POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON RAW MATERIAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE

B.tech. polymer science

Akash gangulyTopic : Petroleum

INDEX Petroleum

Petrochemicals

Origin of petroleum

Carbide theory

Engler Theory

Modern Theory

Occurrence of petroleum

Refining of petroleum

Cracking

Thermal Cracking

Catalytic Cracking

End Credits

PETROLEUM

Petroleum is a dark coloured viscous oil found in deep Earth crust. Chemically it is a mixture of various types of hydrocarbons along with oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur containing compounds. The average composition of petroleum is :

C = 80 -85%

H = 10 -14%

S = 0.1- 0.5%

N & O = Negligible.

Liquid Oil

Mineral Oil (Petroleum)

Organic Oil

PETROCHEMICALS

Petrochemicals are the chemicals which are made from raw materials dried from petroleum and its fractions. They are known as petrochemicals.

Alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, benzene and its homologues are dried from petroleum and its fractions.

These are used as raw materials for the manufacturing of industrially important chemicals like phenol, ammonia, ethanol, vinyl monomers, styrene, acetic acid, acetone etc. and these find extensive used for the preparation of explosives, drugs, paints, adhesives, rubbers, insecticides etc.

Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd., often referred to as HPL, is the second

largest petrochemical company in India, with the company claiming

a total capacity equivalent to 7, 00,00.0 TPA of ethylene.

ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM

Carbide Theory

Engler Theory

Modern theory

CARBIDE THEORY

According to this theory, hydrocarbons present in the petroleum are formed by the action of water and inorganic chemicals.

Ca + 2C CaC2

CaC2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

4Al + 3C Al4C3

Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4

Disadvantages

It fails to explain

The presence of optically active compounds.

The presence of nitrogen and sulphur compounds.

The presence of chlorophyll and haemine.

ENGLER THEORY

According to this theory, petroleum is of animal origin. He suggested that petroleum is formed by the decay and decomposition of animals under high pressure and temperature.

He suggested the following facts:

Experiment the destructive distillation of fish oil and other animal fats under high pressure and temperature give a similar product to the natural petroleum.

Presence of brine or sea water together with petroleum.

Presence of optically active compounds, nitrogen and sulphur compounds and fossils in the petroleum area.

Disadvantages

It fails to explain the presence of chlorophyll, coal deposits in the vicinity of oil fields.

MODERN THEORY

According to this theory petroleum is believed to be formed by the decay and decomposition of marine chemicals as well as that of vegetable, organisms or simply it is of animal as well as plant origin.

This theory explains all the facts which were the drawbacks of previous theories.

OCCURRENCE OF PETROLEUMIt is oftenly associated with natural gas which exerts pressure on the the oil surface and drives it out with great velocity through natural openings.

America is the biggest oil producing country of the world followed by

Russia

Venezuela

Mexico

Romania

Iraq

Burma

Pakistan

India – In India, it is found in Bombay High, Assam, Gujarat and some parts of Bihar.

REFINING OF PETROLEUM

Separation – Distillation and solvent refining

Conversion – Carbon removal, hydrogen addition

Reforming – Catalytic reforming, steam/ hydrocarbon reforming

Rearrangement – Isomerization

Combination – Catalytic polymerization, alkylation

Treating, finishing, blending

Protecting the environment

CRACKING

• Types of cracking

• Thermal Cracking• Liquid Phase Thermal Cracking• Vapour Phase Thermal Cracking

• Catalytic Cracking• Fixed bed Catalytic Cracking• Moving Bed Catalytic Caracking

CRACKING

It may be defined as the process of decomposition of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons having higher boiling point to lower molecular weight hydrocarbons having lower boiling point.

Process of cracking involves following chemical changes:

Higher hydrocarbons are converted to lower hydrocarbons by C-C cleavage.

Straight chain alkanes are converted into branched chain alkanes.

Saturated hydrocarbons are converted into unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Cyclisation of aliphatic alkanes takes place.

THERMAL CRACKING

When cracking is done in the presence of heat and pressure it is known as thermal cracking.

Liquid Phase thermal Cracking

In this process, residual oil is cracked at 470- 575o C at 7 – 10 atmospheric pressure. The cracked products are separated in a fractionating column. 3 important fractions are obtained in the following percentages:

Cracked gasoline : 30 -35%

Cracked gas : 10 – 15%

Cracked residue : 50 – 55%

Vapour phase thermal cracking

In this petroleum fractions of low boiling range like kerosene oil are heated at a temperature of 670- 720oCat a small atmospheric pressure. In this yield of gasoline is good and anti – knock factors are better than octane number. (Octane no. is less than 70)

CATALYTIC CRACKINGIn this cracking is done in the presence of a catalyst usually a mixture of silica and alumina. It requires much lower pressure and temperature than thermal cracking.

Fixed Bed catalytic Cracking

The heavy oil charge is passed through pre – heater where it is heated to 425- 450oC which h is passed over a fixed bed of catalyst chamber maintained at fixed temperature and 1.5 kgcm-2 pressure. During their passage through the tower about 40% of the charge is converted into gasoline and about 2- 4 %carbon is formed. This carbon black is adsorbed by the catalyst belt and after 8- 10 hours the catalyst stops functioning due to the deposition of black layer of carbon which is later burned and the catalyst is activated. The vapours are then passed through the cooler where the gasoline condenses with some other gases. It is then sent to a stabilizer where the dissolved gases are removed and pure gasoline is recovered.

Moving Bed Catalytic Cracking

In this feed oil is first passed through the heater the pre heated oil vapours along with powder catalyst are then passed to a reactor which is maintained at 500oC temperature for catalytic cracking. Cyclone allows only cracked oil vapours to pass on to the fractionating column but retain the catalyst powder which becomes heavier due to coating with carbon where it is forced by air blast to the regenerator. In this carbon is burned and regenerated catalyst then flows through stand pipes for fixing fresh batch of feed oil.

CATALYTIC CRACKINGFixed Bed Catalytic Cracking Moving Bed Catalytic Cracking

End Credits

Bibliography Wikipedia

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• Dr M. Singh

Purpose• PowerPoint Presentation for B.Tech.

Polymer Science

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