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Pesticide Use in Brazil
Susmita DasguptaCraig Meisner
Nlandu Mamingi
DECRG-IE, The World Bank
Exports and imports of agricultural products
Source: FAO, 1999
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
Val
ue
(mil
lio
n U
S$
)
Imports Exports
Trade of agricultural commodities has increased to record levels in the 1990s
Growth in agricultural production and key export crops, 1990-1997
Source: FAO, 1999
A significant proportion of this growth is attributable to major export crops
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Agricultural cropsexcl. exports
Major exportcrops
Soybeans, Sugarcane, Cocoa,
Coffee, Cotton,Tobacco, Fruit
% g
row
th
Sales of pesticide more than doubled from 1990 ($US 1.08 billion) to 1998 ($US 2.56 billion) (ANDEF, 1998)
Pesticide use has increased from 61,820 tons of active ingredients in 1989 to 113,933 tons in 1997 (SINDAG, 1997)
Brazil, one of the top 5 users worldwide, accounted for 40% of total consumption in Latin America (O Estado São Paulo, 1996)
Total sales of pesticides over time
Source: ANDEF, 1998
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Year
US
$ m
illio
n
Sales of pesticides over time
Source: ANDEF, 1998
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Year
Million
s (U
S $
)
TotalHerbicidesInsecticides/AcaracidesFungicides
During the 1990s, herbicide sales dominated, accounting for 54% of total pesticide use followed by insecticides-acaricides (28%) and fungicides (16%)
Composition of pesticide use, 1997
Herbicides54%
Fungicides15%
Other8%
Insecticides & acaricides
23%
Brazil currently uses 655 different brands of herbicides, 815 insecticides, 343 fungicides and 136 other pesticides
48% of pesticides are classified by the WHO as either class 1a (extremely hazardous) or 1b (highly hazardous)
Source: ANDEF, 1998
Number of pesticide-related intoxication cases1993-1998
Source: SINITOX, 1999
The number of pesticide-related intoxications has been steadily rising, mostly in the Southeast
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Year
Num
ber
of c
ases
T o t a l
Southeast
South
Northeast
Central west
North
Number of pesticide-related deaths1993-1998
Source: SINITOX, 1999
With a significant number of these intoxications resulting in death
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Year
Nu
mb
er o
f ca
ses Total
South
Northeast
Southeast
Central west
North
300,000 cases of pesticide intoxication and 10,000 deaths each year (O Globo, 1996; PANNA,
1997); Costs: US$ 47 million annually (O Globo, 1996)
Evidence of the environmental impacts of pesticide use
Organophosphate and pyrethroid residues exceed WHO standards in 35.3% of water samples collected from irrigation and drinking water (Inoue et al., 1993).
Reported poisoning of millions of birds in furadan-treated wheat fields in Santa Catarina (PANNA, 1994).
Pulverization of tomatoes have contaminated wells and ponds with organophosphates in Pernambuco (Jornal do Comercio, 1997).
Inappropriate management of pesticides has resulted in serious soil contamination in Bahia (A Tarde, 1997).
Geographical Pattern of Pesticide Use
ijCONSERVijLUSESIZEijOWNiPROPUSEj
jj
jijj
jj
j 43210
ii
jj
MINCOMEMINCOMEij
CROP 2
765 ii UEDUC
8
The Model
i = municipality 1,...., 4909
j = jth category of the relevant variable
Variable description
PROPUSE - Proportion of agricultural land reporting pesticide use
OWN Owner, Renter, Sharecropper, Squatter
SIZE <10 ha, 10-100 ha, 100-1000, 1000-10000, 10000+
LUSE Permanent crop, Temporary crop, Seed production, Livestock, Crop & Livestock, Aquaculture, Charcoal production
CONSERV Conservation tillage
MINCOME Median income of the head of the household
EDUC Percentage of population with secondary education
CROP 76 major crops in Brazil
Pattern of Propensity to Use Pesticide (%)Variable Regression Coefficient (all significant at 10% level
of significance)
Intercept -0.125
Median Income 3.43E-06
Square of Median Income -9.46E-12
Proportion of Population with Secondary Education
0.001
Proportion of Individual Owners -0.070
Proportion of Sharecroppers 0.103
Proportion of Farm Size :10-100 ha -0.158
Proportion of Farm Size:1000-10000 ha 0.291
Proportion of farms with Conservation tillage 0.282
Proportion of farms with Crop-livestock land us 0.239
Cocoa 0.063
Coffee -0.204
Cotton 1.038
Soybean 0.793
Sugar 0.494
Tobacco 0.884
Fruits 0.355
Vegetables 0.262
Grains 0.158
Findings
Income and Education are important
Ownership type matters
Size class matters
Land use pattern is important
Conservation tillage is important
Crop pattern is a significant determinant
Pesticide use for major export crops
Source: ANDEF, 1998
Other crops35%
Soybeans29%
Fruits17%
Cotton3%
Cocoa0%
Tobacco0%
Coffee5%
Sugar11%
Major export crops67%
Soybeans, Fruits Sugarcane, Coffee, Cotton, Tobacco and Cocoa accounted for 25% of total agricultural exports during 1997
Proportion of active ingredients belonging to each toxicity category across the receiving environment
Environmental category High risk Medium risk Low risk Total Humans – acute toxicity 13 33 54 100
(i.e. rats) Oral LD50 < 50 Oral LD50 50-500 Oral LD50 > 500
Mammals 17 30 52 100 (i.e. rats, rabbits, mice) Oral LD50 < 50 Oral LD50 50-500 Oral LD50 > 500
Birds 21 20 59 100 (i.e. quail, pheasants) Oral LD50 < 50 Oral LD50 50-500 Oral LD50 > 500
Aquatic organisms 77 18 5 100 (i.e. fathead minnows, trout) LC50 < 50 1 LC50 50-500 LD50 > 500
Note: Numbers may not necessarily add to 100 due to rounding. 1 LC50 in mg/liter (=ppm); LD50 in mg/kg. Sources: World Bank (1993), Tomlin (1994)
Global Pesticide Statistics
Worldwide, about 2.6 million tons of active ingredients are applied worth about $US38 billion (Aspelin, 1997)
Worldwide there are 700,000 cases of pesticide-related occupational intoxications, 300,000 accidents, 735,000 chronic intoxications, 2 million suicides each year (WHO, 1996)