Pf v14 Software

7/27/2019 Pf v14 Software

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PowerFactory V14

Basic Software Features & Calculation Functions

Advanced Functions and FeaturesProtection Coordination * Distribution Network Optimization * Harmonic Analysis * Optimal Power FlowReliability Analysis* State Estimation * Dynamic Modelling (DSL) * System Dynamics (RMS / EMT)Motor Starting * Real-Time Simulation* Small Signal Stability * Interfacing PowerFactory * Installation Options

Rev 1.14/4/2010


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T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

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Table of Contents

1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 62 PowerFactory Overview.................................................................................................................... 82.1 Functional Integration and Applications......................................................................................................82.2 PowerFactory Software Concept ................................................................................................................83 Network Models .............................................................................................................................. 113.1 Grid Representations and Power Equipment ............................................................................................. 113.2 Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions............................................................................. 153.3 Load and Generation Profiles................................................................................................................... 154 Data Management........................................................................................................................... 164.1 V14 Standard Data Model........................................................................................................................ 164.1.1 Arrangement of Data in Project Folders............................................................................................... 164.1.2 Study Time........................................................................................................................................ 17

4.2 Data Organisation................................................................................................................................... 175 Network Diagrams & Graphic Capabilities......................................................................................19

6 Results and Reporting..................................................................................................................... 226.1 Text Reports........................................................................................................................................... 226.2 Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views)....................................................................................................... 226.3 Reporting in Network Diagrams ............................................................................................................... 236.4 Result File Management .......................................................................................................................... 236.5 Plots and Diagrams................................................................................................................................. 236.6 Additional Features ................................................................................................................................. 257 External Data Format Support ........................................................................................................ 267.1 Standard Data Formats ........................................................................................................................... 267.2 DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS)............................................................................................ 268 DPL- DIgSILENT Programming Language....................................................................................... 279 PowerFactory Modes of Operation.................................................................................................. 299.1 Standard Windowing Mode...................................................................................................................... 29


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9.2 Engine & Hybrid Execution Mode ............................................................................................................. 2910 Power Flow Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 3011 Fault Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 3311.1 Supported Standards............................................................................................................................. 3311.2 Complete Method/Multiple Faults ........................................................................................................... 3411.3 Fault Analysis Results (all Methods)........................................................................................................ 3512 Network Reduction ....................................................................................................................... 3612.1 General Features .................................................................................................................................. 3613 Voltage Stability Analysis.............................................................................................................. 3713.1 PV Curves............................................................................................................................................. 3713.2 Q-V Analysis .........................................................................................................................................3714 Load Flow Sensitivities.................................................................................................................. 3815 Contingency Analysis .................................................................................................................... 3916 Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation.......................................................................... 4116.1 Overhead Line Parameter Calculation..................................................................................................... 4116.2 Cable Parameter Calculation .................................................................................................................. 4117 Distribution Network Analysis ...................................................................................................... 4217.1 Feeder Analysis.....................................................................................................................................4217.2 Low-Voltage Network Analysis ............................................................................................................... 4217.3 Stochastic Load Modelling...................................................................................................................... 4217.4 Cable Reinforcement Optimization.......................................................................................................... 4317.5 Feeder Tools.........................................................................................................................................4418 Protection Functions ..................................................................................................................... 4518.1 Protection Model Library and Functionality.............................................................................................. 4518.2 Output & Graphical Representation ........................................................................................................ 4718.3 Overcurrent-Time Protection.................................................................................................................. 4818.4 Distance Protection ............................................................................................................................... 4818.5 Protection Coordination Wizard.............................................................................................................. 4919 Distribution Network Optimization............................................................................................... 51


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19.1 Optimal Capacitor Placement ................................................................................................................. 5119.2 Open Tie Optimization........................................................................................................................... 5120 Harmonic Analysis Functions ........................................................................................................ 5320.1 Harmonic Load Flow.............................................................................................................................. 5320.2 Frequency Sweep.................................................................................................................................. 5420.3 Ripple Control Signals ........................................................................................................................... 5520.4 Filter Rating.......................................................................................................................................... 5521 Optimal Power Flow...................................................................................................................... 5621.1 AC Optimization.................................................................................................................................... 5621.2 DC Optimization.................................................................................................................................... 5722 Reliability Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 5922.1 Failure Models ......................................................................................................................................5922.2 State Enumeration ................................................................................................................................ 6022.3 Failure Effect Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 6022.4 System Indices and Results ................................................................................................................... 6122.5 Special Features....................................................................................................................................6322.5.1 High Flexibility ................................................................................................................................. 6322.5.2 Tracing of Individual Cases............................................................................................................... 6322.5.3 Powerful Output Tools for Result Representation ............................................................................... 6322.5.4 Contribution to Reliability Indices ...................................................................................................... 6422.5.5 Development of Indices over Years ................................................................................................... 64

23 State Estimation............................................................................................................................ 6524 Dynamic Modelling Flexibility (DSL) ............................................................................................. 6725 Power System Dynamics............................................................................................................... 6925.1 General Capabilities............................................................................................................................... 6925.2 Stability Analysis Functions.................................................................................................................... 7225.2.1 RMS Simulation with a-b-c Phase Representation............................................................................... 7225.2.2 Long-term Stability........................................................................................................................... 72

25.3 Transient Motor Starting........................................................................................................................ 7325.4 Electromagnetic Transients (EMT).......................................................................................................... 7425.5 Dynamic System Parameter Identification............................................................................................... 7525.6 PowerFactory Real-Time Simulators ....................................................................................................... 75


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26 Small Signal Stability .................................................................................................................... 7727 PowerFactory Interfaces............................................................................................................... 7927.1 DGS Interface.......................................................................................................................................7927.2 OPC Interface.......................................................................................................................................7927.3 Shared Memory Interface ...................................................................................................................... 8028 Interfacing PowerFactory ............................................................................................................. 8228.1 PowerFactory - GIS integration .............................................................................................................. 8228.2 PowerFactory - SCADA integration ......................................................................................................... 8428.3 PowerFactory - Simulation Interface (SIMULINK, etc.)............................................................................. 8528.4 PowerFactory - A/D Signal Interfacing Capability..................................................................................... 8529 PowerFactory Installation Options ............................................................................................... 8629.1 PowerFactory Workstation License ......................................................................................................... 8629.2 PowerFactory Server License ................................................................................................................. 8729.3 License Overview.................................................................................................................................. 9129.4 Installation Requirements...................................................................................................................... 9130 PowerFactory Function Definitions and Prices ............................................................................. 9230.1 PowerFactory Function Definitions ......................................................................................................... 9230.2 PowerFactory Prices.............................................................................................................................. 9331 The DIgSILENT Company.............................................................................................................. 9432 History of the DIgSILENT Software .............................................................................................. 95


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1 I n t r o d u c t i o n


1Introduction

DIgSILENT has set standards and trends in power system modelling, analysis and simulation for more than 25

years. The proven advantages of the PowerFactory software are its overall functional integration, its applicability

to the modelling of generation-, transmission-, distribution- and industrial grids, and the analysis of these grids

interactions.

Electrical grids, planning processes and operation processes are becoming increasingly complex due to market

unbundling, expansion of interconnections and distributed generation. This increases the demands on software

tools in terms of data quality, flexibility and manageability.

With PowerFactory Version 14, DIgSILENT presents a further step towards seamless integration offunctionality and data management within a multi-user environment. The building and organizing of schemes,

scenarios, versions and running arrangements has been added for improved handling.

Version 14 Key Features

! Single- and multi-user project data administration environment

! Database with historical data storage and auditing functionality.

! Time-stamped data model

! Management of operational scenarios

! Baselining, versioning and publishing of models

! Integrated node and branch, and switch and component modelling

! Integrated overview diagrams, simplified and detailed single line diagrams

! Fast contingency analysis tools (AC and DC load flow)

! Contingency-constrained economic dispatch including quad booster optimization

! Distributed/embedded power generation modelling

! New models for wind power and virtual power plants

DIgSILENT PowerFactory is the most economical solution, as data handling, modelling capabilities and overall

functionality replace a set of other software systems, thereby minimizing project execution costs and training

requirements. The all-in-one PowerFactory solution promotes highly-optimized workflow.


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DIgSILENT PowerFactory is easy to use and caters for all standard power system analysis needs, including high-

end applications in new technologies such as wind power and distributed generation and the handling of very

large power systems. In addition to the stand-alone solution, the PowerFactory engine can be smoothlyintegrated into GIS, DMS and EMS supporting open system standards.

DIgSILENT PowerFactoryv14 integrated features overview


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2 P o w e r F a c t o r y O v e r v i e w


2PowerFactory Overview

2.1Functional Integration and Applications

! Implemented as a single software solution allowing for fast 'walk around' through the database and

execution environment

! No need to reload modules and update, transfer and convert data and results between different program

applications

! Vertically integrated power equipment model concept allowing models to be shared by all analysis

functions

! Support oftransmission-, distribution- and industrial system design and simulation

! Modelling and simulation ofrailway systems

! Simulation of any kind ofwind turbines and wind parks

! Smart Grid modelling including virtual power plants and distributed generation such as PV-

panels, micro turbines, battery storage, CHP, etc.

2.2PowerFactory Software Concept

Single Database Concept

! Optimal data organization and project definitions for performing any type of calculation, storage of

settings, diagrams and visualization options or software operation sequences.

! No need for tedious organization of several files for defining the various analysis aspects and project

execution workflows.

! Database environment fully integrates all necessary data, such as that required for defining cases,scenarios, variants, single-line graphics, outputs, run conditions, calculation options, graphics or user-

defined models. Saving a project includes everything required to rerun all defined cases at a later stage.

! Access to all data via a comfortable and powerful data manager, object browser, plus various types of

diagrams and wizards.

! Comprehensive, non-redundant data model supporting all calculation functions


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User Roles

! Access to user information through a user accounting system

! Protection of data through different types of access rights

! Folder sharing between users with read-only access. This is especially useful for libraries and network

base cases which should be administrated only by authorized personnel.

Multi-User Operation and Team working

! Multi-user data administration supporting MS-SQL or ORACLE databases

! Support of user accounting, access rights and data sharing, featuring the powerful option of allowingseveral users to work on the same project in a coordinated way. This demonstrates the concept of non-

redundant data management in PowerFactory..

! Management of multi-user data editing via the definition of a base project, project versions and derived

projects (virtual projects).

! Support of version control including rollback functions and merge/compare tools.

Network Variations, Expansion Stages Management and Operational Scenarios

! Support of time-stamped network variations.

! Variation scheduler for easy handling of sub-projects

! Definition of study cases and operational scenarios

! Activation of network stages according to study time. This automatically addresses the handling of

power system components according to their commissioning and de-commissioning dates

Multi-Level Models

! Data describing network models such as cables, machines, loads, transformers, etc., are subdivided intoelement data and type data which point to libraries.

! All data to be entered are grouped into basic data (data required for all calculations) and function level

data (data required only for executing specific calculations).

! Data are simply entered in physical quantities rather than in per unit values, minimizing the need for

manual recalculation and conversion of data.

! Verification of input data, with detailed warning and error messages


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! Integrated calculators for asynchronous machines, cable data and tower configurations

Batch Mode, Engine Mode and Interfaces

! Fully interactive windowing mode according to the latest, proven standards

! Engine mode for background operation

! Various communication features to exchange data with other applications such as GIS, SCADA and real-

time control systems via OPC, shared memory, DGS (CSV, ODBC), etc.

! Hybrid operation switching between background and windowing mode according to users needs

! Data exchange via CIM, PSS/E, UCTE and many other file formats


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3 N e t w o r k M o d e l s

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3Network Models

3.1Grid Representations and Power Equipment

Grid Models

! Meshed and radial AC systems with 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-phases

! Meshed and radial DC systems

! Combined AC and DC system modelling

! Model validity from LV up to ultra-high voltage

Phase Technologies

! Single phase with/without neutral

! Two-phase with/without neutral

! Bi-phase with/without neutral

! Three-phase with/without neutral

Substations

! Simple terminal models to be used for node and branch representation, marshalling panels,

terminal blocks, terminal strips, clamping bars, joints and junctions.

! Complex substation models with the provision of various standard busbar configurations such as

single- and double busbars with/without tie-breakers, bypass busbars, 1 busbar systems and

flexible busbar configurations according to user-specific needs.

! Templates for holding any type of user-specific busbar configuration, including pre-configured

protection schemes

Generators and Sources

! Synchronous and asynchronous generator

! Doubly-fed induction generator

! Static generator (for PV, fuel cell, wind generator, battery storage, etc.)


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! External grid

! AC voltage source

! AC current source

! 2-terminal AC voltage source

Loads

! General load model (for HV and MV-feeders)

! Complex load model (for feeders with a large number of induction motors)

! Low voltage load (can be assigned across line and cable sections)

Reactive Power Compensation

! Static Var Compensator (SVC)

! Shunt/Filter (RLC, RL, C, RLCRp, RLCCRp)

Branch models

! Overhead line and cable models (!-models and distributed parameter models)

! Circuits and line sub-sections

! Mutual data, line couplings, tower geometries

! 2-, 2-N-winding transformer and auto transformer

! 3-winding transformer, booster transformer

! Series reactor, series capacitor and common impedance

DC Models

! 1-terminal and 2-terminal DC voltage source and DC current source

! DC/DC converter

! Inductive DC-coupling


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Power Electronics Devices

! Thyristor/Diode converter models

! Self-commutated converter models (VSC-converter)

! DC valve (for building individual converter topologies)

! Softstarter

Switches and Substation Equipment

! Circuit Breaker and Disconnector

! Load-Break-Disconnector

! Load-Switch

! Grounding Switch

! Fuse

! NEC/NER, grounding devices

! Surge arrester

Composite Models

! Composite node models, e.g. representing complex substations

! Composite branch models

! Template library for handling composite models

Parameter characteristics

! Time characteristics and discrete characteristics

! Scalar, vector and matrix characteristics

! File references and polygons

! Continuous and discrete triggers

! Frequency and time scales


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Controllers

! Station controller, secondary controller (SCO), virtual power plant

! Tap controller, shunt controller

! User-definable capability diagrams and controllers

Organisation and Grouping

! Site, station, substation, area, zone

! Feeder, branch, bay

! Operator, owner

! Boundaries

Operational Library

! Substation running arrangements

! CB ratings

! Thermal ratings

! Library of faults/contingencies

! Library of (planned) outages

Others

! Protection relays with over 30 basic protection function blocks

! Manufacturer-specific relay library with relay models from all major manufacturers

! CT, VT and various measurement transducers (P, Q, f, etc.)

! Fourier source, harmonic source, FFT

! Clock, sample & hold, sample & hold noise generator


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PowerFactory supports 500 different objects for defining, organizing and storing users grid definitions and project

settings. The above-listed objects are a summary of those most frequently used.

3.2Built-in Calculation and Integrated Modelling Functions

PowerFactory provides a number of functions which assist users in entering data which may have come from

datasheets or product catalogues. Not only do these functions greatly simplify data entry, but they also provide

valuable output and results.

Identification of asynchronous machine parameters

! Support of two different parameter input modes: (a) electrical parameters and (b) slip-torque/current

characteristic

! When entering electrical parameters, such as the rated mechanical power, stator resistance and

reactance, magnetisation reactance, etc., all electrical parameters which precisely define and describe

the asynchronous machine are then calculated. This includes the determination of the torque-/speed

characteristic.

! The alternative definition via the slip-torque/current characteristic requires entering data such as

characteristics at nominal operation point, torque at stalling point, locked rotor torque and other

parameters typically available from manufacturer handbooks or test reports. This alternative data

entering method will then determine the electrical machine parameters.

Calculation of Overhead Line Parameters and Cable Parameters

Please refer to section 16.

3.3Load and Generation Profiles

! Load and generator parameter characteristics can be defined on a per-element basis for parametric

studies. Parameter characteristics can be imposed on each input parameter. They may be time-

dependent, refer to predefined discrete cases, or result from external sources.

! All operational data (generation and demand patterns, switch positions, etc) can be saved and

maintained in distinct Operation Scenarios.


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4 D a t a M a n a g e m e n t

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4Data Management

4.1V14 Standard Data Model

4.1.1Arrangement of Data in Project Folders

All data required for grid modelling, project organization and project execution are arranged in project folders.

Project data are structured into Libraries, Network Models, Operation Scenarios and Study Cases.

Libraries

! Libraries contain equipment types, special operation information, DPL scripts, templates and user-

defined models.

! The Equipment Type Library can store manufacturer and standard data for cables, conductors, circuit

breakers, transformers, motors, generators, protection devices, PV panels, converters, wind turbines,

etc.

! Operational Libraries help organize standard settings and operational structures of grids. Typical entries

include specific device Mvar limits and capability curves, outages, fault conditions and sequences,

specific thermal ratings, running arrangements, etc.

Network Models

! All network data are organized and stored in various folders such as grid- and area folders, folders for

boundaries, circuits, feeders, routes, zones, etc.

! Comprehensive network topology handling defining: Nodes, Substations, Sites, Boundaries, Circuits,

Routes, Operators and Owners.

! Graphical information such as overview diagrams, simplified single line diagrams and detailed single line

diagrams are automatically organized in a separate diagram folder

! Grid Variations are linked to the original grid data, allowing non-redundant grid variationmanagement.

! Easy and non-redundant handling of grid expansion alternatives.

! Planned grid expansions are organized by time-stamped Expansion Stages which are considered

depending on the selected Study Time. Expansion Stages are stored in Variations and handled via the

Variation Scheduler. In other words, variations can be seen as expansion plans composed of

different stages which are activated chronologically.


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Operation Scenarios

! Definition of operation and dispatch conditions, grid loading, ambient temperature, daily load variationpattern, etc

! Organisation of characteristics to generate ranges of values such as daily load curves, temperature

dependencies, wind conditions, solar radiation pattern, etc

! Definition of triggers for easy selection of certain conditions to be analysed

! Comparison of Operation Scenarios

Study Cases

! Grid configurations, operation conditions, trigger settings, calculation options, fault sequences, results

and DPL scripts to be executed are all stored in Study Cases

! Study Cases can be activated to reproduce any grid condition and its associated calculation results

4.1.2Study Time

PowerFactory V14 extends grid modelling into the dimension of time. The model may span a period of months or

years considering network expansions, planned outages and other system events. The period of validity of a

project therefore specifies the time span that the of the models validity.

! The Study Time automatically determines which expansion stages of a variation will be considered.

! Selection ofStudy Time along with the operational conditions will automatically create grid expansion

scenarios

4.2Data Organisation

Simultaneous use of grid data takes place when two different parties work with the same project. This kind of

situation occurs most frequently in larger companies where software-based teamworking capabilities are a basic

requirement.

Versioning

! Project Versions constitute a snapshot of a project at a specific point in time

! Project versions are under full control of owner rights

! Rollbackfunctions allow a controlled Undo of a projects execution steps, thereby rolling back to a

specific stage of the project


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! Reporting facilities for Derived Projects which depend on a certain version

Derived Projects

! Master Projects can be published in a public area of the database

! Derived Projects are virtual copies of a Version of a Master Project that can be developed by any

number of users simultaneously. Only the differences to the original version are stored

! Derived Projects are always linked to their original Master Project

! The users will be automatically notified if a new version of their Master Project is available

! Comprehensive tools for merging several derived projects and/or their versions into a new project viathe Merge Tool. This allows the consolidation of independent and parallel model modifications

introduced by different users.


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5 N e t w o r k D i a g r a m s & G r a p h i c C a p a b i l i t i e s

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5 Network Diagrams & Graphic Capabilities

Categories of Network Diagrams

! Simplified Single Line Diagrams with various options for a schematic view of substation topology

and switching status

! Detailed Single Line Diagrams showing all switches (circuit breakers and disconnectors)

! Intelligent Overview Diagrams providing a node and branch representation of the network. Can be

schematically, geographically or semi-geographically arranged

General Features

! Handle mixed representations of Detailed Single Line Diagrams, Simplified Single Line Diagrams and

Overview Diagrams

! Access equipment editing menus in the single line diagram via cursor selection of the appropriate

element, region or composite model

! Zoom-in or zoom-out of area networks or composite model graphics

! Initiate calculation events directly within the graphical environment, including circuit breaker switching,

fault implementation and other data changes

! Option to immediately reflect any editing activity on the graphical level

! Display any calculation results immediately in result boxes in single line diagrams. All program variables

and signals can be displayed according to a highly flexible user definition for various object categories

and analysis functions

! Display any calculation result to be defined on various functional levels and categories for any object

! Insert freely-configured result displays

! Provision of auxiliary graphics editing for enhanced documentation

! Perform copy/paste operation on single objects and groups

! View and operate several graphic windows with different layers and grid sections simultaneously. Utilize

several graphical representations of the same system simultaneously.

! Spread large diagrams over several pages


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! Support of pre-defined and user-defined graphical layers

! Placement of user-definable icons as buttons for executing DPL scripts. This way users can createcustom panels of frequently-executed DPL-initiated commands.

Colouring of Network Diagrams

! Provision of various colouring modes according to topology criteria such as areas, zones, owners,

operators, routes, station connectivity, energizing status, boundaries/interior regions, isolated grids, etc.

! Colouring options to display voltage levels, equipment loading and operation ranges

! Define colouring based on AC/DC equipment category and phase technology

! Display of grid modifications and variants, recording of expansion stage modifications, missing grid

connections

! Provision of feeder colouring and path definitions

! User-defined filters based on complex equations or DPL scripts

User-definable Symbols

! Support of user-definable symbols based on standard graphical formats (.wmf,.bmp). E.g. use your own

symbols for wind turbines, PV panels, hydro units, etc.

! Define specific graphical representations for transformers, shunts, circuit breakers, isolators to fit

individual needs.

Composite Graphics

! Elements can be grouped together and stored as Composite Graphics. Typical applications are

standard busbar arrangements, switchboard configurations, HVDC structures, PV panels, typical wind

turbine configurations or complete wind parks.

! Composite Graphics can be easily handled via the Template Manager. Templates can be populated

with type and element data. For drawing Composite Graphics, the Template Manager is operated as

Drawing Tool Box.

Virtual Instruments

! DIgSILENT PowerFactory applies the concept of Virtual Instruments (VI) as a tool for displaying any

calculated result or variable.

! Results may be displayed in the form of bar graphs, plotted curves, or even tables of values, with all of

these representations being completely user-definable.


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! VIs are used to display protection curves, harmonics analysis results or to view electrical variables from

any location in the network single line diagram, and any model variable during RMS and EMT

simulations.

! Many VIs provide additional built-in functionality such as curve labelling and measuring, scaling, curve

fitting, filtering and digitizer functions.

Typical Virtual Instruments Available

! x-t and x-y plots, bar diagrams, harmonic distortion diagram

! Overcurrent-time-diagrams, distance-time diagrams, vector diagram, path diagram

! Voltage sag diagram, waveform diagram

! Eigenvalue diagram, phasor diagram

! Bitmaps, buttons, DPL-command buttons, digital display

! Curve-digitizing diagram

! Text label


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6 R e s u l t s a n d R e p o r t i n g

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6Results and Reporting

6.1Text Reports

Automatic reports for calculation results, such as load flow, short-circuit, harmonic calculations, contingency

calculation, reliability analysis, etc.

! Numerous predefined reports for all key calculation functions

! Flexible selection of elements for reporting

! Reports can be user-configured allowing user-definable formatting

Automatic reports for documentation of network components, such as transformers, lines, generators, relay

settings, etc.

! Flexible selection of network components for documentation

! Flexible selection of calculation module, e.g. report only input data required for load flow and short-

circuit

6.2Spreadsheet Reports (Tabular Views)! Numerous predefined spreadsheet reports for all key calculation functions via Flexible Data Pages

! User-definable setup of Flexible Data Pages. Tabular view of any combination of input parameters/

calculation results

! Several Flexible Data Page definitions (variable selections) may exist concurrently

! Independent variable selections for every calculation

! Sorting facilities for tabular views

! Automatic statistical summaries for values in tables

! Flexible filters for selecting elements for output

! Output facilities to: Output window, clipboard and clipboard with column headers for use in spreadsheet

programs such as MS Excel


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6.3Reporting in Network Diagrams

! Concept of result boxes in network diagrams to flexibly display any element/type parameter, as well as

any calculation result

! Easy-to-configure result box format on both component and calculation levels

6.4Result File Management

More complex calculation results can be stored in Result Files, e.g. for calculations such as transient stability

results, harmonic analysis results, contingency results, etc.

! Allows easy configuration of outputs (plots, reports, etc)

! Accessible by post-processing through DPL

! Export functionality to export result data to:

- Output window

- Clipboard (compatible with spreadsheet programs such as MS EXCEL)

- Text file (compatible with spreadsheet programs such as MS EXCEL)

- COMTRADE (for transient data)

- PowerFactory measurement file (ASCII)

6.5Plots and Diagrams

! DIgSILENT PowerFactory applies the concept ofVirtual Instruments (VI) as a tool for visualizing

calculation results as plots and diagrams.

! VIs are used to display (for example):

- Results of RMS and EMT simulations (any pre-selected monitoring variable/signal)

- Protection configurations and results (R-X diagrams, automatic time-distance diagrams, relay

characteristics, etc)- Harmonic analysis results

! Many VIs provide additional built-in functionality such as curve labelling and measuring, scaling, curve

fitting, filtering and digitizer functions.

Selected List of Most Common Virtual Instruments:

! Plots for simulation results


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- Monitored variables/signals over time

- Trajectories

! Harmonics

- Harmonic distortion diagram

- FFT diagrams

- Waveform plots

! Protection

- Time-overcurrent diagrams

- Time-distance diagrams

- Relay characteristic diagram

! Additional diagrams for results of load flow, short circuit, harmonics, etc.:

- Bar diagrams

- Vector diagrams

- Path diagram

- x-y diagrams

! Voltage sag diagram

!

Eigenvalue calculation

- Eigenvalue diagram

- Phasor diagrams and bar diagrams (controllability, observability, participation)

! Measurement VIs

- Digital display

- Metering device (vertical/horizontal scales)

- Combination of both

! Picture box for displaying graphic files. Supported file formats are:

- Windows metafiles (*.wmf)

- AutoCAD graphic file (*.dxf)

- Bitmaps (*.bmp)

! Curve-digitizing diagram


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6.6Additional Features

The PowerFactory graphic windows such as the single line graphic, plots, and block diagrams, offer the following

functionality:

! Printing or plotting to any device supported by the Windows Print Manager to produce high quality

graphical documents from within the program.

! Export to standard file formats such as:

- Windows Metafile (*.wmf) with high precision coordinates

- Bitmap (*.bmp)

! Conversion of graphic files between several file formats such as *.png, *.dxf, *.gif, *.tiff, *.eps, etc. This

is achieved via an external tool which is shipped with PowerFactory.


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7 E x t e r n a l D a t a F o r m a t S u p p o r t

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7External Data Format Support

7.1Standard Data Formats

In many cases, migration of data from other power system software is required. PowerFactory therefore supports

foreign file Import of several versions from the following software packages:

! PSS/E, PSS/U and PSS/Adept (Siemens)

! DVG and UCTE (ucte.org)

! NEPLAN (BCP)

! ISU (SAP, billing data)

! NETCAL (STZ Konstanz), NEPS ( I+P Consult) and ReticMaster (Inspired Interfaces)

Foreign file Export is supported for PSS/E and UCTE.

CIM object and format definitions are increasingly used for standardized data exchange. Although the CIM

standards are still under development, PowerFactory already supports CIM import and export:

! CIM 61970 (CIM for Transmission)

7.2DIgSILENT Data Base Level Exchange (DGS)

DGS is PowerFactorys standard bi-directional interface specifically designed for bulk data exchange with other

applications such as GIS and SCADA, and for example, for exporting calculation results to produce Crystal

Reports, or to interchange data with any other power system software. DGS (DGS=DIgSILENT-GIS-SCADA)

does not feature the exchange of PowerFactory execution commands.

! User-specific definition of objects and object parameters

! Supported objects: elements, types and libraries, graphics and results

! Import and export of complete network models as well as incremental data for updating existing models

! Database support for: Oracle, MS-SQL and ODBC System DSN

! File formats supported: ASCII Text (CSV), XML, MS-Excel and MS Access

! Available for PowerFactory Interactive Window Mode and PowerFactory Engine Mode


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8DPL- DIgSILENT Programming Language

The DPL-Programming Language offers a flexible interface for automating PowerFactory execution tasks. The DPL

scripting language adds a new dimension to PowerFactory software by allowing the implementation of new

calculation functions. Typical examples of user-specific DPL-scripts are:

! Parametric sweep calculations (e.g. sliding fault location, wind profile load flows)

! Implementation of user-specific commands (e.g. transfer capability analysis, penalty factor calculation)

! Automatic protection coordination and device response checks

! Specific voltage stability analysis via PV-/QV-curve analysis, etc.

! Contingency screening according to user-specific needs

! Verification of connection conditions

! Data pre-processing including input/output handling

! Equipment sizing and dimensioning

! Report generation

The DPL object-oriented scripting language is intuitive and easy to learn. The basic set of commands includes:

! C++- like, object-oriented syntax

! Flow commands such as "if-then-else", "do-while"

! Input/import, output/export and reporting routines

! Mathematical expressions, support of vectors and matrices

! Access to any PowerFactory object and parameter including graphical objects

! Definition and execution of any PowerFactory command

! Object filtering and batch execution

! PowerFactory object procedure calls and DPL subroutine calls

! New: Calling of external libraries (DLLs) for linking and executing other applications


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Easy Development

DPLs basic syntax allows for the quick creation of simple high-level commands to automate tasks. Such tasksmay include renaming objects, search and replace, post-processing calculation results and creating specific

reports.

Transparency

All parameters of all objects in the network models are accessible. DPL can be used to query the entire database

and to process all user-input and result parameters without restrictions.

Standardizing Commands

The DPL language can be used to create new 'standardized' DPL commands that can be used over and overagain. DPL commands allow input parameters to be defined, and can be executed for specific selections of

objects. Proven DPL commands can be safely stored in DPL command libraries and be used from there without

the risk of damaging the scripts.

Control

DPL commands can configure and execute all PowerFactory commands. This includes not only the load flow and

short-circuits calculation commands, but also the commands for transient simulation, harmonic analysis, reliability

assessment, etc. New objects can be created by DPL in the database, and existing objects can be copied,

deleted and edited. New reports can be defined and written to the output window; new graphs can be created

and existing graphs can be adjusted to reflect a user-defined selection or the current calculation results.

Modularity

A DPL command may contain other DPL commands as subroutines. This modular approach allows the execution

of subroutines as independent commands. Existing commands can be combined to quickly create more complex

commands.


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9PowerFactory Modes of Operation

9.1Standard Windowing Mode

9.2Engine & Hybrid Execution Mode

The standard execution of DIgSILENT PowerFactory is via the classical windowing mode operated via mouse and

keyboard. When operated in Engine Mode PowerFactory is executed as a background process featuring a

number of additional application options:

! Bi-directional, high-speed exchange of data via DIgSILENT Shared Memory Interface or via OPC(OLE for Process Control). When using OPC, PowerFactory is executed as an OPC-Client.

! Remote-execution of any PowerFactory command including activation of projects, modification of data,

execution of analysis functions and DPL scripts, generation of output and reports, etc.

! Temporary activation/popup of the Windowing Mode featuring interactive windowing operation until

the windowing mode is closed and the engine mode resumes (Hybrid Operation Mode).

In principle, a number of additional application features may be operated as background processes in situations

where it is integrated into GIS/NIS or SCADA systems or linked with other simulation tools such as

Matlab/SIMULINK, ASPENTECHs process simulation tool or other software systems requiring interaction withnetwork analysis procedures. The engine mode also features parallel processing with other PowerFactory

processes.

The Engine Mode permits the remote control of all PowerFactory functions with fast data and execution

command exchange.

Hybrid operation mode is supported by activating the Windowing Operation mode for combined operation.


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10Power Flow Analysis

Within the Load Flow analysis environment, the accurate representation of a variety of network configurations

and power system components is possible.

! DIgSILENT PowerFactory offers a selection of calculation methods, including a full AC Newton-Raphson

technique (balanced and unbalanced) and a linear DC method. The enhanced non-decoupled Newton-

Raphson solution technique with current or power mismatch iterations, typically yields round-off errors

below 1 kVA for all buses. The implemented algorithms exhibit excellent stability and convergence.

Several iteration levels guarantee convergence under all conditions, with optional automatic relaxation

and modification of constraints. The DC load flow, solving for active power flows and voltage angles, is

extremely fast and robust (linear system; no iterations required).

! Any combination of meshed 1-, 2-, and 3-phase AC and/or DC systems can be represented and solved

simultaneously, from HV transmission systems, down to residential and industrial loads at LV voltage

levels. Neutral conductors can be modelled explicitly.

! The Load Flow tool accurately represents unbalanced loads, generation, grids with variable neutral

potentials, HVDC systems, DC loads, adjustable speed drives, SVSs and FACTS devices, etc., for all AC

and DC voltage levels.

! DIgSILENT PowerFactory offers a new, intuitive and easy-to-use modelling technique which avoids the

definition of bus types such as SL, PV, PQ, PI, AS, etc. PowerFactory simply provides the control

mechanisms and device characteristics which are found in reality.

More Load Flow Analysis Features

! Consideration of reactive power limits: detailed model for generator Mvar capability curves (including

voltage-dependency).

! Practical station control features with various local and remote control modes for voltage regulation and

reactive power generation. Reactive power is automatically adjusted to ensure that generator output

remains within its capability limits.

! Various active power control modes, e.g. as dispatched, according to secondary or primary control, or

inertial response.

! Supports device characteristics, such as voltage-dependent loads and asynchronous machines with

saturation and slip dependency, etc.

! Comprehensive area/network power exchange control features using Secondary Controllers (SCO) with

flexible participation factors.


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! Transformer OLTC able to control local or remote bus voltages, reactive power flows and voltage-drop

compensation (LDC) within distribution systems. Special transformer controller model for parallel

transformers. Transformer tap adjustment supports discrete and continuous methods.

! Device controllers for shunts, doubly-fed asynchronous machines and other power electronics elements

such as self-commutated converters (VSC), thyristor/diode converters or integrated FACTS devices.

! Local and remote control mechanisms for SVCs. Automatic and continuous control of TCR and TSC

switching is performed within component ratings to hold the voltage at a given value.

! Correct representation of transformer vector groups and phase displacement.

! Shunts can be modelled to consist of a combination of series and/or parallel connected capacitors,

reactors and resistors. Shunts can be connected to busbars and feeders or to the remote ends of cablesand lines. Filters may consist of any number of shunt combinations, and automatic shunt switching can

be included in the automatic voltage regulation.

! Support of the Virtual Power Plant model for generator dispatch based on merit order algorithm.

! Feeder load scaling to control power flows at feeder entry point including nested and parallel feeders.

! Full support of any parameter characteristic and scale to allow parametric studies or easy definition of

loading scenarios or load profiles.

!

All operational data (generation and demand patterns, switch positions, etc) can be saved andmaintained in distinct Operational Scenarios.

Further Special Functions

! Analysis of system control conditions

! Consideration of protection devices

! Determination of Power at Risk

! Calculation of Load Flow Sensitivities. Evaluation of expected active/reactive power flow and voltage

changes in the network based on the effect of demand/generation or transformer tap change.

! Support of DPL scripts; e.g. to perform load balancing, determination of penalty factors or any other

parameter required.

Load Flow Results

! Implicit calculation of a large number of individual result variables and summary figures

! Display of any variable within the single line graphic, station diagram, and a tabular Flexible Data Page


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! Various colouring modes for the single line graphic to visualize quantities such as calculated loading

and/or voltage levels

! Detailed analysis reporting, which can list overloaded system elements, unacceptable bus voltages,

system islands, out-of-service components, voltage levels, area summaries, and more

! Detailed textual output with pre-defined or user-defined filters and levels

! DPL interactivity with all results

! Result export to other software applications such as MS-EXCEL


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11Fault Analysis

DIgSILENT PowerFactory features fault calculation functionality based on international standards as well as the

most accurate DIgSILENT General Fault Analysis (GFA) method.

The following features and options are supported by all implemented fault analysis methods:

! Calculation of fault levels at all busbars.

! Calculation of short-circuit quantities at a selected busbar or along a defined section of line/cable,

including all branch contributions and busbar voltages

! Calculation of all symmetrical components as well as phase quantities.

! User-definable fault impedance

! Provision of specially designed graphs and diagrams including all quantities typically required by the

protection engineer

! Thermal overloads highlighted on the single line graphic for busbars and cables, with all equipment

overloads available in a summary text report

! Calculation of Thevenin impedances as seen from the faulty node

! Calculation of apparent phase impedances (magnitude and angle) at any location along a transmission

line/cable or busbar, for all branches, selected subsets thereof, or 1, 2 or 3 nodes from the faulted node

11.1Supported Standards

IEC 60909 and VDE 0102/0103

PowerFactory provides a strict and complete implementation of the most frequently used standard for component

design world-wide; the IEC 60909 and VDE 0102/0103 fault calculation standard, according to the most recently

published versions.

! Calculation of the initial symmetrical peak current Ik" and short-circuit power Sk", peak short-circuit

current ip, symmetrical short-circuit breaking current Ib, and thermal equivalent current Ith (IEC 60909-0

2001). Both minimum and maximum short-circuit currents can also be calculated based on network

voltage c-factors

! Support of all fault types (three-phase, two-phase, two-phase to ground, single-phase to ground)

! Calculation of Ikwith selectable Decaying Aperiodic Component


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! Selectable method for calculating the peak short-circuit current in meshed networks

! User-definable fault impedance, conductor temperature and c-voltage factor.

! Fault calculation can optionally include or exclude motor contribution to the fault current

! Provision of specially designed graphs and diagrams required by the protection engineer for protection

coordination and design

IEEE 141 / ANSI e 37.5

PowerFactory provides a thorough implementation of the IEEE 141/ANSI e37.5 fault calculation standard

according to the latest published version. Special features are:

! Transformer tap positions can be included in the fault current calculation

! User-defined fault impedance and pre-fault voltage can be included in the fault current calculation

Other Standards

G 74 and IEC 61363

11.2Complete Method/Multiple Faults

DIgSILENT PowerFactorys Complete Method is especially designed for protection coordination purposes or for

analyzing observed system contingencies. It provides the required algorithms and precision for determining the

true or operational short-circuit currents without considering the simplifications or assumptions typically made

in standard fault analysis.

In addition to the high precision network model, multiple faults which occur simultaneously in the system or

unusual fault conditions such as inter-circuit faults or single-phase interruptions can be analysed.

! The Multiple Fault Analysis executes a complete network analysis based on subtransient and transient

representations of electrical machines taking into account all specified network devices with their full

representation and pre-faulted load conditions.

! Combination with IEC60909 principles for the calculation of aperiodic components and peak short-circuit

currents

! Calculation of peak-break and break-RMS currents

! Consideration of a complete multi-wire system representation. Applicable to single-phase or two-phase

networks.

! Analysis of multiple fault conditions


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! Calculation of any asymmetrical, single or multiple fault condition with or without fault impedance,

including single- and double-phase line interruptions.

11.3Fault Analysis Results (all Methods)

PowerFactory offers many reporting options, including detailed reporting on all short-circuit levels for all faults, or

alternatively, a specific report for a particular fault type. Special protection reports can also be generated to

include impedance, current and voltage information.

! Display of any variable within the single line graphic, station diagram and Flexible Data Page

! Fully flexible filter mechanisms to display objects in colour mode

! Detailed analysis reporting, which can list overloaded system elements, unacceptable bus voltages,

system islands, out-of-service components, voltage levels, area summaries and more

! Detailed text output with pre-defined or user-defined filters and levels

! DPL interactivity with all results

! Result export to other software applications such as MS-EXCEL or MS-ACCESS


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12Network Reduction

The typical application of the network reduction tool is a project where a specific network has to be analyzed but

cannot be studied independently of a neighbouring network of the same or of a higher or lower voltage level. In

this case, one option is to model both networks in detail for the calculation. However, there may be situations in

which it is not desirable to perform studies with the complete model; for example when the calculation time

would increase significantly, or when the data of the neighbouring network is confidential. In such cases it is

good practise to provide a representation of the neighbouring network which contains the interface nodes

(connection points) which may be connected by equivalent impedances and voltage sources.

The objective of Network Reduction is to calculate the parameters of a reduced AC equivalent of part of a

network, as defined by a boundary. This boundary must completely split the network into two parts. The

equivalent network is valid for both load flow and short-circuit calculations. ,Following this, a model variation canbe optionally created in the PowerFactory database, whereby the full representation of the portion of network

that has been reduced is replaced by the equivalent.

12.1General Features

! Flexible definition and maintenance of network boundaries. Various features such as colouring of

boundaries and topological checks

! Network Reduction can be calculated at any appropriate boundary

! Support of Standard Ward (PQ-equivalent), Extended Ward (PV-equivalent) and equivalent loads

! Support of short-circuit equivalents for transient, subtransient, peak-make and peak-break currents

! The reduced network can be created in a network variation. This allows for simple comparison and

swapping between reduced and non-reduced cases.

! Robust reduction algorithms based on the sensitivity approach, i.e. reduced network matches for the

current operating point as well as for network sensitivities

! Implicit result verification feature


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13Voltage Stability Analysis

13.1PV Curves

PowerFactory supports the calculation of PV curves by applying specifically implemented scripts. These scripts

perform the calculation of voltage variations against:

! Load variation in a selected area

! Load shift across boundaries (keeping the total load constant)

! Generator shift across boundaries (keeping the total generation constant)

PV curves can be calculated for a selected set of contingencies. Diagrams are automatically created.

13.2Q-V Analysis

For analyzing the required reactive power reserve at individual busbars, PowerFactory provides scripts for the

calculation of Q-V curves.


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14Load Flow Sensitivities

Supplementing PowerFactorys voltage stability analysis suite is the Sensitivity Analysis tool. It is often required to

not only know the critical point of a system, but also how this critical point is affected by changes in system

conditions. PowerFactorys Sensitivity Analysis tool performs a static voltage stability calculation according to the

following options:

! Sensitivity to a single busbar (calculation of the voltage sensitivities of all busbars and branch flow

sensitivities according to variations in power ("P and "Q) at the selected busbar).

! Option to calculate sensitivities with respect to all busbars simultaneously.

! Sensitivity to a transformer tap position change (calculation of the voltage sensitivities of all busbars and

branch flow sensitivities according to changes of a transformer/quad booster tap).

! Modal analysis

- Identification of weak and strong parts of the network based on modal transformation of the

"v/"Q sensitivity matrix.

- Eigenvalue calculation on the "v/"Q sensitivity matrix, with a user-defined number of eigenvalues

to be calculated.

- Results of eigenvalues are displayed (in descending order according to magnitude), andbranch/bus sensitivities can be displayed for each mode.


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15Contingency Analysis

The new Contingency Analysis tool in DIgSILENT PowerFactory has been designed to offer a high degree of

flexibility in configuration, calculation methods and reporting options. Single- and multiple- time-phase

contingency analyses are available, both of which offer automatic or user-defined contingency creation based on

events, and the consideration of controller time constants and thermal (short-term) ratings.

Calculation Options for Contingency Analysis:

! Support of three calculation methods:

- AC load flow calculation

- DC load flow calculation

- Combined DC/AC calculation; i.e. full DC load flow calculation and automatic recalculation of

critical contingencies by AC load flow

! Single- and Multiple- Time-Phase calculations. Multiple time-phase contingency analysis facilitates user-

defined post-fault actions within discrete time periods.

! Generator Effectiveness and Quad Booster Effectiveness calculation:

This calculation feature assists the planner in defining appropriate measures for overstressed

components in critical contingency cases: During contingency analysis, the possible impact of individual

generator re-dispatch or transformer tap changes on overstressed lines is evaluated. Correspondingreports are available that list the generator and quad booster effectiveness on a per-case basis.

! Ultimate Performance via Grid Computing: Possibility to perform the contingency analysis calculation in

parallel (on multi-core machines and/or clustered PCs)

Management of Contingencies/Fault Cases:

! User-friendly definition of contingencies (n-1, n-2, n-k, busbar) as Fault Cases supporting user-defined

events to model post-fault actions (re-switching, re-dispatching, tap adjustment, load shedding)

! Clustering of Fault Cases into Fault Groups for efficient data management

! Special Operational Libraries to manage Fault Cases and Fault Groups for future re-use

! Automatic creation of contingency cases based on Fault Cases, considering current network topology


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Result File Management:

! Recording of results in (sparse) result file; accessible for any kind of export and/or customer-specificpost-processing

! Predefined and user-definable monitoring lists for recording of results; selection of individual

components, component classes and their associated variables to be recorded. Any available calculation

result for a standard load flow calculation is accessible during contingency analysis.

! User-defined limits for recording of results (thermal loadings, voltage limits, voltage step change)

Reports:

A wide range of standard reports is available, facilitating summary views or the presentation of results on a per-contingency basis:

! Maximum Loadings Report

! Loading Violations (per case) Report

! Voltage Ranges Report

! Voltage Violations (per case) Report

! Generator and Quad Booster Effectiveness Report

Other key features:

! Tracing Facilities: Use of the new Trace function to step through events in a multiple time-phase

contingency, while viewing updated results in the single-line graphic

! Support of component-wise Short-Term Ratings based on pre-fault loading and post-fault time

! Special Contingency Analysis toolbar for user-friendly configuration, calculation and reporting


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16Overhead Line and Cable Parameter Calculation

DIgSILENT PowerFactory incorporates the automatic calculation of the electrical parameters of any

cable/overhead line configuration starting from layout and geometric characteristics which are typically available

in manufactures datasheets. The calculation is applicable over a wide range of frequencies and supports the

step-up process of highly accurate line and cable models for harmonic analysis, frequency sweep and EMT-

simulation among others. The supported options are described below.

16.1Overhead Line Parameter Calculation

! Any combination of line circuits (1-, 2- and 3-ph), neutral conductors and earth wires, with/without

automatic reduction of earth wires

! A flexible definition of tower types and tower geometries, including conductor sags, allowing a multiple

combination of tower geometries and conductor types that avoids entry of redundant data

! Circuit-wise, symmetrical and perfect transposition and user-defined phasing for the definition of any

non-standard transposition scheme

! Solid and tubular conductor types, including sub-conductors for phase circuits and earth wires

! Skin effect

! Equivalent impedance and admittance matrices in natural, reduced and symmetrical components

16.2Cable Parameter Calculation

! Multi-phase single core and pipe type cable systems

! Flexible definition of cable layouts, including conducting, semi-conducting and insulating layers

! Compact and hollow core shapes, filling factor for stranded conductors

! Consideration of skin effect

Calculation of layer impedances and admittances in natural, reduced and symmetrical components, including

sheath and armour reduction, cross-bonding


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17Distribution Network Analysis

17.1Feeder Analysis

! Feeder Plots: Graphical display feature (Virtual Instrument, VI) to increase transparency in grid loading

and voltage profile analysis along the feeder. Displayed result variables are freely configurable. Full

interactivity is given via the VI to access all relevant data of the components belonging to the feeder.

! Schematic Visualization of Feeder: Automatic generation of single line diagram to visualize components

of the feeder with distance/index view.

! Feeder Load Scaling: A load flow calculation feature that allows the automatic adjustment of individual

bus loads to match a specified total feeder load. The selection of loads which are to participate in the

feeder scaling procedure is user-defined. This method allows for complex scaling scenarios with nested

and parallel feeders.

17.2Low-Voltage Network Analysis

PowerFactory integrates enhanced features designed especially for the analysis of LV networks. These functions

enable the user to:

! Define loads in terms of numbers of customers connected to a line

! Consider load diversity

! Perform a load flow analysis that considers load diversity for calculating maximum voltage drops and

maximum branch current

! Perform cable reinforcement optimization to either automatically reinforce selected cables, or to provide

a report of recommendations

! Perform voltage drop and cable loading analysis

! Perform statistical calculations of neutral currents caused by unbalanced single-phase loading and load

diversity, to represent a realistic network

17.3Stochastic Load Modelling

On the basis of defined customer units the user may specify a number of customers connected to a line. Load

flow options are provided to define the load per unit customer according to:

! Power per customer unit


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! Power factor

! Coincidence factor for an infinite number of loads (i.e. simultaneity factor)

In addition, the user may select one of two methods for considering the stochastic nature of loads:

! Stochastic evaluation (theoretical approach, also applicable to meshed networks)

! Maximum current estimation (application of stochastic rules for estimating maximum branch flow and

maximum voltage drops)

The Load Flow with stochastic load modelling then provides maximum currents for each branch component,

maximum voltage drops, and minimum voltages at every bus bar..

The usual variables for currents and voltages in this case represent average values of voltages and currents.

Losses are calculated based on average values; the maximum circuit loading is calculated using maximum

currents.

17.4Cable Reinforcement Optimization

PowerFactorys Cable Reinforcement Optimization determines the most cost-effective option for upgrading

overloaded cables. The objective function is to minimize annual costs for reinforcing lines (i.e. investment,

operational costs and insurance fees). Constraints for the optimization are the admissible voltage band and cableloading limits for the planned network.

! Optimization along pre-definable feeder

! User-definable library of available cable/OHL types with costs that can be used for reinforcement

! Consideration of:

- Admissible voltage band limits

- Maximum voltage drop limit at the end of the feeder

- Maximum admissible Cable/OHL overloading

! Various plausibility checks for final solution

! Calculated results: report of the recommended new cable/overhead types for lines and cost evaluation

for the recommended upgrading

! Report mode to propose cable/OHL type changes or automatic type replacement


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17.5Feeder Tools

The PowerFactory Feeder Tools comprise a set of tools for radial systems to change voltage levels, phase

technology or to optimize phasing from a particular point downwards.

Voltage and Phase Technology Change Tool

! Automatic change of the voltage level and/or phase technology inside a pre-defined feeder

! Automatic replacement of type data (for transformers, lines, loads and motors) according to pre-

configurable type mapping tables including automatic creation of new compatible types if

necessary

Auto-Balancing Tool

! Automatic balancing of feeders such that voltage unbalance at terminals is minimized

! Reconfiguration of phasing of loads, lines, or transformers and combinations thereof

! Supports fixed phasing elements

! Colouring modes to visualize phase technology before and after change


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18Protection Functions

The basic functional model library of DIgSILENT PowerFactorys protection analysis tool has been extended to

include additional devices such as CTs, VTs, relays, fuses and more complex protection schemes including user-

defined modelling capabilities. Additionally, there are specially designed interactive VIs (Virtual Instruments) for

displaying system quantities and, more importantly, for modifying protection settings in the graphical

environment. This last feature is especially useful, as coordinated settings between different protection schemes

can be modified via the cursor in the graphical environment, following which the settings in both the database

and the simulation environment are also updated.

All protective devices are fully-functional under steady-state and transient conditions, allowing device response

assessment under all possible simulation modes, including load flow calculation, fault analysis, RMS and

Instantaneous Values (EMT) simulation.

PowerFactorys main protection features are:

! Extensive relay database

! Accurate steady-state relay checking via short-circuit and load flow (balanced & unbalanced)

! Precise dynamic relay checking with RMS and EMT simulations

! Consideration of current transformer saturation

! Diagrams for overcurrent and distance coordination:

o Time-overcurrent diagrams

o R-X characteristic diagrams

o Time distance diagrams

! Automatic Protection Coordination Wizard for time-overcurrent protection schemes

18.1Protection Model Library and Functionality

The DIgSILENT PowerFactory protection analysis tool contains a comprehensive protection device model library.

All relays are modelled for steady-state calculations (short-circuit, load flow), RMS and EMT simulation modes.

The definition of relay types is highly flexible via block diagrams. For RMS and EMT simulation purposes, relays

may be extended and adopted to cope with user specific requirements via the PowerFactory DSL language The

features of the protection model library are listed below.

Fuses are represented by their melting curves. It is possible to take minimum and maximum melting curves into

account.


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Time-Overcurrent Relays for 1-phase, 3-phase, ground and negative sequence time over-currents.

Additionally, the relay characteristics can incorporate the following standards and solution methods:

! IEC 255-3, ANSI/IEEE and ANSI/IEEE squared

! ABB/Westinghouse CO (Mdar)

! Linear approximation, Hermite-spline approximation

! Analytical expressions via built-in formula editor and analyzer (DSL)

Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays for 1- phase, 3-phase, ground and negative sequence time over-currents.

Directional Relays for overcurrent, power, ground current, and any combination of time and instantaneousovercurrent relays. Additionally, voltage and current polarization is used for the detection of negative and zero

sequence components considering also dual polarization. Optional: with voltage memory.

Distance Relays for phase, ground and zone distance protection. Provision is available for incorporating

overcurrent and under-impedance starting units (U-I or Z) as well as angle under-impedance.

Different characteristics are available for distance relay zones including:

! MHO, offset MHO

! Polygonal, offset polygonal

! Tomatoes, lens and circle

! R/X Blinders and quadrilateral

Support of various polarizations such as:

! Self-polarized

! Cross polarized (90 connection)

! Positive, negative sequence polarized

! Optional: voltage memory

Zero sequence and parallel line compensation

Voltage Relays for under-voltage, instantaneous voltage, voltage balance and unbalance.

Additional devices such as: Breaker Fail, Motor Protection, Generator Protection, Differential

Protection, Reclosing Relays, Low Voltage Circuit Breakers, and Out-of-Step Relays.


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In addition to these protection functions and relays, DIgSILENT PowerFactory provides further devices and

characteristics for more detailed protection system modelling, such as:

! Current and voltage transformers that include saturation effects

! Conductor, cable damage curves, cable overload curves and inrush peak current modelling

! Transformer damage curves (ANSI/IEEE Standard C57.109-1985) and inrush peak current modelling

! Motor starting curves, cold and hot stall, in-rush peak current modelling, and any user-defined curves

All protection device models are implemented within the composite model frame environment. This allows users

to easily design and implement their own models, by utilizing the graphical user interface for constructing block

diagrams.

18.2Output & Graphical Representation

Time-Overcurrent Diagrams

- Overcurrent curve adjustment using drag & drop

- Display of tripping curve tolerances during drag & drop

- User-defined labels

- Tripping times are automatically displayed for calculated currents in time-overcurrent diagrams

- Display of an unlimited number of overcurrent curves in diagrams

- Simple creation and addition of diagrams via single line graphics

- Display of motor starting curves, conductor/cable and transformer damage curves

- Balloon help showing name of relay, etc.

- Double-click on curves to change relay settings

- Additional axis for voltage levels

R-X Characteristic Diagrams

- Display branch impedances with several options

- Automatic display of calculated impedances


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- Adding relays with offset

- Flexible display of zones (starting zones, etc.)

Time Distance Diagrams

- Different methods for calculating curves: kilometrical or short-circuit sweep method

- Forward and/or reverse diagram

- Selectivity check of distance and overcurrent relays/fuses in same diagram

- Separate overreach zone representation

- Additional axis showing relay locations and busbars/terminals

- Selectable x-axis scaling (length, impedance, reactance, 1/conductance)

Single Line Diagram

- Colouring of switches according to relay locations, relay tripping times

- Display of relay tripping times in result boxes

- Additional text boxes for relay settings

Relay Setting Report

Relay Tripping Report

18.3Overcurrent-Time Protection

The coordination of overcurrent-time protection is performed graphically using the current-time diagram as the

basis. Relay settings are modified using drag & drop to move characteristics. Short-circuit currents calculated by

the short-circuit command, are shown in the diagram as a vertical line. In addition, the corresponding trippingtimes of the relays are displayed. Coordination between relays at different voltage levels is available. Therefore,

currents are automatically based on the leading voltage level, which can be selected by the user.

18.4Distance Protection

For distance protection coordination, two powerful graphical features are integrated. The first of these features is

the R-X diagram for displaying the tripping zone of distance relays and the line impedances. Several relays can be

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
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