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Petrochemical Industry - Production Process

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    Petrochemical Industry

    GROUP 14

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    Group Members

    Mohamad Nur Azshary Bin Mohd Salleh UK26055

    Azirah Bte Ishak UK25523

    Sabrina Bte Salleh UK27371Elia Syazwani Bte Azhar UK25318

    Noorhafiza Bte Rahim UK25247

    Nurul Amalina Anati Bte Abdullah UK26346

    Nurul Nadia Bte Roslan UK26206

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    These 3 Sub-topics are:There are three (3) sub-topics

    Chemicals fromAromaticcompounds

    ClassificationsFunction/uses

    Reactions

    Chemicals fromNatural Gases

    Ammonia productions& derivatives

    Synthesis gases

    InorganicPetrochemicals

    Chemicals that doesnthave any carbonatoms

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    Chemicals from AromaticCompounds

    ClassificationsFunction/uses

    Reactions

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    Introduction to Aromatic Compound

    What is Aromatic Compound?Referring to a hydrocarbon containing benzene-likerings and exhibiting characteristic stability andpatterns of reactivity.

    One of the three classes of

    compounds found in

    petroleum. They are lessabundant than the alkanes

    and cycloalkanes.

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    List of Aromatic Compounds

    The aromatic compounds can be classified according to their number ofaromatic rings and root compounds

    No of Aromatic Rings Root Compound Related Compound

    1 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Propylbenzene Cumene Isobutylbenzene Dodecylbenzene

    Styrene alpha-Methylstyreneo-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Cymene Indane Tetralin1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene Durene p-Cymene Indane Tetralin

    2

    Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene

    2 Biphenyl Azulene

    3 Anthracene Phenanthrene

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    Uses of Aromatic Compounds

    BenzeneBenzene is used in the production of many materials andProducts including: styrene, some types of rubbers,lubricants, dyes, drugs, synthetic detergents, insecticides,solvents, paint removers, and gasoline.

    XyleneSolvent in the printing, rubber, paint and leatherindustries. It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel,gasoline and cigarette smoke.

    TolueneIn the manufacture of explosives : trinitrotoluene (TNT)

    In the manufacture of polymers for plastic bottles

    and to make Polyurethane and Nylon

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    Naphthalene

    Primary use for naphthalene is in the production of phthalicanhydride

    Other uses of naphthalene include carbamate insecticides,

    surface active agents and resins, as a dye intermediate, as asynthetic tanning agent, as a moth repellent, and inmiscellaneous organic chemicals.

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    Naphthalene

    Benzene

    Toluene

    Xylene

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    REACTION IN CHEMICALS FROM AROMATIC

    COMPOUNDS

    Benzene can react with other compounds to form new compounds.The reaction of benzene are below :

    Alkylation

    1. Benzene + ethene ethylbenzene Catalyst = aluminium chloride

    In liquid-phase

    (40-100)C

    (2 8) atm

    Dehydrogenation

    1. Ethylbenzene styrene + Hydrogen gas

    Catalyst = oxides of Fe, CR, Sn, Co, Zn

    In liquid-phase

    145C

    1 atm

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    2. Benzene + propene Cumene

    Catalyst = sulphuric acid >

    phopheric acid

    In liquid-phase >vapor-phase

    50C > 250C

    5 atm > 40 atm

    Alkylation

    Oxidation2. Cumene + oxygen phenol

    Catalyst = metal salt

    (100- 130 )C

    2 3 atm

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    Nitration

    Hydrogenation

    2. Benzene + nitric acidnitrobenzene

    Catalyst = sulphuric acid & nitric acid

    In liquid-phase

    50C

    1atm

    2. Nitrobenzene aniline

    Catalyst = copper @silica

    270C

    3 atm

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    Chlorination 2. Benzene + chlorine gas chlorobenzene

    Catalyst = aluminium chloride > silica carrier

    In liquid-phase > vapor-phase

    (80 -100 )C >300 C

    1 atm > 1 atm

    2. Benzene + oxygen gas maleic anhydrate Catalyst = metal (III) oxide

    270C

    4 atm

    Oxidation

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    2. Benzene cyclohexane

    Catalyst = nickel @ alumina

    (160 220 )C

    (25 30)atm

    Hydrogenation

    Oxidation

    2. cyclohexane adipic acid

    Catalyst = cobalt acetate

    Liquid-phase

    (95 120 )C

    10 atm

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    Chemicals from NaturalGases

    Synthesis gases

    Ammonia productions & derivatives

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    NATURAL GAS COME FROM 3

    TYPES OF WELL

    Gas Well

    Oil Well (associated gas)

    Condensate Well (non-associated gas)

    Once separated from crude oil, it commonly exists in mixture with other

    hydrocarbon.

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    Typical Composition of Natural Gas

    Methane CH4 70-90%

    Ethane C2H6 0-20%

    Propane C3H8

    Butane C4H

    10

    Carbon Dioxide CO2 0-8%

    Oxygen O2 0-0.2%

    Nitrogen N2 0-5%

    Hydrogen Sulphide H2S 0-5%

    Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe trace

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    Steam Methane Reformer Process

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    THE STEAM METHANE REFORMING

    PROCESS

    The original process of steam methane reforming (SMR) wasdiscovered by BASF in 1926 and commercialized in the 1930s.

    The most economical among all hydrogen production pathways.

    Consists of 3 reversible reactions.

    The reaction 2 and 4 are an endothermic reaction.

    CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2[H = +206 kJ mol-1] (2)

    CO + H2O CO2 + H2 [H = -41 kJ mol-1] (3)

    CH4+ 2H2 CO2 + 4H2[H = +165 kJ mol-1] (4) and themoderately exothermic water-gas shift (WSG) reaction 4.

    *Hydrogen production (low cost)

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    Hydrocarbon feedstock is desulphurised by using activatedcarbon filters.

    Steam react with methane to produce carbon monoxide andhydrogen by the presence of based catalyst Nickel at 700 1100C .

    CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2

    For further treatment, additional hydrogen can be recovered bya lower-temperature (500c ) and the same based Nickel catalyst,gas-shift reaction with the carbon monoxide produced.

    CO + H2O CO2 + H2 Carbon dioxide and other impurities are removed from the gas

    stream, leaving essentially pure hydrogen.

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    Gas Purification-PSA system

    Pure hydrogen from the PSA unit is sent to the hydrogen compressor, whilethe PSA off-gas from recovering the adsorbents, called tail gas, is fed to the

    reformer burner.

    Steam Reforming and CO-shift conversionCO + H2O CO2 + H2CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2

    Pre-treatment of the feed

    -Hydrocarbon feedstock is desulphurised using activated carbon filters,

    pressure and reformer design

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    Basic derivatives and sources Uses

    Ammonia Agriculture chemicals (i.e urea)

    Fiber, plastics, industrial explosives

    Carbon black Carbon black

    Methanol Methyl esters (polyester fibers)

    Chloromethanes CFC for refrigerants,aerosols, more..

    Hydrogen cyanide Acryllonitrile and more

    Other chemicals that can be produced

    from natural gas

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    Fischer-Tropsch reaction

    (2n+1) H2 + nCO CnH(2n+2) + nH2O

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    Iso-paraffin formation is more extensive over zinc oxide (ZnO)or thoria (ThO3) catalysts at 400

    oC.

    *Paraffin waxes are formed over ruthenium catalysts at 170-200oC and high pressures (1500 psi)

    *Highly branched product over the iron catalysts (for the

    manufacture of automotive fuels

    * High-quality diesel fuel can be prepared over cobalt.

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    Ammonia produced from the Haber

    process.

    HABER PROCESS..

    WHAT IS HABER PROCESS

    Combination nitrogen

    (N2) and hydrogen (H2) to

    produced ammonia.

    Nitrogen from air andhydrogen come from

    natural gas (Methane, CH4)

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    The reaction is reversible and the production of

    ammonia is exothermic.

    WHY THIS REACTION IS REVERSIBLE?

    It meant that forward reaction is making product in

    the same amount as the backward reaction is making

    reactant.(Dynamic equilibrium)

    For a reversible reaction Le chatelier principle statethat. The equilibrium position will respond to appose a

    change in reaction condition.

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    To produce ammonia the temperature must be 400C -500C

    WHY MUST THIS TEMPERATURE?

    Because this is actual temperature of haber process

    between (400-500)C is compromise between the amount of

    ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.Ammonia is produce at the atmospheric pressure of (100-

    300) atm.

    WHY?

    It to expensive to make a high pressure chemical plant.

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    The catalyst that use to produce ammonia is IRON OXIDE.

    The catalyst has no effect in the reaction, its only functionto speed up the reaction.

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    DERIVATIVEAmmonium hydroxide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate

    Aranium diuranateAmmonium chlorideAmmonium carbonate Ammonium fluoride

    Ammonium bromide

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    Inorganic Petrochemicals

    Chemicals that doesnt have any carbon atoms

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    Sulfur

    Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]

    Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)Nitric acid (HNO3)

    Ammonia (NH3)

    Carbon black

    The Examples of Inorganic Petroleum

    By-products

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    INORGANIC PETROCHEMICALS

    Product Explanation

    AmmoniaMost highly produced inorganic

    chemicals.Reaction between Hydrogen and

    Nitrogen:3 H2 + N2 2 NH3

    Application:1. Alternatives to fossil fuels forinternal combustion engines.

    Petrochemical have larger range of organic compounds and a few

    inorganic

    compounds.

    Inorganic petrochemical is one that does not contain carbon atoms.

    Produced from petroleum natural

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    Sulphur Produced from petroleum, naturalgas and fossil fuels.

    Obtained by oxidation of hydrogensulfide:H2S + O2 -->S + H2O

    Application:1. Used as component of fertilizer

    Sulphuric acid Obtained from sulphur found involcanic regions.

    Reaction between sulphur trioxideand water:SO3 + H2O H2SO4(g)

    Application:1. Used in petroleum refining as catalyst

    Caustic soda (SodiumHydroxide)

    Made by the process of electrolysis of

    sodium chloride.Reaction sodium hydroxide and calcium

    carbonate:Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) CaCO3 + 2NaOH(aq)

    Application:

    1.As a basic production material for chemical products andderivatives

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    Ammonium sulphate Found in volcanic districts.Reaction between ammonia andsulphuric acid:

    2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4Application:1. Use as a soil fertilizer.

    Ammonium Nitrate Production of ammonium nitrate inindustry.Reaction between nitric acid andammonia:HNO3(aq) + NH3(l) NH4NO3(aq)Application:

    1. Used in agriculture as high-nitrogenfertilizer.

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    Nitric acid Produced by the reactionreoxidized by the oxygen in air toproduce additional nitrogen

    dioxide.Reaction between nitrogendioxide and water:

    3 NO2 + H2O 2 HNO3 + NOApplication:1. Used as a strong oxidizing agent.

    Carbon black Produced by the incompletecombustion of heavy petroleumproducts.

    Application:1.Used in protective coatings

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    Thank YouGidday

    ^^


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