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Pesticides
and
Water Quality
Objectives
Define groundwater and it’s characteristics.
Identify possible fates of pesticides in the environment.
List preventative measures applicators’ can use to protect water quality.
Identify the”how to” and importance of testing and protecting private water supplies.
Precipitation
Transpiration
Evaporation
The Water Cycle
Unsaturated RockUnsaturated Rock
CapillaryCapillaryWaterWater
WaterWater TableTable
SaturatedSaturatedWaterWater
Saturated RockSaturated Rock(Aquifer)(Aquifer)
What is Groundwater?
SoilSoil
How Long Does it Take Rain Waterto Get to the Stream?
DaysDays
WeeksWeeks
MonthsMonthsYearsYears
On average – it takes about 6 to 12 months on a forested watershed.
The Watershed
A completely cutexperimental
watershedin Central PA
Groundwater Moves!
Direction of ground water flow
WHPAhome and
septic system
stream
barn and feed lot
Distribution and increased awareness of extension publications and resources?
Consequences of GW Contamination
Often impossible to clean, lasts for years
GW Contamination Factors:
Pesticide properties
Soil properties
Site conditions
Applicator practices
Pesticide Properties
Adsorptivity
Degradation Rate
Solubility
Volatility
Persistence
Pesticide Properties
Adsorption
Attached to soil or organic matter.
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Pesticide Properties
Absorption
Uptake into plants or animals
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Pesticide Properties
Degradation
Broken down into other chemicals like Carbon Dioxide and water.
Microbial degradation
Chemical degradation
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Pesticide Properties
Photodegradation
Broken down by sun
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Pesticide Properties
Solubility
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Pesticide Properties
Volitization
Conversion to gas
Granular, flowable, and wettable powders – less susceptible to volatilization!
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Pesticide Properties
Persistance
Some
pesticides
remain
in the ground
longer than others
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Pesticide Properties
Soil Properties
Soil Texture
Soil Structure
Soil Organic Matter Content
Soil Permeability
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Soil Properties
Soil Properties
Texture
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Soil Properties
Soil Properties
Structure
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Soil Properties
Soil Properties
Organic Matter
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Soil Properties
Soil Properties
Permeability
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Soil Properties
Site Conditions
Depth to groundwater Geological Conditions Climate and Irrigation Practices
- Determining Leaching Potential
- Runoff
- Reducing Runoff
- Soil Moisture Conditions
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Site Conditions
Depth to Groundwater
Depth to groundwater is major factor!
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Filtering
Soil Properties
Texture & Organic Matter
Application Events
Solubility
Site Conditions
Geological Conditions
Name Text Bedrock
ft.
Perm-
In/hr
Cap/in soil
Gilpin Silt Loam 2-3 .6-2 .14-.18
Guernsey Channery L 3-7 .6-2 .14-.18
Westm’d Channery L 3.5-5 2-6.3 .16-.2
Wharton Silty Clay 4-6 .6- 2 .6 - 2
Local Soil Properties
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Site Conditions
Geology of the Soil
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Site Conditions
Climate
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Site Conditions
Climate and Irrigation Practices
Annual Rainfall
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
Month
Inch
es o
f W
ater
Monthly Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in PAMonthly Precipitation and Evapotranspiration in PA
EvapotranspirationEvapotranspiration
PrecipitationPrecipitation
Moisture SurplusMoisture Surplus
MoistureMoistureDeficitDeficit
Groundwater Groundwater RechargeRecharge
Site Conditions
Runoff
Carried by surface water
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Factors Scouting
Erodibility
Rain Amount
Cover
Site Conditions
Reducing Runoff
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Site Conditions
Pesticide Incorporation
Contour farming
Borders of untreated
vegetation
Applicator Management Practices
Use IPM to reduce pesticide use Pesticide Handling
Mixing Application Storage Disposal
Applicator Management Practices
IPM
Goal – Reduce Pesticide Use to Minimum Levels
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Applicator Management Practices
Scouting
Timing of Application
Beneficial’s
Res. Var.
GMO’s
Applicator Management Practices
Pesticide Handling
Mixing
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Applicator Management Practices
Follow label instruction
Avoid or Contain Spills
Complications of Improper
Handling
Applicator Management Practices
Pesticide Handling
Application
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Applicator Management Practices
Equipment checked
and maintained
Chemigation
Irrigation
Applicator Management Practices
Pesticide Handling
StorageStorage
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Applicator Management Practices
Follow standard practices – be mindful of movement of loose fluids
Keep in containers; away from water; dry well-ventilated location
Buy enough product for needs
Applicator Management Practices
Pesticide Handling
Follow Label Recommendations Triple Rinse Containers Dikes Chemsweep
Groundwater Contamination Factors – Applicator Management Practices
Disposal
Determining Leaching Potential
Pesticide Properties- Low adsorptivity, Slow degradation, High solubility,
Persistent
Soil Characteristics- High sand and gravel, Low organic matter
Site Conditions- Shallow depth to groundwater, High rainfall or irrigation
Management- Pesticide injection or incorporation into soil
- Poor timing (heavy rain)
Preventative Measures
Identify vulnerability of soil Consider where surface and
groundwater are in relation to application Know pesticides that may leach Follow label directions Apply at appropriate time Measure properly and carefully
Preventative Measures (Continued)
Calibrate and maintain equipment Avoid spills and back-siphoning Direct application to target site Leave buffer zones around sensitive
areas Dispose of pesticides properly (Triple
Rinse) Store pesticides safely
Preventative Measures (Continued) Maintain records of pesticide usage Avoid Over-application and Drift Consider weather and runoff Know and check your well Use IPM – Apply Pesticides Only When
Necessary! Pesticide and Groundwater Advisory
Statements
Health Effects of Groundwater Contamination
Factors
Chemical Toxicity
Duration of Exposure
Dose
Dose-Response Relationship
Risk of adverse health effects increases with level of exposure.
Threshold?
Common Agronomic Pesticides Detected
Atrazine Sevin Furadan Chlordane Dursban Copper Bladex Extrazine Dacthal
Diazinon Banvel Roundup Lindane Malathion Parathion Methoxychlor Gramoxone 2,4,5-T
Units of MeasureUnits of Measure
mg/L = ppm mg/L = ppm 1 drop in 116 soda cans1 drop in 116 soda cans
µg/L = ppb µg/L = ppb 1 drop in 116,000 soda cans1 drop in 116,000 soda cans
other special unitsother special units
Health Effects of Groundwater ContaminationHealth Effects of Groundwater Contamination AgricultureAgriculture
nitratesnitratespesticides pesticides coliform bacteriacoliform bacteria
Maintenance, Testing, Treatment and Protection are all voluntary!!!
Health Effects of Groundwater ContaminationHealth Effects of Groundwater Contamination Private Water SuppliesPrivate Water Supplies
Proper Well Construction
sloping ground
“sanitary” well cap
grout sealcasing to bedrock
•Divert surface water away from wellhead•Prevent insects and animals from getting under the well cap
bedrock
EPA Drinking Water StandardsEPA Drinking Water Standards
Gives the Gives the
““acceptable level” of pollutant acceptable level” of pollutant
in drinking waterin drinking water
Primary Standards (MCL)Primary Standards (MCL) (maximum contaminant level)(maximum contaminant level)
health based health based enforced (public systems)enforced (public systems)examples:examples:
coliform bacteria: <1/100 mlcoliform bacteria: <1/100 ml nitrate: 45 mg/Lnitrate: 45 mg/L PCE: 5 µg/LPCE: 5 µg/L atrazine: 3 µg/Latrazine: 3 µg/L
cause taste, odor, stains, etc. cause taste, odor, stains, etc.
examples:examples:
iron, manganese, pHiron, manganese, pH
EPA Drinking Water HotlineEPA Drinking Water Hotline
1-800-426-4791 or 1-800-426-4791 or
http://www.epa.gov/safewater
Secondary Standards Secondary Standards (RMCL)(RMCL)
Water Testing
131 pesticides detected in groundwater of 4 states
Water TestingWater Testing
Every YearEvery Year
• coliform bacteriacoliform bacteria
Every 3 YearsEvery 3 Years• pHpH• total dissolved solidstotal dissolved solids• local pollutant?local pollutant?
Local Testing of Well Water H & H Water Controls
Charmichaels, PA test for coliform bacteria, e. coli,
inorganics, arsenic, lead, copper, mercury and others
Each test has an added cost; base test is $22.00; all other items have an individual charge.
724-966-2278
Local State Water Well Test Site
Department of Environmental Protection New Salem Road Uniontown, PA
test only for coli form bacteria
cost = $10.00
724-439-7430
Sky View Laboratory, Inc. PO Box 273 Jennerstown, PA 15547
Agriculture
Drinking Water1-814-629-5441
Local Regional Testing Laboratory
Free-Col Laboratories Meadville, PA
Wastewater (landfills, industry, etc.)
Pesticides
Drinking Water1-800-836-4130
Regionally Located International Environmental Testing Laboratory
National Testing Lab National Testing Laboratories
1-800-458-3330 for cases where comprehensive water test is
needed due to multiple contaminants Landfills Industry Pesticides 70 parameters (coliform, metals, inorganics,
physical, THM’s, VOC’s) for $120 Add pesticides, herbicides, PCB’s for an additional
$30 http://www.watercheck.com
Penn State’s Web Site
www.extensionwater.psu.edu
Credits
Pesticides and Groundwater NRAES Publication 34
Cornell Cooperative Extension University of California Cooperative
Extension Penn State Cooperative Extension
School of Forest Resources
Program originally produced by Jim Clark & Don Fretts – PSU Cooperative Extension Educators
Revised through a grant with thePennsylvania State University Pesticide Education Department,
and Christina Beckerfor the Southwest Pesticide Education Committee
March, 2006