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Petrochemical Industry
GROUP 14
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Group Members
Mohamad Nur Azshary Bin Mohd Salleh UK26055
Azirah Bte Ishak UK25523
Sabrina Bte Salleh UK27371Elia Syazwani Bte Azhar UK25318
Noorhafiza Bte Rahim UK25247
Nurul Amalina Anati Bte Abdullah UK26346
Nurul Nadia Bte Roslan UK26206
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These 3 Sub-topics are:There are three (3) sub-topics
Chemicals fromAromaticcompounds
ClassificationsFunction/uses
Reactions
Chemicals fromNatural Gases
Ammonia productions& derivatives
Synthesis gases
InorganicPetrochemicals
Chemicals that doesnthave any carbonatoms
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Chemicals from AromaticCompounds
ClassificationsFunction/uses
Reactions
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Introduction to Aromatic Compound
What is Aromatic Compound?Referring to a hydrocarbon containing benzene-likerings and exhibiting characteristic stability andpatterns of reactivity.
One of the three classes of
compounds found in
petroleum. They are lessabundant than the alkanes
and cycloalkanes.
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List of Aromatic Compounds
The aromatic compounds can be classified according to their number ofaromatic rings and root compounds
No of Aromatic Rings Root Compound Related Compound
1 Benzene Toluene Ethylbenzene Propylbenzene Cumene Isobutylbenzene Dodecylbenzene
Styrene alpha-Methylstyreneo-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene p-Cymene Indane Tetralin1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene Durene p-Cymene Indane Tetralin
2
Naphthalene 1-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene
2 Biphenyl Azulene
3 Anthracene Phenanthrene
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Uses of Aromatic Compounds
BenzeneBenzene is used in the production of many materials andProducts including: styrene, some types of rubbers,lubricants, dyes, drugs, synthetic detergents, insecticides,solvents, paint removers, and gasoline.
XyleneSolvent in the printing, rubber, paint and leatherindustries. It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel,gasoline and cigarette smoke.
TolueneIn the manufacture of explosives : trinitrotoluene (TNT)
In the manufacture of polymers for plastic bottles
and to make Polyurethane and Nylon
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Naphthalene
Primary use for naphthalene is in the production of phthalicanhydride
Other uses of naphthalene include carbamate insecticides,
surface active agents and resins, as a dye intermediate, as asynthetic tanning agent, as a moth repellent, and inmiscellaneous organic chemicals.
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Naphthalene
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
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REACTION IN CHEMICALS FROM AROMATIC
COMPOUNDS
Benzene can react with other compounds to form new compounds.The reaction of benzene are below :
Alkylation
1. Benzene + ethene ethylbenzene Catalyst = aluminium chloride
In liquid-phase
(40-100)C
(2 8) atm
Dehydrogenation
1. Ethylbenzene styrene + Hydrogen gas
Catalyst = oxides of Fe, CR, Sn, Co, Zn
In liquid-phase
145C
1 atm
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2. Benzene + propene Cumene
Catalyst = sulphuric acid >
phopheric acid
In liquid-phase >vapor-phase
50C > 250C
5 atm > 40 atm
Alkylation
Oxidation2. Cumene + oxygen phenol
Catalyst = metal salt
(100- 130 )C
2 3 atm
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Nitration
Hydrogenation
2. Benzene + nitric acidnitrobenzene
Catalyst = sulphuric acid & nitric acid
In liquid-phase
50C
1atm
2. Nitrobenzene aniline
Catalyst = copper @silica
270C
3 atm
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Chlorination 2. Benzene + chlorine gas chlorobenzene
Catalyst = aluminium chloride > silica carrier
In liquid-phase > vapor-phase
(80 -100 )C >300 C
1 atm > 1 atm
2. Benzene + oxygen gas maleic anhydrate Catalyst = metal (III) oxide
270C
4 atm
Oxidation
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2. Benzene cyclohexane
Catalyst = nickel @ alumina
(160 220 )C
(25 30)atm
Hydrogenation
Oxidation
2. cyclohexane adipic acid
Catalyst = cobalt acetate
Liquid-phase
(95 120 )C
10 atm
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Chemicals from NaturalGases
Synthesis gases
Ammonia productions & derivatives
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NATURAL GAS COME FROM 3
TYPES OF WELL
Gas Well
Oil Well (associated gas)
Condensate Well (non-associated gas)
Once separated from crude oil, it commonly exists in mixture with other
hydrocarbon.
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Typical Composition of Natural Gas
Methane CH4 70-90%
Ethane C2H6 0-20%
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H
10
Carbon Dioxide CO2 0-8%
Oxygen O2 0-0.2%
Nitrogen N2 0-5%
Hydrogen Sulphide H2S 0-5%
Rare gases A, He, Ne, Xe trace
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Steam Methane Reformer Process
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THE STEAM METHANE REFORMING
PROCESS
The original process of steam methane reforming (SMR) wasdiscovered by BASF in 1926 and commercialized in the 1930s.
The most economical among all hydrogen production pathways.
Consists of 3 reversible reactions.
The reaction 2 and 4 are an endothermic reaction.
CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2[H = +206 kJ mol-1] (2)
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 [H = -41 kJ mol-1] (3)
CH4+ 2H2 CO2 + 4H2[H = +165 kJ mol-1] (4) and themoderately exothermic water-gas shift (WSG) reaction 4.
*Hydrogen production (low cost)
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Hydrocarbon feedstock is desulphurised by using activatedcarbon filters.
Steam react with methane to produce carbon monoxide andhydrogen by the presence of based catalyst Nickel at 700 1100C .
CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
For further treatment, additional hydrogen can be recovered bya lower-temperature (500c ) and the same based Nickel catalyst,gas-shift reaction with the carbon monoxide produced.
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 Carbon dioxide and other impurities are removed from the gas
stream, leaving essentially pure hydrogen.
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Gas Purification-PSA system
Pure hydrogen from the PSA unit is sent to the hydrogen compressor, whilethe PSA off-gas from recovering the adsorbents, called tail gas, is fed to the
reformer burner.
Steam Reforming and CO-shift conversionCO + H2O CO2 + H2CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
Pre-treatment of the feed
-Hydrocarbon feedstock is desulphurised using activated carbon filters,
pressure and reformer design
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Basic derivatives and sources Uses
Ammonia Agriculture chemicals (i.e urea)
Fiber, plastics, industrial explosives
Carbon black Carbon black
Methanol Methyl esters (polyester fibers)
Chloromethanes CFC for refrigerants,aerosols, more..
Hydrogen cyanide Acryllonitrile and more
Other chemicals that can be produced
from natural gas
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Fischer-Tropsch reaction
(2n+1) H2 + nCO CnH(2n+2) + nH2O
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Iso-paraffin formation is more extensive over zinc oxide (ZnO)or thoria (ThO3) catalysts at 400
oC.
*Paraffin waxes are formed over ruthenium catalysts at 170-200oC and high pressures (1500 psi)
*Highly branched product over the iron catalysts (for the
manufacture of automotive fuels
* High-quality diesel fuel can be prepared over cobalt.
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Ammonia produced from the Haber
process.
HABER PROCESS..
WHAT IS HABER PROCESS
Combination nitrogen
(N2) and hydrogen (H2) to
produced ammonia.
Nitrogen from air andhydrogen come from
natural gas (Methane, CH4)
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The reaction is reversible and the production of
ammonia is exothermic.
WHY THIS REACTION IS REVERSIBLE?
It meant that forward reaction is making product in
the same amount as the backward reaction is making
reactant.(Dynamic equilibrium)
For a reversible reaction Le chatelier principle statethat. The equilibrium position will respond to appose a
change in reaction condition.
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To produce ammonia the temperature must be 400C -500C
WHY MUST THIS TEMPERATURE?
Because this is actual temperature of haber process
between (400-500)C is compromise between the amount of
ammonia in the equilibrium mixture.Ammonia is produce at the atmospheric pressure of (100-
300) atm.
WHY?
It to expensive to make a high pressure chemical plant.
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The catalyst that use to produce ammonia is IRON OXIDE.
The catalyst has no effect in the reaction, its only functionto speed up the reaction.
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DERIVATIVEAmmonium hydroxide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulphate
Aranium diuranateAmmonium chlorideAmmonium carbonate Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium bromide
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Inorganic Petrochemicals
Chemicals that doesnt have any carbon atoms
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Sulfur
Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)Nitric acid (HNO3)
Ammonia (NH3)
Carbon black
The Examples of Inorganic Petroleum
By-products
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INORGANIC PETROCHEMICALS
Product Explanation
AmmoniaMost highly produced inorganic
chemicals.Reaction between Hydrogen and
Nitrogen:3 H2 + N2 2 NH3
Application:1. Alternatives to fossil fuels forinternal combustion engines.
Petrochemical have larger range of organic compounds and a few
inorganic
compounds.
Inorganic petrochemical is one that does not contain carbon atoms.
Produced from petroleum natural
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Sulphur Produced from petroleum, naturalgas and fossil fuels.
Obtained by oxidation of hydrogensulfide:H2S + O2 -->S + H2O
Application:1. Used as component of fertilizer
Sulphuric acid Obtained from sulphur found involcanic regions.
Reaction between sulphur trioxideand water:SO3 + H2O H2SO4(g)
Application:1. Used in petroleum refining as catalyst
Caustic soda (SodiumHydroxide)
Made by the process of electrolysis of
sodium chloride.Reaction sodium hydroxide and calcium
carbonate:Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(s) CaCO3 + 2NaOH(aq)
Application:
1.As a basic production material for chemical products andderivatives
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Ammonium sulphate Found in volcanic districts.Reaction between ammonia andsulphuric acid:
2 NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4Application:1. Use as a soil fertilizer.
Ammonium Nitrate Production of ammonium nitrate inindustry.Reaction between nitric acid andammonia:HNO3(aq) + NH3(l) NH4NO3(aq)Application:
1. Used in agriculture as high-nitrogenfertilizer.
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Nitric acid Produced by the reactionreoxidized by the oxygen in air toproduce additional nitrogen
dioxide.Reaction between nitrogendioxide and water:
3 NO2 + H2O 2 HNO3 + NOApplication:1. Used as a strong oxidizing agent.
Carbon black Produced by the incompletecombustion of heavy petroleumproducts.
Application:1.Used in protective coatings
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Thank YouGidday
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