PFR2 Upper Watershed Management Plan (3-Jun-14) Ver-8.3

8/9/2019 PFR2 Upper Watershed Management Plan (3-Jun-14) Ver-8.3

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Citarum Upper Watershed ManagementPlan (revised draft)

ADB TA 7871-INO Integrated Citarum Water Resources ManagementInvestment Programme

June 2014

Government of lndonesia / Asian Development Bank

Mott MacDonald, Amsterdamseweg 15, 6814 CM Arnhem, PO Box 441, 6800 AK, Arnhem, Netherlands

T +31 (0)26 3577 111 F +31 (0)26 3577 577 W www.mottmac.com


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Citarum Upper Watershed Management Plan revised draft 3 June 2014

Issue and revision record

Revision Date Originator Checker Approver Description

1.0 17 October 2013 Wahyu Djoko

Marjanto & Slamet

Wim Giesen n.a. First draft (partial)

2.0 4 April 2014 Wim Giesen &

Rahmadi Dadi

Wicher Boissevain n.a. Completely revised draft

3.0 9 May 2014 Wim Giesen &

Rahmadi Dadi

Wicher Boissevain Hero Heering Added revisions following workshop

at Bappedaon 3 April 2014

4.0 3 June 2014 Wim Giesen &

Rahmadi Dadi

Wicher Boissevain Hero Heering Revised Maps and title



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This document is issued for the party which commissioned it

and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned

project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or

used for any other purpose.

We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this

document being relied upon by any other party, or being used

for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission

which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by

other parties

This document contains confidential information and proprietary

intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties

without consent from us and from the party which

commissioned it.



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3.2.2 Floods____________________________________________________________________ 25

3.2.3 Water pollution _____________________________________________________________ 26

3.3 Changes in LULC ___________________________________________________________ 29

4. Assessment of pas t RLKprograms 31

4.1 Overview of past/ongoing RLKprograms ________________________________________ 314.2 Focus of past/ongoing RLKprograms ___________________________________________ 32

4.2.1 RHL Kehutanan (2007/2009) __________________________________________________ 32

4.2.2 IPB (2012) ________________________________________________________________ 32

4.2.3 BPDAS (2009) _____________________________________________________________ 33

4.2.4 ADBs Six Cis project (2011) __________________________________________________ 33

4.2.5 Departemen Pertanian(2009) _________________________________________________ 34

4.2.6 Sekretariat Forum DAS Citarum(2013) __________________________________________ 34

4.2.7 PerumPerhutaniIII _________________________________________________________ 34

4.3 Hectares rehabilitated _______________________________________________________ 354.4 Cost of rehabilitation ________________________________________________________ 36

4.5 Effectiveness of RLKto date __________________________________________________ 36

4.6 Lessons learned ____________________________________________________________ 37

5. Measures required to rehabiliate criti cal land in UW 39

5.1 Way forward given lessons learned from past RLKprograms_________________________ 39

5.2 Proposed types of RLKmeasures ______________________________________________ 40

5.3 Proposed program of RLKmeasures in the UW ___________________________________ 41

5.3.1 Framework of measures _____________________________________________________ 41

5.3.2 Location and area of RLKprogram of revegetation measures ________________________ 435.3.3 Civil engineering measures ___________________________________________________ 43

5.3.4 Tentative costs of RLKprogram of measures _____________________________________ 44

6. Measures proposed for sub-basins of proposed bulk water options 46

6.1 Cirasea sub-basin __________________________________________________________ 47

6.1.1 Pogokan Dam _____________________________________________________________ 47

6.1.2 Kertasari springs ___________________________________________________________ 53

6.2 Cisangkuy Sub-basin ________________________________________________________ 56

6.2.1 Cikalong day reservoir _______________________________________________________ 56

6.2.2 Desilting of Cileunca-Cipanunjang Reservoir _____________________________________ 616.3 Ciwidey Sub-basin __________________________________________________________ 65

6.3.1 Gambung springs ___________________________________________________________ 65

6.4 Cikapundung Sub-basin ______________________________________________________ 71

6.4.1 Dago Tanggulan day reservoir _________________________________________________ 71

6.5 Summary of the RLKinterventions in the four Sub-basins ___________________________ 77

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald ii


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7. UW Management Components 78

7.1 Agencies responsible for RLK& M&E ___________________________________________ 78

7.2 Public awareness raising & involvement on RLKprograms __________________________ 79

7.3 After care of RLK___________________________________________________________ 79

7.4 Monitoring & evaluation ______________________________________________________ 797.5 Benefits of UW rehabilitation __________________________________________________ 80

8. References 82

Annexes

Annex 1. Field checking of map on changes in criti cal land 85

Tables

Table 1 Administrative areas included in Citarum UW Zone ......................................................................... 2

Table 2 Area of sub-basins in Citarum UW ................................................................................................... 3

Table 3 Slope class of each sub-basin in Citarum UW ................................................................................. 5

Table 4 Rainfall in the Citarum UW ............................................................................................................... 6

Table 5 Protected areas in the Citarum UW .................................................................................................. 8

Table 6 Land use land cover composition in the Citarum UW ................................................................. 10

Table 7 Tree cover (forests & plantations) in sub-basins of Citarum UW ................................................... 10

Table 8 Population of the Citarum UW ......................................................................................................... 12

Table 9 Contribution to GDP of the various sectors and per district, 2008-2010 ......................................... 13Table 10 Water balance of the Citarum UW sub-basins ............................................................................. 24

Table 11 Citarum UW contribution to BOD in the basin ............................................................................ 27

Table 12 Water quality in Citarum UW ........................................................................................................ 28

Table 13 Heavy metals in waters of Citarum UW ...................................................................................... 29

Table 14 Changes in LULC in the Citarum UW (2003-2012) .................................................................... 30

Table 15 Overview of RLK programs in Citarum UW ................................................................................ 31

Table 16 Proposed types of RLK measures .............................................................................................. 41

Table 17 Framework of proposed RLK revegetation measures ................................................................ 42

Table 18 Proposed RLK measures per sub-basin of Citarum UW ............................................................ 43

Table 19 RLK regreening intervention measures proposed for Pogokan Dam ........................................ 49

Table 20 Characteristics of Kertasari springs ............................................................................................ 53

Table 21 RLK intervention measures for Kertasari ................................................................................... 54Table 22 RLK regreening intervention measures for Cisangkuy sub-basin Cikalong reservoir ............. 58

Table 23 Sedimentation in Cileunca-Cipanunjang reservoirs ................................................................... 61

Table 24 RLK intervention measures for Cileunca .................................................................................... 62

Table 25 Characteristics of Gambung springs .......................................................................................... 65

Table 26 RLK regreening intervention measures for Gambung ................................................................ 67

Table 27 RLK regreening measures for Cikapundung sub-basinDago-Tanggulan reservoir ................. 74

Table 28 Overview of RLK regreening & civil engineering interventions in four sub-basins ..................... 77

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald iii


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Figures

Figure 1 Map of Citarum UW main administration units ................................................................................ 2

Figure 2 Map of Citarum UW sub-basins ...................................................................................................... 3

Figure 3 Topography of Citarum UW............................................................................................................. 4

Figure 4 Distribution of Slope Classes in Citarum UW .................................................................................. 5

Figure 5 Rainfall in Citarum basin ................................................................................................................. 7Figure 6 Map of forestry status Citarum UW ................................................................................................. 8

Figure 7 Protected areas in Citarum UW ...................................................................................................... 9

Figure 8 LULC in the Citarum UW (2012) ................................................................................................... 11

Figure 9 Level of erosion in Citarum UW .................................................................................................... 22

Figure 10 Lahan kritis in Citarum UW.......................................................................................................... 23

Figure 11 Forested area in Citarum UW (1984-2012) ................................................................................. 24

Figure 12 Water balance in Citarum UW & its sub-basins .......................................................................... 25

Figure 13 Flooding risk in Citarum UW ....................................................................................................... 26

Figure 14 Water quality monitoring stations along Citarum River in UW .................................................... 28

Figure 15 Hectares targeted by rehabilitation programs in Citarum UW 2006-2013 .................................. 36

Figure 16 Map of changes in critical land (lahan kritis) ............................................................................... 38Figure 17 Map of proposed RLK measures in Citarum UW ........................................................................ 45

Figure 18 Overview of 6 short-listed bulk water options in the 4 sub-basins .............................................. 46

Figure 19 Map of land status Cirasea sub-basin (Pogokan & Kertasari) .................................................... 48

Figure 20 Map of LULC in Cirasea sub-basin (Pogokan & Kertasari) ......................................................... 48

Figure 21 Map of proposed RLK measures for Cirasea sub-basin (Pogokan & Kertasari) ........................ 50

Figure 22 Map of land status in Cisangkuy sub-basin (Cikalong & Cileunca reservoirs) ............................ 56

Figure 23 Map of LULC in Cisangkuy sub-basin (Cikalong & Cileunca reservoirs) .................................... 57

Figure 24 Map of proposed RLK in Cisangkuy sub-basin (Cikalong & Cileunca reservoirs) ...................... 59

Figure 25 Map of land status in Ciwidey sub-basin (Gambung springs) ..................................................... 66

Figure 26 Map of LULC in Ciwidey sub-basin (Gambung springs) ............................................................. 66

Figure 27 Map of proposed RLK in Ciwidey sub-basin (Gambung springs) ............................................... 68

Figure 28 Map of land status in Cikapundung sub-basin (Dago-Tanggulan reservoir) ............................... 72Figure 29 Map of LULC for Cikapundung sub-basin (Dago-Tanggulan reservoir) ..................................... 72

Figure 30 Map of proposed RLK measures for Cikapundung sub-basin (Dago-Tanggulan reservoir) ....... 75

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald iv


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List of Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

AMDAL Analisis dampak lingkungan (EIA)

APBD Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (Local or regional budget)

APL Areal Pengunan Lain (Non-forestry land)

BAKOSURTANAL Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional

Baplan Badan Planologi (Planning unit of the Ministry of Forestry)

BBWS Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (Greater Basin Territory Centre)

BKSDA Balai Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Natural Resources Conservation)

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BPDAS Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (Agency or Centre for Watershed

Management)BPLHD Badan Pengendalian Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (Regional Environment

Management Agency)

BPS Badan Pusat Statistik (Head Statistics Office)

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

DAS Daerah Aliran Sungai (watershed)

DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (pesticide, now banned worldwide)

DO Dissolved Oxygen

EIA Einvironmental Impact Assessment

FMU Forest Management Unit

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GERHAN Gerakan Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (National Movement for the Rehabilitation of

Forests and Land)

GNKPA Gerakan Nasional Kemitraan Penyelamatan Air (National Partnership Movement on

Water Conservation)

GOI Government of Indonesia

HK Hutan Konservasi(Conservation Forest)

HL Hutan Lindung(Protection Forest usually for protection of watershed)

HP Hutan Produksi(Production Forest)

HPT Hutan ProduksiTerbatas (Limited Production Forest)

IPAL Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (waste water treatment plant)

IPB Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural Institute)

JSM Java Spatial ModelKLH Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup (Ministry of Environment)

KPH Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (Forest Management Unit)

LIPI Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Indonesian Institute of Sciences)

LULC Land Use Land Cover

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MoF Ministry of Forestry

N Nitrogen (in its various forms, including nitrates and ammonium)

NGO Non-governmental Organisation

NH4 Ammonium

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald v


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NTFP Non-timber Forest ProductsNO2 Nitrite

NO3 Nitrate

P Phosphate (usually total PO43-

)

PDAM Perusahan Daerah Air Minum (drinking water company)

PFR2 Periodic Financing Request -2 (ADB loan program)

PJT-II Perusaan Umum (Perum) Jasa Tirta II

PLN Perusahan Listrik Nasional (National Electricity Company)

PLTA Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (Hydroelectric power)

PO4 Phosphate

ppm Parts per million

PU Pekerjaan Umum (Public Works)

PUKLT Pengembangan Usahatani Konservasi Lahan Terpadu (Technical guidelines for

development of integrated farm conservation land)

PusAir Puslitbang Sumber Daya Air

RHL Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (Forest & Land Rehabilitation)

RLPS Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial (Land Rehabilitation and Social Forestry)

RTkRHL Rencana Teknik Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (Plan for Forest and Land

Rehabilitation Techniques)

RTRWP Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah Provinsi (Provincial Spatial Plan)

SDA Sumber Daya Air (Water Resources)

UW Upper Watershed (DAS hulu)

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald vi


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Executive Summary

The Citarum Upper watershed, which extends over 227,375 ha, is largely formed by the Bandung plateau

(at 800m asl) surrounded by hills and low mountain ranges up to >2,000 m asl. It is a highly fertile

volcanic area, with tea, coffee and kina (quinine) plantations and vegetable farms at higher elevations,

predominantly rice farming in rural areas at lower elevations, and with mixed farming with

cassava/rice/vegetables in the intermediate zone. The Bandung plateau is highly built up and important for

a range of industries, especially textile and food processing. Population pressures and lack of alternatives

in rural areas have led to expansion and encroachment of agricultural land into steep slopes and have

contributed to widespread deforestation, erosion, and the dual problem of increased flood risks and lack of

water in the dry season. Issues are further exacerbated by use of inappropriate farming methods, and

pressures for household fuel and building material supplies and raw material for the Javanese pulp and

paper industry.

These major issues have been identified for more than a decade, and have contributed to the establishing

of various agencies, for example to deal with water resource matters (BBWS Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai

Citarum) and matters associated with erosion and deforestation (BPDAS Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran

Sungai Citarum-Ciliwung). It has also led to the formulation of long-term watershed management plans

(RTkRHL), mid-term management plans (RPRHL) and annual action plans for rehabilitation of degraded

land (critical land or lahan kritis), which extends over about 51,241 ha in Citarum UW. These plans call for

a range of regreening efforts (mainly various types of agroforestry) and civil engineering interventions such

as the construction of check and control dams.

Interventions aimed at rehabilitation of lahan kritis (RLK) have been ongoing in the Citarum UW for

decades, but over the past decade have covered 1,000-2,000 ha annually (mainly funded by APBN and/or

APBD budgets), which is only 2-4% of the total area of existing lahan kritis. The situation is even less

satisfactory, as an analysis carried out for this management plan revealed that the effectiveness of

regreening programs is very modest: each year


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In this management plan, a program of RLKinterventions has been designed based on best management

practices defined by BPDAS, IPB and others, resulting in the recognition of six main types of intercropping

system, some including terracing (in non-forestry land). In addition, the civil engineering program involving

the construction of control and check dams to halt erosion has also been included. This has been applied

to and mapped the four sub-basins (parts of the Cirasea, Cisangkuy, Ciwidey & Cikapundung sub-basins)

of the six bulk water options shortlisted by GOI. In all, 6,840 ha of critical land urgently needs to berehabilitated in these four sub-basins, which along with civil engineering interventions leads to a total cost

of USD 5.8-8.9 million. Also included in the package is a mechanism for M&E of RLKmeasures, which

should be undertaken during the first 3-5 years. Implementors of RLK programs are to be held

accountable, and have future contracts hinge upon success rates, as determined by an independent M&E.

However, for the long-term option of using the Saguling Reservoir as a supply of bulk water, the entire

Citarum UW needs to be rehabilitated, and the total costs for regreening, terracing and civil engineering

are estimated to cost USD 45-66 million. This may be a significant amount, but it pales in comparison to

the cost of dredging the accumulated sediments from the Saguling Reservoir. Estimates made by the 6 Cis

project in 2011 indicate that >4 million tons (>2.4 million m) of sediment accumulates in the reservoir each

year, and the cost of dredging, removal and disposal of the sediment is around USD 5-10 per m, leading

to a cost of approximately USD 18 million per year. While RLKwill never reduce erosion to zero, evenhalving this amount, which is feasible under a successful program, would result in the costs being

recovered over a period of about 7 years based on savings to Saguling alone. In addition, there is also a

wide range of other savings, such as reduced flood damages, reduced impacts of sediment on other

infrastructure (dams, irrigation works), and greater water availability.

In the short-term RLKrehabilitation efforts are cost-effective and we recommend a focus on the four sub-

basins during a first phase RLKprogram to safeguard the investments in the PFR-2 bulk water options.

However, in the medium- to long-term investments in RLK rehabilitation is recommended for the entire

Citarum UW as it makes good financial, environmental and socio-economic sense.

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald viii


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1. Introduction to Citarum UW

The Citarum Upper Watershed (UW) Management Plan aims at outlining the key issues (esp. land

degradation) in the Citarum UW, analysis of past attempts at resolving issues (esp. via rehabilitation

measures), and presents a framework on how a rehabilitation program might proceed more

successfully. In the latter, the Plan focuses on the sub-basins of the interventions proposed under

the PFR2 Bulk Water Options.

The Citarum River Upper Watershed (UW) is of vital importance, as it is the source of water for the

irrigation of key food production areas, provides potable water for West Java and Jakarta and is the major

source of groundwater in Bandung. It is also a major source of hydropower for Java-Bali. Managing

Citarum UW properly is vital in protecting assets against sedimentation, and in managing floods in the

Bandung Basin. Geographically, Citarum UW is divided into eight sub-basins: Cihaur, Cikapundung-

Cipamokolan, Cikeruh, Ciminyak, Cirasea, Cisangkuy, Citarik and Ciwidey. Administratively, the Citarum

UW forms part of Bandung District, West Bandung District, Bandung City, Cimahi City, and a small part of

Sumedang District.

Three zones are recognized in the Citarum River basin, namely:

Citarum Upper Watershed: upstream of (and including) the upper par of the Saguling Reservoir.

Citarum Middle Watershed: middle reaches of the basin, including (most of) Saguling reservoir, and all

of the Cirata and Jatiluhur reservoirs.

Citarum Lower Watershed: the lower reaches of the basin, downstream of Jatiluhur up to the mouth of

the river on the north Java coast.

This chapter describes the basic characteristics of the Citarum River Upper Watershed (or Citarum UW),

focusing mainly on the upper basins biophysical resources.

1.1 Geographic & environmental conditions

1.1.1 Geography & administration

In terms of administrative areas, the Citarum Upper Watershed (UW) lies predominantly in 3 districts and

2 cities, namely Bandung District, Bandung City, Cimahi City, West Bandung District and (a small part)

Sumedang District and includes numerous sub-districts (see Table 1 and Figure 1). There is also very

minor overlap of the Citarum UW with Garut (0.55% of basin) Cianjur (0.01%), Subang (0.05%) and

Purwawarta (0.12%) districts, but as these altogether amount to only 0.72% of the basin, they are left out

of general analyses.

Euroconsult Mott MacDonald 1


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Table 1 Adminis trative areas included in Citarum UW Zone

No.District / City Sub-districts

1 Bandung District Pengalengan, Kertasari, Pacet, Ibun, Paseh, Cikancung,

Cicalengka, Blubur Limbangan, Cimanggung,

Rancaekek, Majalaya, Ciparay, Arjasari, Banjaran, PasirJambu, Ciwidey, Sindangkerta, Gununghalu, Cipongkor,

Cililin, Soreang, Ketapang, Pameungpeuk, Bale Endah,

Tanjungsari, Cikeruh, Cileunyi, Bojongsoang,2 Bandung City Rancasari, Margacinta, Bandung Kidul, Astana Anyar,

Bojongloa Kaler, Babakan Ciparay, Bandung Kulon,

Andir, Cicendo, Bandung Wetan, Sumur Bandung,

Regol, Lengkong, Batununggal, Kiaracondong, Cicadas,

Arcamanik, Ujungberung, Cibiru, Cibeunying Kidul,

Cibeunying Kaler, Coblong, Cidadap, Sukasari3 Cimahi City Cimahi Utara, Cimahi Tengah, Cimahi Selatan

4 West Bandung District Padalarang, Margaasih, Batujajar, Cipongkor, Cipatat,Cipeundeuy, Cikalong Wetan, Cisarua, Ngamprah,

Parompong, Lembang, Cimenyan, Cilengkrang5 Sumedang District Tanjungsari

Source : Penataan model kawasan lindung Citarum hulu

Figure 1 Map of Citarum UW main admini stration un its



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The Citarum UW covers an area of 227,375 hectares and forms the immediate watershed for the SagulingReservoir. It consists of eight sub-basins (Figure 2, Table 2). The largest sub-basin is the Cirasea (which

extends over 16.5% of total area) followed by Cisangkuy and Ciminyak, while the smallest is Cikeruh sub-

basin, which covers only about 8.2% of the Citarum UW. Hydrological data from the Citarum River is

incomplete and unreliable (DHV et al., 2011). However, long-term data (1951-1979) from the SagulingReservoir in the upper part of the Citarum basin shows that annual flow in this part of the river peaks at

around 150-300 m/s). It also shows that each year flow falls to below 20 m/s and is often close to zeroduring the dry season.

Table 2 Area of sub-basins in Citarum UW

Sub-basin Bandung Garut West

Bandung

Bandung

City

Cimahi

City

Sumedang Ha %

1 Cihaur 1,691 - 21,488 756 4,046 - 27,981 12.3

2 Cikapundung-Cipamokolan 8,564 - 9,950 11,821 11 127 30,472 13.4

3 Cikeruh 8,870 - - 2,497 - 7,662 19,029 8.4

4 Ciminyak 1,071 - 31,504 - - - 32,575 14.3

5 Cirasea 37,219 892 - - - - 38,110 16.8

6 Cisangkuy 34,159 - - - - - 34,159 15.0

7 Citarik 17,295 758 - - - 4,899 22,951 10.1

8 Ciwidey 20,941 - 1,228 - - - 22,169 9.7

Totals (ha) 129,810 1,650 64,170 15,074 4,057 12,688 227,446 100.0

Totals (%) 57.1 0.7 28.2 6.6 1.8 5.6 100.0

Source: BPDAS (2009a, 2009b)

From a regional perspective, the Citarum UW is a plateau surrounded by hills and Quaternary volcanoes

forming a basin, known as the Bandung Basin. Based on the slope and height difference as well as

appearance in the field, the morphology of the Citarum UW is grouped into four geomorphological units,i.e. plains, slopes, hills and high mountain peaks the latter including Mt. Tangkuban Perahu (2,076m), Mt.

Malabar (2,321m) and Mt. Patuha (2,434m). This mountainous area forms the headwaters of the Cimahi,Cibeureum, Cikapundung, Citarik, Cikarial, Cisangkuy and Ciwidey rivers (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Map of Citarum UW sub-basins

Source: DAS Ministry of Forestry 1:250,000 & IWRM in the Six Cis basin (2011).



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1.1.2 Topographic conditions

As mentioned in 2.1.1, the Citarum UW is basically a plateau surrounded by mountains, forming a basin

known as the Bandung Basin. The basin area consists of two sub-basins called the Bandung plains and

the Batujajar plains. The Bandung plains occupy the southern slopes of the Lembang hills (at the base of

Mt. Tangkuban Perahu) at altitudes ranging from 700 m to 1,100 m above sea level. The area around

Lembang formed as a subsidiary basin at an altitude of about 1,100 m above sea level (Figure 3).

The Citarum UW is surrounded by mountains and hills. To the north lies Mt. Tangkuban Perahu, to the

east Mt. Munggang and Mt. Mandalawangi, and to the south Mt. Malabar, Mt. Puncak Besar, Mt. Puntang,

Mt. Haruman, Mt. Tilu, Mt. Tikukur and Mt. Guha, while lower slopes of irregular mountains lie to the west.

In terms of land systems, volcanoes, mountain ridges and hill ridges dominate. In general, the hilly to

mountainous area has a slope gradient ranging from moderate to very steep and extends over about one

third of the basin.

Approximately 87,000 ha in the center of the Citarum UW consists of plains/relatively flat land with slopes

less than 8%. In the middle part of this land system, there is a lava flow area to the north, while the south is

dominated by lacustrine plains. As the latter would imply, the central Bandung Basin formerly consisted ofa large lake, which became infilled and swampy and later disappeared altogether.

Figure 3 Topography of Citarum UW

Note: Bandung City is outlined in black, while the boundaries of the sub-basins are outlined in white.

Citarum UW slopes are classified into the following classes: gentle slope (class I) with slopes 40%. See Table 3 and Figure 4.Almost half of the basin (47%) is in

Class I (gentle slopes), while just over 1% falls in the category very steep Class V.



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Figure 4 Distribu tion of Slope Classes in Citarum UW

Source: Java Spatial Model 2010

Table 3 Slope class of each sub-basin in Citarum UW

Sub-basin 0-8% 8-15% 15-25% 25-40% >40% Total (ha)

1 Cihaur 17,942 4,708 3,479 1,689 162 27,980

2 Cikapundung-Cipamokolan 18,800 3,918 4,845 2,648 260 30,471

3 Cikeruh 10,799 3,354 2,880 1,799 197 19,029

4 Ciminyak 10,631 7,230 8,960 5,423 332 32,576

5 Cirasea 15,436 7,723 8,817 5,610 525 38,111

6 Cisangkuy 14,831 7,388 6,997 4,200 742 34,158

7 Citarik 12,418 4,035 4,288 2,090 120 22,951

8 Ciwidey 6,696 4,950 6,881 3,385 258 22,170

Totals (ha) 107,553 43,306 47,147 26,844 2,596 227,446

Totals (%) 47.3 19.0 20.7 11.8 1.1 100.0


1.1.3 Geological conditions

The geology of the Citarum UW is characterized by volcanic activity, and by Miocene to Holocene and

recent ocean sediments. In the Miocene period (23-5.3 million year BP), the northern part of Java up to

Pangalengan (50km south of Bandung) was covered by seas, while other parts of the island consisted of

volcanoes. At that time the clays, lapilli and lava were deposited. Most of the Bandung area was coveredby volcanic material during the Quarternary period (2.6 million years BP to present).



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After sedimentation, a period of uplifting followed that led to the area north of Bandung forming hills and

mountains. Furthermore, volcanoes were formed, and deposition of tuffaceous sandstone and

conglomerate rock clay continued. At the end of the Quarternary period, tectonic processes occurred

followed by penetration of volcanic andesite and diorite in the vicinity of Leuwigajah, Batujajar,

Sindangkerta and Cililin. In the Pliocene (5.3-2.6 million years BP), repeated volcanic activity occurred,especially in North Bandung during which the complex of Mount Sunda was formed, while to the south the

Malabar complex was formed. In this period the Lembang Fault was also formed that runs from east to

west (Klompe 1956, in Supriya 1997).

According to Silitonga (1973, in TRFIC 2001), four geological formations can be recognized in Citarum

UW, namely:

1 Old volcanic deposits composed of tuffaceous sand, lapilli, and alternated with layers of lava. These

units are scattered from north to south, but extend over close to 65% of the Citarum UW.

2 Young volcanic deposits, consisting of tuffaceous sand, lapilli, lava and agglomerates that mostly come

from Mt. Tangkuban Perahu. This unit occurs in the area of flat to undulating/hilly ground with soils of a

gray-yellowish to gray-reddish colour. These areas are dispersed and extend over nearly 10% of the

area in the eastern part of the Citarum UW.3 Pumiceous tuff, consisting of tuffaceous sand, lapilli, scoriaceous lava, and fragments of andesite-

basalt solids, mostly derived from the A-eruption of Mt. Tangkuban Perahu. These areas are dispersed

and cover almost 5% of the area, mainly along the main river valley.

4 Sandy tuff, composed of sandy tuff derived from the C-eruption of Mt. Tangkuban Perahu, along with

very porous, brownish sandy tuff, composed of coarse hornblende crystals, redweathered lahar, and

layers of lapilli and breccia. This formation is widespread and covers nearly 20% of the central part of

Citarum UW.

1.1.4 Climatic conditionsIn general, the Citarum UW climate is classified as Type C according to the Fergusson Schmith

classification or type Am (wet tropical) according to the classification of Kppen. According to the Oldeman

classification, the climate based on the number of months of wet precipitation (> 200 mm) and dry months

(


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Figure 5 Rainfall in Citarum basin

Source: DHV et al. (2011) - Rancangan Pola Pengelolaan Source Daya Air Wilayah Sungai 6 Ci.

1.1.5 Forestry status & conservation

The forestry areas are shown in Figure 6. Approximately 60.800 ha (26.8%) is designated as forest area

(Kawasan Hutan), which includes the Forest Management Unit (FMU or KPH) South Bandung and FMUNorth Bandung, both managed by Perhutani. These can be grouped into Protection Forest (hutan lindung)

with limited utilization activities, and Conservation Areas (Hutan Konservasi). The rest is located outside

the forest area and includes privately owned land and plantations with tea, quinine and rubber, managed

by the private sector, and community-owned land used for dryland farming, rice cultivation and vegetable

growing.

The Spatial Plan (RTRWP) for West Java lists118,544 ha (almost 52% of the UW) of protected areas in the

Citarum UW, consisting of 52,2561ha of forest area and 66,288 non-forestry area. Non-forested protected

areas include: volcanic hazard areas (Bahaya Gunung Api), protection forest bufferzones (Penyangga

Hutan Lindung), protected geology areas (Perlindungan Geologi), landslide hazard areas (Rawan Gerakan

Tanah), and groundwater recharging areas (Resapan Air) (Figure 7 & Table 5). Protected areas arescattered in 8 sub-basins. In terms of proportion of protected areas, Ciwidey has the largest proportion,

with approximately 66.2%, followed by Ciminyak (59.0%), Cisangkuy (57.7%) and Cirasea (55.9%). Sub-

basins Cikapundung and Citarik both have around 45%, while Cihaur (37.04%) and Cikeruh (35.71%) have

smaller amounts.

1This figure differs from the previous (60,800 versus 52,256 ha), as one is based on data from the forestry departments Planning

Section, while the other (RTRWP) is based on various sources.



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Figure 6 Map of forestry status Citarum UW

Source: Data from Forestry Department, latest 1:25,000 scale maps of the Planning Section; Purple = conservation, green =

protection, light green = limited production forest, yellow = production forest, light brown = forest reserves hutan cadongan,

(Perhutani), light purple = fodder crops (hutan pangonan, Perhutani), blue = reservoirs/rivers,grey = non-forestry land (APL)

Table 5 Protected areas in the Citarum UW

Sub-basin Area of sub-basin Protected Areas

Forest areas Outside forested

areas

Area of protected

areas

Ha % Ha % Ha % Ha %

1. Cihaur 28,029 12.21 2,851 27.46 7,532 72.54 10,383 37.04

2. Cikapundung 30,482 13.28 5,209 35.98 9,270 64.02 14,479 47.50

3. Cikeruh 19,660 8.56 3,272 46.60 3,749 53.40 7,021 35.71

4. Ciminyak 32,624 14.21 3,577 18.58 15,678 81.42 19,255 59.02

5. Cirasea 39,943 17.40 14,614 65.47 7,707 34.53 22,321 55.88

6. Cisangkuy 34,071 14.84 10,387 52.85 9,268 47.15 19,655 57.69

7. Citarik 22,655 9.87 3,663 33.86 7,156 66.14 10,819 47.76

8. Ciwidey 22,088 9.62 8,683 59.43 5,928 40.57 14,611 66.15

Total 229,552 100.00 52,256 44.08 66,288 55.92 118,544 51.64

Source: Penataan model kawasan lindung Citarum hulu; Note that the total area of the basin (229,552 ha) differs slightly from that of

the Forestry Planning department (MoF; 227,375 ha), upon which many of the maps and calculations in this report are based.



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Figure 7 Protected areas in Citarum UW

Source: RTRWP West Java 2011-2021.

1.1.6 Land Use-Land Cover

A map of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) is provided in Figure 8. The area of primary forest in the Citarum

UW ranges from 1.72% to 24.87% per sub-basin (Table 6). The largest area of primary forest is found in

Ciwidey sub-basin (24.9%) and the smallest in the Ciminyak sub-basin (1.7%). Extensive use of rice fields

are in the sub-basins Citarik, Cikeruh, Cirasea, Ciminyak and Cihaur, while the concentrated built land is in

sub-basins Cikapundung, Cihaur and Cikeruh. In 2010, the dominant type of land cover is rice fields

(paddies), which cover approximately 27.7%, followed by built-up areas (22.1%). Dryland agriculture

(shifting cultivation) extends over approximately 14.7%, gardens/plantations about 14.4% and forest area

about 12.4%. Other types of land cover extend only a small part.



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Table 6 Land use land cover compos ition in the Citarum UW

Land Use Land Cover 2010

(Ha) (%)

Forest 30,261 12.99

Gardens/plantations 33,485 14.38Shifting cultivation 34,130 14.65

Rice fields (paddies) 64,400 27.65

Shrubs/secondary vegetation 15,485 6.65

Open water 3,771 1.62

Fish ponds/dams 18 0.01

Built up areas 51,359 22.05

Total (Ha) 232,908 100.0

Source: Penataan model kawasan lindung Citarum hulu. Note that the total area of

the basin (232,908 ha) differs slightly from that of the Forestry Planning department

(MoF; 227,375 ha), on which many maps and calculations in this report are based

Sub-basins with more than 30% forested land (with actual tree cover) are Ciminyak (32.7%), Cisangkuy

(43.3%) and Ciwidey (47.1%; Table 7). The sub-basins with the lowest proportion of forested land are

Cihaur (16.2%), Citarik (16.6%) and Cikapundung (18.4%).

Table 7 Tree cover (forests & plantations) in sub-basins of Citarum UW

No Sub-basin Area (ha) Land with tree cover*

(ha) (%)1 Cihaur 28,029 4,541 16.2

2 Cikapundung 30,482 5,601 18.4

3 Cikeruh 19,660 4,092 20.8

4 Ciminyak 32,624 10,677 32.7

5 Cirasea 39,943 10,208 25.6

6 Cisangkuy 34,071 14,765 43.3

7 Citarik 22,655 3,765 16.6

8 Ciwidey 22,088 10,395 47.1

229,552 64,044

Note: *) Data on tree cover dates from 2010



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Figure 8 L ULC in the Citarum UW (2012)



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1.2 Socio-economic conditions

1.2.1 Social Conditions

The population of the Citarum UW was 7.6 million in 2010, and this had grown by 21.1% since 2000 (Table

8). The greatest increase has been in Bandung District (28.6%), while the lowest increase was in BandungCity (12.1%). The overall population density in the Citarum UW is 2,328 persons per km, which is double

the average for Java (1,064 in 2011), almost 5x that of the Netherlands (498 in 2011) and about 19x that of

Indonesia as a whole.

Table 8 Population of the Citarum UW

Region Area

(km)

YearGrowth

(%)

Pop.

Density

(#/km)

2000 2010

Bandung 1,762 2,470,909 3,178,543 28.6 1,804

West Bandung1,306 1,245,097 1,510,284

21.3 1,157

Bandung City 167 2,136,260 2,394,873 12.1 14,313

Cimahi City 40 442,077 541,177 22.4 13,462

3,276 6,294,343 7,624,877 21.1 2,328

Source: based on BPS West Java province (2011).

1.2.2 Economic conditions

Value and growth of GDP can be used as a macro-economic indicator to evaluate and compare regional

economic development. Table 9 provides a comparison in growth of contribution to GDP, per sector,

between Bandung District, West Bandung Regency and Bandung City, for 2008-2010.

Based on Table 9, it is apparent that the manufacturing sector (listed as industrial management) is mostly

concentated in Bandung District (where it contributes to 59.6% of GDP) and West Bandung District (where

it contributes 43.3%). Bandung City is more dominated by trade, hotels and restaurants (where this

contributes 39.8%).

The agricultural sector plays a relatively insignificant role in terms of contribution to GDP both in Bandung

District (where it contributes 7.5% of GDP), and West Bandung District (11.7%). Moreover, in Bandung

City it only contributes about 0.2 % of GDP and this is (unsurprisingly) declining. The agricultural sector

includes food crops sub-sector of agriculture, horticulture, plantation, animal husbandry and forestry.

The food crops sub-sector is dominated by rice production, along with horticulture of potatoes and

vegetables, whereas plantations are dominated by tea gardens, coffee and timber plantations. The

livestock sub-sector is dominated by dairy cattle, especially in Lembang and Pangalengan areas, as well

as beef cattle in the Kertasari area. The forestry sub-sector has a minor role in the economic activity

because the function of the status of forest area in this region is almost entirely for protected forests and

conservation forests. Forest production in the region extends over a small area in Cililin and Sindangkerta

areas and mainly includes pine plantations for the tapping of resin. In addition, some forest areas are used

for cultivation of (ornamental and other) plants, especially for agroforestry purposes.



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Table 9 Contribut ion to GDP of the various secto rs and per di strict , 2008-2010

Source: based on BPS West Java province (2011); according to current prices, in rupiah (in millions)

2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010 2008 2009 2010

Agriculture 2,728,756 3,013,007 3,471,662 1,579,761 1,773,336 1,996,500 71,510 74,461 63,340

Mining 468,304 526,035 580,184 58,121 62,608 69,574 0 0 0

Industrial

management 23,275,745 24,721,852 27,471,535 6,624,524 6,921,771 7,390,494 7,544,621 7,792,641 8,067,254

Electr icty & gas 642,659 674,521 741,188 919,660 1,003,988 1,131,863 628,233 689,731 761,964

Building &

construction 648,394 696,721 764,991 361,715 378,837 426,457 1,308,240 1,432,099 1,592,431

Trade, hotels &

restaurants 6,005,198 6,780,385 7,796,201 2,634,504 3,081,115 3,515,998 10,302,814 11,375,644 12,623,317

Transport &

communications 1,783,921 1,795,162 1,933,148 951,601 1,036,131 1,166,240 2,851,891 3,147,347 3,501,283

Finance, Real Estate

& Business Services 792,878 820,503 898,354 369,958 413,541 477,369 1,419,150 1,538,971 1,670,210

Services 1,936,316 2,173,715 2,434,376 720,563 796,714 908,135 2,852,460 3,177,457 3,417,482

West Bandung Distr ict Bandung CityBandung Distr ict



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2. Institutional aspects of Citarum UWManagement

2.1 Introduction

Many stakeholders play a role in managing the natural resources of the Citarum UW. The Six Cis Citarum

Stakeholder Analysis report (DHV et al. 2010), for example, lists 13 national agencies, 13 provincial and

municipal agencies, 5 corporate agencies, plus NGOs and colleges, including 69 civil society agencies

(NGOs). While such lists are useful for providing a general overview, one has to know who the key players

are, what their roles and responsibilities are, and how they relate to each other.

This Citarum UW Management Plan focuses largely on the health of the upper part of the basin, especially

on the state of the land, land degradation issues (Chapter 3) and how these are (to be) dealt with (Chapter

4-6). Agencies involved with the state of the basin and degradation/rehabilitation issues are assessed in

chapter 2.2 (GOI agencies) and 2.3 (companies & institutes), while their relationship is explained in 2.4.

Water issues are dealt with in other reports, and hence it suffices here to simply list the agencies involved

with water in the Citarum UW; these include the following:

Surface water management:

i. Bappenas

ii. Bappeda Provinsiiii. BBWS, Bandung

iv. Dinas PU Pengairan, bandung

v. Puslitbang Sumber Daya Air (PusAir), Bandung

vi. Dinas PSDA, Balai Pendayagunaan SDA Citarum

vii. Power companies (PLN, PT. Indopower)

viii. PDAMs (Water Utilities)

ix. Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi & Geofisika (BMKG)

x. Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB)

xi. Dinas Pertanian

xii. Dinas Perikanan & Keluatan

xiii. Dinas Kehutanan

xiv. Dinas Industri & Perdagangan

Surface water quality management:

i. BBWS, Bandung

ii. Badan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (BPLHD), Bandung

iii. Bappeda Provinsi

iv. Perusahan Umum Jasa Tirta II

v. PDAMs (Water Utilities)

vi. Puslitbang Sumber Daya Air (PusAir), Bandung

vii. Dinas Kesehatan, Bandung

viii. BNPD, Bandung



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2.2 River basin rehabilitation: government agencies

2.2.1 Bappenas& Bappeda

The State Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas) is responsible for determining policy and

inter-institutional coordination at the nationwide level. Bappenashas two key directorates related to naturalresource management that are of direct importance to Citarum UW management, namely a) Water

Resources and Irrigation, and b) Forestry and Water Resource Conservation.

Especially for Citarum, Bappenaswas instrumental in drafting the Citarum Roadmap associated with the

Integrated Citarum Water Resources Management Investment Program (ICWRMIP). Preparation of the

Roadmap was performed by a team formed by Bappenas, with the involvement of various other parties.

Initial activities in the Roadmap include, among others: i) Rehabilitation of the Citarum Watershed, ii)

Improved management of land and water, iii) Management of water and basic sanitation for communities,

iv) Water quality improvement action plan, v) Environmental protection and upstream biodiversity, vi)

Spatial planning, vii) Management of flooding in the Upper Watershed, viii) Design for improvement of the

Bandung water supply system, and ix) Strategies for adaptation to climate change.

At the provincial level, the provincial Bappeda office for West Java (in Bandung) oversees policies,

planning and coordination of the management of the Citarum UW. Natural resource management is

handled by Bappedas Bidang Fisik, which has two main sub-units: a) Spatial Planning and Environment,

and b) Regional Infrastructure. Part of Bappedas task has been to complete the Road Map prepared by

Bappenasby preparing the Integrated Management Plan for the Citarum River Basin 2010-2015 (Rencana

Penanganan Terpadu Wilayah Sungai Citarum Tahun 2010-2015), and key recommendations included

are: i) the establishment of the Strategic Board for the Rehabilitation of the Citarum River Basin ( Badan

Strategis Rehabilitasi Wilayah Sungai Citarum) responsible for integrated basin management; ii) relocation

of residential and industrial areas; iii) moratorium on land conversion, especially in the catchment area; iv)

purchasing of land to expand conservation areas. They were also responsible for community involvement

in environmental improvement through the Citarum River Pilot Demonstration Activity ICWRMIP(developed by Bappenas).

2.2.2 Ministry of Home Affairs assistance through DG Bangda

Through the Directorate General of Regional Development (Ditjen Pembangunan Daerahor Bangda), the

Ministry of Home Affairs (Kementerian Dalam Negeri) has an important role in institutional development of

provincial and district government agencies, particularly in the preparation of guidelines for empowerment,

drafting regulations, public awareness, advocacy and training for the Tenaga Pendamping Masyarakat

(TPM, Community Assistance Force), and to develop incentives and disincentives to prevent land

conversion, One of its programs in the Citarum UW has been Penanganan Lahan Kritis Sumber Daya Air

Berbasis Masyarakat (Community-based Handling of Critical Land Water Resources; DHV et al 2010).

2.2.3 Ministry of Public Works, Ditjen SDA & BBWS Citarum

The Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS, River Basin Regional Centre) for Citarum and the Ditjen SDA

(Directorate General for Water Resources) are executive agencies that play a role in all aspects of water

resources management in the Citarum River Basin. It is BBWS Citarums duty to carry out water resource

management, which includes: planning, construction, operation and maintenance in order to conserve

water resources, efficient use of water resources and controlling the force of water (e.g. flooding).



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The specific tasks of BBWS Citarum include:

i. Drafting designs and a water resources management plan.

ii. Planning and implementation of water resource management of protected areas in the river basin.

iii. Water resources management, which includes conservation of water resources, development of

water resources, efficient use of water resources and controlling forces of water in the basin.

iv. Preparing technical recommendations in granting permission for the supply, allocation, use andutilization of water resources in the basin.

v. Operation and maintenance of water resources in the basin.

vi. Management of hydrological systems.

vii. Organization of the data and information of water resources.

viii. Facilitation of the activities of the Coordination Team for Water Resources Management (Tim

Koordinasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Air - TKPSDA) for the Citarum basin, of which BBWS is the

secretariat).;

ix. Empowerment of communities in the management of water resources.

(Adapted from DHV et al. 2010).

2.2.4 BPDAS Citarum-Ciliwung

The Balai Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai(BPDAS or Agency for Watershed Management) for Citarum-

Ciliwung is part of the Ministry of Forestry (MoF) and is located in Bogor. The agency has five main tasks:

1. Develop a watershed management plan

2. Develop and present watershed information

3. Develop a watershed management model

4. Develop institutional models and watershed management partnership

5. Carry out monitoring and evaluation of watershed management.

BPDAS prepared a Management Plan for the Citarum UW five years ago (BPDAS, 2009a, 2009b), which

has been used for the preparation of this present plan. The agency particularly focuses on the condition ofthe watershed and identifying so-called critical land (lahan kritis) where erosion is an issue. These areas

are then targeted with erosion reduction measures such as check dams, terracing and reforestation. In the

approach used by BPDAS lahan kritis is determined among others by ground cover (by vegetation),

slope, erodibility and rock outcrop cover. The mapping of critical land is carried out by MoFs Planning

Department (Badan Planologi orBaplan), which is also located in Bogor.

In order to achieve the above tasks, BPDAS has three sections, namely: a) Watershed Planning Unit,

which is in charge of the inventory and identification of potential damages to watersheds, and the

preparation of plans and programs for watershed management. b) Watershed Institutional Section, which

is charged with conducting an inventory and identification of public institutions, and institutional models,

and institutional models for watershed management partnerships; and c) Watershed Evaluation Section incharge of monitoring and evaluation of water management, land use, socio-economic issues, institutional

and management information systems and watershed management.

One of the key conservation programs developed by BPDAS has been the Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama

Masyarakat (PHBM or Collaborative Forest Management). This program has not entirely operated as

expected in the Citarum UW because of the difficulty of introducing commodities such as coffee, which are

perennial and have better conservation value, but are slower at producing results and economic benefits

than vegetable crops that local farmers are used to. BPDAS programs also focus on empowerment of

communities, especially those living in or near state forests or industrial forest estates, to provide business

opportunities and prevent encroachment and looting.



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2.2.5 RHL Dinas Kehutanan

The Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan(RHL or Forest & Land Rehabilitation) office of the Provincial Dinas

Kehutanan(Forestry Service) is responsible for the following activities in the Citarum UW:

1. Forest stewardship.

2. Securing production and protection forest boundaries.

3. Reforestation, land rehabilitation and social forestry.4. Formulation and implementation of environmental management of forestry;

5. Coordination of partnerships with relevant agencies.

6. Enforcement of forestry laws and managing the trade in forest products.

The RHL office of the provincial Dinas Kehutanan coordinates and supervises the plans and programs

developed by BPDAS, including past programs such as Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan

(GN-RHL/Gerhan) and the present RHL programs. It also supervises activities by the state-owned

enterprise Perum Perhutani III (in the Citarum UW; see next section). Dinas Kehutanans position is

complicated by the fact that most forestry land is actually managed by other agencies: i) production and

protection forests are largely managed by Perum Perhutani, while ii) conservation areas (Kawasan

Konservasi) are managed either by BKSDA or Taman Nasional, depending on their conservation status. In

terms of implementation, its role is i) in small areas of production and protection forest outside the working

areas of PerumPerhutani, or ii) outside forestry land (i.e. on APL land), which includes rehabilitation of

degraded APL and running awareness programs. The latest information on critical land (lahan kritis) is

compiled by RHL Dinas Kehutanan, which has developed a Model Pengelolaan Kegiatan Citarum Hulu

for all activities to be carried out in Citarum UW. Included in this is thw 2014 Rencana Aksi Milti Pihak

Penanganan DAS Citarum Segmen I(which is the first 7 km, from Situ Cisanti up to Majalaya).

2.2.6 Balai Besar Sumber Daya Alam(BKSDA)

The Balai Besar Sumber Daya Alam(BKSDA) for West Java, located in Bandung, is responsible for the

management of all conservation forests in the Citarum UW, except the areas managed as (part of) national

parks (which are managed by Taman Nasional). The management of Taman National and BKSDA are

both under the Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation of the Ministry of

Forestry. They are responsible for management in the field, but also rehabilitation and restoration activities,

where required. BKSDA assists Perhutaniwith some issues, such as ecotourism, business permits (izin

perusahan), and developing annual work plans. In 2013 they launched the concept of Model Desa

Konservasi as a social approach for troubleshooting around conservation areas (Prihatno et al 2013).

Basically, the program is very much process oriented, aimed at gaining local confidence, with the ultimate

goal of creating viable bufferzone areas between existing conservation areas and villages.

2.2.7 Dinas Pertanian/ Ministry of Agriculture, through Dinas/Service

Through the Ditjen Pengelolaan Lahan dan Air(Directorate General of Land and Water Management) theMinistry of Agriculture (MoA) has the task to formulate/implement policies and technical standards in the

field of land and water management. More specifically, the directorate in charge of Land Management

formulates policies and implements rehabilitation and conservation of land, reclamation, and optimization

and control of land use. To achieve this, MoA has designed two programs: the Pengembangan Usahatani

Konservasi Lahan Terpadu (PUKLT, Development of Integrated Farming Land Trusts) and the Pedoman

Teknis Konservasi DAS Hulu(KDH, Technical Guidelines for Conservation of Upper watersheds). PUKLT

activities have been conducted through the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in three districts, including

one in the Citarum UW (Bandung). KDH activities are carried out in five districts, including two in the

Citarum UW, namely KabupatenBandung and KabupatenWest Bandung. The KDH target area in each

district covers an area of 500ha (250ha of plantations and 250ha of horticulture) and two farmer field

school programs (DHV et al. 2010).



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At the level of Dinas Pertanian at provincial level, aspects of land and water resources management is

handled by the Land and Water Management Section under the Natural Resources Section. According to

DHV et al. (2010), conservation activities under PUKLT have not achieved the expected results yet in the

field, as in various areas crops such as potatoes and vegetables are cultivated on steep slopes (>45

degrees), without terracing or following the contours.

2.3 River basin rehabilitation: institutes and state-owned enterprises

2.3.1 PerumPerhutani

Perum Perhutani is an Indonesian state-owned enterprise (SOE), which has the duty and authority to

enforce the planning, management, exploitation and protection of forests in its working area. As an SOE,

Perhutaniseeking to provide a public benefit while at the same time seeking profits based on principles of

corporate management. Perhutani was established based on Government Regulation No. 15 of 1972,

followed by various legal amendments, and is currently governed by Government Regulation No. 72 of

2010. The agencys working area includes (nearly) all production and protection forests located in West,

Central and East Java and Banten, but exclude conservation forest areas that are managed by BKSDA or

Taman Nasional(National Parks). Balai Besar Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam(BKSDA) assists Perhutani

with ecotourism, business permits (izin perusahan), and developing annual work plans.

The total forest area managed by PerumPerhutaniin 2013 covers 2,566,889 ha, consisting of production

forest (1,454,176 ha or 57 %), limited production forest (428,795 ha or 16 %) and areas of protection forest

(683,889 ha or 27%).

Perum Perhutani Unit III is responsible for West Java and Banten and has 14 Kesatuan Pengelolaan

Hutan (KPH or Forest Management Units), of which KPH Bandung Selatan coincides with the entire

Citarum UW. KPH Bandung Selatan is responsible for managing a total area of 55,446 ha, of which 80% is

Hutan Lindung(Protection Forest) and 20% is Hutan Produksi(Production Forest). [Note that some small

areas of production and protection forest are located outside Perhutanis working area and are managedby Dinas Kehutanan.] In the past each KPH was responsible for a wide range of tasks (e.g. managing a

plantation, harvesting, processing, and so on), but since 2014 this has changed, and they now, for

instance, have a Divisi Industrian that is in charge of processing/factories.

As they have few staff (KPH Bandung Selatan employs 250 persons), Perhutanineeds to cooperate with

local communities in order to manage its areas. In most cases it establishes Hutan Pakuan Desa(HPD or

village cooperation units), with which they establish MoUs via a notary. These MoUs specify a harvest

sharing agreement (bagi hasil) for all specified products, which is usually in the range of 15-50% for

Perhutani (average 25-30%). In all, 24,000 families are involved in Perhutanis HPD programs and the

focus of these programs is on intercropping trees with perennial crops such as coffee or patchouli, so as to

establish a good ground cover and reduce erosion.

2.3.2 PT BUMN Hijau Lestari I

PT BUMN Hijau Lestari is a company engaged in the field of agroforestry-based ekobisnis and

cooperatives, and has been active since 2007 in regreening activities in the Citarum UW. PT Bakti Usaha

Menanam Nusantara Hijau Lestari I (PT BUMN HL I), is a Joint Venture Company established by five

state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in accordance with the Decree of the Minister of State Owned Enterprises

No. S-513 / MBU / 2009 dated July 23, 2009 (SH Number 73 dated August 15, 2009). These five SOEs are

PerumPerhutani, PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII(Persero), PerumJasa Tirta II, PT Pupuk Kujangand PT

Sang Hyang Seri (Persero).



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In 2014, under the program Rencana Aksi Milti Pihak Penanganan DAS Citarum Segmen I (which is the

first 7 km, from Situ Cisanti up to Majalaya), PT. BUMN Hijau Lestari Iplans to rehabilitate a total area of

725 ha of critical land in the Citarum UW at a cost of Rp. 11.7 million/ha. Programs by PT BUMN Hijau

Lestari I are not always successful. During a field visit on 1 May 2014 to Pangalengan, near Badra-

Cinangka villages, an area of 40 ha of critical land had been replanted in 2011 by PT. BUMN Hijau Lestari

with various useful NTFP tree species. However, none of the NTFP tree species listed on the signboardwere observed. Locals reported that the seedlings were dropped in the village without prior consultation

and villagers had been asked to plant them, although these species were deemed unsuited to the area

(Annex 1).

2.3.3 Agricultural University Bogor (IPB)

The Institut Pertanian Bogor(Agricultural University Bogor, IPB) has long been an advocate of agroforestry

and using intercropping systems (tumpangsari) as a means for reducing erosion, and as such have a

mandate for extending their expertise in this area to help manage the Citarum UW. In their model for

protected areas in the Citarum UW, IPB (2012) and Dinas Kehutanan developed a number of program

options for rehabilitation of critical land (RLK). These systems are all based on combinations with

agroforestry, such as agro-silvi-pastoral, agro-silviculture, multi-purpose tree/forest production and agro-

silviculture/other commodities, and are described in chapter 4.2.2.

They have also carried out various practical programs and projects, including the successful trial

intercropping/agroforestry demonstration pilot carried out at Cileunca-Cipanunjang in 2007-2008 using

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds from the state electricity company PLN. In all, 30 farmers

were involved in this trial and the area rehabilitated extended over 2.2 hectares (see Box 3, chapter 5.1).

IPBs Forestry Department is developing a Land Mapping Unit approach in order to prioritize critical land

for rehabilitation, but this is not yet generally available and still under development.

2.4 Relations between agencies in RLKin the Citarum UW

It is the role of BPDAS to identify areas of critical land ( lahan kritis), and to propose methods and draft

plans for how to address the issues of land degradation. PP76 of 2008 on Reklamasi dan Rehabilitasi

Hutan prescribes how BPDAS is responsible for the RTkRHL, which is a 15-year management plan as

outlined in the Citarum UW Management Plan of 2009 (BPDAS 2009). This document describes in detail

which physical/civil engineering (e.g. check dams) and vegetative (e.g. replanting for agroforestry) actions

need to be undertaken, in which areas (e.g. sub-districts), and what the indicative costs are. Most of the

proposed actions are identified by BPDAS, except for control dams, which are identified by BBWS. Five

year Recana Pengelolaan RHL(Land rehabilitation management plans for forestry areas) are then drafted

by Dinas Kehutanan (for Production & Protection Forests) and BKSDA (for Conservation Areas), while

annual Recana Pengelolaanare produced by the various Dinas.

The RTkRHL and RPRHL provide general plans for rehabilitation, but implementation is decided by the

Tim Recana Tindak DAS Citarum (Action Planning Team for the Citarum Watershed), established by an

SK Gubernur Jawa Barat 2009. For physical interventions such as control dams, the Unit Rencana

Pengelolaan(Management Planning) SDA of PU is in charge, while for other issues the Unit Rencana Tata

Ruang Wilayah (Regional Spatial Planning unit) of Bappeda is in charge. The latter is the formal

arrangement, but in practice Bidang RHL of Dinas Kehutananhas the supervision role. Stakeholders in the

team include Dinas Pertanian, Dinas Kehutanan, Dinas Perikanan, Dinas Perkebunan and Perum

Perhutani.



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The members of the Tim Rencana Tindak DAS Citarumdecide which RHL actions will be undertaken by

their agency, in which area, in the coming year(s) and this is included in annual action plans. An example

of the most recent one is the program Rencana Aksi Milti Pihak Penanganan DAS Citarum Segmen I

(which is the first 7 km, from Situ Cisanti up to Majalaya), which includes regreening actiities by Dinas

Pertanian, Dinas Perkebunan, Dinas Kehutanan, Perum Perhutani and PT. BUMN Hijau Lestari. The

institutional landscape is still evolving: in 2013, an SK Gubernur Jawa Barat was issued on ForumKoordinasi Pengelolaan DAS, under which a Tim Bidang Konservasi dan Rehabilitasi Lahan was

establihed, led by RHL Dinas Kehutanan.

PerumPerhutani is the key implementing agency for activities in production and protection forest areas,

although some small areas of protection and production forest are also managed by Dinas Kehutanan.

Bidang RHL Dinas Kehutanan also implements forestry activities outside areas managed by MoF, for

example, by running awareness campaigns or planting trees in degraded APL areas. Activities in

conservation areas are implemented by BKSDA, except for the national park areas, which are managed by

Taman Nasional. Civil engineering activites may be implemented by the DG Cipta Karyaof the Ministry of

Public Works.



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3. Issues in the Citarum UW

The Citarum UW faces a range of challenges, including biophysical issues such as extreme levels of

erosion, sedimentation and silting up of water bodies, high surface runoff, flooding, water shortages, water

quality of surface waters (esp. Saguling Reservoir), encroachment into forests and loss of forest cover, and

a range of non-biophysical issues such as weakness of institutions responsible for watershed

management, spatial plans that change all the time, lack of law enforcement, lack of social-culturally

sensitive approaches, lack of awareness raising, human resources, and a lack of economic considerations

(BPDAS, 2009). In the following a summary is provided of key biophysical issues.

3.1 Erosion & sedimentation

Erosion and sedimentation levels in the Citarum UW are high, but there are significant differences in how

these are calculated by the various agencies. According to a recent report by IPB (2012), about 45% of the

Citarum UW has a severe or very severe rate of erosion (i.e. 180 tons/ha.yr), while about 53% has a low

erosion level (2 million tons of sediment each year from the Ciminyak and Cihaur rivers.

Sedimentation in the Saguling is assessed to be about 17 cm/year, which reduces capacity and increases

the risk of flooding.

There are two locations where eroded sediments accumulate, and that is in the Citarum UW around the

Citarum River basin and in the Saguling Reservoir. Sediments of sub-basin Ciminyak and Cihaur empty

directly into Saguling Reservoir (Box 1), while sediments from the other sub watershed first pass through

the Bandung Basin. Potential sedimentation in the Bandung Basin is approximately 10.56 million tons per

year, while those that directly pass into Saguling Reservoir is >4 million tons per year (BPDAS 2009).



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Box 1. Saguling sedimentation

Sedimentation has had an impact on the life

expectancy of Saguling Reservois hydropower plant.

Present sedimentation in Saguling Reservoir is >4

million tons per year, and acidic compounds causeincreased corrosion (e.g. rusting of equipment). This

process can be quite rapid, and has resulted in the

depletion of the hydropower equipment at Saguling. As

a result, equipment that should be able to operate for

15 years lasts only five years due to corrosion, and this

affects the reliability and economic life of the

hydropower plant.

Figure 9 Level of erosion in Citarum UW

Source: Penataan model kawasan lindung Citarum Hulu

3.1.2 Critical lands / lahan kritis

Recognizing critical land (lahan kritis) forms a central part of the strategy for identifying degraded land and

targeting these for rehabilitation programs. This is based on criteria such as slope, erodibility, land cover

and rainfall intensity, and various agencies have calculated their own lahan kritis. IPB (2012) for example

calculate a lahan kritis / lahan sangat kritisof 62,000 ha, while BPDAS (2011) figures amount to 48,537 ha

(Figure 10). The figures of BPDAS are used by most agencies and are also used here in our calculation of

trends (see Figure 16).

http://s1035.photobucket.com/user/ramhade/media/JatiluhurJabarIndonesia.jpg.html


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Figure 10 Lahan kritis in Citarum UW



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3.1.3 Deforestation

The greatest contribution to erosion is from deforested areas, especially when those on steep slopes are

converted to annual crops, which is often the case throughout the Citarum UW. Encroachment into forests

and illegal logging continues to cause increasingly widespread erosion (leading to lahan kritis) in the

Citarum UW. Degraded land is less able to retard rainwater and runoff, and this leads to increased erosionand flooding. Agricultural development often occurs without regard for the (often steep) topography. In

some areas such as Kertasari District, most farmerse plant vegetable crops as major commodities, as this

is most profitable in the short-term. However, such vegetable crops are short-lived annuals with shallow

root systems that do not bind the soil or allow water to penetrate the soil adequately. Especially on slopes

of >30% this leads to major problems, resulting in landslides and soil erosion, and leading to sedimentation

and an increased risk of flooding.

In 1984, now 30 years ago, the Citarum UW still had a total area of 98,000 ha of forest (including

plantations). Since then this has reduced to just under 40,000 ha in 2012 (Figure 11). This figure actually

flatters the total amount of forest, as it not only includes plantations, but also village forest/gardens. Other

agencies (such as Bakosurtanal [now BIG]) provide figures in the range of 26,500-30,300 ha of forest by

2005-2010.

Figure 11 Forested area in Citarum UW (1984-2012)

3.2 Unreliable water resources

3.2.1 Water shortages

In normal years, the Citarum UW has a water surplus during the months November-April, and a deficit from

May-October (Figure 12; data from BPDAS, 2009). On average the basin has a deficit of 85 mm per year.

Areas in the Bandung Basin with a year-round deficit are built up areas and those with raised bundcultivation (tegal). Particular areas with year-round deficits are especially in the Cihaur, Ciminyak, Citarik

and Cikeruh sub-basins (Figure 10, Table 11). The average debit in 1998 was 1,303 m/s, while in 2008

this dropped to 784 m/s.

Table 10 Water balance of the Citarum UW sub-basins

Sub-basin Water balance

(Mm/year)

Sub-basin Water balance

(Mm/year)

Citarik - 63.6 Cirasea -34.0

Cihaur -48.2 Ciminyak -31.8

Cikapundung-

Cipamokolan -47.7 Cisangkuy +37.8

Cikeruh -43.8 Ciwidey +49.8

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

1984 1996 2002 2012

Fo

restcover(ha)



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Figure 12 Water balance in Citarum UW & its sub-basins


3.2.2 Floods

Floods in the Citarum UW are mainly in Bandung South and East, especially in sub-districts Baleendah,

Dayeukolot, Bojongsiang and Majalaya, where floods occur almost every year. Areas with a very high flood

risk extend over 3,343 ha, while high flood risk areas cover 4,871 ha and medium flood risk areas extend

cover 6,906 ha (Figure 13). Flood risk areas are located at points along the Citarik, Cikeruh, Cirasea (in

sub-district Bojongsoang) and Cikapundung-Cisangkuy (sub-district Bojongsoang and Baleendah) rivers

(BPDAS 2009).

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

1020

30

J F M A M J J A S O N D

dS(mm/month)

Average water balance Citarum UW

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

J F M A M J J A S O N D

ds(mm/month)

Average water balance Citarum UW sub-basins

Cikapundung-

CipamokolanCikeruh

Cisangkuy

Citarik

Cisarea

Ciwidey

Ciminyak



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Figure 13 Flooding ri sk in Citarum UW


Notes: red = very high risk; pink = high risk, yellow = average risk, green = low to very low risk.

3.2.3 Water pollution

The Citarum River is widely regarded as one of the most polluted in the world, and was listed in 2013 in the

top ten of the worlds most polluted rivers by Time Magazine (Box 2). Much of this is in the middle and

lower reaches of the river, but the Citarum UW is also affected by widespread pollution, mainly from

household effluents, agriculture (soil erosion, crop cultivation, use of pesticides, manure from livestock),

but also from industries in and around Bandung and Cimahi cities (mainly textiles, food production and

metallurgy; see Table 11).

Box 2. Citarum River, Indonesia

A main artery of the Indonesian capital of Jakarta, a

city of nearly 10 million, the Citarum River is

contaminated with a range of pollutants, from both

industrial and domestic sources. The Blacksmith

Institute has found lead levels in the river that are

more than 1,000 times EPA standards, and other

research has found high concentrations of toxic

metals like aluminum, manganese and iron.

Fortunately, the Indonesian government has begun

the work of cleaning up the Citarum, thanks in part

to a $500 million loan package from the Asian

Development Bank.

- Time Magazine, 4 November 2013



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Organic pollution & nutri ents

The average (2001-2009) values of various parameters for locations along the Citarum River in the upper

watershed are presented in Table 12. However, average values are misleading, for example, maximum

values found at Sapan in 2008 to be almost 74 mg/l, which is 37x the maximum permissible level for Class

I, and even 6x the maximum permissible level for Class IV. The BOD level in Saguling Reservoir wasfound by Suharyanto and Matsushita (2009) to be about 10-18 mg/l and could reach up to 80 mg/l in dry

periods, which is far higher than the standard of 2.0 mg/l for drinking purpose if based on the national

regulation (PP No. 82/2001). According to BPDAS (2009a), BOD values in the Saguling reservoir were

found to be 8.4-38 mg/l (in May 2008), contributing to the prolific growth of waterhyacinth Eichhornia

crassipes (eceng gondok).

Most organic waste (BOD, COD) and nutrients (N&P) are discharged by domestic municipal activities,

mainly from Bandung and Cimahi cities, but also from Bandung West and Bandung districts. Industries

discharge relatively little nutrients, but a higher share of BOD and COD than obvious from their water

usage. The opposite is true for irrigated agriculture, which discharges less BOD and COD, but more

nutrients relative to water use (DHV et al., 2012). Waste water treatment installations in the Citarum UW

are limited to two installations in Bandung City (Giesen, 2011). The IPAL at Bojongsoang (south ofBandung) extends over 85 ha and can treat effluents from 500,000 persons while operating at 40-50%

capacity. The IPAL at Cisirung was constructed as a prototype for treating effluents from 80 (mainly textile)

factories in the southern Bandung industrial estate. However, the site is often flooded, only 10% of

industries (max.) are linked up, and the installation operates at only about 30-40% capacity.

Animal husbandry was not assessed by DHV et al. (2012), but according to Suharyanto and Matsushita

(2009) the contribution is about 3-10% of BOD, mainly in the area upstream of Majalaya. However,

livestock husbandry was observed to be common in many of the upper parts of the Citarum UW, for

example, around the Kertasari springs (upper Cirasea sub-basin), and also around the Cileunca-

Cipanunjang reservoirs (upper Cisangkuy sub-basin). Most livestock rearing in stall-fed, so in practice

manure can be collected and used, for example, in biogas installations or as fertilizer for crops (in thelatter, some would end up in surgface water). In practice, much of the manure is simply disposed of in

surface waters.

Table 11 Citarum UW contr ibution to BOD in the basin

Sector BOD in Tons/day %

1 Households 11.8-59.5 44-54

2 Industries 0-52.9 0-42

3 Agriculture 6.85-13.4 10-35

4 Animal husbandry 1.9-3.7 3-10

Source: Suharyanto & Matsushita (2009)



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Table 12 Water quali ty in Citarum UW

Location BOD COD PO4-P NH3+NO3,2 Fec.CF Class

Wangisagara 2.9 10.1 0.2 0.8 5.8x105 II

Majalaya 7.7 19.7 0.3 1.8 5.3x105 III

Sapan 27.8 78.8 0.6 4.2 5.3x106

IVCijeruk 26.0 64.4 0.5 4.1 1.4x10

7 IV

Dayeuh kolot 24.2 60.2 0.6 4.6 3.5x106 IV

Burujul 24.7 59.7 0.7 5.4 1.3x106

Nanjung 27.3 70.1 0.8 5.6 1.3x106 IV

Standard Class II 3 25 0.2 - 1,000/100 ml

Source: DHV et al. (2012). B1 report Water Quality in Citarum River.

Notes: all values are in mg/l. Class standard is from BMA. Monitoring stations are indicated in Figure 14.

Figure 14 W

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