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Petroleum Engineering 620 — Fluid Flow in Petroleum ReservoirsPetrophysics Lecture 6 — Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks


Formation Factor


From: Keelan, D.: "Special Core Analysis," Core Laboratories Report (1982).

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From: Jorden, J.R. and Campbell, F.L.: Well Logging — Electric and Acoustic Logging, SPE Monograph Series, 10 (1986), Richardson, TX.




From: Wyllie, M.R.J. and Gregory, A.R.: "Formation Factors of Unconsolidated Porous Media: Influence of Particle Shape and Effect of Cementation," Trans. AIME (1953) 198, 103-110.


Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index


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From: Keelan, D.: "Special Core Analysis," Core Laboratories Report (1982).

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Formation EvaluationHistorical Events and an Overview of Practices



1846 — First temperature log by Lord Kelvin1883 — Single electrode resistivity log patented by Fred

Brown1912 — First surface resistivity survey (Conrad

Schlumberger)1927 — First multi-electrode electrical survey in a

wellbore (in France)1929 — First electrical survey in California (also

Venezuela, Russia, India)1931 — First SP log, first sidewall core gun 1932 — First deviation survey, first bullet perforator1933 — First commercial temperature log1936 — First SP dipmeter1937 — First electrical log in Canada (for gold in Ontario)1938 — First gamma ray log, first neutron log1939 — First electrical log in Alberta1941 — Archie's Laws published, first caliper log1945 — First commercial neutron log1947 — First resistivity dipmeter, first induction log

described1948 — First microlog, first shaped charge perforator1948 — Rw from SP published1949 — First laterolog

First Well Log — Schlumberger 1927 (France)

From: Crain, E.R.: "Developments in Well Logging," (http://www.spec2000.net/02-history1.htm).

Developments In Well Logging (1/2)


From: Crain, E.R.: "Developments in Well Logging," (http://www.spec2000.net/02-history1.htm).

Developments In Well Logging (2/2)1952 — First microlaterolog 1954 — Added caliper to microlog1956 — First commercial induction log, nuclear magnetic log described1957 — First sonic log, first density log1960 — First sidewall neutron log (scaled in porosity units)1960 — First thermal decay time log1961 — First digitized dipmeter log1962 — First compensated density log (scaled in density/porosity units)1962 — First computer aided log analysis, first logarithmic resistivity scale 1963 — First transmission of log images by telecopier (predecessor to FAX)1964 — First measurement while drilling logs described1965 — First commercial digital recording of log data1966 — First compensated neutron log1969 — First experimental PE curve on density log1971 — First extraterrestrial temperature log Apollo 151976 — First desktop computer aided log analysis system LOG/MATE1977 — First computerized logging truck1982 — First use of email to transmit data via ARPaNet (predecessor to Internet)1983 — First transmission of log data by satellite from wellsite to computer center1985 — First resistivity microscanner.


●Discussion: Orientation to Practice/Reservoir Scales■Schematic explains wireline log acquisition approach.■Reservoir scales — at least 12 orders of magnitude (1x1012).

Orientation to Practice/Reservoir Scales

From: Course Notes (Thomas Engler, New Mexico Tech).

How are well logs taken? Scales?


●Discussion: Depth of Investigation (Logging Tools)■Clearly a trade-off in resolution and depth of investigation.■"Depth-averaging" of measurements can be significant.

(Source of image is unknown)

Depth of Investigation (Logging Tools)


Common Well Logs — and What They Measure

From: Schroeder, F.W.: "An Introduction to the Hunt for Oil," AAPG Visiting Geoscientist Program short course (2011). [http://www.aapg.org/slide_resources/schroeder/index.cfm]


Water Resistivity — Correlations

Composite curves of connate water resistivities vs. salinity in

parts per million by weight.

Resistivity of NaCl aqueous solutions (Rw) as a function ofsalinity (ppm) and temperature. (Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation)

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●Discussion: Water Resistivity — Correlations■Water salinity correlations with resistivity.■Pirson correlation on left, Schlumberger correlation on right.


●Discussion: Archie Saturation Relation■Very simple formulation.■Generally valid for "clean sands."

From: Dan Krygowski: "Archie, Hingle, and Pickett: Determining fluid saturation for fun and profit…" (http://www.discovery-group.com/pdfs/Archie%20Hingle%20Pickett.pdf).


●Discussion: Formation Factor — Example■Pirson provides an interpretation of the F vs. configuration.■Also shows the confirmation of Archie saturation concept.

From: Pirson, S. J.: Elements of Oil Reservoir Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, (1950).

Formation factor (F) versus porosity (percent), for various reservoir characters or cementation classes.

Connate-water saturation vs. resistivity ratios. Curve 1 is a composite of data from Wycoff, Leverett, Jakosky, and Martin; curve 2 is for brine-air displacement results of Morse et al., on artificially consolidated sands; curve 3 is for brine-oil displacement results.

n ~ 2(per Archie)

n ~ 1.8

n ~ 1.8

Formation Factor — Pirson Concepts (Porosity/Saturation)


●Discussion: Shannon Field Examples■F vs. behavior is consistent with Archie observations.■I vs. Sw indicates a "shaly sand" (deviates from Archie lines).

From: From: Keelan, Dare K. and D.C. McGinley, 1979, Application of Cation Exchange Capacity in a Study of the Shannon Sand of Wyoming Trans., SPWLA (June 1979).

F vs. — Shannon Sand Example —validates Archie observation (1.6 < m < 2.2).

I vs. Sw — Shannon Sand Example — somewhat violates Archie observation (shaly sand case).

Formation Factor — Keelan Example Cases

Formation Factor/Porosity Relationsfor Shaly Sands


(Self-Study — for your reference)

(Formation Factor/Porosity Relations for Shaly Sands)






Saturation/Resistivity Index Relationsfor Shaly Sands



(Saturation/Resistivity Index Relations for Shaly Sands)






Archie Concepts



(Archie Concepts)

From: Archie, G.E.: "Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics," Trans. AIME (1942) 146, 54-62.


From: Archie, G .E.: "Introduction to Petrophysics of Reservoir Rocks," Bull., AAPG (1950) 34, 943-961. (Archie Concepts)


Additional Comments



(Additional Comments)


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