Prepared by:

Pamela Alano

Nezer B.Ibaez

Merciline Joy S. Palaje

Jonnabelle A. Valencia

Petroleum and

Petrochemical Industries

Petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid

found beneath the Earth's surface which is

commonly refined into various types of fuels.

In its natural form when first collected can be

clear green or black, and may be either thin

like gasoline or thick like tar.

Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed by

hydrocarbons with the addition of certain

substances, primarily sulfur. It is recovered

mostly through oil drilling and is refined and

separated, most easily by distillation, into a

large number of consumer products, from

gasoline (petrol) and kerosene to asphalt

and chemical reagents used to make

plastics and pharmaceuticals.

BRIEF HISTORY

More than 4000 years ago

Asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon

347 AD

Oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China

Early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction

industry based in Yenanyaung

1847 James Young invented the process to distill

kerosene from petroleum

1850 The production of paraffin oil and solid paraffin wax

from coal was started by James Young

1851 The first truly commercial oil-works with the first

modern oil refinery in the world was completed

1859 Edwin Drake's 1859 was drilled. This was

considered as the first modern well.

1862 Canada's first oil gusher came into production at a

rate of 3000 barrels per day after an explosion of

natural gas

World War II Oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were

extensively bombed

1960 Peak of petroleum production (in the US)

USES OF PETROLEUM Gasoline

Bunker fuel/heavy oil

Detergents

Plastics

Jet fuel

Diesel fuel

Heating oil

Synthetic rubber

Synthetic fibers

Fertilizers and pesticides

Paint

Photographic film

Food additives

Make up

Medicine

Candles

Composition mainly constituted of hydrocarbons

mixed with variable amounts of sulfur,

nitrogen, and oxygen compounds.Composition by weight

Element Percent range

83 to 85%

Hydrogen 10 to 14%

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

Oxygen 0.05 to 1.5%

Sulfur 0.05 to 6.0%

Metals < 0.1%

Composition by weight

Hydrocarbon Average Range

Alkanes

(paraffins)30% 15 to 60%

Naphthenes 49% 30 to 60%

Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%

Asphaltics 6% Remainder

The hydrocarbons in petroleum are mostly alkanes(paraffins), cycloalkanes (naphthenes) and various

aromatic hydrocarbons while the other organic

compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and

trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and

vanadium.

Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, forproducing fuel oil and petrol, both

important "primary energy" sources. 84

vol. % of the hydrocarbons present in

petroleum is converted into energy-rich

fuels (petroleum-based fuels), including

petrol, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel

oils, and liquefied petroleum gas.

Chemistry Petroleum is a mixture of a very large number of

different hydrocarbons; the most commonly

found molecules are alkanes (paraffins),

cycloalkanes (naphthenes), aromatic

hydrocarbons, or more complicated chemicals

like asphaltenes. Each petroleum variety has a

unique mix of molecules, which define its

physical and chemical properties, like color and

viscosity.

ALKANES / PARAFFINS are saturated hydrocarbons with straight

(normal) or branched (iso) chains which containonly carbon and hydrogen and have the generalformula CnH2n+2.

alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can berefined into fuel oil and lubricating oil.

at the heavier end of the range, paraffin wax isan alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms,while asphalt has 35 and up, although these areusually cracked by modern refineries into morevaluable products.

the shortest molecules, those with four or fewercarbon atoms, are in a gaseous state at roomtemperature, they are the petroleum gases.

Cycloalkanes (Naphthenes)

are saturated hydrocarbons which haveone or more carbon rings to which

hydrogen atoms are attached according

to the formula CnH2n.

Cycloalkanes have similar properties toalkanes but have higher boiling points.

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS

are unsaturated hydrocarbons which haveone or more planar six-carbon rings called

benzene rings, to which hydrogen atoms

are attached with the formula CnHn.

They tend to burn with a sooty flame, andmany have a sweet aroma. Some are

carcinogenic.

PropertiesPetroleum differ appreciably in their properties

according to origin and the ratio of the different components inthe mixture. Lighter crudes generally yield more valuable lightand middle distillates and are sold at higher prices. Crudescontaining a high percent of impurities, such as sulfurcompounds, are less desirable than low-sulfur crudesbecause of their corrosivity and the extra treating cost.Corrosivity of crude oils is a function of many parametersamong which are the type of sulfur compounds and theirdecomposition temperatures, the total acid number, the typeof carboxylic and naphthenic acids in the crude and theirdecomposition temperatures. It was found that naphthenicacids begin to decompose at 600 F. Refinery experience hasshown that above 750 F there is no naphthenic acidcorrosion.

Petroleum Refining Process Chemical engineering processes and

other facilities used in petroleum refineries

to transform crude oil into useful products

such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG),

gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel,

diesel oil, and fuel oils.

Distillation

In this process, the crude oil is boiled

and recondensed to separate the crude oil

into components based on ranges of boiling

points.

Lighter components are collected in the

upper part of the distillation column. Very

heavy components which are unable to boil

leave from the bottom of the column.

Distillation Tower

Hydroprocessing

The objective of this process is to remove

sulphur from the component stream. The sulphur

removed from this process is converted into pure

liquid sulphur and is sold to local industry.

Reforming or Platforming

This process converts naphtha into a product

known as reformate or platformate which has a

much higher octane number.

Catalytic Cracking

This conversion process involves the

breaking up of large hydrocarbon molecules using

a combination of heat and catalytic action.

Cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was

originally done by thermal cracking, which has

been almost completely replaced by catalytic

cracking because it produces more gasoline with a

higher octane rating.

Coker

A coker or coker unit is an oil

refinery processing unit that converts the residual

oil from the vacuum distillation column or

the atmospheric distillation column into low

molecular weight hydrocarbon gases, naphtha, light

and heavy gas oils, and petroleum coke. The

process thermally cracks the long chain

hydrocarbon molecules in the residual oil feed into

shorter chain molecules leaving behind the excess

carbon in the form of petroleum coke.

Secondary Treating

This process is mainly involved with

further polishing f components and products

to remove sulphur and other impurities.

Blending

In the final stage, the various

hydrocarbon components manufactured in

the refinery are mixed together to make the

final products.

Petron Bataan Refinery

Limay, Bataan

Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation

Batangas

Petrochemicals

PETROCHEMICALS

Petrochemicals are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical

compounds made from petroleum are also

obtained from other fossil fuels such as

coal or natural gas, or renewable sources

such as corn or sugar cane.

1835 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) discovered by

French chemist and physicist Henri Victor

Regnault after leaving a sample of vinyl chloride

gas in the sun.

1839 Polystyrene discovered by accident by

German pharmacist Eduard Simon when he tried

to distil a natural resin called storax. He obtained

an oily substance he called styrol.

1856 Synthetic dyes first discovered by 18-yearold

student William Perkin at the Royal College of

Chemistry in London when trying to develop an

artificial form of quinine from coal tar. Instead of

quinine, he was left with a purple powder which

was used as an affordable fabric dye.

History

1835 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) discovered by French chemist and physicist Henri Victor Regnault.

1839 Polystyrene discovered by accident by German pharmacist Eduard Simon.

1856 Synthetic dyes first discovered by 18-year old student William Perkin at the Royal College of Chemistry in London.

1859 Oil discovered by retired railway conductor Colonel Edwin L. Drake.

1879 The first synthetic rubber was created.

1888 The study of liquid crystals begins in Austria by scientist Friedrich Reinitzer.

1909 The discovery of Bakelite. Invented by Belgian Leo Hendrik Baekeland

History

1913 High-pressure hydrogenation process for transforming heavy oils into lighter oils developed by German organic chemist

Friedrich Bergius.

1925 Synthetic fuels pioneered with the development of the Fischer-Tropsch process by German researchers Franz Fischer and

Hans Tropsch.

1929 Scientists at chemical company BASF develop a way to commercially manufacture polystyrene; large-scale polystyrene

production started.

1933 German scientists invent Buna-S, a synthetic rubber.

1933-1935 Plexiglass is discovered by accident by German researcher Otto Rohm.

History

1935 American chemist Wallace Hume Carothers creates a fibre which came to be known as Nylon.

1937 Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol become available as an anti-freeze.

1938 American chemist Roy Plunkett develops Teflon

1941 Polyethylene terephthalate or PET is developed from ethylene and paraxylene; pioneered for bottles in the early 1970s.

1946 a breakthrough in detergent development.

1949 BASF chemist Fritz Stastny starts work on a process to turn polystyrene into a foam form.

1965 Kevlar is invented at DuPont

CLASSIFICATION

Primary petrochemicals are divided into three groups depending on their chemical

structure:

CLASS 1:

Olefins include ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. Ethylene and propylene are

important sources of industrial chemicals

and plastic products. Butadiene is used in

making synthetic rubber.

CLASS 2:

Aromatics include benzene, toluene, and xylenes. Benzene is a raw material for

dyes and synthetic detergents, and

benzene and toluene for isocyanates MDI

and TDI used in making polyurethanes.

Manufacturers use xylenes to produce

plastics and synthetic fibers.

CLASS 3:

Paraffinic hydrocarbons used for producing petrochemicals range from the

simplest hydrocarbon, methane, to heavier

hydrocarbon gases and liquid mixtures

present in crude oil fractions and residues.

Sources Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural

processes such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms

-The age of the organisms and their resulting fossil fuels is typically millions of years, and sometimes exceeds 650 million years. The fossil fuels, which contain high percentages of carbon, include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.

Energy Information Administration that in 2007 primary sources of energy

consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal

27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting

to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world

The world consumes 30

billion barrels (4.8 km) of oil

per year

Major products

Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Gasoline (also known as petrol)

Naphtha

Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels

Diesel fuel

Fuel oils

Lubricating oils

Paraffin wax

Asphalt and tar

Petroleum coke

Product Gallons per Barrel

gasoline 19.4

diesel & home heating oil 9.7

kerosene-type jet fuel 4.3

residual fuel oil 1.9

liquefied refinery gases 1.9

still gas 1.8

coke 2.0

asphalt and road oil 1.4

petrochemical feedstock 1.1

lubricants 0.5

kerosene 0.2

other 0.4

1 BARREL=42 GALLONS=159 LTRES

PRODUCTION PROCESSES

UPSTREAM PETROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION

Aims at producing primary feedstock 7 major products: methane, ethylene, propylene, Mix C4 benzene, toluene and xylene

1) CRACKING PROCESSa process in which molecules of raw material are dissociated into smaller ones.

Two types of cracking process:

Thermal Steam Cracking- the dissociation of raw material such

as ethane and propane yielding ethylene

and propylene, mixed C4, pyrolysis

gasoline.

- Methane and hydrogen are also

some of major byproducts.

Catalytic Cracking- Dissociation of larger, stable

molecules requires catalysis.

2) REFORMING PROCESS

This process converts heavy

naphtha to aromatics such as benzene,

toluene and xylene as well as hydrogen

as byproduct. Reforming may be carriedout by several following methods.

Aromatization Two reactions responsible for enriching naphtha with

aromatics:

1. Dehydrogenation of naphthenes

2. Dehydrocyclization of paraffins

IsomerizationReactions leading to skeletal

rearrangement of paraffins and

cycloparaffins in a catalytic reactor are also

important in raising the octane number of the

reformate product.

HYDROCRACKING A hydrogen-consuming reaction

that leads to higher gas production

and lower liquid yield.

HYDRODEALKYLATIONA cracking reaction of an aromatic side

chain in presence of hydrogen.toluene and hydrogen:

INTERMEDIATE PETROCHEMICAL

PROCESS

Uses upstream products as feedstock

for downstream production industry.

Intermediate products can be divided

into the following classes:

-Olefin Intermediates

-Aromatic Intermediates

- Alkane Intermediates

DOWNSTREAM PRODUCTIONrelies on upstream and intermediate

production process in producing what is to

be converted to final products.

Downstream products can be grouped

as follows:

1.Plastic Resins

2. Synthetic Fibers

3. Synthetic Rubbers, Elastomers

4. Synthetic Coating and Adhesive Materials

Significant

Petrochemicals and

Their Derivatives

Petrochemical Companies

In The Philippines

Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corp.

Chevron Corporation

Petron Corporation

Philippine National Oil Company

JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation

Phoenix Petroleum Philippines, Inc.

SEAOIL Philippines, Inc.

Philippine Polypropylene Inc.

Philippine Resins Industries, Inc.

NPC ALLIANCE CORPORATION

KROHNE Philippines

Energy

Consumption of

the Philippines

PHILIPPINES PETROCHEMICALS REPORT

Q2 2015

The Philippines petrochemicals industry

fell behind overall manufacturing growth

in 2014, but is expected to recover in

2015 as the automotive and

construction sectors post stronger

growth rates and local producer JG

Summit Petrochemicals Corporation

(JGSPC) ramps up capacity utilisation

at its new cracker complex, according to

BMI's latest Philippines Petrochemicals

Report.