of seed potatoes were grown in the United Kingdom



• 1.7% of seed potatoes remained untreated

• Seed potatoes received on average 9 fungicides, 3 insecticides and 3 herbicides

• The main varieties encountered, included Hermes, Estima, Markies, Saturna and Fontane

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70



Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 46 - Usage of pesticides on seed potatoes - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 47 - Timing of pesticide applications on seed potatoes: January - December 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

42

Seed Potatoes – Fungicides





(ha)


Proportion of herbicide-

treated area


treated

Average number of



Cymoxanil 59,179 5,005 0.27 0.73 4.80 0.92

Cyazofamid 37,797 3,014 0.17 0.91 2.44 1.00

Fluazinam 28,171 6,355 0.13 0.76 2.19 0.57

Mandipropamid 23,147 3,370 0.10 0.70 1.95 0.97 Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride 10,908 10,858 0.05 0.45 1.42 0.90

68%

32%

<1%

Figure 48 - Seed potatoes - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

blight


scab

43

Seed potatoes – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Diquat 33,853 13,130 0.48 0.87 2.30 0.52

Metribuzin 12,611 6,751 0.18 0.68 1.09 0.61

Linuron 9,306 4,737 0.13 0.49 1.12 0.73

Carfentrazone-ethyl 8,064 443 0.11 0.42 1.12 0.97

Prosulfocarb 2,571 6,748 0.04 0.13 1.21 0.66

56%

39%

5%

<1%

Figure 49 - Seed potatoes - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)


crop desiccation

broad-leaved weeds

other weeds

44

Seed potatoes – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of




Esfenvalerate 16,291 71 0.18 0.33 2.94 0.88

Thiacloprid 13,166 1,211 0.15 0.51 1.53 0.96

Flonicamid 7,024 548 0.08 0.30 1.39 0.98

Pymetrozine 5,766 766 0.06 0.24 1.40 0.89

Seed potatoes – Seed Treatments










Pencycuron 8,739 4,297 0.58 0.63

Flutolanil 3,516 1,024 0.23 0.25

Imazalil 1,355 51 0.09 0.10

Imazalil/pencycuron 785 454 0.05 0.06

Imazalil/thiabendazole 632 108 0.04 0.05

45

PESTICIDE USAGE ON PULSES Dry harvest peas

• 24,193 hectares of dry harvest peas grown in the United Kingdom



• 2.7% of dry harvest peas remained untreated

• Dry harvest peas received on average 3 herbicides, 1 insecticide and 1 fungicide

• The main varieties encountered, included Prophet, Sakura and Kabuki

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80


Fungicides Herbicides Sulphur Seed treatments

Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 50 - Usage of pesticides on dry-harvest peas - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 51 - Timing of pesticide applications on dry-harvest peas: January - December 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

46

Dry harvest peas – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 16,098 7,878 0.48 0.46 1.44 0.59

Azoxystrobin 11,205 1,465 0.33 0.32 1.44 0.52

Chlorothalonil/pyrimethanil 2,890 2,133 0.09 0.08 1.53 0.70

Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 1,873 347 0.06 0.08 1.00 0.55

Metconazole 883 42 0.03 0.04 1.00 0.66

25%

19%

15%

9%

7%

25%

Figure 52 - Dry harvest peas - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

botrytis

mildew

downy mildew

botrytis/mildew

aschochyta

other diseases

47

Dry harvest peas – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Glyphosate 19,547 16,624 0.21 0.66 1.22 0.52

Bentazone 10,603 7,005 0.11 0.38 1.11 0.46

Isoxaben/terbuthylazine 9,915 4,085 0.11 0.41 1.00 0.83

MCPB 9,766 9,414 0.10 0.37 1.08 0.54

Imazamox/pendimethalin 9,249 8,393 0.10 0.38 1.00 0.76

55%

12%

8%

6%

3%

16%

Figure 53 - Dry harvest peas - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


grass weeds

blackgrass

crop desiccation

other weeds

48

Dry harvest peas – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of




Pirimicarb 15,131 1,586 0.29 0.54 1.17 0.75



Cypermethrin 2,261 56 0.04 0.09 1.00 0.99

46%

22%

20%

3% 9%

Figure 54 - Dry harvest peas - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

pea moth

pea & bean weevil

aphids/pea moth

other pests

Dry harvest peas – Seed Treatments










Thiram 5,369 827 0.57 0.50

Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M 4,064 679 0.43 0.38

49

Field beans

• 96,555 hectares of field beans grown in the United Kingdom



• 3% of field beans remained untreated

• Both spring and winter sown field beans received on average 2 herbicides, 2 fungicides and 2 insecticides

• The main varieties encountered, included Fuego (spring) and Wizard (winter)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70




Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 55 - Usage of pesticides on field beans - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 56a - Timing of pesticide applications on winter field beans: September 2011 -August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

50

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 56b - Timing of pesticide applications on spring field beans : September 2011 -August 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Field beans – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 96,291 56,552 0.40 0.63 1.57 0.71

Tebuconazole 38,362 6,561 0.16 0.31 1.27 0.68

Boscalid/pyraclostrobin 31,857 6,085 0.13 0.27 1.23 0.57

Chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M 28,187 16,850 0.12 0.21 1.40 0.56

Azoxystrobin 26,115 3,951 0.11 0.20 1.36 0.61

61%14%

6%

5%

4% 10%

Figure 57 - Field beans - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

chocolate spot

chocolate spot/rust

mildew

downy mildew

rust

other diseases

51

Field beans – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Pendimethalin 53,730 48,774 0.19 0.56 1.00 0.69

Glyphosate 49,344 41,477 0.17 0.46 1.10 0.53

Clomazone 28,902 2,208 0.10 0.30 1.01 0.74

Imazamox/pendimethalin 27,014 25,885 0.09 0.28 1.01 0.80

Clomazone/linuron 25,412 13,644 0.09 0.26 1.02 0.91

39%

14%13%

10%

4%

20%

Figure 58 - Field beans - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


grass weeds

blackgrass

cleavers

other weeds

52

Field beans – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of




Cypermethrin 29,435 708 0.17 0.24 1.28 0.96



Pirimicarb 14,567 1,508 0.08 0.15 1.04 0.74

41%

29%

18%

12%

Figure 59 - Field beans - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

weevils

bruchid beetle

aphids

other pests

The weevils indicated in the figure above are most likely to be pea & bean weevils Sitona spp. Field beans – Seed Treatments




• The only two formulations encountered were:






Thiram 264 59 0.58 <1

Cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M 190 25 0.42 <1

53

PESTICIDE USAGE ON SUGAR BEET Sugar beet

• 120,081 hectares of sugar beet grown in the United Kingdom



• 1% of sugar beet crops remained untreated

• Sugar beet received on average 4 herbicides and 2 fungicides

• The main varieties encountered, included Rosalinda, Cayman, Bullfinch and Valeska

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90




Per

cent

age

of to

tal

Figure 60 - Usage of pesticides on sugar beet - 2012

Area

Weight

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

age

of a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 61 - Timing of pesticide applications on sugar beet: January - December 2012

Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

54

Sugar beet – Fungicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of



Cyproconazole/trifloxystrobin 104,512 19,094 0.59 0.63 1.39 0.98

Difenoconazole/fenpropidin 51,763 23,602 0.29 0.35 1.25 0.96

Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 7,996 1,429 0.04 0.06 1.03 0.98

Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 6,681 1,350 0.04 0.05 1.12 0.80

Carbendazim/flusilazole 3,807 847 0.02 0.03 1.00 0.99

72%

9%

6%

6%

4%3%

Figure 62 - Sugar beet - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given)

mildew/rust

mildew/ramularia

unspecified mildews

rust

ramularia/rust

other diseases

55

Sugar beet – Herbicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Metamitron 171,408 111,527 0.17 0.76 1.87 0.22 Desmedipham/ethofumesate/lenacil/phenmedipham 120,711 27,955 0.12 0.53 1.88 0.74

Triflusulfuron-methyl 98,163 1,079 0.10 0.51 1.59 0.73

Clopyralid 64,877 4,737 0.07 0.35 1.54 0.38

Glyphosate 64,674 62,184 0.07 0.45 1.18 0.56

51%

8%

4%

37%

Figure 63 - Sugar beet - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given)

broad-leaved weeds


meadow grass

other weeds

56

Sugar Beet – Insecticides & nematicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of



Dimethoate 6,713 981 0.32 0.06 1.00 0.37


Oxamyl 3,720 2,368 0.18 0.03 1.00 0.71

Pirimicarb 1,917 272 0.09 0.02 1.00 1.01

Chlorpyrifos 541 389 0.03 0.00 1.00 1.00

Please note that oxamyl is an insecticide/nematicide primarily used to control free-living or beet cyst nematodes. However, it does control a range of soil living pests including millipedes, pygmy beetle & leaf miner.

58%28%

14%

Figure 64 - Sugar beet - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given)

aphids

mangold fly

pigmy mangold beetle

Sugar beet – Seed Treatments (data kindly provided by Germains Seed Technology on behalf of British Sugar)



• No untreated seed was encountered





Hymexazol 119,922 1,347 0.27 1.00

Thiram 119,922 616 0.27 1.00

Thiamethoxam 85,465 5,487 0.19 0.71

Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin 26,365 1,919 0.06 0.22

Tefluthrin 85,465 732 0.19 0.71

Imidacloprid 3,671 354 0.01 0.03

57

APPENDIX 1 – ARABLE APPLICATION TABLES Table 1 Area of arable crops grown in the United Kingdom 2012 (hectares)

East

Midlands Eastern London & South East

North East

North West

South West

West Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber Wales Scotland

Northern Ireland

United Kingdom

Wheat1 376,519 513,356 247,380 70,233 36,674 178,990 177,757 255,320 25,614 100,637 9,395 1,991,875

Winter barley 41,003 76,906 26,245 27,476 14,900 41,041 29,403 71,822 7,731 42,816 5,323 384,666 Spring barley 29,570 58,374 44,677 12,479 24,483 70,116 19,367 34,926 14,094 289,222 20,211 617,518 Oats1

9,728 9,136 19,470 6,729 4,494 18,778 16,298 7,509 5,176 23,672 1,879 122,869 Rye 758 2,768 1,177 27 10 823 219 476 . . . 6,258 Triticale1 1247 1,672 1,336 290 1,130 4,728 1,289 867 821 554 . 13,934 Oilseed rape1

181,162 168,241 101,317 29,335 6,232 65,086 61,664 99,634 5,628 36,611 807 755,717 Linseed1

4,275 5,270 8,744 159 76 5,515 2,007 1,742 165 . . 27,953 Potatoes 17,469 35,249 3,850 1,714 9,614 7,531 17,228 16,241 2,801 16,534 3,595 131,825 Seed potatoes 28 664 67 144 . 411 216 1,725 134 13,002 555 16,946 Peas 4,187 10,634 3,778 281 75 1,394 1,504 1,659 . 682 . 24,193 Beans1

17,142 25,521 20,034 2,181 1,071 8,688 7,927 8,625 1,567 3,789 10 96,555 Sugar beet2

26,595 82,346 48 19 185 165 2496 8,226 . . . 120,081 All arable crops 709,683 990,137 478,123 151,067 98,944 403,266 337,375 508,772 63,731 527,519 41,775 4,310,390

1 Includes spring and winter sown crops 2The sugar beet area figures in this table were provided by Defra Statistics. The figure for the total area grown provided by British Sugar was 119,222 ha. However, with the exception of the seed treatment figures on pages 56, 67 & 74 (provided by Germains Seed Technology on behalf of British Sugar), all other data presented in this report relate to the regional areas provided by Defra Statistics in order to ensure consistency with all other crops.

58

Table 2 Treated areas of arable crops in the United Kingdom 2012 by crop group (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley

Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed

rape Linseed

Potatoes ware

Potatoes seed

Peas Beans Beet All

crops

Insecticides & nematicides 1,983,532 319,472 120,460 69,743 8,751 2,773 1,730,112 21,217 212,691 89,683 51,882 176,138 20,737 4,807,192

Fungicides 11,182,934 1,247,386 1,548,838 249,645 22,876 15,264 3,159,648 32,348 2,115,541 222,470 33,856 243,564 178,352 20,252,722

Herbicides 7,062,699 1,182,351 1,620,271 257,145 13,784 28,692 2,631,017 91,193 619,489 70,494 93,591 286,041 983,296 14,940,062

Growth regulators 4,635,374 579,062 134,080 131,530 10,504 7,524 . . 19,442 . . . . 5,517,515

Molluscicides & repellents 255,172 10,395 1,838 417 . 401 377,619 588 216,792 9,336 . 913 4,495 877,965

Sulphur 10,750 966 2,759 . . . 14,343 . 490 . 563 1,104 2,757 33,732

All seed treatments 2,158,081 390,055 558,683 103,196 6,260 11,672 838,184 29,659 129,000 18,013 22,907 38,449 440,810 4,743,569

All pesticides 27,288,542 3729687 3,986,928 811,675 62,175 66,326 8,750,923 175,006 3,313,445 409,996 202,799 746,210 1,630,447 51,172,757

Table 2a Weight of pesticides applied to arable crops in the United Kingdom 2012 by crop group (tonnes of active substance)

Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley

Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed

rape Linseed

Potatoes ware

Potatoes seed

Peas Beans Beet All

crops

Insecticides & nematicides 79.45 6.13 5.35 1.22 0.22 0.02 35.64 0.51 122.81 5.19 1.92 3.56 4.05 266.07

Fungicides 2,536.74 269.86 348.69 42.70 2.87 3.33 491.30 5.04 1,118.73 82.77 12.28 100.40 46.63 5,061.34

Herbicides 3,018.58 584.53 505.58 60.96 5.67 11.68 1,340.59 31.41 375.63 34.76 57.76 204.12 388.10 6,619.37

Growth regulators 2,308.14 300.30 40.68 88.95 9.11 3.01 . . 53.37 . . . . 2,803.56

Molluscicides & repellents 38.39 1.26 0.27 0.04 . 0.12 59.38 0.10 24.46 1.12 0.00 0.12 0.64 125.90

Sulphur 38.06 3.28 6.12 . . . 20.64 . 2.74 . 2.38 3.12 42.75 119.09

All seed treatments 103.42 11.81 14.13 3.25 0.09 0.03 17.53 2.02 21.26 5.93 1.51 0.08 10.46 191.52

All pesticides 8,122.78 1,177.17 920.82 197.12 17.96 18.19 1,965.08 39.08 1,719.00 129.77 75.85 311.40 492.63 15,186.85

59

Table 3 Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2012 - percentage area of crops treated with pesticides

Crop group Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators

Molluscicides & repellents

Seed treatments

Not treated

Wheat 69.4 98.4 98.2 89.2 10.1 98.2 0.6

Winter barley 69.8 96.5 97.5 75.9 1.3 96.6 0.8

Spring barley 17.1 91.0 95.9 18.0 0.2 90.7 2.5

Oats 51.3 85.9 90.3 72.9 0.2 85.1 8.3

Rye 87.5 100 100 100 . 100 .

Triticale 22.0 77.8 94.0 33.1 . 83.5 5.3

Oilseed rape 86.9 98.2 97.2 . 40.1 98.3 0.6

Linseed 49.9 63.4 99.4 . 2.4 98.9 0.6

Ware potatoes 59.4 99.3 97.9 13.7 49.9 95.5 0.7

Seed potatoes 90.5 98.3 94.0 . 34.6 96.3 1.7

Peas 70.7 67.2 97.3 . . 94.0 2.7

Beans 74.6 93.6 93.8 . 1.1 38.6 3.0

Sugar beet 12.6 91.6 98.9 . 3.0 100 1.0

All crops 62.5 96.0 97.3 53.2 13.6 95.1 1.2

Table 4a Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2012 - number of spray rounds applied to crops (excluding seed treatments)

Crop group Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth

regulators Molluscicides & repellents

All Pesticides

Wheat 1.0 3.4 2.5 1.6 0.1 5.6

Winter barley 0.8 2.2 2.2 1.2 . 4.2

Spring barley 0.3 1.6 1.8 0.3 . 2.8

Oats 0.6 1.6 1.9 0.9 . 3.2

Rye 0.8 2.8 2.3 1.7 . 4.9

Triticale 0.2 1.3 1.7 0.8 . 2.5

Oilseed rape 2.2 3.3 2.8 . 0.5 6.0

Linseed 0.6 1.2 2.8 . . 4.1

Ware potatoes 1.0 11.2 2.7 0.1 1.4 14.8

Seed potatoes 3.2 9.4 2.6 . 0.4 11.6

Peas 1.4 0.8 2.5 . . 3.8

Beans 1.6 2.0 2.0 . . 4.4

Sugar beet 0.2 1.5 4.1 . . 5.7

All crops 1.1 3.2 2.5 0.9 0.2 5.4

60

Table 4b Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2012 – number of products (other than seed treatments) applied to crops



All pesticides

Wheat 1.0 5.6 3.5 2.3 0.1 12.5 Winter barley 0.8 3.3 3.1 1.5 . 8.7 Spring barley 0.3 2.5 2.8 0.3 . 5.9 Oats 0.6 2.1 2.3 1.2 . 6.3 Rye 0.8 4.1 3.7 2.2 . 10.7 Triticale 0.2 1.7 2.6 1.0 . 5.5 Oilseed rape 2.2 4.2 3.4 . 0.5 10.3 Linseed 0.6 1.3 3.2 . . 5.2 Ware potatoes 1.3 15.1 4.4 0.1 1.5 22.4 Seed potatoes 4.0 13.4 4.2 . 0.4 22 Peas 1.8 1.2 3.9 . . 6.8 Beans 1.8 2.6 2.9 . . 7.3 Sugar beet 0.2 1.5 8.6 . . 10.3 All crops 1.1 4.7 3.5 1.3 0.2 10.8

Table 4c Usage of pesticides on arable crops in the United Kingdom 2012 – number of active substances (other than seed treatments) applied to crops



All pesticides

Wheat 1.0 9.7 5.7 2.6 0.1 19.1 Winter barley 0.8 5.6 4.6 1.8 . 12.9 Spring barley 0.3 4.4 4.0 0.3 . 9.0 Oats 0.6 3.4 3.5 1.2 . 8.7 Rye 0.8 6.8 5.4 2.4 . 15.3 Triticale 0.2 2.8 4.0 1.1 . 8.0 Oilseed rape 2.2 5.6 4.4 . 0.5 12.6 Linseed 0.6 1.3 3.7 . . 5.7 Ware potatoes 1.3 20.8 4.6 0.1 1.5 28.3 Seed potatoes 4.0 17 4.3 . 0.4 25.7 Peas 1.8 1.8 5.0 . . 8.6 Beans 1.8 4.3 3.6 . . 9.7 Sugar beet 0.2 2.9 13.6 . . 16.7 All crops 1.1 7.7 5.2 1.5 0.2 15.7

61

Table 5 Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley

Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed rape

Linseed All potatoes

Peas Beans Sugar beet

All crops

Fungicides Ametoctradin/dimethomorph . . . . . . . . 64,887 . . . 64,887 Azoxystrobin 74,520 7,298 4,926 8,937 7,853 1,247 201,798 . 11,587 11,205 26,115 . 355,485 Azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil 289,428 14,772 28,692 . . . . . 11,708 . . . 344,600 Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 18,159 6,231 8,618 19,819 . 802 110,595 . . . . 6,681 170,904 Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 51,485 . . . 51,485 Bixafen/fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 124,756 1,962 . . 617 . . . . . . . 127,335 Bixafen/prothioconazole 268,981 126,718 64,120 2,691 . . . . . . . . 462,511 Bixafen/prothioconazole/spiroxamine 123,476 . . 331 . . . . . . . . 123,807 Bixafen/prothioconazole/tebuconazole 200,798 . . . . . . . . . . . 200,798 Boscalid . . 309 . . . 344,824 4,409 . . . . 349,542 Boscalid/epoxiconazole 538,063 9,426 17,321 2,305 . . . . . . . . 567,116 Boscalid/epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 152,432 128 2,710 1,094 617 . . . . . . . 156,981 Boscalid/metconazole . . . . . . 77,333 . . . . . 77,333 Carbendazim 9,185 . 466 . . . 177,860 . . . . . 187,510 Carbendazim/flusilazole 3,786 1,791 2,859 . . . 210,213 . . . . 3,807 222,457 Chlorothalonil 972,438 70,846 192,713 918 . 802 553 . 815 834 9,218 . 1,249,135 Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 234,788 4,441 5,135 449 . . . . . 16,098 96,291 . 357,202 Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole/propiconazole 505,551 3,642 11,559 456 . 1,424 . . . . . . 522,631 Chlorothalonil/picoxystrobin 16,958 15,169 46,771 . . . . . . . . . 78,898 Chlorothalonil/proquinazid 65,959 4,990 2,357 . . . . . . . . . 73,306 Chlorothalonil/tebuconazole 86,577 608 284 . . . . . . . . . 87,469 Cyazofamid . . . . . . . . 381,824 . . . 381,824 Cyflufenamid 53,300 16,391 10,897 11,698 123 . . . . . . . 92,409 Cymoxanil . . . . . . . . 347,959 . . . 347,959 Cymoxanil/famoxadone . . . . . . . . 60,787 . . . 60,787 Cymoxanil/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 414,613 . . . 414,613 Cyproconazole 152,972 1,989 501 10,417 1,234 . 545 . . . 2,000 1,848 171,505 Cyproconazole/trifloxystrobin . 204 . . . . . . . . . 104,512 104,716 Cyprodinil 1,130 41,499 28,188 . . . . . . . . . 70,816 Cyprodinil/isopyrazam 38 44,005 39,858 . . . . . . . . . 83,901 Cyprodinil/picoxystrobin 828 32,382 35,809 . . . . . . . . . 69,019 Difenoconazole . . . 65 . . 81,531 4,683 . . . . 86,280 Difenoconazole/fenpropidin . . . . . . . . . . . 51,763 51,763 Dimoxystrobin/epoxiconazole 66,795 . . . . . . . . . . . 66,795 Epoxiconazole 993,991 6,564 18,797 9,412 1,069 4,135 . . . . . . 1,033,968 Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph 39,137 5,515 3,336 4,576 524 432 . . . . . . 53,520 Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/kresoxim-methyl 114,208 7,755 14,118 10,331 . 434 . . . . . . 146,846 Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/metrafenone 207,621 5,980 7,755 6,774 . . . . . . . . 228,128 Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad 337,514 4,499 3,048 . . 184 . . . . . . 345,245 Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin 52,663 8,736 127 322 . . . . . . . . 61,848 Epoxiconazole/isopyrazam 175,309 6,203 12,583 456 246 . . . . . . . 194,797 Epoxiconazole/kresoxim-methyl/pyraclostrobin 71,360 3,173 2,664 265 . . . . . . . . 77,462 Epoxiconazole/metconazole 548,979 1,416 824 . . 2,341 . . . . . . 553,560 Epoxiconazole/metrafenone 116,214 7,275 5,636 10,559 . . . . . . . . 139,685

62

Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter

barley Spring barley Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed

rape Linseed All potatoes Peas Beans Sugar

beet All

crops Fungicides (cont.) Epoxiconazole/prochloraz 269,798 2,553 10,363 . 1,234 . . . . . . . 283,949 Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 87,179 2,788 1,834 8,451 . . . . . . . 7,996 108,248 Famoxadone/flusilazole 5,114 3,794 3,298 . . . 99,300 . . . . . 111,506 Fenpropidin 73,762 15,717 24,337 646 . 33 . . . . . . 114,495 Fenpropimorph 82,210 68,700 24,897 24,236 . 546 . . . . . . 200,590 Fenpropimorph/flusilazole 2,164 47,199 30,510 . . . . . . . . . 79,873 Fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin 151,048 10,706 17,398 6,267 . . . . . . . . 185,419 Fluazinam . . . . . . . . 377,602 . . . 377,602 Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride . . . . . . . . 118,610 . . . 118,610 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 205,247 64,298 85,964 9,536 454 . . . . . . . 365,499 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 9,790 72,268 87,240 . . 33 . . . . . . 169,330 Fluquinconazole/prochloraz 796 . . . . . . . . . . . 796 Flusilazole 2,670 4,976 9,861 896 . . 224,706 . . . . 1,744 244,853 Fluxapyroxad 163,318 1,297 . . . . . . . . . . 164,615 Folpet 259,156 58,207 63,432 . . . . . . . . . 380,795 Mancozeb 24,956 . 1,155 19 . . 402 . 53,523 . . . 80,054 Mandipropamid . . . . . . . . 240,253 . . . 240,253 Metconazole 71,016 . 2,368 . . . 252,602 1,471 . 883 282 . 328,622 Metrafenone 33,745 13,931 11,401 5,013 . . . . . . . . 64,089 Picoxystrobin 5,057 1,798 5,797 746 . . 160,819 . . . . . 174,217 Prochloraz 61,703 1,759 1,513 215 . . 17,181 . . . . . 82,372 Prochloraz/tebuconazole 120,465 1,278 . 430 . . 76,979 . . . . . 199,152 Proquinazid 224,467 29,037 22,120 21,227 . . . . . . . . 296,850 Prothioconazole 321,205 37,690 78,431 2,412 . . 315,644 . . . . . 755,382 Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 191,967 79,546 189,180 8,683 . . . . . . . . 469,376 Prothioconazole/spiroxamine/tebuconazole 114,613 13,060 28,999 2,740 123 . . . . . . . 159,535 Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 704,982 42,041 52,359 11,620 524 83 503,938 . . . . . 1,315,547 Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 27,190 98,053 111,931 . . 275 . . . . . . 237,449 Pyraclostrobin 379,441 32,002 31,722 8,673 123 624 . . . . . . 452,586 Tebuconazole 678,577 2,384 6,010 14,043 8,134 404 250,202 21,648 61 . 38,362 . 1,019,824 Trifloxystrobin 2,538 33,668 29,643 . . . . . . . . . 65,849 Other fungicides1,2 290,848 47,028 44,094 21,918 . 1,465 52,625 137 202,299 4,836 71,297 . 736,547 All fungicides 11,182,93

4 1,247,386 1,548,838 249,645 22,876 15,264 3,159,648 32,348 2,338,011 33,856 243,564 178,352 20,252,722

1 Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2 Other fungicides include amisulbrom, azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil/cyprodinil, azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph, boscalid/pyraclostrobin, chlorothalonil/flusilazole, chlorothalonil/flutriafol, chlorothalonil/mancozeb, chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M, chlorothalonil/propamocarb hydrochloride, chlorothalonil/propiconazole, chlorothalonil/pyrimethanil, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, cyazofamid/polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane/cymoxanil, cymoxanil/fluazinam, cymoxanil/propamocarb hydrochloride, cyproconazole/cyprodinil, cyproconazole/picoxystrobin, cyproconazole/propiconazole, dimethomorph/mancozeb, epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole/kresoxim-methyl, fenamidone/propamocarb hydrochloride, fenpropidin/prochloraz/tebuconazole, fenpropimorph/kresoxim-methyl, fenpropimorph/quinoxyfen, fluazinam/metalaxyl-M, fluquinconazole, flutriafol, iprodione, iprodione/thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb/metalaxyl-M, mancozeb/zoxamide, pencycuron, prochloraz/propiconazole, prochloraz/proquinazid/tebuconazole, propiconazole, quinoxyfen, spiroxamine, spiroxamine/tebuconazole, tebuconazole/triadimenol, thiophanate-methyl and unspecified fungicides.

63


Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley Oats Rye Triticale

Oilseed rape Linseed

All potatoes Peas Beans

Sugar beet

All crops

Herbicides & desiccants Amidosulfuron 33,431 9,036 840 3,133 . . . 6,197 . . . . 52,637 Amidosulfuron/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 51,036 5,383 8,055 . 123 . . 10,620 . . . . 75,218 Bifenox . . . . . . 98,242 . . . . . 98,242 Bromoxynil/ioxynil 38,254 4,758 80,785 3,588 123 3,675 . . . . . . 131,183 Carbetamide . . . . . . 61,220 617 . . 10,434 . 72,270 Carfentrazone-ethyl 2,124 . 392 598 . . . 2,027 52,851 155 . 324 58,471 Chloridazon . . . . . . . . . . . 53,035 53,035 Chlorotoluron/diflufenican 168,912 110,518 10,792 . . . . . . . . . 290,222 Clodinafop-propargyl 113,589 . . . . 1,171 . . . . . . 114,760 Clomazone . . . . . . 120,748 . 11,437 6,205 28,902 . 167,292 Clopyralid 2,933 339 913 938 . . 47,230 155 . . . 64,877 117,386 Clopyralid/picloram . . . . . . 165,146 . . . . . 165,146 Cycloxydim . . . . . . 49,227 6,938 2,571 2,220 5,952 7,899 74,807 Desmedipham/ethofumesate/lenacil/phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . . 120,711 120,711 Desmedipham/phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . . 53,822 53,822 Dicamba/mecoprop-P 9,695 2,696 95,141 4,957 . . . . . . . . 112,488 Diflufenican 427,925 57,402 12,417 12,443 524 217 . . . . . . 510,928 Diflufenican/flufenacet 702,778 144,863 76 3,995 1,076 2,461 . . . . . . 855,249 Diflufenican/flufenacet/flurtamone 224,908 10,339 . . . . . . . . . . 235,247 Diflufenican/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 56,297 72 58 . . . . . . . . . 56,427 Diflufenican/mecoprop-P 167,336 20,561 . 331 . 94 . . . . . . 188,323 Diflufenican/pendimethalin 81,122 18,690 . . . 1,424 . . . . . . 101,235 Dimethenamid-P/metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 174,567 . . . . . 174,567 Diquat 116 127 80 . . . 1,749 1,180 266,512 478 1,443 474 272,159 Florasulam/fluroxypyr 252,792 57,871 26,279 20,546 . 947 . . . . . . 358,435 Florasulam/pyroxsulam 161,621 . . . . 210 . . . . . . 161,831 Fluazifop-P-butyl . . . . . . 125,556 459 . 735 2,687 1,330 130,766 Flufenacet/pendimethalin 444,834 60,771 . . 617 . . . . . . . 506,222 Flupyrsulfuron-methyl 155,633 31,015 . 3,296 . . . 4,349 . . . . 194,293 Fluroxypyr 465,007 55,725 128,856 27,821 647 917 . . . . . . 678,973 Glyphosate 697,491 125,216 220,299 40,478 617 5,717 326,505 18,756 51,793 19,547 49,344 64,674 1,620,438 Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 904,167 413 . 544 . . . . . . . . 905,124 Lenacil . . . . . . . . . . . 51,417 51,417 Linuron . . . . . . . . 88,386 555 1,985 . 90,925 Mecoprop-P 150,406 30,555 202,871 19,214 1,315 3,513 . . . . . . 407,875

64

Table 5 (cont) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley




All crops

Herbicides & desiccants (cont) Metamitron . . . . . . . . . . . 171,408 171,408 Metazachlor . . . . . . 208,938 . . . . . 208,938 Metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 168,531 . . . . . 168,531 Metribuzin . . . . . . . . 96,814 . . . 96,814 Metsulfuron-methyl 141,681 28,985 48,742 10,536 . 401 . 7,357 . . . . 237,702 Metsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl 148,604 24,576 314,685 6,691 . . . . . . . . 494,556 Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 202,154 44,180 88,988 24,030 790 4,421 . . . . . . 364,564 Pendimethalin 241,818 36,534 20,996 . 4,237 712 . . 25,572 9,201 53,730 . 392,800 Pendimethalin/picolinafen 260,423 67,503 4,157 331 . 1,247 . . . . . . 333,662 Phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . . 63,543 63,543 Pinoxaden 100,661 141,050 166,212 1,285 . 401 . . . . . . 409,609 Propaquizafop . . . . . . 317,551 4,584 1,205 1,152 7,574 7,741 339,806 Propyzamide . . . . . . 393,697 . . . 12,327 . 406,024 Prosulfocarb 229,283 33,142 9,908 77 123 . . . 33,088 . 6,205 . 311,826 Quizalofop-P-ethyl . . . . . . 78,170 1,513 . . 1,417 2,975 84,075 Quizalofop-P-tefuryl . . . . . . 84,197 953 . 259 942 273 86,624 Tepraloxydim . . . . . . 132,018 9,810 49 6,730 22,037 22,165 192,809 Thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 22,004 5,993 63,638 6,828 . . . . . . . . 98,463 Tri-allate 50,725 7,120 2,118 . . . . 3,113 . . . 559 63,636 Tribenuron-methyl 55,170 15,079 10,721 3,873 3,590 15 . . . . . . 88,448 Triflusulfuron-methyl . . . . . . . . . . . 98,163 98,163 Other herbicides1 297,767 31,838 102,252 61,608 . 1,150 77,725 12,566 59,705 46,355 81,062 197,907 969,936 All herbicides 7,062,699 1,182,351 1,620,271 257,145 13,784 28,692 2,631,016 91,193 689,983 93,591 286,041 983,296 14,940,061

1 Other herbicides include 2,4-D/MCPA, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DB/MCPA, 2,4-DB/linuron/MCPA, bentazone, bromoxynil, bromoxynil/diflufenican/ioxynil, carfentrazone-ethyl/flupyrsulfuron-methyl, carfentrazone-ethyl/mecoprop-P, carfentrazone-ethyl/metsulfuron-methyl, chloridazon/ethofumesate, chloridazon/metamitron, chloridazon/quinmerac, chlorotoluron, chlorotoluron/isoproturon, clodinafop-propargyl/pinoxaden, clodinafop-propargyl/prosulfocarb, clomazone/linuron, clomazone/metazachlor, clopyralid/florasulam/fluroxypyr, clopyralid/fluroxypyr/triclopyr, desmedipham/ethofumesate/phenmedipham, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dichlorprop-P, diclofop-methyl/fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, diflufenican/flupyrsulfuron-methyl, diflufenican/flurtamone, diflufenican/metsulfuron-methyl, dimethenamid-P/metazachlor, ethofumesate, ethofumesate/metamitron, ethofumesate/phenmedipham, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, florasulam, flufenacet/metribuzin, flumioxazine, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/pyroxsulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl, glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate/pyraflufen-ethyl, imazamox/metazachlor, imazamox/pendimethalin, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, isoproturon, isoxaben/terbuthylazine, lenacil/triflusulfuron-methyl, MCPA, MCPA/MCPB, MCPB, mesotrione, napropamide, paraquat, pendimethalin/pyroxsulam, picolinafen, propoxycarbazone-sodium, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyridate, rimsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron methyl, Tralkoxydim and unspecified herbicides.

65


Wheat Winter barley




Sugar beet

All crops

Insecticides & nematicides

Alpha-cypermethrin 100,930 25,288 5,384 1,576 . . 139,596 526 . 3,480 15,501 . 292,281 Chlorpyrifos 58,030 1,942 7,494 211 . . . 97 . . . 541 68,314 Cypermethrin 770,954 136,282 23,549 29,336 8,134 435 488,519 5,847 1,652 2,261 29,435 206 1,496,610 Esfenvalerate 188,453 41,143 22,656 1,828 . 1,681 . . 39,185 737 3,536 . 299,220 Lambda-cyhalothrin 563,119 79,498 41,490 23,968 . . 548,826 11,122 85,432 23,295 79,229 4,984 1,460,965 Pirimicarb 38,397 878 . 911 . . 12,406 . 19,008 15,131 14,567 1,917 103,215 Tau-fluvalinate 69,303 5,722 3,281 . 617 . 267,816 3,318 . . 4,889 . 354,946 Thiacloprid . . . . . . 21,605 . 58,320 . . . 79,925 Zeta-cypermethrin 123,521 21,220 11,971 10,860 . 624 162,809 306 . 4,559 20,275 . 356,145 Other insecticides & nematicides1 70,825 7,499 4,635 1,052 . 33 88,535 . 98,779 2,420 8,705 13,089 295,573 All Insecticides & nematicides 1,983,532 319,472 120,460 69,743 8,751 2,773 1,730,112 21,217 302,374 51,882 176,138 20,737 4,807,192

Molluscicides & repellents Metaldehyde 232,698 9,219 1,201 417 . 401 340,984 588 112,199 . 913 2,859 701,477 Methiocarb 19,154 879 637 . . . 24,706 . 100,641 . . 1,636 147,654 Other molluscicides & repellents2 3,320 298 . . . . 11,929 . 13,288 . . . 28,834 All molluscicides & repellents 255,172 10,395 1,838 417 . 401 377,619 588 226,128 . 913 4,495 877,965

Sulphur 10,750 966 2,759 . . . 14,343 . 490 563 1,104 2,757 33,732 1 Other insecticides and nematicides include acetamiprid, beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, dimethoate, ethoprophos, flonicamid, fosthiazate, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb, oxamyl, permethrin, pymetrozine, thiamethoxam and unspecified insecticides. 2 Other molluscicides & repellents include calcium chloride, ferric phosphate and unspecified molluscicides.

66

Table 5 (cont) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (spray hectares)

Wheat Winter barley




Sugar beet

All crops

Growth regulators

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 121,361 33,023 27,443 60 . . . . . . . . 181,887 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 145,567 47,920 6,591 . 3,590 116 . . . . . . 203,785 Chlormequat 2,414,751 281,173 47,553 80,270 5,191 4,017 . . . . . . 2,832,954 Chlormequat chloride/mepiquat chloride 63,038 . . . . . . . . . . . 63,038 Chlormequat/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 59,833 19,147 3,704 . 123 . . . . . . . 82,807 Chlormequat/imazaquin 232,986 324 . 430 . . . . . . . . 233,740 Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 175,871 42,361 . 395 . . . . . . . . 218,628 Trinexapac-ethyl 1,392,321 143,381 44,200 50,374 1,600 3,199 . . . . . . 1,635,076 Other growth regulators1 29,644 11,734 4,588 . . 192 . . 19,442 . . . 65,600 All growth regulators 4,635,374 579,062 134,080 131,530 10,504 7,524 . . 19,442 . . . 5,517,515 1 Other growth regulators include 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat chloride, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat chloride, maleic hydrazide, and unspecified growth regulators.

67


Wheat Winter barley




Sugar beet

All crops

Seed treatments Fungicide seed treatments Carboxin/thiram 20,603 9,490 19,634 7,052 . . . . . . . . 56,780 Fludioxonil 117,929 11,347 19,210 7,331 . . . . . . . . 155,817 Fludioxonil/flutriafol 6,599 33,837 53,784 2,833 . . . . . . . . 97,053 Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconazole . 48,316 57,058 . . . . . . . . . 105,374 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 17,512 . . 265 . . . . . . . . 17,777 Fluquinconazole/prochloraz 101,611 971 . . . . . . . . . . 102,583 Hymexazol . . . . . . . . . . . 119,922 119,922 Prochloraz . . . . . . . 3,408 . . . . 3,408 Prochloraz/thiram . . . . . . 89,551 . . . . . 89,551 Prochloraz/triticonazole 213,202 100,711 198,907 18,899 3,926 . . . . . . . 535,644 Prothioconazole 377,443 41,360 53,934 15,265 . 1,217 . . . . . . 489,219 Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 234 267 4,383 63 . . . . . . . . 4,947 Silthiofam 185,223 6,720 419 . . . . . . . . . 192,362 Thiram . . . . . . 3,435 . . 5,369 264 119,922 128,990

Fungicide/insecticide seed treatments

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 451,064 30,586 336 9,159 . 157 . . . . . . 491,303 Fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M/thiamethoxam . . . . . . 301,168 . . . . . 301,168

Insecticide seed treatments

Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin . . . . . . 193,692 . . . . 26,365 220,057

Clothianidin 75,678 16,027 . 1,326 . . . . . . . . 93,031

Tefluthrin . . . . . . . . . . . 85,465 85,465

Thiamethoxam . . . . . . . . . . . 85,465 85,465

Unspecified seed treatments 487,146 83,031 133,717 39,180 1,686 10,298 242,962 14,553 61,984 13,476 37,995 . 1,126,028 Other seed treatments1 103,838 7,391 17,299 1,823 647 . 7,376 11,698 85,028 4,064 190 3,671 243,025 All seed treatments 2,158,082 390,054 558,681 103,196 6,259 11,672 838,184 29,659 147,012 22,909 38,449 440,810 4,744,969

1 Other seed treatments include beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid, cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M, difenoconazole/fludioxonil, fludioxonil/tefluthrin, fluquinconazole, flutolanil, fuberidazole/imidacloprid/triadimenol, fuberidazole/triadimenol, guazatine, guazatine/imazalil, imazalil, imazalil/pencycuron, imazalil/thiabendazole, imidacloprid, imidacloprid/tebuconazole/triazoxide, ipconazole, iprodione, pencycuron, tefluthrin, thiamethoxam and unspecified dual purpose dressing seed treatments

68

Table 6 Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (tonnes of active substances applied)

Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley




All crops

Fungicides Ametoctradin/dimethomorph . . . . . . . . 26.4 . . . 26.4 Azoxystrobin 9.2 0.92 0.77 1.06 0.98 0.31 30.32 . 8.09 1.47 3.95 . 57.07 Azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil 150.49 7.22 11.29 . . . . . 5.6 . . . 174.61 Azoxystrobin/cyproconazole 2.79 0.92 0.91 3.72 . 0.16 22.07 . . . . 1.35 31.9 Benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 56.36 . . . 56.36 Bixafen/fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 25.43 0.22 . . 0.12 . . . . . . . 25.77 Bixafen/prothioconazole 61.91 18.69 7.76 0.28 . . . . . . . . 88.65 Bixafen/prothioconazole/spiroxamine 55.75 . . 0.13 . . . . . . . . 55.88 Bixafen/prothioconazole/tebuconazole 62.15 . . . . . . . . . . . 62.15 Boscalid . . 0.08 . . . 52.26 0.42 . . . . 52.76 Boscalid/epoxiconazole 148.52 1.93 3.28 0.65 . . . . . . . . 154.37 Boscalid/epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 42.13 0.03 0.66 0.22 0.15 . . . . . . . 43.2 Boscalid/metconazole . . . . . . 12.98 . . . . . 12.98 Carbendazim 1.54 . 0.12 . . . 44.07 . . . . . 45.73 Carbendazim/flusilazole 0.6 0.36 0.59 . . . 35.32 . . . . 0.85 37.72 Chlorothalonil 444.93 33.05 85.27 0.4 . 0.36 0.35 . 0.72 0.41 5.26 . 570.74 Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole 92.53 1.71 2.38 0.09 . . . . . 7.88 56.55 . 161.14 Chlorothalonil/cyproconazole/propiconazole 236.5 0.99 5.12 0.22 . 0.69 . . . . . . 243.53 Chlorothalonil/picoxystrobin 6.62 7.37 19.87 . . . . . . . . . 33.85 Chlorothalonil/proquinazid 29.04 1.85 1.51 . . . . . . . . . 32.39 Chlorothalonil/tebuconazole 43.55 0.41 0.24 . . . . . . . . . 44.2 Cyazofamid . . . . . . . . 31.69 . . . 31.69 Cyflufenamid 0.36 0.1 0.04 0.08 . . . . . . . . 0.58 Cymoxanil . . . . . . . . 30.22 . . . 30.22 Cymoxanil/famoxadone . . . . . . . . 15.47 . . . 15.47 Cymoxanil/mancozeb . . . . . . . . 564.27 . . . 564.27 Cyproconazole 5.17 0.07 0.06 0.43 0.05 . 0.01 . . . 0.13 0.09 6.01 Cyproconazole/trifloxystrobin . 0.01 . . . . . . . . . 19.09 19.1 Cyprodinil 0.27 7.3 4.46 . . . . . . . . . 12.04 Cyprodinil/isopyrazam 0.01 13.57 10.34 . . . . . . . . . 23.92 Cyprodinil/picoxystrobin 0.31 11.62 11.54 . . . . . . . . . 23.48 Difenoconazole . . . . . . 5.29 0.31 . . . . 5.6 Difenoconazole/fenpropidin . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 23.6 Dimoxystrobin/epoxiconazole 9.97 . . . . . . . . . . . 9.97 Epoxiconazole 57.38 0.31 1.22 0.52 0.13 0.49 . . . . . . 60.06 Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph 10.46 1.09 0.63 1.5 0.18 0.14 . . . . . . 13.99 Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/kresoxim-methyl 28.19 2.12 2.71 2.56 . 0.17 . . . . . . 35.74 Epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/metrafenone 43.55 1.13 1.56 1.49 . . . . . . . . 47.72 Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad 45.04 0.35 0.2 . . 0.01 . . . . . . 45.59 Epoxiconazole/fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin 9.41 1.32 0.01 0.06 . . . . . . . . 10.8 Epoxiconazole/isopyrazam 32.81 1.09 1.59 0.07 0.04 . . . . . . . 35.61 Epoxiconazole/kresoxim-methyl/pyraclostrobin 10.78 0.54 0.35 0.05 . . . . . . . . 11.72

69

Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (tonnes of active substances applied)

Wheat Winter

barley Spring barley Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed


beet All

crops Fungicides (cont.) Epoxiconazole/metconazole 36.67 0.1 0.04 . . 0.16 . . . . . . 36.97 Epoxiconazole/metrafenone 14.76 0.89 0.57 1.28 . . . . . . . . 17.5 Epoxiconazole/prochloraz 55.44 0.51 2.22 . 0.21 . . . . . . . 58.38 Epoxiconazole/pyraclostrobin 10.29 0.32 0.2 1.1 . . . . . . . 1.43 13.34 Famoxadone/flusilazole 0.36 0.44 0.37 . . . 15.79 . . . . . 16.97 Fenpropidin 18.22 4.02 5.54 0.3 . 0.01 . . . . . . 28.09 Fenpropimorph 19.72 18.28 4.32 7.28 . 0.14 . . . . . . 49.75 Fenpropimorph/flusilazole 0.54 13.34 7.31 . . . . . . . . . 21.19 Fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin 51.33 3.94 5.25 2.13 . . . . . . . . 62.65 Fluazinam . . . . . . . . 68.85 . . . 68.85 Fluopicolide/propamocarb hydrochloride . . . . . . . . 125.06 . . . 125.06 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 33.62 9.61 11.11 1.29 0.07 . . . . . . . 55.69 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 1.12 10.4 12.22 . . 0.01 . . . . . . 23.74 Fluquinconazole/prochloraz 0.22 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.22 Flusilazole 0.25 0.38 0.88 0.09 . . 23.84 . . . . 0.22 25.67 Fluxapyroxad 7.69 0.07 . . . . . . . . . . 7.76 Folpet 108.1 24.72 26.67 . . . . . . . . . 159.49 Mancozeb 17.55 . 0.87 0.02 . . 0.31 . 65.86 . . . 84.61 Mandipropamid . . . . . . . . 35.51 . . . 35.51 Metconazole 3.49 . 0.13 . . . 11.88 0.1 . 0.04 0.02 . 15.66 Metrafenone 1.7 0.67 0.53 0.27 . . . . . . . . 3.18 Picoxystrobin 0.71 0.21 0.63 0.19 . . 30.27 . . . . . 32.01 Prochloraz 13.11 0.25 0.13 0.04 . . 3.21 . . . . . 16.74 Prochloraz/tebuconazole 35.32 0.3 . 0.09 . . 25.79 . . . . . 61.49 Proquinazid 5.17 0.7 0.6 0.61 . . . . . . . . 7.08 Prothioconazole 33.81 3.21 6.11 0.24 . . 32.97 . . . . . 76.34 Prothioconazole/spiroxamine 56.54 19.35 42.65 2.52 . . . . . . . . 121.06 Prothioconazole/spiroxamine/tebuconazole 33.51 4.32 9.2 0.78 0.03 . . . . . . . 47.84 Prothioconazole/tebuconazole 115.98 5.77 6.18 1.77 0.07 . 79.59 . . . . . 209.36 Prothioconazole/trifloxystrobin 4.42 15.71 14.74 . . 0.03 . . . . . . 34.89 Pyraclostrobin 26.52 2.26 2.02 0.7 0.01 0.03 . . . . . . 31.54 Tebuconazole 87.67 0.36 0.95 1.97 0.83 0.07 40.07 4.21 0.01 . 6.56 . 142.71 Trifloxystrobin 0.18 3.04 2.96 . . . . . . . . . 6.17 Other fungicides1,2 75.34 10.39 9.73 6.52 . 0.53 24.91 . 167.58 2.48 27.93 . 325.4 All fungicides 2,536.74 269.86 348.69 42.7 2.87 3.33 491.3 5.04 1,201.69 12.28 100.4 46.63 5,061.51 1 Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2 Other fungicides include amisulbrom, azoxystrobin/chlorothalonil/cyprodinil, azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph, boscalid/pyraclostrobin, chlorothalonil/flusilazole, chlorothalonil/flutriafol, chlorothalonil/mancozeb, chlorothalonil/metalaxyl-M, chlorothalonil/propamocarb hydrochloride, chlorothalonil/propiconazole, chlorothalonil/pyrimethanil, copper oxychloride, copper sulphate, cyazofamid/polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane/cymoxanil, cymoxanil/fluazinam, cymoxanil/propamocarb hydrochloride, cyproconazole/cyprodinil, cyproconazole/picoxystrobin, cyproconazole/propiconazole, dimethomorph/mancozeb, epoxiconazole/fenpropimorph/pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole/kresoxim-methyl, fenamidone/propamocarb hydrochloride, fenpropidin/prochloraz/tebuconazole, fenpropimorph/kresoxim-methyl, fenpropimorph/quinoxyfen, fluazinam/metalaxyl-M, fluquinconazole, flutriafol, iprodione, iprodione/thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb/metalaxyl-M, mancozeb/zoxamide, pencycuron, prochloraz/propiconazole, prochloraz/proquinazid/tebuconazole, propiconazole, quinoxyfen, spiroxamine, spiroxamine/tebuconazole, tebuconazole/triadimenol, thiophanate-methyl and unspecified fungicides.

70


Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley




All crops

Herbicides & desiccants

Amidosulfuron 0.6 0.17 0.03 0.05 . . . 0.14 . . . . 0.99 Amidosulfuron/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 1.01 0.11 0.14 . . . . 0.27 . . . . 1.53 Bifenox . . . . . . 40.37 . . . . . 40.37 Bromoxynil/ioxynil 9.58 1.24 20.11 1.04 0.01 0.97 . . . . . . 32.95 Carbetamide . . . . . . 103.85 0.75 . . 20.79 . 125.39 Carfentrazone-ethyl 0.03 . 0.01 . . . . 0.04 2.28 . . 0.01 2.36 Chloridazon . . . . . . . . . . . 57.32 57.32 Chlorotoluron/diflufenican 265.53 165.87 15.11 . . . . . . . . . 446.5 Clodinafop-propargyl 3.25 . . . . 0.05 . . . . . . 3.3 Clomazone . . . . . . 9.03 . 0.65 0.37 2.21 . 12.26 Clopyralid 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.03 . . 3.49 0.01 . . . 4.74 8.43 Clopyralid/picloram . . . . . . 18.65 . . . . . 18.65 Cycloxydim . . . . . . 8.46 1.36 0.69 0.4 0.99 1.77 13.67 Desmedipham/ethofumesate/lenacil/phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . . 27.95 27.95 Desmedipham/phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . . 13.68 13.68 Dicamba/mecoprop-P 4.54 1.28 42.57 2.65 . . . . . . . . 51.05 Diflufenican 28.39 3.19 0.64 1.03 0.03 0.01 . . . . . . 33.3 Diflufenican/flufenacet 169.13 33.37 0.01 0.87 0.2 0.42 . . . . . . 204.01 Diflufenican/flufenacet/flurtamone 88.9 2.18 . . . . . . . . . . 91.08 Diflufenican/iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 2.94 . . . . . . . . . . . 2.95 Diflufenican/mecoprop-P 77.49 8.16 . 0.11 . 0.02 . . . . . . 85.79 Diflufenican/pendimethalin 60.41 13.23 . . . 0.91 . . . . . . 74.55 Dimethenamid-P/metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 161.66 . . . . . 161.66 Diquat 0.07 0.07 0.01 . . . 0.98 0.68 105.06 0.26 0.86 0.18 108.16 Florasulam/fluroxypyr 23.2 5.51 2.34 2.12 . 0.1 . . . . . . 33.27 Florasulam/pyroxsulam 3.56 . . . . . . . . . . . 3.57 Fluazifop-P-butyl . . . . . . 9.6 0.05 . 0.06 0.33 0.08 10.12 Flufenacet/pendimethalin 491.9 60.85 . . 0.56 . . . . . . . 553.31 Flupyrsulfuron-methyl 1.08 0.3 . 0.02 . . . 0.04 . . . . 1.44 Fluroxypyr 61.19 7.25 14.64 3.89 0.1 0.15 . . . . . . 87.22 Glyphosate 536.15 94.32 180 27.53 0.67 4.21 305.11 15.95 54.06 16.62 41.48 62.18 1,338.27 Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium/mesosulfuron-methyl 13.27 0.01 . 0.01 . . . . . . . . 13.29 Lenacil . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 7.4 Linuron . . . . . . . . 52.85 0.29 1.1 . 54.24 Mecoprop-P 99.19 18.63 128.59 13.81 1.33 2.14 . . . . . . 263.69

71


Wheat Winter barley




Sugar beet

All crops

Herbicides & desiccants (cont)

Metamitron . . . . . . . . . . . 111.53 111.53 Metazachlor . . . . . . 131.8 . . . . . 131.8 Metazachlor/quinmerac . . . . . . 156.97 . . . . . 156.97 Metribuzin . . . . . . . . 48.24 . . . 48.24 Metsulfuron-methyl 0.57 0.13 0.22 0.05 . . . 0.03 . . . . 1.01 Metsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl 4.45 0.75 10.29 0.16 . . . . . . . . 15.64 Metsulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 1.91 0.41 0.93 0.24 0.01 0.05 . . . . . . 3.54 Pendimethalin 197.82 30.54 18.7 . 2.61 0.87 . . 27.76 7.23 48.77 . 334.31 Pendimethalin/picolinafen 202.35 48.08 3.05 0.34 . 1.26 . . . . . . 255.08 Phenmedipham . . . . . . . . . . . 16.28 16.28 Pinoxaden 3.5 5.13 5.75 0.03 . 0.02 . . . . . . 14.43 Propaquizafop . . . . . . 16.2 0.27 0.12 0.04 0.49 0.65 17.76 Propyzamide . . . . . . 306.97 . . . 9.77 . 316.75 Prosulfocarb 422.8 64.87 18.37 0.18 0.1 . . . 96.63 . 17.47 . 620.43 Quizalofop-P-ethyl . . . . . . 2.38 0.07 . . 0.05 0.1 2.6 Quizalofop-P-tefuryl . . . . . . 2.9 0.07 . 0.01 0.04 0.01 3.03 Tepraloxydim . . . . . . 6.29 0.58 . 0.32 1.2 1.19 9.59 Thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron-methyl 0.47 0.15 1.74 0.16 . . . . . . . . 2.53 Tri-allate 80.79 12.59 3.25 . . . . 6.92 . . . 0.69 104.24 Tribenuron-methyl 0.38 0.09 0.09 0.04 0.05 . . . . . . . 0.65 Triflusulfuron-methyl . . . . . . . . . . . 1.08 1.08 Other herbicides1 69.33 14.89 54.89 4.01 . 0.4 38.68 7.73 22.83 31.9 12.7 84.31 341.69 All herbicides 2,455.80 579.61 398.84 54.19 1.69 2.59 1,431.20 71.8 324.96 103.05 398.41 429.24 6,251.40

1 Other herbicides include 2,4-D/MCPA, 2,4-DB, 2,4-DB/MCPA, 2,4-DB/linuron/MCPA, bentazone, bromoxynil, bromoxynil/diflufenican/ioxynil, carfentrazone-ethyl/flupyrsulfuron-methyl, carfentrazone-ethyl/mecoprop-P, carfentrazone-ethyl/metsulfuron-methyl, chloridazon/ethofumesate, chloridazon/metamitron, chloridazon/quinmerac, chlorotoluron, chlorotoluron/isoproturon, clodinafop-propargyl/pinoxaden, clodinafop-propargyl/prosulfocarb, clomazone/linuron, clomazone/metazachlor, clopyralid/florasulam/fluroxypyr, clopyralid/fluroxypyr/triclopyr, desmedipham/ethofumesate/phenmedipham, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dichlorprop-P, diclofop-methyl/fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, diflufenican/flupyrsulfuron-methyl, diflufenican/flurtamone, diflufenican/metsulfuron-methyl, dimethenamid-P/metazachlor, ethofumesate, ethofumesate/metamitron, ethofumesate/phenmedipham, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, florasulam, flufenacet/metribuzin, flumioxazine, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/pyroxsulam, flupyrsulfuron-methyl/thifensulfuron-methyl, glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate/pyraflufen-ethyl, imazamox/metazachlor, imazamox/pendimethalin, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, isoproturon, isoxaben/terbuthylazine, lenacil/triflusulfuron-methyl, MCPA, MCPA/MCPB, MCPB, mesotrione, napropamide, paraquat, pendimethalin/pyroxsulam, picolinafen, propoxycarbazone-sodium, pyraflufen-ethyl, pyridate, rimsulfuron, sulfosulfuron, thifensulfuron-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl/tribenuron methyl, Tralkoxydim and unspecified herbicides

72

Table 6 (cont) Usage of pesticides on arable crops grown in the United Kingdom, 2012 (tonnes of active substances applied)

Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley




All crops

Insecticides & nematicides

Alpha-cypermethrin 1.34 0.33 0.08 0.02 . . 1.59 0.01 . 0.04 0.22 . 3.62 Chlorpyrifos 35.72 1.43 4.13 0.15 . . . 0.11 . . . 0.39 41.93 Cypermethrin 18.48 3.29 0.58 0.73 0.2 0.01 12.06 0.15 0.04 0.06 0.71 . 36.3 Esfenvalerate 0.6 0.14 0.07 0.01 . 0.01 . . 0.18 . 0.02 . 1.02 Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.6 0.37 0.18 0.1 . . 3.47 0.08 0.59 0.15 0.55 0.04 8.12 Pirimicarb 3.39 0.12 . 0.1 . . 1.24 . 2.21 1.59 1.51 0.27 10.43 Tau-fluvalinate 2.03 0.21 0.1 . 0.02 . 11.74 0.16 . . 0.24 . 14.51 Thiacloprid . . . . . . 1.49 . 5.32 . . . 6.81 Zeta-cypermethrin 1.24 0.21 0.11 0.11 . 0.01 1.61 . . 0.05 0.24 . 3.58 Other insecticides & nematicides1 14.1 0.03 0.1 . . . 2.45 . 119.66 0.04 0.08 3.35 139.82 All insecticides & nematicides 79.51 6.13 5.35 1.22 0.22 0.02 35.64 0.51 128 1.92 3.56 4.05 266.14

Molluscicides & repellents Metaldehyde 36.41 1.13 0.22 0.04 . 0.12 55.41 0.1 13.4 . 0.12 0.49 107.45 Methiocarb 1.81 0.12 0.05 . . . 2.71 . 10.71 . . 0.14 15.55 Other molluscicides & repellents2 0.16 0.01 . . . . 1.25 . 1.47 . . . 2.9 All molluscicides & repellents 38.39 1.26 0.27 0.04 . 0.12 59.38 0.1 25.58 . 0.12 0.64 125.9

Sulphur 38.06 3.28 6.12 . . . 20.64 . 2.74 2.38 3.12 42.75 119.09 1 Other insecticides and nematicides include acetamiprid, beta-cyfluthrin, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, dimethoate, ethoprophos, flonicamid, fosthiazate, indoxacarb, lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb, oxamyl, permethrin, pymetrozine, thiamethoxam and unspecified insecticides. 2 Other molluscicides & repellents include calcium chloride, ferric phosphate and unspecified molluscicides.

73


Wheat Winter barley




Sugar beet

All crops

Growth regulators

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 22.66 7.02 5.1 0.01 . . . . . . . . 34.8 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat 54.22 18.93 1.35 . 1.65 0.07 . . . . . . 76.22 Chlormequat 1,957.74 246.18 29.86 86.78 7.35 2.72 . . . . . . 2,330.63 Chlormequat chloride/mepiquat chloride 37.93 . . . . . . . . . . . 37.93 Chlormequat/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 28.06 10 1.26 . 0.03 . . . . . . . 39.35 Chlormequat/imazaquin 121.74 0.23 . 0.24 . . . . . . . . 122.21 Mepiquat chloride/prohexadione-calcium 26.72 7.51 . 0.09 . . . . . . . . 34.31 Trinexapac-ethyl 46.61 5.48 1.78 1.83 0.08 0.13 . . . . . . 55.91 Other growth regulators1 12.47 4.96 1.32 . . 0.09 . . 53.37 . . . 72.21 All growth regulators 2,308.14 300.3 40.68 88.95 9.11 3.01 . . 53.37 . . . 2,803.56 1 Other growth regulators include 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat chloride, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid, chlormequat chloride/2-chloroethylphosphonic acid/mepiquat chloride, maleic hydrazide, and unspecified growth regulators.

74


Wheat Winter barley

Spring barley Oats Rye Triticale Oilseed


beet All

crops

Seed treatments

Fungicide seed treatments

Carboxin/thiram 4.43 1.96 4.54 1.41 . . . . . . . . 12.34 Fludioxonil 1.06 0.1 0.18 0.06 . . . . . . . . 1.4 Fludioxonil/flutriafol 0.04 0.16 0.4 0.06 . . . . . . . . 0.66 Fluopyram/prothioconazole/tebuconazole . 0.78 0.96 . . . . . . . . . 1.74 Fluoxastrobin/prothioconazole 0.35 . . . . . . . . . . . 0.35 Fluquinconazole/prochloraz 15.61 0.15 . . . . . . . . . . 15.76 Hymexazol . . . . . . . . . . . 1.35 1.35 Prochloraz . . . . . . . 0.07 . . . . 0.07 Prochloraz/thiram . . . . . . 2.24 . . . . . 2.24 Prochloraz/triticonazole 6.18 2.82 6.12 0.47 0.06 . . . . . . . 15.66 Prothioconazole 6.73 0.71 1.02 0.23 . 0.02 . . . . . . 8.72 Prothioconazole/tebuconazole . . 0.08 . . . . . . . . . 0.09 Silthiofam 8.23 0.29 0.02 . . . . . . . . . 8.54 Thiram . . . . . . 0.06 . . 0.83 0.06 0.62 1.57

Fungicide/insecticide seed treatments

Clothianidin/prothioconazole 48.04 3.14 0.04 0.79 . 0.02 . . . . . . 52.01 Fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M/thiamethoxam . . . . . . 8.5 . . . . . 8.5 Insecticide seed treatments

Beta-cyfluthrin/clothianidin . . . . . . 6.65 . . . . 1.92 8.57 Clothianidin 6.71 1.37 . 0.09 . . . . . . . . 8.17 Tefluthrin . . . . . . . . . . . 0.73 0.73 Thiamethoxam . . . . . . . . . . . 5.49 5.49 Unspecified seed treatments1 Other seed treatments2 6.04 0.33 0.76 0.14 0.02 . 0.08 1.95 27.19 0.68 0.02 0.35 39.07

All seed treatments 103.42 11.81 14.13 3.25 0.09 0.03 17.53 2.02 27.19 1.51 0.08 10.46 193

1There is no weight associated with unspecified seed treatments

2Other seed treatments include beta-cyfluthrin/imidacloprid, cymoxanil/fludioxonil/metalaxyl-M, difenoconazole/fludioxonil, fludioxonil/tefluthrin, fluquinconazole, flutolanil, fuberidazole/imidacloprid/triadimenol, fuberidazole/triadimenol, guazatine, guazatine/imazalil, imazalil, imazalil/pencycuron, imazalil/thiabendazole, imidacloprid, imidacloprid/tebuconazole/triazoxide, ipconazole, iprodione, pencycuron, tefluthrin, thiamethoxam and unspecified dual purpose dressing seed treatments.

75

Table 7 Estimated area (ha) of application of the fifty most extensively-used active substances on all arable crops surveyed in 2012 in the

United Kingdom (excluding seed treatments)

Active substance Area treated 2012 (ha) Area treated 2010 (ha) % change on 2010 Movement

1 Prothioconazole 4,386,569 3,239,994 35 ↑

2 Epoxiconazole 4,038,762 3,568,096 13 ↑

3 Chlormequat 3,149,502 2,784,188 13 ↑

4 Tebuconazole 3,115,847 2,009,929 55 ↑

5 Chlorothalonil 2,828,997 3,716,790 -24 ↓

6 Diflufenican 2,306,451 1,714,328 35 ↑

7 Trinexapac-ethyl 1,635,076 1,018,223 61 ↑

8 Glyphosate 1,622,027 1,672,714 -3 ↓

9 Flufenacet 1,612,040 1,290,780 25 ↑

10 Cypermethrin 1,496,610 1,224,561 22 ↑

11 Lambda-cyhalothrin 1,471,413 1,143,073 29 ↑

12 Pendimethalin 1,400,955 1,180,760 19 ↑

13 Cyproconazole 1,388,370 1,256,096 11 ↑

14 Boscalid 1,190,731 822,325 45 ↑

15 Pyraclostrobin 1,102,882 1,442,693 -24 ↓

16 Metsulfuron-methyl 1,102,039 1,066,084 3 ↑

17 Iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 1,073,098 1,179,205 -9 ↓

18 Fluroxypyr 1,068,369 897,774 19 ↑

19 Fenpropimorph 965,860 948,771 2 ↑

20 Mesosulfuron-methyl 961,551 1,105,467 -13 ↓

21 Metconazole 959,515 743,237 29 ↑

22 Bixafen 914,451 . .

23 Azoxystrobin 893,447 1,027,984 -13 ↓

24 Cymoxanil 848,593 487,646 74 ↑

25 Spiroxamine 807,652 650,106 24 ↑

26 Mecoprop-P 729,000 667,979 9 ↑

27 Metaldehyde 701,477 755,059 -7 ↓

28 Fluoxastrobin 662,164 491,175 35 ↑

29 Prochloraz 661,461 662,731 0 =

30 Flusilazole 659,584 553,256 19 ↑

31 Mancozeb 648,255 558,369 16 ↑

32 Thifensulfuron-methyl 615,683 599,976 3 ↑

33 Propiconazole 609,161 681,032 -11 ↓

34 Metazachlor 604,456 463,618 30 ↑

35 Florasulam 585,710 509,526 15 ↑

36 Trifloxystrobin 577,344 569,561 1 ↑

37 Fluxapyroxad 571,708 . .

38 Tribenuron-methyl 553,148 552,617 0 =

39 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 511,881 280,956 82 ↑

40 Metrafenone 431,902 552,542 -22 ↓

41 Pinoxaden 428,570 313,611 37 ↑

42 Proquinazid 419,809 352,867 19 ↑

43 Carbendazim 409,967 339,792 21 ↑

44 Propyzamide 406,024 253,946 60 ↑

45 Cyazofamid 386,441 283,413 36 ↑

46 Folpet 380,795 . .

47 Fluazinam 378,580 385,662 -2 ↓

48 Zeta-cypermethrin 356,145 233,887 52 ↑

49 Tau-fluvalinate 354,946 230,213 54 ↑

50 Picolinafen 346,791 242,258 43 ↑

76

Table 8 Estimated amount (tonnes) of the 50 active substances, used most by weight, on all arable crops surveyed in 2012 in the United

Kingdom (excluding seed treatments)

Active substance Amount used 2012 (t) Amount used 2010 (t) % change on 2010 Movement

1 Chlormequat 2,479 2,393 4 ↑ 2 Glyphosate 1,340 1,489 -10 ↓ 3 Chlorothalonil 1,181 1,612 -27 ↓

4 Pendimethalin 1,176 995 18 ↑

5 Mancozeb 761 595 28 ↑

6 Prosulfocarb 695 568 22 ↑

7 Chlorotoluron 450 644 -30 ↓

8 Prothioconazole 424 278 52 ↑

9 Mecoprop-P 393 353 12 ↑

10 Metazachlor 344 276 25 ↑

11 Propyzamide 317 192 65 ↑

12 Tebuconazole 315 185 70 ↑

13 Flufenacet 308 245 26 ↑

14 Epoxiconazole 224 198 13 ↑

15 Boscalid 208 155 34 ↑

16 Fenpropimorph 180 170 6 ↑ 17 Folpet 159 . . =

18 Propamocarb hydrochloride 159 171 -7 ↓

19 Spiroxamine 150 112 34 ↑ 20 Metamitron 137 184 -25 ↓

21 Diflufenican 126 87 44 ↑

22 Carbetamide 125 143 -12 ↓

23 Fluroxypyr 122 102 20 ↑

24 Prochloraz 120 120 0 =

25 Sulphur 119 106 12 ↑ 26 Azoxystrobin 111 127 -12 ↓

27 Diquat 108 118 -8 ↓

28 Metaldehyde 107 159 -32 ↓

29 Tri-allate 104 38 177 ↑

30 Dimethenamid-P 84 70 20 ↑

31 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 80 39 104 ↑ 32 Oxamyl 78 58 36 ↑ 33 Pyraclostrobin 78 112 -31 ↓

34 Cymoxanil 76 44 73 ↑

35 Linuron 73 51 44 ↑

36 Fluazinam 69 65 6 ↑

37 Chloridazon 66 50 32 ↑

38 Flusilazole 66 53 25 ↑

39 Quinmerac 64 55 16 ↑ 40 Cyproconazole 64 56 13 ↑ 41 Carbendazim 58 47 23 ↑ 42 Trinexapac-ethyl 56 37 51 ↑

43 Bixafen 55 . .

44 Maleic hydrazide 53 64 -16 ↓

45 Metribuzin 53 49 7 ↑ 46 Fenpropidin 53 32 66 ↑ 47 Mepiquat 51 7 662 ↑

48 MCPA 49 34 43 ↑

49 Cyprodinil 49 50 -3 ↓

50 Picoxystrobin 45 35 27 ↑

77

Table 9 Pesticides recorded at a significant level in the United Kingdom in 2012 but not in 2010

Active substance Area treated 2012 (ha) Amount used 2012 (t)

1 Bixafen 914,451 55

2 Fluxapyroxad 571,708 34

3 Folpet 380,795 159

4 Beta-cyfluthrin 48,022 <1

5 Indoxacarb 46,488 1

6 Permethrin 2,414 <1

7 Copper sulphate 1,352 <1

8 Triclopyr 37 <1

Table 10 Major increases in the use of individual active substances on arable crops in the United Kingdom since 2010 (area treated- ha)

Active substance Area treated 2012 (ha) Area treated 2010 (ha) % change on 2010 1 Diclofop-methyl 1,344 11 11,714 2 Napropamide 14,812 243 5,997 3 Ametoctradin 64,887 4,726 1,273 4 Pyridate 1,246 116 975 5 Isopyrazam 278,699 32,085 769 6 Mepiquat 203,785 29,489 591 7 2,4-D 754 114 561 8 Dimethomorph 84,090 15,191 454 9 Ferric phosphate 22,712 5,724 297 10 Tri-allate 63,636 17,163 271 11 Flurtamone 256,019 71,062 260 12 Lenacil 204,923 81,551 151 13 Thiacloprid 79,925 32,271 148 14 Acetamiprid 9,072 3,768 141 15 Esfenvalerate 299,220 126,016 137 16 Zoxamide 47,598 20,284 135 17 Pyrimethanil 10,821 5,117 111 18 Flumioxazine 5,560 2,681 107 19 Bifenox 98,242 53,683 83 20 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid 511,881 280,956 82

Table 11 Major decreases in the use of individual active substances on arable crops in the United Kingdom since 2010 (area treated- ha)

Active substance Area treated 2012 (ha) Area treated 2010 (ha) % change on 2010 1 Bifenthrin 325 127,017 -100 2 Propoxycarbazone-sodium 32 5,317 -99 3 Fluquinconazole 889 75,635 -99 4 Isoproturon 237 5,161 -95 5 Dichlorprop-P 1,733 13,092 -87 6 Thiamethoxam 1,103 4,677 -76 7 Copper oxychloride 6,007 24,625 -76 8 Calcium chloride 210 815 -74

9 Polyalkyleneoxide modified heptamethyltrisiloxane 4,616 17,737 -74

10 Triadimenol 7,237 25,743 -72 11 Paraquat 32 104 -69 12 MCPB 9,793 27,133 -64 13 Sulfosulfuron 3,302 9,119 -64 14 Fosthiazate 6,232 15,203 -59 15 Rimsulfuron 20,029 48,568 -59 16 2,4-DB 4,432 10,328 -57 17 Bentazone 28,796 58,737 -51 18 Flutriafol 11,851 23,890 -50 19 Quinoxyfen 14,459 26,749 -46 20 Isoxaben 21,155 38,118 -45

78

Table 12 – Comparison of pesticide usage in the United Kingdom between 20002 and 2012 20002

2008 2010 2012

Area

treated (ha) Weight

applied (t) Area

treated (ha) Weight

applied (t) Area

treated (ha) Weight

applied (t) Area

treated (ha) Weight

applied (t)

Insecticides

Carbamates 251,534 25

155,512 124

170,685 72

125,037 89

Organochlorines 3,482 3

. .

. .

. .

Organophosphates 252,000 94

239,941 136

149,039 84

102,853 78

Pyrethroids 3,088,801 56

4,001,042 65

3,355,962 52

4,349,631 68

Other insecticides 63,914 7

126,294 13

0 9,727

223,439 18

Total - all insecticides1 3,659,731 185

4,522,789 338

3,807,619 222

4,800,960 252

Biological control agents . .

1,569 .

. .

. .

Sulphuric acid 74,938 11,976

7,469 1,033

. .

. .

Fungicides 14,428,727 4,072

19,173,509 5,209

17,701,996 4,565

20,252,722 5,061

Sulphur 101,630 354

69,288 141

39,971 107

33,732 119

Growth regulators 3,944,784 3,134

5,172,226 3,252

4,293,759 2,631

5,517,515 2,804

Herbicides & desiccants 13,513,475 8,123

15,291,682 8,236

14,077,040 6,252

14,940,062 6,619

Molluscicides & repellents 1,267,729 387

1,687,659 486

926,140 174

877,965 126

Nematicides 34,517 254

13,468 33

15,203 36

6,232 14

Seed treatments 4,234,967 345

4,772,733 199

4,531,578 223

4,744,969 192

Total - all registered pesticides 41,178,451 28,289 50,712,483 18,927 45,393,307 14,210 51,174,157 15,187

Area grown 4,256,279

4,298,900

4,160,983

4,310,390

1Includes oxamyl and ethoprophos which have both insecticidal and nematicidal properties

2Data for Northern Ireland were not available for 2000

79

APPENDIX 2 – DEFINITIONS a) 'Pesticide' is used throughout this report to include commercial formulations containing active substances used as acaricides, biological control agents, defoliants, desiccants, fungicides, growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, molluscicides, nematicides or urea. b) 'Treated area' is the gross area treated with a pesticide, including all repeat applications, some of which may have been applied to the land in preparation for planting, or applied to the margins of the crop and thus may appear as an inappropriate use on that crop. c) Where quoted in the text or within figures, reasons for application are the grower's stated reasons for use of that particular pesticide on that crop and may not always seem entirely appropriate. d) Where individual active substances are mentioned in the text, they are listed in descending order of use by hectares treated.

e) Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides.

g) Throughout all tables, “.” indicates that there was no recorded usage.

h) The term “formulation(s)” used within the text is used here to describe either single active substances or mixtures of active substances contained within an individual product. It does not refer to any of the solvents, pH modifiers or adjuvants also contained within a product that contribute to its efficacy.

i) For the purposes of this survey arable crops include the following: wheat; winter barley; spring barley; oats; rye; triticale; oilseed rape; linseed; flax; ware potatoes; seed potatoes; peas for harvesting dry; field beans, sugar beet and other combinable crops including borage, hemp, lupins and poppies.

j) Pesticide applications included those applied prior to planting, or in some cases to crops that failed and were subsequently re-planted, and as these are associated with that crop they may appear as inappropriate uses.

k) Within the seed treatment tables at the end of each crop section, unspecified or unknown seed treatments have been excluded from the last column in order to express the known seed treatment areas as a proportion of the total area of each crop grown. The increased area of unspecified seed treatments within this report has resulted from the extraction of data directly from farm management software reports where seed treatment information has not been included.

80

APPENDIX 3 – METHODOLOGY

METHODS

The samples of holdings to be surveyed were selected using data from the Agricultural Census Returns, June 2011 for England & Wales (Anon., 2012a, 2012b), for Scotland (Anon., 2012c) and Northern Ireland (Anon, 2012d).

The samples were drawn from the census returns so as to represent the area of all arable crops grown throughout England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. For England the sample was selected within each of the eight Government Office Regions (GOR’s), the Welsh Assembly Government provided a further sample, which represented the area grown in Wales, and for Scotland the country was divided into 11 land-use regions (Wood, 1931).

For the purposes of this survey the total area of arable farm crops was taken as the sum of the areas of the following crops: wheat; winter barley; spring barley; oats; rye; triticale; oilseed rape; linseed; ware potatoes; seed potatoes; peas for harvesting dry; field beans; and sugar beet. A number of minor combinable crops were encountered in the survey, including lupins, mixed corn and camelina. These minor crops accounted for one percent of the total arable area grown in the United Kingdom.

The samples were stratified according to the total area of all arable crops grown in each region and by farm size group based on the total area of arable crops on each farm. The area of arable crops sampled in each size group and each region was proportional to the total area of arable crops grown on holdings of each size group in each region. All three survey teams followed the same methodology for data collection and used the same forms and instructions for their completion. The size groups, based on the total arable area are as follows: <50ha;>50-<=100 ha;>100-<=150 ha;>150-<=250 ha;>250-<=500 ha and >500 ha.

For the first time in 2012, data for the majority of holdings in England & Wales were obtained electronically from a commercial research company, GfK Kynetec, who have a long history, over 20 years, of managing arable farm pesticide usage surveys. As part of the current agreement with GfK Kynetec and as part of the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) that FERA has with CRD, they provide data to FERA on pesticide usage for the arable survey. The GfK Kynetec survey has a large (over 1,100 farms in England & Wales) existing panel of farmers who provide data on their arable pesticide usage annually, by not only completing farm record books, but also by speaking to an interviewer twice during the season. A final phone call at the end of the season ensures that any additional data are collected.

The main benefit to this approach is that the burden on the farming community is reduced and 600 farms that would have been contacted as part of the previous FERA pesticide usage survey programme now no longer have to be contacted. It also contributes to the requirements of the UK Statistics Authority Code of Practice for Official Statistics in that it enables a proportionate burden to be placed on those providing the data.

FERA subject all data, including data obtained from GfK Kynetec, Scotland & Northern Ireland, to the same detailed and rigorous checks as they have to those collected previously by the England & Wales survey team.

In order to ensure that the sample was fully representative sub samples of small arable holdings (<20 hectares) and potato holdings were also contacted.

In total data were collected from 1,736 holdings throughout the United Kingdom in 2012; in 2010 1,187 farms provided data.

One of the requirements placed on growers by their customers is the membership of farm assurance schemes. These schemes require detailed pesticide records (computer based or hand written) which ensure traceability and can be examined by crop assurance auditors at any time, but normally at least once each year. These records are used extensively by those collecting pesticide data. Of the 1,532 holdings visited in Great Britain (no data were available from Northern Ireland) and where information was available (1,190 holdings), 95% were members of one or more crop assurance schemes, including 19 of the holdings (2%) being registered organic on all or part of their farm. However, in terms of area grown, farms with a crop assurance scheme accounted for 99% of the total area surveyed.

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The Questionnaire

For some of the farms in England & Wales and all of the farms in Scotland & Northern Ireland the questionnaire for the main part of the survey consisted of two forms, which were completed during an interview with the grower.

Form 1 summarised the areas of arable crops grown on the designated holding during the 2011/2012 season (autumn 2011 through to harvest in 2012).

Form 2 dealt with all aspects of pesticide usage on the individual crops grown on the holding and harvested in 2012, a separate form being used for each field/crop combination. These included pesticides applied prior to planting, or in some cases to crops that failed and were subsequently re-planted, as these are associated with that crop they may appear as inappropriate uses. Certain agronomic details that may have influenced pesticide usage (including drilling methods, sowing & harvest times, use of adjuvants and the volume of spray applied) were also recorded on form 2.

The data supplied by GfK Kynetec were derived from the farm spray books provided to their participating farmers and these books meet exactly the same requirements and contain the same level of detail as the forms used by each of the survey teams in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Raising factors

The pesticide usage data collected from each holding were raised by a ratio of two factors to give an estimate of regional usage using a standard ratio raising statistical technique; the first factor being dependent on farm size group and region (see Appendix 5) and the second dependent on crop area and region. The data were further adjusted by a third factor to compensate for regions in which specific crops were not sampled and to make estimates of total pesticide usage related to the national cropping areas in the United Kingdom (Thomas, 2000).

The raising factors were based on the areas of arable crops grown and harvested in 2012 as recorded in the June Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture for England & Wales (Anon., 2013a, b), Scotland (Anon., 2013c) and Northern Ireland (Anon., 2013d).

Rounding

Due to rounding of figures, the sum of constituent items in the tables may not agree exactly with the totals shown.

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Error checking

Extensive checks are made on the data before, at the time of and following data entry. Data checking routines are used to verify the authenticity of the data collected including: the approval status of all crop/pesticide combinations; high and low rates of application; the methods of application used to apply pesticides; crop growth stages at the time of application; the timing of pesticide applications and consistency within a tank mix.

Further checks are made on the integrity of the relational database used to store the raw data collected ensuring that links to product databases are in place prior to the production of the report. The product databases used for the pesticide usage surveys are maintained alongside the commercial product database, LIAISON, which is used extensively by agronomists and the major farm management software companies.

Where inconsistencies are found, for example where there are high rates of application or non-approved product usage, these are checked first against the farm records and secondly with the grower and amended if necessary.

Reports are written and checked within the team after which they are sent to reviewers within the Working Party on Pesticide Usage Surveys for their comments and checking.

The final report is pre-announced and published via the ONS Publication Hub and the FERA website in line with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.

Data limitations and use of data

Our experience has shown that the proposed face to face interview and ‘main contact plus reserves approach’ delivers the highest quality data and minimises non response bias; no other approach is likely to yield fit for purpose data to meet the quality requirements of the UKSA Code of Practice for Official Statistics. Drawing a fresh stratified random sample each year is clearly an appropriate survey methodology. The population of horticultural growers sampled for the PUS is much smaller than the number of arable holdings in England, so that, especially in the strata of larger enterprises, the same growers come around fairly often so this sample is already closer to a panel than a sample from a larger population might be. As part of this survey FERA has implemented the UK Statistics Authority Code of Practice for Official Statistics, published in 2009. Whilst all eight principles apply, we acknowledge in particular, the following: • Integrity – in particular that, statistical reports must be issued separately from other statements or comments about the

figures, that the public interest prevails. • Confidentiality – the identity of individuals or their information is not revealed, information is kept secure and

respondents are informed how their confidentiality will be protected. • Proportionate burden - seeking participation through informed consent. • Accessibility – to all users, providing information on the quality and reliability of the statistics, adopting formats that

enhance clarity and consistency, disseminate in formats that encourage analysis and re-use. In accordance with UKSA Code of Practice for Official Statistics, we work with Defra statisticians and CRD to build on our existing extensive and effective relationships with users of the surveys to further enhance user engagement. There are a broad spectrum of users and stakeholders across policy, research, agricultural supply industry (including consultancies), farming and horticultural businesses, NGOs and members of the public. Over the years we have an excellent record of listening to our users and incorporating their feedback into the way we collect and report our statistics. We continue to work in partnership with both CRD and Defra to strengthen this engagement in line with recent recommendations from UKSA.

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APPENDIX 4 – ESTIMATES OF STANDARD ERRORS FROM PESTICIDE USAGE DATA (2012)

Stéphane Pietravalle, Statistician, FERA Introduction, Data and Method The results presented in this report come from the Pesticide Usage Survey (PUS) data for arable crops in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland in 2012. The total areas of arable crops and total numbers of holdings with arable crops by region were obtained from the June 2012 Survey. In the PUS survey, data were collected from 1,735 holdings in the UK. However, note that, in this report, it was decided to exclude 21 PUS holdings as data were only provided for potatoes to supplement the existing potato data. The numbers of holdings sampled as part of the PUS and presented in this analysis and the total numbers in the June Survey are shown by region and crop in table A.1 below. The way the national estimates and their standard errors are derived in this report is through “ratio raising”. This approach has already been used in previous reports (e.g. “Soft fruit 2012” and “Orchard 2012”) and looks at, for each holding sampled as part of the PUS, the ratio of its pesticide treated area (resp. weight of active ingredients) per unit area of arable crops in that holding. This “ratio” is then tabulated for each region category (each stratum) separately (separate ratio analysis, i.e. the area treated with pesticide (resp. the weight of active ingredients used) per unit area of arable crops is allowed to vary between strata). It is then “raised” to each stratum, using the total area grown from the June Survey, to estimate the total area treated with pesticide (resp. weight of active ingredients) in each of those strata. The standard error of each of these estimates is then calculated using the standard error observed, for each stratum in the PUS and the fraction of the total number of holdings in that stratum in the June Survey that were sampled in the PUS. In other words, the standard error of the total area treated (resp. total amount applied) represents the uncertainty associated to this total and is a function of the variability of the observed data (sample to sample variability in the PUS data), the number of samples collected in the PUS data and the total number of holdings in the June Survey data. The calculation can be done in one of two ways: Using approximations (Taylor series expansion) to calculate the standard error of a combination of variables. Using bootstrapping of the “ratios” observed in the holdings sampled in the PUS, where each holding in a given stratum is replicated n times, where n is the nearest integer to the raising factor for that stratum. In this report, all the standard errors (and corresponding 95% confidence intervals) presented have been estimated using the bootstrapping method (Note: 1,000 bootstrap runs were used for each estimate). Unlike some of the previous surveys (e.g. “Orchards 2012”), many fields were sampled for arable crops. As a result, it was possible to use some of the holding size categories within regions as strata to “raise” the “ratios” (two groups of categories were used within each region when looking at all arable crops: “A-B-C” and “D-E-F”). Tables A.2 and A.3 clearly state the strata used in each case. When it was possible to use such accurate groups, it was therefore assumed that the “ratio” (i.e. the pesticide treated area (resp. weight of active ingredients) per unit area of arable crops present) was constant across all holding sizes within a category size within a region, but was allowed to differed between regions and/or between the two size category groups within region. However, when looking at individual crops, there were fewer fields sampled as part of the PUS with some crops and it was therefore necessary to group the size categories (hence assuming a constant “ratio” across all size categories). It was sometimes also necessary to group adjacent regions, therefore assuming a constant “ratio” between those regions. The regions grouped were as follows: “Wales” and “West Midlands” were always combined for wheat, spring barley, winter barley and oilseed rape “Eastern” and “London & South East” were combined for potatoes “North East”, “North West” and “Yorkshire & the Humber” were combined for potatoes “South West”, “Wales” and “West Midlands” were combined for potatoes “East Midlands” and “West Midlands” were combined for oilseed rape

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For sugar beet, the PUS only contains data for four regions (“East Midlands”, “Eastern”, “West Midlands” and “Yorkshire & the Humber”). As a result, it was decided to only use these four regions to estimate the total pesticide usage at the UK level. This was despite four more regions (“London & South East”, “North East”, “North West” and “South West”) being recorded (in the June Survey) as having sugar beet grown. The alternative approach would have been to group those regions with adjacent regions sampled in the PUS. However, it was not clear what obvious grouping could be made. Further, the four regions without any PUS data only represented a small proportion of the total number of holdings with sugar beet (3.3%) and a very small proportion of the growing area (0.3%). It was therefore decided that the pesticide usage in “East Midlands”, “Eastern”, “West Midlands” and “Yorkshire & the Humber” was a good approximation of the UK pesticide usage. All analyses were done using GenStat 15.1. Results and conclusions

Tables A.2 and A.3 below show, for arable crops overall and for individual arable crops, the calculated relative standard errors (RSE) of the estimates (in percentage). As for previous surveys, because the confidence intervals are derived from the percentiles of the bootstrapped distribution, they are not necessarily symmetrical around the estimated total area and total amount of active ingredient. Table A.2 shows those estimates for the treated areas and table A.3 presents them for the weight of active ingredients for orchards. When looking at arable crops overall as well as the main individual crops (wheat, spring barley, winter barley and oilseed rape), tables A.2 and A.3 clearly show that the relative standard error of the estimates are well below the target of 5%. Overall and for those crops, they are in the region of 1 to 2.5%. However, for the other two crops (potatoes and sugar beet), they are higher (5.0% and 4.1% respectively when looking at area treated and 5.5% and 6.3% respectively when looking at amount of active ingredient applied). As in all previous reports, the relative standard errors are larger when looking at amount of active ingredient applied than when looking at area treated. Finally, note that, although these results are not presented in this report, the relative standard errors for individual regions and crops were sometimes much larger than those for the UK estimate (e.g. 32.1% for area of OSR treated in “Northern Ireland”). Table A.1: Summary of the number of holdings sampled in the United Kingdom as part of the Pesticide Usage Survey (PUS) growing each arable crop

Region All arable

crops Wheat

Spring barley

Winter barley

Oilseed rape

Potatoes Sugar beet

East Midlands 166 163 43 56 128 16 39

Eastern 246 227 73 97 174 24 95

London & South East

174 162 57 54 111 2 0

North East 49 46 20 38 36 2 0

North West 53 30 33 25 10 10 0

Northern Ireland 204 79 160 69 13 47 0

Scotland 317 180 285 124 112 49 0

South West 134 112 79 66 61 5 0

Wales 36 14 22 13 8 3 0

West Midlands 125 120 28 56 71 12 1


210 199 78 152 149 19 12

Overall 1,714 1,332 878 750 873 189 147

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Table A.2: Relative standard error and 95% confidence interval for the area treated (ha) with pesticide

Crop Total RSE (%) Bootstrap 95% confidence

interval for the total

All arable crops 46,504,525a 0.9 [45,565,995 ; 47,384,300]

Wheat 28,237,265bc 1.1 [27,603,681 ; 28,812,664]

Spring barley 3,770,032bc 1.4 [3,662,803 ; 3,867,945]

Winter barley 3,574,860bc 1.8 [3,444,135 ; 3,696,680]

Oilseed rape 9,222,616bc 1.5 [8,939,932 ; 9,486,613]

Potatoes 1,787,700bdef 5.0 [1,577,449 ; 1,932,734]

Sugar beet 1,298,701bgh 4.1 [1,190,695 ; 1,393,754]

Table A.3: Relative standard error and 95% confidence interval for weight of active ingredients (kg) applied.

Crop Total RSE (%) Bootstrap 95% confidence

interval for the total

All arable crops 14,743,360a 1.3 [14,355,498 ; 15,125,943]

Wheat 9,031,396bc 1.5 [8,766,174 ; 9,296,180]

Spring barley 996,417bc 2.4 [948,337 ; 1,042,260]

Winter barley 1,231,628bc 2.3 [1,175,277 ; 1,286,890]

Oilseed rape 2,244,170bc 1.6 [2,173,275 ; 2,313,556]

Potatoes 927,662bdef 5.5 [810,651 ; 1,001,314]

Sugar beet 532,341bgh 6.3 [468,109 ; 602,798]

The overall figures shown in tables A2 & A3 (RSE %) clearly show that the relative standard errors for the survey data

(area treated and weight applied at the national level) derived from the June Survey estimates of holding numbers and the

sampled number of holdings in each region and size group are low and therefore give the reader confidence in the

methodologies used for data collection.

a Size categories were split into two for all regions: “”A-B-C” and “D-E-F”. All regions were treated separately. b All size categories were combined. c “Wales” and “West Midlands” are combined. d “Eastern” and “London & South East” are combined. e “North East”, “ North West” and “Yorkshire & the Humber” are combined. f “South West”, “ Wales” and “West Midlands” are combined. g “East Midlands” and “West Midlands” are combined. h This UK estimate is estimate as that of “East Midlands”, “ Eastern”, “ West Midlands” and “Yorkshire & the Humber”.

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APPENDIX 5 – FIRST RAISING FACTORS FOR ARABLE CROPS (2012)

Region/Country Farm size group rf1 Regional area (ha) Area surveyed (ha) Number of farms visited

East Midlands A 97.29 56,363 579 20

B 34.13 90,391 2,648 35 C 20.48 86,556 4,226 35 D 19.55 147,235 7,530 39 E 16.83 175,267 10,413 31 F 15.78 155,201 9,835 12

Eastern A 67.66 66,776 987 33 B 33.60 126,619 3,768 51 C 32.66 133,336 4,083 34 D 17.67 207,415 11,740 61 E 16.88 263,512 15,610 47 F 10.10 195,856 19,383 29

London & South East A 58.54 41,698 712 23 B 35.26 60,568 1,718 25 C 15.26 58,285 3,819 32 D 12.81 106,378 8,305 43 E 9.22 127,515 13,825 41 F 8.39 85,997 10,244 11

North East A 61.89 16,549 267 9 B 28.19 29,528 1,047 14

C 17.31 29,497 1,704 13 D 20.08 29,725 1,480 9 E 18.20 31,344 1,722 * North West A 55.22 40,723 737 36 B 28.06 25,273 901 13 C 29.65 10,783 364 * D 21.18 9,637 455 * E 32.98 9,190 279 * Northern Ireland A 9.86 26,422 2,680 132 B 2.46 8,799 3,577 52 C 1.72 2,521 1,462 12 D 1.86 2,175 1,167 6 E 2.72 1,847 679 * Scotland A 60.40 107,301 1,777 69 B 22.05 119,282 5,410 74 C 12.73 96,666 7,593 61

D 7.68 110,691 14,408 76 E 7.68 70,843 9,228 30 F 5.68 23,684 4,171 7

South West A 96.72 88,746 918 39 B 31.31 72,152 2,305 31 C 25.36 56,692 2,236 18 D 14.86 72,982 4,912 25 E 11.29 70,431 6,236 19 F 41.72 46,303 1,110 *

Wales A 43.27 25,868 598 27 B 48.44 11,397 235 * C 16.44 7,884 480 * D 57.79 8,755 152 * E 16.46 6,163 374 *

West Midlands A 54.20 58,613 1,081 36 B 32.64 74,216 2,274 31 C 18.98 55,313 2,914 24 D 16.57 68,591 4,140 22 E 14.53 53,224 3,663 12 F 17.31 29,021 1,677 *

Yorkshire & the Humber A 62.92 54,717 870 33 B 29.35 92,087 3,138 43 C 15.00 82,484 5,500 45 D 10.81 110,880 10,255 54

E 12.73 108,580 8,530 28 F 10.87 61,329 5,640 8

For confidentiality reasons a * has been used where 5 or less holdings have been sampled.

The first raising factor (rf1) is the largest of the three raising factors and gives an indication of the robustness of the sample with smaller numbers indicating a larger area sampled within each size group and region.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to all of the growers who willingly participated in this survey, providing invaluable information upon which this report is based. Many thanks are also due to Jackie Hughes, Stephen Jess, Michael Lavery, Trudyann Kelly, David Matthews, Gillian Reay, Louis Thomas, Jennifer Watson, David Williams and Alan Withers for their role in the collection and provision of data; Yvonne Powell-Wainwright and Josephine Roberts for their role in maintaining the pesticides database; and Jennie Blackburn and John Bleasdale for their help with the cropping areas of arable crops in England & Wales respectively. Thanks also go to the members of the ACP Working Party on Pesticide Usage Surveys, in particular Sarah Cook, Peter Gladders and Mike Lole, for their invaluable comments.

Many thanks to Veronique Heyes from Germains Seed Technology for her help in providing detailed data on the use of sugar beet seed treatments.

REFERENCES Anon. (2012a) Agricultural Statistics in England 2011. London: HMSO Anon. (2012b) Agricultural Statistics in Wales 2011. London: HMSO Anon. (2012c) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2011. Edinburgh: HMSO Anon. (2012d) Agricultural Statistics, Northern Ireland 2011. Belfast: HMSO Anon. (2013a) Agricultural Statistics in England 2012. London: HMSO Anon. (2013b) Agricultural Statistics in Wales 2012. London: HMSO Anon. (2013c) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2012. Edinburgh: HMSO Anon. (2013d) Agricultural Statistics, Northern Ireland 2012. Belfast: HMSO

Garthwaite, D.G., Barker, I., Parrish, G., Smith, L., Chippindale, C. & Pietravalle, S. (2011) Pesticide Usage Survey

Report 235 - Arable Farm Crops in the United Kingdom, 2010. London: Defra

Thomas, M.R. (2001) Pesticide usage monitoring in the United Kingdom. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 45

(supplement 1): S87-S93.

Wood, H.J. (1931) An Agricultural Atlas of Scotland. London: George Gill & Sons

88

PART 2 - AERIAL APPLICATIONS 2012

In the UK, agricultural aviation operators must comply with “The aerial application certificate” issued by the Civil Aviation Authority which requires comprehensive standards for all safety aspects of aerial application operations including avoidance of spray drift, marking of fields, reconnaissance, pre-flight briefing and mapping of areas requiring treatment to indicate obstructions. The Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 (as amended) (COPR), implemented under the Food and Environmental Protection Act (FEPA) 1985, increased the level of legal requirements that must be complied with before, during and after a spray treatment from the air. The Plant Protection Products (Sustainable Use) Regulations 2012 introduced new controls on the application of pesticides from aircraft. In addition to the Aerial Application Certificate operators are required to hold an aerial spraying permit issued by HSE’s Chemicals Regulation Directorate. The permit is issued only when a number of conditions are fulfilled, including that: there are no viable alternatives to an aerial application, or the aerial application will impact less on human health and/or the environment than land-based applications; information is provided on the provisional date and timing of application; spraying does not take place in close proximity to residential areas; and where spraying takes place in or close to protected areas that nature conservation authorities are consulted.

Aerial operators have supplied usage data to Defra on an annual basis for over 25 years. Up until 2002, these data have been published by Defra in a series of annual pesticide usage survey reports, the more recent of which can be found on the survey team’s website. The area treated has declined dramatically from a peak in 1983 of over 475,000 ha. In recent years, since 2000, aerial applications have been restricted to the control of bracken to limit its encroachment primarily to upland grazing land. Consequently, the principal pesticide applied from the air up until 2006 was asulam. However, in 2007 almost 2,000 hectares of potatoes were sprayed with benalaxyl/mancozeb, to control blight, in addition to 7,000 hectares of bracken. Since 2008 the only usage recorded has been asulam to control bracken. In 2008 5,990 hectares were treated, 10,303 hectares in 2009, 11,222 hectares in 2010, 14,614 hectares in 2011 and 13,003 hectares in 2012.

Regional distribution of use is presented in Table A1, timing of applications in Figure A1.

Table A1 Distribution of treated bracken (Asulam applications) in the United Kingdom - hectares flown

Year

Eastern South East

South West

Midlands & Western

Northern Wales Scotland Northern Ireland

Total

2012 542 40 177 626 2,195 572 8,851 0 13,003

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

July August September

Are

a tr

eate

d (h

a)

Figure A1 - Timing of aerial applications to control bracken - 2012

89

COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS SURVEYS

Prior to the late 1990’s usage on arable crops, particularly potatoes, dominated aerial applications. However, since the

late 1990’s usage for anything other than bracken control has been minimal in comparison. Whilst usage in 2012 was

more than double that applied in 2008, it was only 8% of the area treated in 1988, and 32% of the area treated in 1990.

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Are

a tr

eate

d (h

a0)

Figure A2 - Annual aerial applications - 1988 - 2012

Table A2 Annual aerial applications in Great Britain - 1988 - 2012 - hectares flown

Year Area treated (ha)

1988 162,852

1989 64,375

1990 41,133

1991 40,737

1992 25,856

1993 25,485

1994 19,422

1995 13,373

1996 8,901

1997 15,213

1998 10,326

1999 10,748

2000 5,917

2001 3,386

2002 4,406

2003 5,430

2004 4,994

2005 6,357

2006 7,264

2007 8,993

2008 5,990

2009 10,303

2010 11,222

2011 14,614

2012 13,003

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank the aerial spray operators for willingly providing their data.

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