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PESTS DETECTED ON CAMELLIA IN SPAIN PESTS DETECTED ON CAMELLIA IN SPAIN This work has been funded by Xunta de Galicia Acknowledgements: we thank María González García for her skillful technical assistance. (project XUGA PGIDIT03RAG60301PR) It attacks several plant species. Damage is produced by sucking on cell contents, thus producing leaf yellowing, and when the attack is important plant weakening also takes place. Honeydew secreted produces sooty mold which subsequently causes leaf area reduction. Non-aggressive chemicals (white oil, fenitrothion, acephate, deltamethrin or alphacypermethrin) should be selected so as not to damage beneficial insects. Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri Risso Homoptera: Pseudococcidae Citrus mealybug Planococcus citri Risso Black citrus aphid Homoptera: Aphididae . Toxoptera aurantii B. de F Black citrus aphid Toxoptera aurantii B. de F Its hosts are both ornamental and fruit trees, being the aphid species more abundant on camellia. It sucks cell contents, causing leaf curling, and shoot deformation. When the attack is important,these shoots are severely damaged and the plant loses vigour. Recommended chemicals are fenithrotion, pirimicarb and etophenprox. This aphid mainly affects young leaves and new shoots. The greenhouse thrip Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché Thysanoptera: Thripidae The greenhouse thrip Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis Bouché Polyphagous. On camellia, this thrip remains on shaded areas of the plant, mostly on developing leaves and flowers. The insect affects the leaf underside and the flower petals with its mouth stylets. As a consequence, the leaf and petal upper side present dark and silver colour and the air penetrating under the leaf epidermis may deform the apex. Both leaves and flowers deform and drop. Chemical control with fenithrotion, acephate, or lambda cyhalothrin or biological control using phytoseiid mites and are possible options to control the pest. Amblyseius cucumeris Amblyseius barkeri Black Vine weevil Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabricius Coleoptera: Curculionidae Black Vine weevil Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fabricius Polyphagous. Damage is more important on plants found outdoors than on plants growing at greenhouses. Adult first attacks young and tender leaves, which present notch-shaped injuries along the margins and in a later stage old leaves are also attacked. Larvae attack roots, and if the attack is important the plant may die. Control can be done using chemicals (fenithrotion, deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin, etofenprox, methyl azinphos, endosulphan or imidachloprid), or mechanical methods (capturing and eliminating adults). Larvae can be controlled using entomopathogenic nematodes spp applied in the soil where Heterorhabditis . Polyphagous aphid which sucks cell content on leaves causing chlorosis and premature leaf drop. secretes honeydew, where sooty mold develops. They can also act as virus vectors. Lacewings, spp. and spp are good biological control agents and may constitute a good alternative to chemicals. Aphis gossypii Cecidomyidae Coccinellidae Melon or cotto aphid n Aphis gossypii Glover Homoptera: Aphididae Melon or cotto aphid n Aphis gossypii Glover Coleoptera: Curculionidae Cneorhinus dispar Graells Cneorhinus dispar Graells It causes damages on camellia, fruit trees, ornamentals and vine. Adults feed on the apex of shoots and on the margins of young leaves, which appear notched and are more evident when the shoot completes its development. Larvae produce damages on small roots and root main axes, where they create superficial galleries to feed. Adults can be controlled by spraying with insecticides such as fenithrotion, deltamethrin, alphacypermethrin, etofenprox, methyl azinphos, endosulphan or imidachloprid on the plant shoot. Camellia bud mite Cosetacus camelliae Keifer Actinedida: Eriophyoidea Camellia bud mite Cosetacus camelliae Keifer This eryophiid, which only feeds on camellia, is the mite producing the most important damages on this genus. At the moment, 90% of the camellias in Galicia are affected by this mite. Symptoms observed are brown and dry sepals. If the attack is important, sepals entirely dry and the flower bud falls. Chemicals (sulphur or amitraz) are the only methods of control available at the moment. This is a very polyphagous and widely distributed species which has more than 200 reported hosts. is less polyphagous but the severity of damages is important, specially on fruit and ornamental woody hosts. Both species develop on the leaf underside, where they feed on the epidermal cell contents, sucking their chloroplasts. As a consequence, Mite population density needs to be estimated before treatment application. Chemical control with acaricides (sulphur, amitraz, dicofol or fenazaquin), or biological control with beneficial mites such as which has been efficient on other hosts, can be performed. Panonychus ulmi Phytoseiulus persimilis leaves lose most of their green colour. A fine silk webbing produced by this mite, can be seen on the plants and may contribute to leaf dry up or fall off. Red Spider Actinedida: Tetranychidae and Tetranychus urticae Koch Koch Panonychus ulmi Red Spider Tetranychus urticae Koch Koch Panonychus ulmi Camellia cushion scale Homoptera: Coccidae Chloropulvinaria floccifera Westwood Camellia cushion scale Chloropulvinaria floccifera Westwood Very polyphagous, it feeds on camellia as well as on other species. They can be seen on the leaf, mainly on the abaxial side along the nerves, also on branches and stems. They produce leaf decoloration by sucking plant sapwood, and excret honeydew, allowing sooty moulds to develop, limiting plant photosynthesis, thus reducing plant development. Pest control by chemicals application (white oil, fenitrothion, acephate, deltamethrin or alphacypermethrin) or biological control ( spp) are two possible options. Chilocorus Acaphylla steindeweni Keifer Actinedida: Eriophyoidea Acaphylla steindeweni Keifer Widely distributed species. This mite is mainly found on the leaf underside producing bronzed leaves. When the attack is severe they produce defoliation. Control must be done using specific acaricides such as amitraz and sulphur. It is reported to feed on several plants, specially on evergreen. They attack mainly the nerves of the leaf underside, tender shoots and branches causing leaf yellowing. Honeydew secreted serves as substrate for sooty mold development, which decreases photosynthetic leaf surface. Low toxicity chemicals should be selected (white oil, fenitrothion, acephate, deltamethrin or alphacypermethrin). The use of natural enemies is being studied. Brown soft scale Coccus hesperidium Homoptera:Coccidae L. Brown soft scale Coccus hesperidium L. Greedy scale Homoptera: Diaspididae Hemiberlesia rapax ( Sign. Comstock) Greedy scale Hemiberlesia rapax ( Sign. Comstock) Insect scales are found on leaves, young shoots and branches. They cause serious damage when sucking cell content, thus weakening the plant. The use of chemicals (white oil, fenitrothion, acephate, deltamethrin or alphacypermethrin) are advised depending on insect population density. INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS, Locarno, Switzerland, March 2005 CAMELLIA Purple mite Actinedida: Eriophyoidea Calacarus carinatus Green Purple mite Calacarus carinatus Green Mite that not only attacks camellia but also and . Its attacks are not as important as those of . This mite is found both on the leaf upper side and underside. Attacked leaves get bronzed, and most of them show deformed margins. When high densities of attack a plant, leaves may bear large numbers of mite exuviae, that gives them a dusty aspect Once the symptoms of the mite's attack are observed, they can be controlled using acaricides (sulphur or amitraz). Viburnum Spatyphyllum Cosetacus camelliae C. carinatus . Pedro Mansilla- Vázquez, Rosa Pérez Otero, Carmen Salinero- Corral, Pilar Piñón-Esteban Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra. Servicio Agrario. Estación Fitopatolóxica de Areeiro. Subida a la Robleda s/n. 36153 Pontevedra. Spain. [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ; ; ;
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