g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# dfnf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|f=8f= eLdb]j e§ .;f/f+zMnf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;/sf/nfO{ bIf / pko'Qm hgzlQm pknJw u/fpg] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj k"/f ug{ ljut %% jif{b]lv;lqmo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hgdfg;af6 cfh{g u/]sf] ljZjf; / of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfPsf r'gf}tLnfO{;Daf]wg ug{ cfof]un] cfpbf lbgdf cfˆgf] sfo{e"ldsfnfO{ c? ;lqmotf;fy lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfn} hf/Lul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] cfof]usf] sfo{If]qnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf ;d]tlj:tf/ u/]sf]n] kl/jlt{t lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ cfof]un] s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng' cfjZos 5 eGg] ;Gbe{df ;fdlos Pj+Jofjxfl/s ljZn]if0f ug{df k|:t't n]v s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .k[i7e"ldMg]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf nuQ} lj=;+ @))* df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ljlwjt :yfkgfePsf] xf] . ljutdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf ljleGg ;+ljwfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+:yfut Joj:yfnfO{:yflkt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df 5gf}6u/L ;/sf/nfO{ lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ug]{ sfo{df ljut %% jif{b]lv of] cfof]u ;+nUg 5 . sfdug]{ l;nl;nfdf ljutdf slx st} sdL q'l6 ePsf xf]nfg . t/ klg cfof]un] hgdfg;df h'g ;fv:yflkt u/]sf] 5 Tof] huhfx]/} 5 . cfof]usf] dxTj / o;n] ljutdf :yflkt u/]sf] d"No dfGotf /;fvnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] o; ;+:yfnfO{ Ps :jtGq ;+j}wflgslgsfosf] ?kdf O+lst u/]sf] 5 .pk/f]St cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@% df g]kfndf Ps nf]s ;]jf cfof]u x'g]5 h;dfcWoIf / cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo ;b:ox¿ /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf]l;kmfl/zdf k|wfgdGqLn] cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ lgo'lQm ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . cfof]usf ;b:ox¿dWo] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfdf/x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk|zf;g,

1

;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf]w cg';Gwfg, cWoog jf cGo s'g} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{u/L Vofltk|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'Qm ul/g] k|fjwfg 5 . cfof]udf lgo'lQm kfpg];b:ox¿l;t tf]lsPsf If]qdf aL; jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L cjlwsf] cg'ej x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfgn] jo:s /cg'elj JolQmTjsf] rog ug{ 7f]; cfwf/ to u/]sf] kfOG5 .sfo{ If]qMlghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo' lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIff ;+rfng ug'{nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 egL cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sf] wf/f !@^ df Joj:yf ul/Psf]. dfggLo ;b:o, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u25 . lghfdtL ;]jf eGgfn] ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg jf ;z:q k|x/L jf k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf jf kbtyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb jfx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf c?;j} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 .cfof]usf] sfo{If]q :ki6 ub}{ b]xfosf ljifodf ;/sf/n] cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ k|fjwfg;+ljwfgd} pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M-s_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,-v_ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{l;4fGtsf] ljifodf,-u_ lghfdtL kbdf 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,-3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jfcGo ;/sf/L ;]jfaf6 lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,-ª_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ljifodf, /-r_ s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf .k|:t't cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@^ df cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/jf/] b]xfo cg';f/yk Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 M

2

!= ;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm /a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg{]5 .@= s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf];]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf]ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;+u To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 .:ki6Ls/0fM o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9Lz]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ hgfpg]5 .o;}u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sf] wf/f !@& df cfof]un] cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{ lgsfo / ;f] k|ltj]bg tof/ ubf{ ;+nUg ug'{kg]{ ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pQm wf/f !@&sf] -!_ df pNn]v eP cg';f/ æk|To]s jif{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bgk|wfgdGqL ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf–;+;b\ ;dIf k]z ug]{Joj:yf ug]{5 .Æ3;f]xL wf/fsf] pkwf/f @ df æpkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf]cltl/Qm nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] jif{el/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdfpQL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwL ljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfo ubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhdsf] sfd eP gePsf]ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg{] ;fdfGol;4fGtsf] af/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf] eP ;f]sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg{]5 .Æyk lhDd]jf/Lsf] cg'e"ltMnf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ljutdf lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfsf] k[i7e"lddf k|ltlglw ;ef, /fHo Joj:yf

3

;ldltn] lghfdtL ;]jf h:t} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf cfk"lt{ ul/g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, j9'jf / ;?jf;DaGwL sfo{df Ps?ktf / lgikIftf sfod ug{ æhgrfxgf, cf}lrTotf / j} 7sdf JoQm efjgf;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf x'g] lgo'lQm / a9'jf ;DaGwL ljifo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]qleq ;d]6\g ;fGble{s, ;dof]lrt Pj+ Gofof]lrt x'g] b]lvPsf] Æ egL lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; l;nl;nfdf/fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] ;fj{ hlgs ;+:yf Pj+ ;+:yfgdf x'g] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIf Pj+ ;b:ox¿sf]lgo'lQm, ;]jf zt{ / ;'ljwf ;lxt sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf ;DaGwL sfo{df Ps?ktf Nofpg] h:tfljifonfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q leq ;d]6\ g] u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf x'g / hf/L ug{g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifbsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 .g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L x'g' k"j{b]lv g} ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] a9'jf;ldlt, :jf:Yo ;]jf j9'jf ;ldlt, Gofo ;]jf cfof]u, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lti7fg, ;}lgs P]gsf] bkmf!@ adf]lhdsf] kbk"lt{ ;ldlt, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;] jf cfof]u, g]kfn/li6«o lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|lti7fg, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno, kf] v/fljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefusf] a9'jf ;ldlt, g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fgsf ;fy} cGo ljleGg #@ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf / ;:yfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf]k|ltlglwTj hgfpb} cfPsf] Joxf]/f ;j{ ljlbt} 5 . o; k|sf/ cfof]usf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx¿n]k|ltlglwTj u/]sf ;+:yfdf s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8L sd{rf/L 5gf} 6 ug]{ k|lqmofdf s]xL sdL q'l6x¿gkfOPsf klg xf]Ogg\ . cfof]usf] k|ltlglw pkl:yt u/fP/ klg k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL cfof]un]Jojxf/df NofPsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'z/0f gul/lbbf o:tf ;d:of b]lvPsf x'g . cfof]un] :yflktu/]sf] k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k|lqmof cg'z/0f ug{ yf]/}dfq kxn ug]{ xf] eg] ;+:yfgx¿sf] sd{rf/Legf{ sfo{df lgs} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 .sd{rf/L 5gf}6 sfo{ lgs} hl6n / ;Da]bgzLn ljifo xf] . ctM o; l;nl;nfdf sfo{ ubf{

4

w]/} kIfdf Wofg k' ¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . pDd]bjf/n] ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{ sfdsf] ljj/0f, lghl;tx'g'kg]{ z}lIfs of]Uotf, kf7\oqmd, k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / df] 8/]zg, k/LIff ;+rfng / o;df z'4tf,pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k/LIf0f, ;+k/LIf0f, cGtjf{tf{ / o; sfo{df rog ul/Psf lj1x¿sf] k[i7e"ld cflbljljw kIf ;DalGwt 5g . t/ oL ;j} ljifo eGbf klg tf] lsPsf] s'g} klg lj1fkg k|sflzt ubf{;f] kbsf nflu cfj] bg lbg] pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof jf/] ;d]t jf]w ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . cToflwspDd] bjf/ /x]sf 7fpdf l;ldt ;+Vofdf 5gf}6 ug'{ kg]{ ePdf k/LIff k4ltd} ljljwtf ckgfpg' kg]{x'G5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof] un] o;} k[i7e"lddf ljut s]xL jif{ otf k|f/lDes k/LIffsf] yfngL u/]sf]4xf] . o; k|fjwfgsf lj?4 lghfdtL ;]jf P] gsf] c8\rgsf sf/0f ljut @ jif{df !) jif]{ a9' jfsf;DaGwdf cfof] un] w]/} sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofo lbg g;s]sf] hgu'gf;f] JofKt 5 . tLg÷rf/ ;osd{rf/Lx¿ dWo] jf6 cGt/jf{tf{ / sfo{ ;Dkfbg d" Nof+sg -sf=;=d"_ sf] cfwf/df dfq @,# hgfsd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug'{ nfO{ Tolt ;xh dfGg ;lsGg . pQm !) jif]{ j9'jf k4ltdf oxL cj:yfljBdfg /Xof] . cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf eP ul/Psf] k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Lsf] xs:yflkt ug{ pSt sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] xf] . ;/sf/n] P] g lgod th'{ df ubf{ To:tf kIfdf ;d]tWofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] eP kl/0ffd leGg / sd cfnf]lrt jGg ;SbYof] . o;}u/L ljifout-Subjective_ / j:t'ut -Objective_ k/LIff k| 0ffnLsf] kl/0ffddf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . j:t'utk/LIff k|0ffnL h'g xb;Dd cr's, oyfy{, j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ x'G5, ljifout k| 0ffnLdf tL ;j}ljz]iftf gkfOg ;lsG5 . o; oyfy{nfO{ klg :jLsfg}{ kb{5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|To]s cfly{s jif{df nueu Ps 8]9 nfv ;+Vofdf pDd]bjf/x¿sf]k/LIff ;+rfng sfo{sf] k|jGw ldnfpg' kb{5 . ;Lldt ef}lts >f]t;fwg, sd{rf/Lx¿df k|f]T;fxgJoj:yfsf] Go"g cfsif{0f cflb cj:yfdf s'g} pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ kfOGg eg] cfof]udf sfdsf] rfklgs} 5 . o;} jf:tljstfnfO{ jf]w u/L /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] xfn} hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zgdf ælghfdtL

5

;]jf leq x'g] lgo'lQm, j9'jf / ;]jf kl/jt{g h:tf ljifodf dfq ;+nUg x'+b} cfO/x]sf] nf]s ;]jfcfof]unfO{ xfnsf lbgx¿df ljleGg P]gaf6 ljleGg lgsfox¿df ;+nUg u/fpb} cfO/xsf] / cj;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf ;d]t ;+nUg ug'{ kg]{ kfl/l:ylt b]vfk/]sf] ;Gbe{df nf]s ;]jf cfof]udflgikIftf, ljZj;gLotf / tbf?stfk"j{s sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ kl/l:yltnfO{ cem} ;xh / ;'ud t'NofpgcfjZos kg]{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm Pj+ hgzlQmnfO{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/nufotsf ljljw ljifox¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfsf ;fy pknAw u/fpg k|wfgdGqL tyfdlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;hu / ;r]t /xg]Æ egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .pk/f]Qm cg';f/ eP u/fPdf / cfof]udf ljBdfg ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof j9f]Q/L ul/Pdf;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf cfjZos sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 sfo{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] gug{ ;Sg] xf]Og .;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf /fhlglts lg0f{o u/L ;+rfng ;ldlt Pj+ Joj:yfkgx¿sf] lgo'lQm x'g] /To;/L lgo'Qm eP ul/Psf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hjfkmb]xLtf ls6fg gul/Psfn] klg ;d:o emg hl6njGb} uPsf] cfefif kfOG5 . To;}u/L ;+:yfgdf lgo'Qm ul/g] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof klgkf/bzL{ gePsf sf/0f hgdfg;df s]xL e|d :yflkt ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd ;fj{hlgs;+:yfgdf lgo'Qm ul/g] Joj:yfks Pj+ ;+rfns ;ldltsf] rog k|lqmofsf] 7f]; / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ toul/g' kb{5 .ljutsf] cg'ejMnf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL ljutsf]cg'ejsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ xf] eg] s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f8L Tolt ;Gtf]if lng] 7fp b]lvGg . w]/} h;f] ;+:yfdfnf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] pkl:ylt cf}krfl/stfdf l;ldt /x]sf] u'gf;f] :jo+ ;+:yf k|ltlglwTj ug]{kbflwsf/Ljf6 ;'Gg kfOG5 . l;4fGtdf sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL ;j} k|lqmof k"/f u/]sf] hgfpg] /Jojxf/df cfTdk/s 9+un] sfo{ ug]{ k|j[lQsf sf/0f o:tf] x'g uPsf] xf] . ctM s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yfdfsd{rf/L egf{ ug{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] cfof]u xf]; jf cGo s'g} kbk"lt{ ;ldlt ;j}n] lgikIf / t6:y eO{

6

sfd ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . cx+ ;jfn sd{rf/L egf{ lng] sfo{nfO{ /fhgLlts lg0f{osf] jGbL jgfOg' x'b}g .5o;sf] cy{ sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL c? ;+:yfn] u/]sf] sfo{df vf]6 nufpg] w[i7tf ul/Psf] klgxf]Og . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt / Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbbf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf / kmfF6sf]sd{rf/L egf{sf] sfo{ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lbg' x'b}g eGg] wf/0ff JoQm ul/Psf] klg xf]Og . hxfF h;n]of] sfo{ u/]klg Toxf OdfGbf/Lsf] vfFrf] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf s]xL ;+:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]lnlvt k/LIff lng] / cGo kIfsf] k/LIff ;DalGwt lgsfon] lng] u/sf] b]lvG5 . lnlvt k/LIffsf] eGbfcGo k/LIffsf] c+sef/ j9L /fVg] cflb ubf{ kl/0ffd ck]lIft x'g g;Sg] k|i6 5 . o:tf kIfdf ;d]tWofg k'¥ofO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ sxfF s;/L ;+nUg u/fpg] jf/] lg0f{o lng ;lsG5 .gof+ kl/j]zsf] r'gf}tLMlghfdtL ;]jfdf nfdf] ;dob]lv vf;u/L j|fXd0f, g]jf/ / If]qL hftLn] em08} *% k|ltzt:yfg cf]u6\b} cfPsf] tYof+s k|:t't 5 . cflbjf;L, hghftL / blntx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj Hofb} Go"g 5 .To;}u/L cfwf hg;+Vof cf]u6]sf dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj klg *÷( k|ltztdf l;ldt 5 . ;dli6dfo:tf] lrq0f k|:t't ul/P tfklg k|fljlws ;]jftkm{ eg] of] cj:yf s]xL leGg 5 . o; jf:tljstfnfO{x[boËd u/L cGo If]qdf h:t} lghfdtL ;]jfdf klg ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|:tfj /flvPsf] 5 . of]:jfutof]Uo s'/f xf] . t/ of]Uotf k|0ffnL / ;dfj]zLs/0f oL b'j} j]Unfj]Un} wf/ x'g . oL b'j} ljifonfO{;Fu} /fv]/ sd{rf/L egf{ jf/] lg0f{o lng' sl7g eP klg cfpbf lbgdf oL b'j} ljifodf s] s:tf]/0fgLlt clVtof/ ug]{, lzIff, tflnd ;DaGwdf s:tf] gLlt cjnDag ug]{, kf7\oqmddf s:tf] kl/dfh{gug]{ , k/LIff k|0ffnL s:tf] to ug]{ cflb ljljw ljifodf ulDe/ 5nkmn, cGtlqmof / ljj]rgf u/Llg0f{o lng' cfjZos b]lvG5 .ljut s]xL ;do otf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L egf{ sfo{df ;}lgs / :yfgLo lgsfodf;d]t k|ltlglwTj hgfpb} cfPsf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cof]usf] ljBdfg ;+u7g :j?k, sd{rf/L ;+Vof,

7

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cflb kIfsf] pko'Qmtf jf/] vf;} ;dLIff gu/L pk/f]St sfo{ ;d]t ;'lDkbf vf;u/L:yfgLo lgsfosf] sfo{df ;3fp k'¥ofpg cfof]unfO{ lgs} xDd] kb}{ cfPsf] 5 . cfof]usf] sfof{noc~rn :t/df ;Lldt ul/Psf] / ufFp ljsf; ;ldltdf ;d]t kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL sfo{ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n]o:tf] l:ylt ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . ctM yk ul/Psf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf cfof]unfO{ rflxg] sd{rf/L/ ljljw k"jf{wf/df ;d]t ;/sf/n] j]n}df Wofg k'¥ofpg pko'Qm b]lvG5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] gofF sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwdf lj1fkg ubf{ ck|fljlws ;]jf tkm{k|ltefx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf Go"g tna eQf, j[lQ ljsf;sf] lemgf];+efjgf, sfdsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg gx'g' cflb sf/0f b]vfO{ vf;u/L jf]l8{ª sn]hdf pRr cWoog xfl;nu/]sf k|ltefx¿n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf Hofb} Go"g b/vf:t lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L ;] jfdf b/vf:tglbg] / k|ltef knfog x'g] u/]jf6 /fi6«n] eljiodf 7"nf] Iflt ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . knfog ePsf jful/Psf k|ltefx¿ :jb]zdf kms{g] ;Defjgf klg Go"g k|ltztdf b]lvG5 . jf]l8{ª, sn]hdf c+u|] hLdfWodaf6 lzIf0f xfl;n u/]sf k|ltefx¿n] g]kfnL efiffdf ;f]lwPsf k|Zg ;d]t ga'‰g] cflbsf sf/0fo:tf] ljifd kl/l:ylt >[hgf ePsf] oyfy{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . c+u|]hL efiffdf k|Zgkq lgdf{0f ug]{, c+u|] hLefiffdf g} pQ/ lbg kfOg] cflb jf/] j}slNks Joj:yf yfngL ug]{ jf/] sfof{Gjog kIfsf] t s'/}5f8f}+ cfof]usf] j}7sdf o;jf/] 5nkmn / lrGtg pRrf/0f ubf{ ;d]t To;sf] cfnf]rgf g]kTYoaf6x'g] ub{5 . k/LIffyL{sf] dfu, cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z cflbjf6 ;w} 6f9f /x]/ sfo{ ubf{ cfof]un]kl/jt{gsf] jf]w ug{ ;Sg] b]lvGg . efiff / lnlksf] ;Ldf sf]/L oyfl:yltdf lx8\g] k|of; u/]df6lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'udf g]kfnn] cfkm"nfO{ ljZjhutdf kl/ro u/fpg / cfˆgf] ljz]if klxrfg:yflkt ug{ cem} lgs} ;do s'g'{ kg]{5 .gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df ef]lnsf] lbgdf /fHo ;+3fTds 9fFrfdf ;+rfng ug]{ tof/Lx'b}5 . o; tkm{ klg clxn]b]lv g} Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . /fHon] ;+3fTds k|0ffnL cg'z/0f ug]{

8

ljlQs} jt{dfg cfj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo txaf6 ;+rflng ljleGg ;+:yf Pj+ lgsfosf] ;+u7gfTds :j?k /sfo{If]qdf klg cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] ePdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] klg cfˆgf If]qLo, c~rnsfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/df j9f]Q/L ug'{ kg]]{ x'G5 . o:tf] lg0f{o ePdf If]q jf k|b]z h] gfdfs/0ful/P tfklg To; ef}uf]lns If]qleq cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L pknAw eP;Dd tb\ tb\ k|b]z leq}jf6 lng]Joj:Yff ug'{ j9L k|hftflGqs / Gofof]lrt 7x5{ . o; ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u nufot cGo;j}+wflgs cËl;t ;dod} k/fdz{ lnO{ j}slNks /0fgLlt clVtof/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .pk;+xf/nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] :yfkgf kl5 ljut %% jif{df :yfkgf u/]sf] ;fvsf sf/0f o;sf]nf]slk|otf hgdfg;df j9\b} uPsf] xf] . cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLdf leqL jflx/Lh'g;'s} If]qjf6 eP ul/Psf] l6Kk0fLnfO{ dgg u/L hgefjgf cg'?k o;n] cfˆgf] sfo{ cufl8j9fpg' kb{5 . cfof]un] pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ;DaGwL ;j} sfo{ uf]Ko /fVg] ePsf]n] o;sf eP b]lvPsfq'l6x¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g g;s]sf x'g eGg] ts{l;t klg vf;} ;xdlt hgfpg ldNb}g . cfof]un];Dkfbg u/]sf ;j} lqmofsnfk kf/bzL{sf gfddf hg;dIf /fVg klg ldNb}g . o;} cf=j=df cfof]un]u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf lj?4 k/]sf] ph'/Lsf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿ ;dfj]z ePsf]5fgjLg ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgjf6 klg cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL lgod;Ddt ePsf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 .cfof]un] xfn}dfq k|ltlglw;ef, /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltdf cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg 5nkmn ubf{;ldltnfO{ cfof]un] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ ;d]t cfu|x u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf/fHoJoj:Yff ;ldlt cyjf cGo s'g} clwsf/ ;DkGg lgsfojf6 cfof]usf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] k|lqmofcjut u/]df s;/L cfof]un] cfˆgf] ;fv hgdfg;df :yfkgf ug{ ;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] oyfy{ k|i6x'g]5 . cfof]usf lg0f{o / sfo{;+rfngsf l;nl;nfdf s'g} q'l6 g} 5}gg eGg] l6Kk0fL ug{ vf]lhPsf]

9

klg xf]Og . o; qmddf cf}NofPsf q'l6x¿ ;Rofpg] k|oTg ;d]t cfof]un] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ctMcfkm"n] b]v]sf sdL q'l6 / ;'wf/sf nflu eljiodf klxrfg ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / d;f}bf pknAwu/fP/ cfof]usf] ;fvnfO{ lr/:yfoL t'Nofpg' ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g hfG5 .;Gbe{u|GyM!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] $& cf}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^@.^##= k|ltlglw ;ef, /fHo Joj:yf ;ldltn] ldlt @)^#.*.@* df ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgdf x'g] lgo'lQm/ j9'jf ;DaGwL ljifodf hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg kq .$= 5fgljg ;ldltn] nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf k|:t't u/]sf] æ5fgljg k|ltj]bg @)^#Æ .7

/fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgf / ;+ljwfg;efMPs ;"qfTds kl/rrf{8f= ;'/]Gb| s]=;L=.;f/f+zg]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fHo k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|Zg Pp6f gofF ljifo eP tfklg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|Zg eg]gofF xf]Og t/ oL b'j}sf aLrsf] ;dfgtfrflxF s] xf] eg] oL b'j} k|Zg g]kfnsf nflu clgjfo{ t/ hl6n ljifox'g\ . /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf eGgfn] ljleGg hfthfltaLr zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 / ;fem]bf/L eP tfklg To;sf] 9Ffrfs:tf] x'g] / ;j} hftLo ;d"xnfO{ s;/L ;dfj]zL t'Nofpg] eGg] ljifo ;/n k|Zg xf]Og . ;fdfGotof e"–;f+:s[lts agf]6sf cfwf/df To:tf] /fHo k'gM;+/rgf ug{ ;lsg] cfd wf/0ff eP tfklg ckjfbafx]s /fHosf]s'g} klg If]qdf s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] ax'dt g/x]sf] sf/0f s]jn ctLtsf] e"–; +:s[lts agf]6sf cfwf/df s;/LTo; hfltnfO{ :jfoQtf lbg ;lsG5 Tof] k|Zg lgZro g} sd hl6n ljifo xf]Og . To;afx]s Hofb} 7"nf];+Vofdf /x]sf nf]kf]Gd'v / cNk;+Vos ;fdflhs ;d"xsf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ k|Zg klg sd hl6n /x]sf]5}g . To;}u/L a]Unfa]Un} wflds{ ;d"xx¿sf] efjgfnfO{ klg o; k'gM;+/rgfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{5 .o;sf nflu k|zf;gdf ;dfj]zLotf / lgjf{rgdf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df pko'Qm l;4fGt x'g;Sg] eP tfklg To;sf] k|lqmofsf af/]df d'n'ssf] af}l4s ju{ cem} klg Psdt x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5|}g .

10

f!= /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf lsg </fHosf] cToflws ;+s]lGb|t gLltsf] sf/0f If]qLo ljsf;df klg TolQs} Jojwfg x'g k'u]sf]5 . ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn b]zsf] ;du| hg;+Vofn] ;dfg 9+un] pkef]u ug{ kfPsf] 5}g . ufpFsf] ah]6zx/lt/ To;df klg d'Vo ?kdf s7df8f}+ s]lGb|t x'g] k|lqmofn] ubf{ u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aLnfO{ cToflwsa9fPsf] 5 . kmntM dfgj ljsf;sf] b[li6n] zx/ / ufpFaLr Jofks c;Gt'ng b]vf k/]sf] 5 .o;k|sf/ ljsf;sf] k|lqmofn] Pp6f If]q / ;x/nfO{ dfq s]Gb|ljGb' dfGg] cfly{s–/fhgLlts kl/j]zsf]lgdf{0fsf] sf/0f b]zleq c;Gt'li6, c;Gt'ng / tgfj a9]sf] k'li6 eg]sf] dfcf]jfbL ;df:of xf] .jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg / k|ltj]bgx¿n] klg pko'Qm c;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] kl/0ffdnfO{af/Daf/ b]vfPsf 5g\ . h; cg';f/ O{= @))$ sf] tYof+s cg';f/ lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] l:yltsf7df8f}+, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/sf] ^%, %(, / %* x'Fbf sflnsf]6, afh'/f / d'u' sf #@, #! / #) /x]sf]lyof] . To;}u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg cg';f/ s0ff{nL c~rndf nff]Ug] dfG5]sf]cfo' %) jif{ /x]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8f}+sf] &! jif{ /x]sf] 5 lsgeg] O{= !(&*÷&( df sf7df8f}+pkTosfleq ljsf; vr{ #$ s/f]8 lyof] eg] To;kl5sf] @) jif{leq of] a9]/ emG8} !) cj{ k'Uof] .kmntM s'n ljsf; vr{sf] @@ k|ltzt sf7df8f}+df dfq vr{ x'g yfNof] . To;}n] of] sf7df8f}+ jf zx/s]lGb|t ljsf; jf:tjdf ljsf; g} xf]Og . s0ff{nL / tfKn]h'ªsf ;f]emf / lg/Lx hgtfsf] ufF; sf6]/ul/Psf] ljsf;nfO{ jf:tljs ljsf; dfGg ;lsg] 5}g . To;df blnt / dw];L ld;fPkl5 t l:ylt. k|fWofks, lq=lj= sLlt{k'/8c? ljs/fn aGg k'U5 . To;}n] o:tf] c;Gt'lnt cfly{s tyf ljsf; ;+/rgfnfO{ tf]8\g /fHosf]k'gM;+/rgf clgjfo{ ag]sf] 5 . To; qmddf /fHosf] cfo:tf / j}b]lzs ;xof]unfO{ If]qLo cg'kftsfcfwf/df ;dfg'kflts ljt/0fåf/f l;Ëf] hgtfdf ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn k'¥ofpg] ;+/rgf g]kfnsf nfluclgjfo{ sfo{;"rL ag]sf] 5 .

11

jf:tjdf /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfåf/f o;nfO{ ;+3Lotfdf n}hfFbf cfd hfthfltsf] o;dfa9LeGbf a9L ;xeflutf x'g hfbf /fHon] s]xL klg u'dfpg' kb}{g . kmn:j?k /fli6«o Pstf emg\;'b[9 aGg hfG5 . To;n] ljv08g xf]Og /fli6«o Pstfsf] efjgf emg\ k|an x'g hfG5 . ljleGghfthfltsf] ;xeflutfaf6 /fHo ljvl08t xf]Og c? ;'b[9 aGg yfN5 ./fHok|lt P]Soa4tf / ckgTjefj hfu[t x' g uO{ /fli6«o efjwf/f cem k|jn aG5 t/ clxn]s}cj:yf sfod /xg] xf] eg] To;sf] ljk/Ltefj hfu[t x'g yfN5 . g]kfnsf] ;LdfGtLs[ t ;d"x cfhToxL cj:yf, ;f]r / lg0f{osf] ;+3f/df plePsf] 5 . To;}n] o:tf] clk|o cj:yfaf6 /f]Sgs} nfluxfdLn] /fHo k'gM;+/rgfdf hfg'k/]sf] xf] / cj xfd|f nflu of]eGbf /fd|f] ljsNk afFsL g} 5}g . o;}n]To:tf] ljrf/ kl/Tofu u/L nlrnf] eP/ /fHo k'gM;+/rgfåf/f ;fd]nL k|hftGqsf] ;f]rdf hfg l9nfO{ug'{ x'Gg . of] g} ;dosf] ;xL dfu / b[li6sf]0f klg x'g hfG5 .@= ;+ljwfg ;ef lsg <d"ntM dfcf]jfbLnfO{ /fhgLltsf] d"nwf/df Nofpg, /fhtGq / k|hftGqaLrsf] åGånfO{ xnug{ / /fHosf] c;dfj]zL rl/qdf kl/jt{g NofO{ To;nfO{ ;dfj]zL kf/]/ ;Defljt lx+;f;d]tnfO{Joj:yfkg ug{ klg g]kfnnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] xf] . hgcfGbf]n–@ df ljleGg ju{/ tx–tKsfsf hg;d"bfon] /fHo k'gM ;+/rggf ug]{ Jofks ;xeflutf hgfP/ cfˆgf] cfsf+Iffk|blz{ t u/]sf x'g\ . Toltn] gk'u]/ dlxnf, cGwf, ckf+u / ls;fg dhb'/;d]tn] o;df cfˆgf] cfsf+Iffk|blz{ t u/]sf lyP . ctM ca oL ;a} ju{ / txsf k|ltlglw ;fd]n u/]/ ;a}s]f rfxgf, efjgfnO{;d]6\g] s]Gb| ljGb'sf ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ /fi6«sf] st{Jo ag]sf] 5 . lgDg sf/0fn]b]znfO{ ;+ljwfg ;ef cfjZos ePsf] 5 .-s_ ;+ljwfg ;ef / /fhtGqsf] eljio lgwf{/0fsf] k|Zg@#* jif{b]lv xfn;Dd g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|Lo ljifoj:t' oxfFsf] /fhtGq /lxcfPsf] 5 .Oltxf;sf] Pp6f sfnv08df o; /fi6«sf] PsLs/0f u/]/ o;n] Pp6f k|ultzLn e"ldsf v]n]sf] ePtfklg To;kl5 of] ;+:yf lg/Gt/ hgtfaf6 6fl9g] u¥of] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf æg]kfnsf] s'g} klg dGqL

12

sfn ultn] dg{ kfpFb}gÆ eGg] Pp6f pvfg 6'Ssf g} aGof] . lsgeg] o; ztfAbLsf ;j{lht /fgf,sLlt{dfgl;+x a:Goft, bfdf]b/ kf08], eLd;]g yfkf, /0fh+u kf08], dfyj/l;+x yfkf / uugl;+x vjf;;a} g} b/afl/of 3ft k|lt3ftsf l;sf/ ag] . cGttM O{ !*$^ ;]K6]Da/ !$ sf] sf]tkj{df ;Dk"0f{ef/bf/x¿nfO{ Ps} lrxfg kf/L h+uaxfb'/ s'j/sf] vnsn] g]kfnsf] /fHo;Qf cfˆgf] xftdf lnof] .cj;/jfbL dGqL h+uaxfb'/ of t oL ;a} if8\oGqsf] lx:;f lyof] xf]Og eg] hl6n kl/l:yltnfO{rnfvLk"j{s cfˆgf] :jfy{df k|of] u u/]/ zf;gflwsf/ xTofpg rfxGYof] . cGttM p;}sf] r+u'ndf k/L/fhf/fgL sfzL k|:yfg ug{ afWo eP . tTsfn h+uaxfb'/ g]kfnsf sdfG8/ Og lrkm agfOP eg]9Ps dlxgfkl5sf] e08f/vfn kj{kl5 pgL b]zsf k|wfgdGqL klg agfOP . emG8} @ jif{ kl5sf] cnf}kj{n] sfzLaf6 g]kfn kmsL{ h+uaxfb'/nfO{ x6fP/ k'gM zlQmzfnL x'g] bfpdf nfu]sf /fhf /fh]Gb|zfxL s}bLsf ?kdf sf7df8f}+ NofOP eg] o'j/fh ;'/] Gb| s7k'tnL /fhf dfq /x] . O{= !*%^ dfh+uaxfb'/ sf:sL / ndh'ªsf >L # dxf/fh klg agfOP . o;/L h+uaxfb'/n] g]kfndf sF'j/ vnssf]kfl/jfl/s x's'dL zf;g sfod u/] hf] !)$ jif{;Dd s7f]/ / bdgk"j{s g]kfnL hgtfdfly nflbof] .tyflk bfz{lgs k[i7e"ldaf6 x]l/bf zfx /fhfx¿sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnsf] ;fdGtL Joj:yf Hofb}cnf]slk|o ePsf]n] gofF ef/bf/sf] g]t[Tjdf To;sf] cnf]slk|otfdfly 9fs5f]k ug{ g} ;fdGtL ju{sfgofF ef/bf/sf] g]t[Tjdf To;nfO{ k'gM u7g u/]sf] xf] . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gn] g]kfndf k"FhLjfbLk|hftGqsf] hu t a;fNof] t/ Tof] Hofb} sdhf]/ l;4 eof] . @))&–!& ;Ddsf] /fhtGq /k|hftGqsf] nf8fO{df cGttM /fhtGqs} lht eof] . @)!& k'; ! ut] k'gM b]zdf x's'dLtGq nflbof]hf] @( jif{;Dd sfod /x\of] . @)$& ;fndf k'g:yf{lkt k|hftGq klg !@ jif{eGbf a9L l6Sg ;s]g .k'gM k|hftGq / /fhtGqaLr åGå z'? eof] / @)%( df3 !* sf lbg !@ jif{kl5 g} b/af/n];+ljwfgdfly anft\ cfqmd0f u/]/ zf;gflwsf/ cfˆgf] xftdf lnof] t/ a]Un} cGt/f{li6«o k[i7e"ld,

13

;"rgf / k|ljlwdf cfPsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf; / gful/s Pj+ af}l4s ju{sf] hfu/0fsf] sf/0f o;k6srfFlx b/af/nfO{ $ jif{ a9L g]kfnL hgtfdfly cfˆgf] x}sd / dWoo'lug zf;g–zf]if0f rfn' /fVg;Dej ePg . @)^@ r}q @$ b]lv @)^# a}zfvf !! ;Dd hDdf !( lbgsf] hgcfGbf]gn] g} To;nfO{w/fzfoL kf/L hgtfsf] ;fd' e'mSg ljjz kf¥of] . zfx /fhfx¿sf] @#* jif{sf] Oltxf;df of] p;sf]zd{gfs k/fho / cfTd;dk{0f lyof] . ;j{k|yd p;n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] /fHo zlQmsf] ;|f]t g]kfnLhgtf g} ePsf] / g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pj+ /fhsLo ;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf g} lglxt /x]sf] tYonfO{x[bo+ud ug{ ;xdt x'Fb} /fHoflwsf/af6 klG5g tof/ eof] . To;kl5sf ljleGg 3f]if0ffx¿dfkm{tk|ltlglw ;efn] /fhfnO{ clwsf/ ljxLg / gfd dfqsf] cfn+sfl/s /fhfdf ;Lldt ul/;s]sf] ePtfklg o;nfO{ s;/L ;+ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug]{ jf pGd"ng ug]{ < of] k|Zgsf] rfFlx cem} xn ug{ afFsL5 / Tof] sfd ;+ljwfg ;efn] ug]{5 .csf]{tk{m @)^@ d+l;/ & ut]sf] bn–dfcf]jfbL !@ a'Fb] ;xdltdf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGTosf]dfq s'/f u/]sf] eP tfklg cfd hgtf / ljb|f]xL kIf rfFlx /fhtGqsf] ;d"n cGTo / u0ftGqg]kfnsf] :yfkgfsf] kIfdf plePsf] x'Fbf o; b]zdf cem} klg k|hftGq / /fhtGqsf aLrsf] åGåsf]lg/fs/0f geO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . To;}n] klg ;dsfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|ZgHjnGt ag]sf] 5 . o;n] g} g]kfnsf] /fhtGqsf] klg eljio lgwf{/0f ug]{ 5 . tbg'?k hgtfn]u0ftGqsf] kIfdf ax'dt lbP eg] /fhtGqn] To; lg0f{onfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{k5{ . vfnL k|Zg s:tf]k|sf/af6 To;nfO{ lj36g ug]{ eGg] dfq ePsf] 5 . To;sf nflu xfdL;Fu Pp6f b[i6fGt O6fnLn]lbPsf] 5 . cfheGbf ^) jif{ cl3 ePsf] O6fnLsf] lgjf{rgdf /fhtGqsf] af/]sf] hgdt ;+u|x /;+ljwfg ;efsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] rog Ps};fy ubf{ ax'dt hgtfn] /fhtGqsf] ljkIfdf dtbft u/] .o;/L O6fnLsf] /fhtGq ljlwjt\ lj36g x'g k'Uof] . ^) jif{kl5 g]kfnn] klg oxL df]8n ckgfP//fhtGqaf/] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .10-v_ ;+ljwfg;ef / /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] k|Zg

14

ljutdf ;/sf/–dfcf]jfbLaLr ;DkGg ePsf b'O6} jftf{x¿ ljkmn x'g k'Ug'sf] k5fl8 Pp6}sf/0f lhDd]jf/ lyof]– ;+ljwfg ;ef k|lt /fhtGqsf] uDeL/ c;xdlt .-u_ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] af/]dfg]kfndf xfn k|rlnt a]nfotL 9/f{sf] ax'dtLo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] xfd|f] h:tf] ax'nafbL;dfhsf] efjgfnO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g eGg] tYo xfn;Ddsf %÷^ -@)!%, @)#*, @)$@, @)$*, @)%!/ @)%^_ j6f k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o k~rfotsf lgjf{rgx¿n] k'li6 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{dfxfdL;Fu ;+ljwfg ;efsf nflu O6fnL, ef/t, k|mfG; / Sofg8fnufotsf #)–$) d'n'ssflgjf{rgx¿ klg b[i6fGtsf ?kdf Oltxf;df c+lst ePsf 5g\ . ldxLg 9+un] x]/]sf] v08df oLdWo]s'g d'n'ssf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL xfd|f] h:tf] d'n'ssf nflu cg's/0fLo x'g ;S5 eGg] kf7 xfdLn] u|x0fug{ g;Sg] xf]Og . lgZro g} To;sf] 7f8f] gSsn plrt x'Fb}g t/ To;nfO{ g]kfnL df6f] /jf:tjlstfdf 9fn]/ k|of]u ub}{df To;nfO{ csf{sf] gSsn ul/Psf] klg dflgg' x'Fb}g . Totfaf6 x]l/bfxfd|f] nflu O6fnL, ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf / Oi6 l6df]/sf 9fFrfx¿ lgs} g} pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .ef/t, blIf0f clk|msf / Oi6 l6df]/s} h:tf] g]kfn klg ax'njfbL ;dfh xf] . To;}n] xfd|fnflu j]:6ldlg:6l/no df]8nsf] ax'dtLo k|0ffnLeGbf tL b]zx¿s} h:tf] cfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLpko'Qm x'G5 . To;sf nflu xfdLn] pko'Qm lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf hfg'/fd|f] x'G5 . To;afx]s xfn}sf] hgcfGbf]ngdf ;a} hfthflt, dw];L, blnt / dlxnfsf] cltl/QmcGwf ckf+u, o'jf ljBfyL{ / dhb'/ ls;fg ju{n] lbnf] Hofgn] ;xeflutf b]vfPsf] sf/0f o;lgjf{rgdf ltgsf k|ltlglwx¿n] klg lgjf{lrt eP/ hfg] af6f] agfpg' /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . ctMzL3|ftLzL3| cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg u/]/ hgrfxgf cg'?ksf] Joj:yfåf/f ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\g';dosf] dfu ePsf] 5 . To;f] ePsf] v08df dfq ;j} ju{ / txtKsfn] ;+ljwfgdfly cfˆgf] ckgTjhgfpg ;Sg]5g\ .#= gful/stf ;d:of / gofF hgu0fgfsf] k|Zg

15

s]xL cfwf/e"t sf/0fn] ubf{ gful/stf ;d:ofnO{ xn gu/L gx'g] ePsf] 5 . klxnf] t o;;d:ofaf6 kLl8t JolQmx¿df t/fO{sf d';x/, 8f]d, s';'afl8of, rdf/, b';fw, tTdf / sf]r], d]r],lwdfn, emFfu8 / ;tf/h:tf Hofb} lk5l8Psf, lg/If/ tyf cflbjf;L dw];Lx¿ g} o; clwsf/af6al~rt /lxcfPsf] l:ylt 5 . t/fO{s} klg /fhk't, emf, df/jf8L, sfo:y, a+ufnL, a|fXd0f /algofFh:tf 6f7faf7f dw];Lx¿ aLr of] ;d:o Hofb} gu0o 5 . logn] k|efj, kxF'r / k};fsf] andfgful/stf nufotsf cGo ;'ljwf kfOg} /x]sf 5g\ eg] ul/a, k5f}6], blnt / cflbjf;L dw];Lx¿o:tf] ;'ljwfaf6 d"ntM al~rt 5g\ . ckjfb:j?k @)#^ ;fnsf] hgdt ;+u|xtfsf tTsfnLg;Qfwf/L k~rfotL ;/sf/n] lgb{nLo kIfnfO{ ljhoL t'Nofpg klg s]xL ljb]zL gful/sx¿nfO{ klgdtbftf gfdfjnL ;"rLdf ;fd]n u/fPsf] k|;+u lgZro g} ljjflbt ljifo xf] t/ To:tf] gfdfjnL;"rL ag]sf] klg clxn] @& jif{ JotLt eO;s]sf] 5 / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ klg !% jif{;Ddsf]a;f]af;kl5 s'g} klg dflg;n] g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . of] gful/stf ;d:of kfln/fVg'11gx'g] csf]{ sf/0f s] 5 eg] o:tf] gful/stf bfjf ug]{x¿sf] ;"rL k|ltjif{ a9]/ uPsf] 5 . @)#^;fndf o;/L bfaL ug]{ dw];Lx¿sf] ;+Vof #@ nfv lyof] eg] s]xL ;do cl3 o:tf] ;+Vof $) nfv/x]sf] atfOof] t/ xfn of] ;+Vof ^) nfv atfOFb}5 . csf]{tkm{ kl5Nnf] k6s cfly{s jif{ )^#.^$ sf]g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k|:t' t ug]{ qmddf hgcfGbf]ngsf] anaf6 k'g:yf{lkt Joj:yfsf] ;/sf/sfcy{dGqL 8f= /fdz/0f dxtn] u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;d]t bf]xf]/f] gful/stf lbOg] gLltNofPsf 5g\ .cf7 bnn] ;xdltsf] cfwf/df @)$^ r}q d;fGt;Dd g]kfndf hlGdPsf hf] s;}n]gful/stf kfpg ;Sg] u/L cToGt} v's'nf] Joj:yf ul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h;cg';f/ j+zh /c+uLs[t b'j} tl/sfn] hf] s;}n] klg cToGt ;/n k|lqmofaf6 gful/stf kfpg ;Sg] u/L cGtl/d;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *–!! df Joj:yf ul//fv]sf] 5 . o;f] ubf{ emG8} &) nfv ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf]

16

gful/stf kfpg ;Sg] :jtGq ljZn]ifsx¿n] cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ . ctM cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] pQmJoj:yf ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;r]t / b]zeQm g]kfnLn] e/;s u}/ g]kfnLn] gful/stf gkfpg eGg]tkm{ e"ldsf v]Ng'afx]s csf]{ pko b]lvb}g .$= /fHo k'gM;+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|Zg/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / /fHo ;+oGqdf ;dfj]zLotfsf] k|Zg ;dsfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf];a}eGbf hl6n / clgjfo{ sfo{;"rLdf k/]sf] ljifo xf] . /fHon] o;nfO{ clgjfo{tM ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L o; ljifodf cfd /fli6«o ;xdlt klg alg;s]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] df]8n s] / s:tf]x'g] eGg] ljifosf] ax; eg] clxn] 6+'lu;s]sf] 5}g . tyflk s;} s;}n] ;+ljwfg ;ef cl3 g} o;k|sf/sf] k'gM ;+/rgf ul/g'kg]{ dfu klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] k|lqmofsf] yfngL klg;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|lqmof;Fu} yfngL ul/g'kg]{ klg ltgsf] dfu /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ltgLx¿n] /fHo;+/rgfdf ;a} g]kfnL ;xefuL aGg kfpg] / /fHosf] ljsf; ug{ kfpg] k|fjwfg lgdf{0f ug{ k'gM;+/rgfåf/f g]kfnnfO{ ;+3Lotfdf nu]/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;+3fTds ;+ljwfg ;efsf]lgjf{rg ul/g'kg]{ dfu /fv]sf 5g\ . ;fy} ltgn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgd} tbg'?ksf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/]/xfnsf] lgjf{rg If]qdf klg cfjZos x]/km]/ u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hfg dfu u/]sf 5g\ .t/ /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf / ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ljifo pk]Iff ug}{ g;lsg] HjnGt ljifo x'Fbfx'Fb}klg o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ljGb' ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg x'g] ls gx'g] eGg] ljifodf rfFlx ;a}n] Wofglb'g'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;/L x]bf{ 5f]6f] ;dodf To:tf] ;Dej b]lvb}g . To;}n] xfnnfO{ k|rlnt lgjf{rgIf]q, hgu0fgf / dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ cBfjlws t'NofO{ ;dfg'kflts ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsfcfwf/df ;+ljwfg ;efsf k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{lrt u/]/ NofO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fs} qmddf /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf ;+ljwfg ;efs} qmddf kf6L{, df]rf{/ JolQmx¿n] cf–cfˆgf] /fhgLlt, /fHo k'gM ;+/rgfsf] vfsf, wd{ / cGo gLltut b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy

17

cf–cfˆgf 3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t hfgtfdf hfg' a9L k|hftflGqs / ;xL klg x'G5 . To;/L lgjf{lrt eP/cfPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] g} hgtfsf] hgfb]zsf] klg k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . lsgeg] lgjf{rgsf] qmddfltgLx¿n] cˆgf] ljrf/, gLlt l;4fGt, efiff, wd{, hflt / k'gM;+/rgf ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff klg ljsf;u/]sf x'G5g\ . tbg'?k hgfb]z klg cfpF5 .12%= lgjf{rg k|ljlw;j{k|yd sfg"gljb, ;+ljwfgljb Pj+ ;'ema'em /fVg ;Sg] JolQmx¿ /x]sf] Ps ;+ljwfg ;eflgjf{rg cfof]usf] u7g ul/G5 . To;n] tf]lsPsf cfwf/df r'gfj If]q tf]Sg] sfd u5{ . To;f] ubf{hg3gTj ;a}eGbf 7"nf] cfwf/ aG5 . To;kl5 hfltut, wfld{s, k];f, ef}uf]lns / cNk;+Vos Pj+blnt ju{sf cfwf/df lgjf{rg If]q to ug{ ;lsG5 . clg ;xdltsf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n];+ljwfg ;efsf] ltly to u5{ . o;sf nflu ;/sf/ dfcf]jfbL, gful/s ;dfh, ;ft bnsfJolQmx¿ ;lDdlnt ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ x'g] / p;sf] k|d'v bfloTj g} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgu/fpg' x'g] t :jo+l;4 g} 5 . hxfF;Dd r'gfj If]qsf] k|Zg 5, To; k|of]hgsf nflu xfn k|ltlglw;efsf nflu tf]lsPsf] r'gfj If]qnfO{ g} klg sfod ug{ ;lsg] / ;do, ;|f]t / Jofjxfl/stfsfb[li6sf]0fn] of] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] ljsNk x'g] klg xfd|f] dfGotf 5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL sf/0fn] dtbftfsf]cfwf/ klg g]kfnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)%* nfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ dfqcBfjlws u/]/ cl3 a9\g ;lsG5 . dtbftfx¿sf] pd]/ xb !^ jif{ cg'ko'Qm x'Fb}g .o;sf] ljk/Lt xfdLsxfF hgu0ftGqfTds, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds, cfn+sfl/s/fhtGqfTds / ;lqmo /fhtGqfTds s:tf] d'2fdf r'gfjdf hfg] / /fhtGqsf] d'2fnfO{ s;/L6'+Uofpg] eGg] h:tf k|Zg k|an ?kn] v8f 5g\ . o:tf] ;d:of O6fnLdf klg t]l;{Psf] lyof] ./fhtGqsf] k|ZgnfO{ @)^@ d+l;/ & ut] bn–dfcf]jfbL !@ a'Fb] ;xdltdf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] cGt /k"0f{ nf]stGq :yfkgfaf/] ;xdlt eP tfklg /fhtGqsf] cGTo ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf] 5}g . t/ xfn

18

b]zsf hgtfsf] cledt rfFlx /fhtGqsf] cGTo / u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf] kIfdf b]vf kb}{5 . o;n]ubf{ klg cf;Gg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf of] sfo{;"rL k|d'v ?kdf k|:t't x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .o; k6ssf] lgjf{rg ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq, cfn+sfl/s /fhtGq / u0ftflGqs Joj:yfsf aLrk|lt:kwf{ x'g] k|foM lglZrt b]lvPsf] 5 . tbg'?k kf6L{x¿n] cf–cfˆgf] dfGotf / sfo{;"rL lnP/hgtf;dIf Psn jf df]rf{ut 9+un] lgjf{rgdf hfg'kg]{ 5 / ;"rLs[t / ldl>t cfwf/df 5gf]6ul/Psf cfˆgf k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu dt dfUg'kg]{ 5 . jf:tjdf of] cfkm} Ps k|sf/sf] hgdt ;+u|xklg x'g]5 lsgeg] ;a} kf6L{ jf df]rf{n] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq jf u0ftGqsf] kIfdf dt dfUg] x'Fbf h'gkIfn] hlt dt kfpF5 Tof] g} /fhtGqsf] kIf jf ljkIfsf] dt x'g hfg]5 . tbg'?k u0ftGq kIfw/sf]kIfdf ax'dt cfPsf] v08df To;kl5 aGg] ;+ljwfgdf /fhtGqsf] s'g} :yfg gx'g] x'Fbf Tof] :jtM;dfKt x'G5 . cGoyf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq oyfjt\ /xg] b]lvG5 .hxfF;Dd lgjf{rg k|lqmofsf] s'/f 5 To; k|sf/ ;+ljwfg ;ef lgjf{rg cfof]usf] u7geO;s]kl5 kf6L{ jf df]rf{x¿n] lgjf{rgsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof kZrft ljhoL pDd]bjf/x¿n] Pp6f;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgdf{0f u5{g\ / ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u5{g\ .^= gofF ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltsf] u7gpko'{Qm 9+un] k|ltlglw lgjf{lrt eO{ cfPkl5 To;sf] klxnf] a}7sn] cfkm"dWo]sf] Ho]i7;b:oaf6 c:yfoL cWoIfsf] rog u/L clwj]zgsf] cf/De u5{ g / :yfoL cWoIfsf] rog u5{g\ .To;kl5 :yfoL cWoIfsf] ;efkltTjdf a;]sf] klxnf] a}7sdf b]zsf nflu s:tf] k|0ffnLsf] s:tf]139fFrf cg'?ksf] zf;g Joj:yf / ;+j}wflgs :j?kdf uOg] xf] To;af/]sf] Pp6f ;du| dfu{lrq;+ljwfg ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt df]rf{ jf kf6L{sf g]tfn] k|:t't ub{5g\ . To;kl5 ;efdf h'g kf6L{sf]hlt :yfg 5 ;f]xL cg'kftsf JolQmx¿ lgjf{lrt eO{ ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;xdtx'G5g\ . To:tf k|ltlglwx¿sf] cg' kft !)M! dflgof] eg] !) k|ltlglw a/fa/ cd"s kf6L{n] Psk|ltlglw d:of}bf ;ldltdf k7fpg ;S5 / ;+ljwfg ;ef @)) sf] eof] eg] @) hgf ldn]/ To;

19

k|sf/sf] ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldlt aG5 . tt\ kZrft\ ;ldltn] lj1 JolQmx¿ lnP/ ljleGg pk;ldltu7g u/L ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] k|lqmof cf/De u5{g]kfnL hgtfn] :jo+nfO{ o; /fi6«sf] dflns agfpg] 5g\ / km]l/ slxNo} klg s;}sf] bf;aGg'kg]{ 5}g lsgeg] jf:tjdf cfk"m zfl;t x'g] ljwfg cfkm}n] r'g]sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;efåf/fagfpg] / hf/L ug]{ ljlw g} ;+ljwfg;ef xf] . To;}n] o;n] g} dfq jf:tljs ?kdf hgtfnfO{;fj{ef}d;Qf Pj+ /fhsLo ;Qf ;DkGg agfpg ;Dej x'G5 . To;}n] klg o; k|lqmofaf6 ;+ljwfgagfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ k"FhLjfbL hgjfbL qmflGtn] ljsf; u/]sf] ;+ljwfg agfpg] ljlwdWo] ;a}eGbf a9Lk|hftflGqs ljlw dflgPsf] xf] . o;sf] Wo] on] g} o;nfO{ ;fj{ef}d ;DkGg / /fhsLo clwsf/ k|fKtkf/]sf] x'G5 . kmntM To;n] agfPsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s;}n] vf]:g ;Sb}g .&= zf;g k|0fffnLsf lg?k0f;+ljwfg ;efsf] k|of]u xfdLn] klxnf] k6s ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;'vb kIf s] ePsf] 5eg] ca of] ug]{ ls gug]{ eGg]df s'g} ljjfb /x]g . ;jf{+lwsf/ ;DkGg k|ltlglw ;efn] ;+sNk k|:tfjkfl/t ul/;Sof] eg] ;a} kf6L{x¿ o;sf nflu k|lta4 dfq xf]Og of] g} /fi6«sf] ;femf Go" gtdsfo{qmd ePsf] cj:yf 5 . /fhf b]lv dfcf]jfbL;Dd o;df ;xdt ePsf 5g\ lsgeg] bn–dfcf]jfbLaLr o; ljifodf !@ Pj+ * a'Fb] ;xdlt sfod eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] a}zfv !! ut]sf] zfxL3f]if0ffåf/f /fhfn] klg ;ft bnsf] dfu{lrqnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . To;}n] k|Zg ca ;+ljwfg;ef ug]{ gug]{ xf]Og Tof] slxn] / s:tf] ljlwåf/f ug]{ eGg] txdf k'lu;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . a9L ePs'g kIfn] o;df afwf lj/f]w k'¥ofpg / ljnDa ug{ ;S5 t/ of] x'gaf6 b]znfO{ s;}n] kl5 ws]Ng;Dej 5}g . kmntM o;sf dfWodaf6 d'n'ssf] zf;g k|0ffnLsf] :j?k s:tf] x'g] eGg] k|Zg oltv]/;fdlos eP/ cfPsf] 5 . To;sf nflu xfdL;Fu ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿n] cEof; u/]sf PsfTds-la|6]g_, ;+3fTds-cd]l/sf_, c4{;+3fTds -ef/t_ / ;x;+3fTds -blIf0f clk|msf_ h:tf k|0ffnLx¿b[i6fGtsf ?kdf k|:t't klg 5g\ t/ xfdLn] rfFlx o;nfO{ g]kfnL 9/f{d} ?kfGt/0f u/]/ o;nfO{ g]kfnL

20

ljlzi6tf / ljz]iftfn] o'Qm t'Nofpg ;Sg'k/]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/ /fHo k'gM ;+/rgf ul/;s] kl5 xfdLzf;g k|0ffnLsf] txdf k|j]z u5f}{ . hf] ljZjdf cWoIffTds -/fi6«klt zlQmzfnL x'g] cd]l/sfsf]h:tf] k|0ffnL_ / k|wfgdGqLo -/fi6«klt gfddfqsf] / k|wfgdGqL zlQmzfnL x'g] ef/tsf] h:tf]k|0ffnL_ k|0ffnLsf ?kdf ljZjdf k|rlnt ePsf] kfOG5 . k|mfG; / cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«ktLo k|0ffnLdf/fi6« klt g} ;j]{;jf{ x'G5g\ eg] ef/tsf] /fi6« ktLo k|0ffnLdf rfFlx k|wfgdGqL g} jf:tljs clwsf/Lx'G5g\ . w]/} ljrf/ ubf{ xfdLn] rfFlx ef/tsf] h:tf] /fi6«klt gfddfqsf] / k|wfgdGqL jf:tljsclwsf/L x'g] k|0ffnL ckgfpg' plrt x'g] b]lvG5 . lsgeg] /fi6«klt / k|wfgdGqLaf6 b]znfO{;Gt'lnt 9+un] rnfpgdf of]ubfg k'Ug] cj:yf x'G514oL cg'ejsf cfwf/df dfq xf]Og xfd|f] 7f]; ;fdflhs agf]6sf cfwf/df klg g]kfnn]ldl>t k|0ffnL ckgfpg'kg]{ t clgjfo{ h:tf] g} ePsf] 5 . vfln o;sf] :j?k s;/L lgwf{/0f ug]{eGg] k|Zg dfq afFsL 5 / Tof] bfloTj klg ca ;/sf/s} ePsf] 5 . o; qmddf xfdLn] ;dfg'kfltslgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf dfWodaf6 /fHo ;+/rgfnfO{ ;dfj]zL k|0ffnLdf 9fNg' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 . o;n]dfq d'n'snfO{ lbuf] zflGt lbg ;S5 eGg]df ;a} tx tKsf / hflt hghflt ;xdt ePsf 5f}+ .To;}n] ca xfdLn] clw/fHoLo ;+/rgfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L ;+3fTds ljz]iftf ;lxtsf] :jfoQ zf;gk|0ffnLdf Nofpg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . To;f] ubf{ Tof] hftLo klxrfgsf] ;+/rgfdf hfg] ls e"agf]6sfcfwf/ k' gM;+/rgf u/L ;+3Lotdf hfg] eGg] k|Zgdf rfFlx /fi6«n] clxn];Dd klg 7]ufg ug{ ;ls/x]sf]5}g ./fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnL / k'gM;+/rgfsf] k|Zgdf h:tf];'s} k|:tfj cfPsf] eP tfklg Tof];dfg'kflts cfwf/df ;dfj]zL / ;+ 3Lo 9/f{sf] x'g'kg]{df Pp6} dt ag]sf] 5 t/ sDtLdf !)!hfthflt ePsf] o; b]znfO{ s;/L jf:tljs cy{sf] ;dfj]zL x'g ;Dej kfg]{ eGg] k|Zg rfFlx cem}klg ax;d} 5 . t/ o;sf nflu klg xb};Dd hfg'k5{ / To; qmddf ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, :jfoQtf

21

/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjn] ;Dej ePg eg] ljz]if pkfo klg ul/g'k5{ eGg] ltgsf] /fo 5 . o;/Ldfq g]kfn ;fFrf] cy{df ;a}sf] g]kfn x'g ;S5 . clxn];Dd b]z ;a}sf] ePklg /fHo ;a}sf] x'g;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] ;dfj]zLotfsf cfwf/df /fHonfO{ klg ;a}sf] agfpg'k5{ . To;sf nflu;+3Lotf ;jf]{Qd af6f] xf] .*= k|fb]lzs ljefhgsf] cfwf/;+3Lo cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf x'g'k5{ eGg]df af}l4s ju{aLr s'g} k|sf/sf] dte]bgeP tfklg To:tf] k'gM;+/rgf s'g cfwf/df slt k|b]zdf ug]{ eGg]df rfFlx cem} lgSof]{n ePsf]5}g . vf;u/L clw/fHosf] hftLo 3'ng ldng Pj+ ;lDdngsf] k|lqmof Hofb} cGt/+u eO;s]sf] /s'g} Ps hfltsf] gfddfqsf lhNnfx¿df cTolws ax'dt eP tfklg clwsf+z lhNnfx¿df ltgsf];fdfGo ax'dt;Dd g/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . t/fO{sf df]/ª / sf7df8f}+df dw];L / g]jf/sf] ax'dt g/xg'Tof] l:yltsf] k|ltlglw pbfx/0f xf] . kmntM hftLo cfwf/df k|fb]lzs k'gM;+/rgf ubf{ td'jfgdftd'sf] / lnDa'jfgdf lnDa'sf] ax'dt gx'g] cj:yfdf s;/L hftLo cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf ug{;lsG5 eGg] k|ZgnfO{ c:jfefljs dfGg' x'Fb}g . t/ hghfltsf cleoGtfx¿ cfˆgf] e"–;f+:s[ltsagf]6sf cfwf/df /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf b]lvG5g\ .k'gM;+/rgfåf/f ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf hfg' / k|fb]lzs ljwfg ;efnufotsf k|b]zsf ;a} ultljlw/ kbx¿df ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] Joj:yf ug'{k5{ . To;qmddf ck]Iffs[t 7"nf];+Vof ePsf] ;d"xnfO{ k|b]zsf] g]t[TjbfoL c+ udf k|fyldstf lbOg] gLlt lnOg'k5{ eg] nfkf]Gd'v,k5f}6] / ;fgf] ;d"xsf nflu ;+/If0f / cf/If0fsf] gLlt lnOg'k5{ . of] gLlt dlxnf, blnt / kfvfk/]sf] wfld{s ;d"xsf xsdf klg nfu" x'G5 . t/ ;a} cf/If0f hftLo cfwf/df xf]Og cfly{scfwf/df lbOg'k5{ . /fHo:t/Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u, k|x/L ;]jf cfof]u, ;}lgs ;]jfcfof]u / ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]udf cf/If0fsf] gLltåf/f :yfgLo txaf6 g} k5f}6], blnt / kfvfk/]sf] ;d"bfonfO{ /fHodf ;xefuL u/fOg] gLltåf/f ;Gt'tngsf] l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .15

22

( gofF ;+ljwfgsf cGt/j:t'/fHo k'gM;+/rgf ;DaGwL ljifoj:t' g} d'Vo ?kdf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgsf k|d'v ljifoj:t' ePtfklg To;sf cGtj{:t'af/] rfFlx cem} klg ax; ljjfb rNb} g} 5 . ptf ca aGg] ;+ljwfgn]g]knnfO{ u0ftGqfTds :j?k lbg] xf] ls cfn+sfl/s /fhtGqfTds agfpg] xf] eGg] k|Zg klg g]kfnLhgtfn] ;+ljwfg ;efdfkm{t g} to ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . tyflk /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf b[li6sf]0fn] rfFlxk|d'v /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿aLr k|foM ;xdlt alg;s]sf] l:ylt 5 / Tof] ax'bnLo ;+;bLo k|0ffnL x'g]ePsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL kIfn] klg cfjlws lgjf{rg, dfgj clwsf/, jfs tyf k|sfzgsf] :jtGqtf,sfg"gL /fhnfO{ dfg]/ k|lt:kwf{Tds Joj:yfsf] d"n k|jfxdf cfpg :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . of] ;Gbe{dfca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf k"FhLjfbL nf]stflGqs Joj:yfcGtu{t g} /fHonfO{ s;/L ;fdflhs Gofok"0f{agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]tkm{ ;f]Rg' Pp6f Go"gtd ljGb' ePsf] 5 .pQm k[i7e"lddf /fHosf] rl/q PsfTds xf]Og ;+3fTdstfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ 5 eg] To:tf];+3fTds klg hfltut xf]Og k|fb]lzs rl/qsf] x'g a9L j}1flgs b]lvG5 lsgeg] xfd|f] b]zsf] s'g}klg e"efudf Pp6} hfltsf] cTolws ax'dt 5}g a? ldl>t rl/qsf] 5 . hxfF;Dd /fHo k|0ffnLsf]k|Zg 5 To;df sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksLo b[li6sf]0fn] @! cf}+ ztfAbL cg's"nsf] /xfn;Dd ljZjn] cjnDag u/]sf ;f] ;DaGwL Jojxf/af6 lzIff lng] 9+usf] x'g ;Sg' cgk]lIftxf]Og . o;f] ubf{ /fHosf] ;+oGqnfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf] rl/q cg'?ksf] ;dfj]zL agfpg' plrt ePtfklg ltgsf aLrdf s;/L zlQm ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ / /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ c+unfO{ s;/L r':t, b'?:t/ Jofj;flos kfg]{ eGg] Woo] klg ;Fu;Fu} cfpg'k5{ . k|ltlglw ;ef Ps;bgfTds g} a9L ldtJooLx'G5 . gful/snfO{ vfg kfpg], /f]huf/L, :jf:Yo / lzIffsf] Uof/]G6L lbg'k5{ . s/sf] bfo/faf6 sf]xLklg 5'6\g' x'Gg . efiff, wd{ / hflt ljz]ifnfO{ cf}lrTo / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;+/If0f, cf/If0f /ljz]ifflwsf/ lbg ;lsP tfklg To;sf lglZrt cfwf/x¿ tf]lsg'k5{ . /fi6« wd{ lg/k]If / lqeflifs

23

gLltsf cfwf/df rNg'k5{ . gf/L ju{nfO{ k|ltztsf] eGbf klg x}l;ot cg';f/sf] ;xeflutf lbg'k5{ .a? ltgsf] x}l;ot p7fpg]tkm{ ljz]if cf/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . clxn] g} g]kfnsf dlxnfn] %) k|ltztbfloTj wfGg ;Sg] l:ylt ag]sf] 5}g t/ ;+ljwfgdf gful/s ju{aLr 5"te] b / ln+ue]b x'g] 5}g eGg]rfFlx pNn]v ul/g'k5{ .!)= ;a} ljifosf] l5gf]kmfgf]sf] cfwf/ /fhgLlts lg0f{oclxn] d'n'sn] ug]{ u/]sf sltko lg0f{osf] j}wflgstfsf ;DaGwdf obfsbf k|Zgx¿ p7fpg]u/]sf] klg ;'Gg] ul/G5 . jf:tjdf To;sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . oyfy{df xfn d'n'sdf hf] h] eO/x]sf] 5tL ;a} xfn}sf] hgcfGbf]ngdfkm{t ;ft bn / dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ hgfb]z lbOPadf]lhd ePsf] xf] .lsgeg] pQm hgcfGbf]ngsf] sf/0f /fhf d'n'ssf] /fhsLo ;Qf / ;fj{ef}d;Qf >L % df xf]Oghgtfdf /x]sf] :jLsf/ ug{ afWo ePsf lyP / ;f]xL cfwf/df dl/;s]sf] k|ltlglw ;efnfO{Jo'tfOPsf] lyof] .To;}n] k|Zg lgod sfg"gn] lbG5 lbFb}gsf] xf]Og . k|Zg lbuf] zflGt / ljlwsf] af6f] /hgrfxgf cg'?k ePsf] 5 5}g rfFlx xf] . To;}n] ;a} lg0f{o sfOt] cfwf/df xf]Og /fhgLltslg0f{osf cfwf/df lgsf; Nofpg] Wo]oaf6 ul/g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . ctM xfn hf] h] ePsf] / x'g] u/]sf 5g\16ltgsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ xf]Og /fhgLlts cfwf/sf] dfq vf]hL ul/g'k5{ t/ g]t[Tjn] To;f] ubf{c/fhstf / clwgfosjfbL ;f]r xf]Og cGt/f{li6«o k/Dk/f, ljj]s / cf}lrTosf cfwf/df dfqug'{k5{ .!!= /fhtGqsf] k|ZgcGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# wf/f !%( -! b]lv % ;Dd_ df /fhfaf/] ;':ki6 Joj:yf pNn]vul/;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . h; cg';f/ clxn] g} klg g]kfndf /fhtGqsf] ;f+:s[lts dxTjdfq afFsL/x]sf] 5 . pkwf/f -!_ cg';f/ p;nfO{ zf;g Joj:yfdf s'g} clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5}g . To;}u/Lpkwf/f -%_ df /fhfsf] x}l;otdf k|fKt ;a} ;DklQsf] /fli6«os/0f x'g] pNn]v 5 . ptf pkwf/f -#_

24

n] /fh;+:yf /fVg] g/fVg] lg0f{o klg ;fwf/0f ax'dtåf/f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] lg0f{o ug]{elgPsf] 5 . o:tf]df /fh ;+:yfaf/] ca g]kfnL hgtf g} GofofwLz ePsf] :ki6 5 . ctM rgfvf]eO{ ;a}n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf efu lnP/ cfˆgf] dt /fVg] ;do cfPsf] 5 .!@= /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf / b[li6sf]0fsf] k|Zg/fHosf] k'gM;+/rgf lsg / s;/L ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] k|Zgdf cGof]n b]lvG5 . hghfltx¿sf]nuftf/sf] cfqmf]z / ljb]zLx¿sf] c;Gt'li6af6 To; k|sf/sf] k' gM;+/rgf ug}{kg]{ afWotfdf k/]sf]eP tfklg To;sf] :ki6 vfsf 5}g . k'gM;+/rgf hftLo cfwf/df ug]{ ls ef}lulns cfwf/df <eGg]df klg :ki6tf 5}g . lxhf] %( jf ^! hghfltx¿nfO{ ;"rLs[t ubf{ klg :ki6 cfwf/lagf g}ul/Psf] cg'ej x'G5 . kmn:j?k Psflt/ vf]n} lkR5]sf hghftL ePeg] ;"rLs[ t ul/g'kg]{v;nufotsf sltko ;d"xx¿ 5'6\g k'u] .!#= oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug}{kg]{g]kfndf slxNo} klg hftLo /fHosf] cl:tTj /x]g . u'Kt sfn / ls/fFt sfnsf] ;dsIfsfldlynf ;Eotf / zfSo–sf]lno ;Eotfx¿ ;doqmddf e+u eP . ls/fFtx¿ k"j{tkm{ nfu] eg]lnR5ljx¿n] PsLs[t g]kfnsf] klxrfg agfP . k"j{ / klZrdsf ;fdGtx¿n] 6fpsf] p7fpg vf]Hbfltgn] zlQmsf ;fy ljv08gsf/Lx¿sf] bdg u/] . lnR5lj /fHosf] ;Ldf olsgk"j{s eGg g;lsPtfklg Tof] sDtLdf k"j{df sf]zLkfl/ / klZrddf u08sL kfl/;Dd /x]sf] rfFu'gf/fo0f :tDen] k'li6u/]sf] 5 . t/ sfnqmddf ljzfn lnR5lj /fHo k|s[ltleq ljlng eof] . ldlynf / zfSo ;Eotfx¿klg To;}u/L x/fP/ uP . cf}nf]sf] sf/0f dw]; If]qaf6 klg dfgj a:tLx¿ phfl8g yfn] .k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] uf]vf{sf] ljho cleofg yfNb} ubf{ t/fO{ k|b]zdf cnu /fHosf] cl:tTjb]vf kb}{g . af/f, k;f{, /f}tx6 cflb If]qx¿ dsjfgk'/ /fHosf tnx§Lsf ?kdf lyP / tL cjwsf]gafjnfO{ dfn u'hf/L lt/]/ ;]g /fhfx¿ pkef]u uy]{ . oxL s'/f a'6jn–:o'/fhtkm{sf] t/fO{sf nflukfNkfnL ;]g /fhfx¿ uy]{ . l;/xf–;Kt/L cDa/k'/sf t/fO{ If]q rfFlx rf}b08L /fHosf] dftxt lyP .

25

kxf8tkm{sf ls/fFt If]qdf klg cnu ls/fFt /fHo lyPgg\ . ltgLx¿ lahok'/ / rf}b08L /fHocGtu{t :jfoQ Onfsfsf ?kdf /x]sf lyP . ;]g /fhfx¿ kfn}kfnf] /fO{ / lnDa'nfO{ cfˆgf] /fHosf]dGqL agfP/ hftLo ;Gt'ng ldnfpFy] .17sf7df8f}+df dWosfnaf6 g]jf/x¿sf] k[ys /fHo sfod ePsf] ;To xf] t/ oxfFsf /fhfx¿;b}j /fhk"t 7s'/L j+zaf6 x'g] u/] . To;}u/L ;f]xL tfsf jl/kl/ b]lv oxfF v; efifLx¿ klga;f]af; u/L cfP . o;} klg g]jf/ /fHosf] ;/xb g'jfsf]6 / bf]nvf;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] / Ps ;do toIf dNnn] o;nfO{ ltAatsf] leqL efu;Dd k'¥ofPsf lyP . pQfkl§ afx|f}+ ztfAbLs} jl/kl/ blIf0fef/tsf] rfn'So zf;ssf ;]gfklt gfGob]jn] O{= !)(& df xfn af/f lhNnfdf kg]{ l;d|f}g9u9nfO{s]Gb| agfO Pp6f csf]{ /fHosf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . oxfFsf afl;GbfnO{ …8f]oÚ dflgGYof] . t/ of] /fHoklg @ ;o jif{eGbf a9L l6Sg ;s]g . O{= !@@$ lt/ lbNnLsf jfbzfx uof;'l2g t'unsn] o;nfO{Wj:t agfOlbP . oxfFsf zf;s xl/l;+xb]j rfFlx Hofg arfpg sf7df8f}+tkm{ nfUbf af6}df d/] t/logsf /fgL b]jnb]jL / 5f]/f hutl;+xnfO{ sf7df8f}+sf /fhf ?b| dNnn] z/0f lbP . kl5 oL hutl;+xsf] ljjfx dNn /fhs'df/L gfosb]jL;Fu ;DkGg eof] . o; hf]8Ln] /fhNnb]jLnfO{ hGd lbPsf]dflogsf] ljjfx hol:ylt dNn;Fu eof] / cGttM log} dNn sf7df8f}+sf] /fhu2Ldf a;] . logLaflx/af6 lemsfOPsf pRr s'nsf JolQm eP tfklg logsf] j+z kl/ro eg] cem} klg x'g ;s]sf]5}g .tyflk Pp6f s'/f :ki6 5 oL dNn g]jf/ s'nsf eg] cjZo klg lyPgg\ . sfnqmddfg]kfn d08nsf] gfdaf6 kl/lrt aGg k'u]sf] …g]jf/ /fHoÚ klg sf7df8f}+ pkTosfleq} ;Lldt x'gk'Uof] . of] …g]jf/ /fHoÚ elgP klg o;sf cGt/j:t', ;+:s[lt / ;dfh Joj:yf k"0f{ tM lxGb" d"NodfGotfdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] tYonfO{ clxn];Ddsf] g]jf/L ;dhn] klg af]ls/x]s} 5g\ .ptfkl§ xfnsf] h'Dnf pkTosfdf kg]{ l;~hfnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ gfu/fhn] klg bzf}+÷P3f/f}+

26

ztfAbLlt/ ljzfn v; ;fd|fHosf] u7g u/] . o; If]qdf v; hfltsf] k|fwfGotf /x]sf]n] of] /fHo…v; b]zÚ sf] gfdaf6 k|l;4 ePsf] lyof] . pTsif{sf lbgdf of] k"j{df lqz'nL gbL / klZrddfs'dfp–u9jfn clg pQ/df ltAatsf] u'Fu] k|fGt;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . t/ kGw|f+} ztfAbL;Dddf o;ljzfn ;fd|fHodf klg ljv/fj b]vfk¥of] / cGttM of] afO;L–rf}aL;L /fHosf ?kdf 6'lqmg k'Uof] .c7f/f}+ ztfAbLsf] dWodf log} /fHox¿nfO{ ldnfP/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] jt{dfg g]kfnsf]/rgf u/]sf x'g\ . tTsfnLg ;dodf la|l6; ;fd|fHosf] vfF8f] hfUb} u/]sf] / oxfFsf clwsf+z zf;sk/:k/sf] o'4df lnKt /x]sf] sf/0f o; b]znfO{ arfP/ /fVg] pkfosf ?kdf To;sf] …Plss/0fÚafx]s csf]{ ljsNk x'g g;Sg] :ki6} 5 . To;}n] pgsf] uf]vf{ lj:tf/ t'ngfTds k|ultzLn sbdlyof] / pgsf]] c+u|]h lj/f]wL cleofgsf] sf/0f of] b]z elQmk"0f{ cleofgdf km]l/g k'u]sf] xf] . t/pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] rfFlx gjlgld{t g]kfnnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;d'Ggt / k|ultzLn agfpg ;s]gg\ .kl5af6 /f0ffx¿n] emg\ o; /fHonfO{ kmf;LjfbL gLlt lnO{ PswdL{, Ps hflt / Ps ;+:s[ltsf]kof{o agfOlbP .To;}n] ca xfdLn] Oltxf;sf] To; e"naf6 l;s]/ o; /fHosf] k'gM;+/rgfåf/f ;dfj]zL /;femf b]z agfpg' g} xfnsf] cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 t/ To:tf] k' /{rgf hftLo cfwf/df xf]Og ef}uf]lnscfwf/df x'g' a9L j}1flgs / ;xL x'g]5 . Oltxf;af6 g} lzIff lng] xf] eg] Psk6ssf] v;, ls/fFt,zfSo / sf]lnoafx]s cGo cj:yfdf o; b]zdf slxNo} klg hftLo cfwf/df /fHo ag]g] / ldlynf /l;d|f]gu9 /fHonfO{ ckjfb dfGg] xf] eg] o; b]zsf] t/fO{df klg slxNo} cnu /fHo ag]g\ . o;18k[i7e"lddf xfnsf] g]fknsf] ldl>t / s'g} klg hflt s'g} Ps If]qdf k"0f{ ax'dtdf g/x]sf] cj:yfdfhftLo cfwf/df /fHosf] u7gn] o; b]zsf] P]ltxfl;s dd{nfO{ klg k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b]lvb}g .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lk'l:tsf• g/xl/ cfrfo{, /fHosf] nf]stflGqs/0f, @)^@

27

• g/xl/ crfo{, ;+ljwfg;ef, @)^@• hok|sfz u'Ktf / c?, g]kfnL dw];Lsf ;d:of rf/ ljrf/, @)^)• hok|sfz u'Ktf, dw]; ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / lje]b hgu0fgf–@))!, @)^!• z+s/ kf]v/]n, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf / hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn, @)^!• s[i0f vgfn, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf Ps k|:tfj, @)^!• e/t/fh pk|] tL, ;+ljwfg;ef / o;sf r'gf}tLx¿, @)^#• k|sfzrGb| nf]xgL, /fli6«o hgzlQm kf6L{ cfwf/kq, @)^!• t'n;Lnfn cdfTo, g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfg s:tf] x'g'k5{ <, @)^)n]v /rgf• ;'/]Gb| 9sfn, ;+ljwfg;ef / lgjf{rg k|lqmof, g]kfn ;dfrf/kq-b}=_, @)^# j}zfv !&• n'dfl;+x ljZjsdf{, ;+ljwfg;ef M :j?k k|lqmof / k|ltlglwTj, a'waf/ -;f=_, @)^# c;f/ &• z+s/ kf]v/]n, ;+ljwfg;efsf] dfu{lrq, a'waf/ -;f=_, @)^# c;f/ @!• /~h' 7fs'/, dw];Lsf] ;dfj]zL, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ @(• sfzL/fh bfxfn, ;+ljwfg;efsf tLg cg'ej, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ !%• sfzL/fh bfxfn, ;+ljwfg;ef / lgjf{rg k4lt, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ (• >Leb| zdf{, gofF If]q lgwf{/0f / lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|Zg, cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ !@• >Ldg gf/fo0f, ;+ljwfg;efsf] ofqf M ck]Iff / ;Defjgf, /fhwfgL -b}=_, @)^# c;f/ &• >Ldg gf/fo0f, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;+3fTds zf;g k|0ffnL, /fhwfgL -b}=_, @)^# h]7 !)• ;'/]Gb|s'df/ dxQf], ;dfg'kflts ;+ljwfg;ef, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# h]7 @^• uf]kfn l;jfsf]6L, ;+ljwfg;ef M e|d / jf:tljstf, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^# j}zfv !*• nlntaxfb'/ a:g]t, k|;+u ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf], g]kfn -;f=_, @)^# c;f/ !*• bLksaxfb'/ u'?ª, clk|msL ;+ljwfg;ef, sflGtk'/, -b}=_, @)^# j}zfv @!• k|ef a:g]t, lghfdtL ;]jf M 36\bf] gf/L ;xeflutf, sflGtk'/ -b}=_, @)^)19

jt{dfg cy{tGqdf OGwg ;d:of /fhf/fd ;]9fO{+ .;f/f+zg]kfnsf] cy{tGq phf{df cfwfl/t eP/ hfg] qmd;+u} hLjg k|0ffnL klg OGwg ljgf rNg g;Sg]

28

ePsf] 5 . a9\bf] hg;+Vof, pGgt k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / pkef]u k|0ffnLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] phf{sf] dfunfO{lbgk|ltlbg tLj| kf/]sf] 5 . d'n'sleq pknJw ckf/ hn;fwgsf] pkof]u ug{ g;Sbf Psftkm{ OGwgcfk"lt{sf nflu ldq/fi6«x¿;+usf] lge{/tf a9\b} 5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ j]nf j]nfdf x'g] cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of /cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf x'g] u/]sf] k]6«f]lnod d"No ptf/ r9fjn] pkef]Qmf d"No:t/nfO{ klg k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 .OGwg cfk"lt{sf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/ lgsfo g]kfn cfon lgud cfˆg} ;d:ofn] u|:t 5 . k|:t't n]v g]kfndfOGwg cfk"lt{sf ;Gbe{df g]kfn cfon lgudsf sdhf]/Lsf] ljZn]if0f / ;'wf/sf nflu Jojxfl/s pkfo;'emfpgdf s]lGb|t 5 .ljifo k|j]z;j{;fwf/0f b]lv pRr:t/ ;Dd tyf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug{ OGwgn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsflgjf{x u/]sf] x'G5 . OGwg eGgfn] cGo b]zaf6 cfoft ul/Psf dl§t]n, k]6«f]n, l8h]n, Pn=lk=lh=-Uof;_ xjfO{ OGwg cflbnfO{ hgfp5 . oL ;a} g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ldq/fi6«x¿af6 k"0f{ ?kdf cfoft ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf 5 . o;sf s]xL ljsNksf ?kdf bfp/f, sf]Onf /ljB'tLo zlQmnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL :jb]zdf g} kfpg ;Sg] j:t' ePtfklg / sf]Onf vfgL w]/} jif{cl3b]lv :jb]zdf b]vf k/]tfklg To;nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ k|of; ePsf] kfOb}g .ljB'tLo zlQm Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ljsNk xf] . xfd|f] b]z hnzlQmsf] cToflws wlg ePtfklg o;nfO{;xL tl/sfn] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . hnzlQmsf] ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] k|of; ul/Ptfklg OGwgsf]ljsNksf] ?kdf Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f ug{ klg sl7gfO{ b]vfk/]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xL /;'ky tl/sfaf6 cufl8 a9fpg g;Sg' g]kfnL dfqsf] b'ef{Uo xf] eGg' kg]{ afWotf 5 .ljB'tLo zlQm pTkfbgsf] nflu ldq/fi6«x¿af6 7"nf] ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] 5 . lqz'nL,vf]kf;L, ;'gsf]zL, h:tf hnljB't of]hgf ldq /fi6«x¿n] g} lgdf{0f u/L x:tfGt/0f u/]sf 5g\ .o;sf cltl/Qm cg'bfg ;xof]u, ;x'lnot b/df C0f, k|fljlws ;xfotf h:tf ;xof]u tyf cfˆg}

29

cfo>f]taf6 7"nf of]hgf ;+rfng ul/Ptfklg pTkfbg nfut a9\ gfsf] sf/0fn] OGwgsf] ljsNksf]?kdf xfn;Dd ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /fxt k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 5}g .dflg;n] hGd lnPb]lv lrtfdf ghn];Dd k|To]s kfO{nfdf OGwg zlQmn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsflgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . csf]{ tkm{ OGwg zlQm j]u/ s'g} klg ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ cl3 a9\g ;Sb}g .o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgnfO{ b]zn] ;ts{tf ckgfpg g;Sgfsf] sf/0fn] clwsf+z OGwg zlQm ldq/fi6«x¿af6 cfoft ug'{ kg]{ afWotf 5 . o:tf cTofjZos j:t'x¿sf] cfoft tyf vktdf /fHon]. lgjt{dfg pk–dxfn]vf k/LIfs, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no .20k"/f Wofg lbg g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 lbg k|ltlbg o;n] b]zsf] cy{tGqdf g} hl6n ;d:of b]vf kf/]sf]5 .b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'sf] kl/k"lt{ tyf ljsf; sfo{nfO{ tLj| ?kdf cufl8 a9fO{ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] @))& ;fnsf] sDkgL sfg"gnfO{ vf/]h u/L;do ;'xfpbf] sDkgL P]g, @)@! k|sfzdf NofOof] . olx P]gsf cfwf/df @)@&÷(÷@^ df g]kfncfon skf]{/]zg -cfon lgud_ sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] sfg"gLJoj:yfsf] Oltxf;df sDkgL P]g, @)@! n] ljz]if dxTj /fv]sf] 5 .g]kfn cfon lgudsf] :jfldTjOGwg Hofb} dxTjk"0f{ ePsf] / klxn]b]lv ;fx" dxfhgx¿af6 cfoft ug{ nufO{ laqmLljt/0f ul/b} cfPsf]df ;j{ ;fwf/0fnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf pknJw u/fpg tyf a9\bf] pBf]u wGbf /ljsf; sfo{x¿nfO{ ;j{;'ne tl/sfaf6 OGwg laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ?= ! s/f]8sf]nufgLdf cfon lgudsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . ljleGg k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ u/L b]zdf b}jL eljtAo,;+s6, cfkQL cfO{k/]df s]xL cjlw;Dd df}hbftaf6 ;+rfng ug{ ljb]zaf6 k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ cfotfu/L ljqmL ljt/0fåf/f ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zo /fvL lgud ;+rfngdf NofPsf] xf] . lguddf;/sf/n] z]o/ nufgL jfkt ?=( s/f]8 %! nfv tyf ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf j}b]lzs C0f ? #(s/f]8 $@ nfv pknAw u/fPsf] 5 .

30

sfg"gL ;d:of M b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ tyf ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sfg"gL bfo/fdf hLljt /xG5g\ . sfg"gn] k|To]s gful/ssf] lqmofsnfkdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{xu/]sf] x'G5 . sfg"gL ;fgfltgf q'l6af6 eljZodf gs/fTds c;/ b]vf kb}{ cfPsf] pbfx/0f g]kfncfon lgudnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f -!@@_ n] dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yfu/]sf] tyf wf/f !@# df sfd st{Jo clwsf/ tf]sL lbPsf] 5 .wf/f !@# sf] pkwf/f @ df ækrf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfo h]yfdf ;/sf/sf]:jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0fsf] nflu n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfs;+uk/fdz{ ul/g] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 .n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf &, pkbkmf @ df ;/sf/sf] clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf];+ul7t ;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ n]vf k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm ubf{ dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .;fj{hlgs sDkgLsf] nufgLdf krf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L eGg] zAb / n]vf k/LIf0f P]gdfclwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+ :yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k/fdz{;Dd lng] sfg"gL k|lqmofn] ubf{ /fi6«sf] 7"nf wg/fzL nufgL ePsf ;fj{hlgs;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ug]{ bfo/faf6 dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ cnu ul/Psf] 5 .21k|hftflGqs b]zx¿df /fHosf] nufgL / ;/sf/sf] clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+3 ;+:yf tyf;j{ ;fwf/0fnfO{ cTofjZos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ;+ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ;jf]{Rr n]vfk/LIf0f lgsfosf] bfo/f leq kb{5 .n]vf k/LIf0f k/fdz{ M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@# sf] pkwf/f @ / n]vf k/LIf0fP]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf] pkbkmf @ cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] clwsf+z :jfldTj ePsf] ;+ul7t;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . k/fdz{ ln+bf ckgfpg' kg]{k|lqmof tyf n]vf k/LIfsn] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ n]vfk/LIf0f l;4fGt ;DaGwL s'/fx¿

31

dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . n]vf k/LIfsn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgsf] ! k|lt ;DalGwt;+:yfn] dxfn]vf k/LIfsdf ;d]t k7fpg' kb{5 . k|fKt k|ltj]bgdf dxfn]vf k/LIfsn] ;DalGwt;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] s'/f;d]t ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .sfg"gn] tf]ls lbPcg';f/ dxfn]vf k/LIfsn]] @)%% cfiff9 !% df lgb]{zg hf/L u/]sf]b]lvG5 . t/ lgb]{zgnfO{ clwsf+z ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf w]/} h;f] ;+:yfx¿af6 kfngf ePsf]b]lvPg . lgb]{zg kfngf ug{ ljefuaf6 k6s k6s kqfrf/ ubf{ ;d]t lglb{i6 ;dofjlwdf k|lqmofk'¥ofO{ n]vf k/LIfs lgo'lQm ug{ k/fdz{ dfu u/]sf] b]lvb}g . hfgsf/L k|fKt eP;Ddsf] cfwf/df;/sf/sf] clwsf+z nufgL ePsf] @% ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ .pQm @% ;+:yfx¿ dWo] !* n] dfq k/fdz{ lng] u/]sf] cGo & ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ g} glnPsf]dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj] bg @)^! sf] ;f/ ;+If]kdf pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k/fdz{ lng]dflgDg ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ M!= s[lif ljsf; Af}+s@ lgIf]k ljdf tyf shf{ ;'/If0f lgud#= cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8$= /fli6«o pTkfbsTj cfly{s ljsf; s]Gb| ln=%= g]kfn OlGhlgol/Ë sG;N6]G;L ;]jf s]Gb| ln=^= g]kfn d]6n sDkgL ln=&= ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s*= g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud(= g]kfn cfon lgud!)= gu/ ljsf; sf]if ;ldlt!!= lrlnd] hnljB't sDkgL!@= ;femf :jf:Yo ;]jf!#= dWodf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s!$= 3/]n' l;Nksnf laqmL e08f/ ln=!%= d]rL, ;u/dfyf wfg, rfdn lgof{t s+=ln=!^= /fli6«o ljdf ;+:yfg!&= g]kfn cf}Bf]lus DofUg];fO6 k|f=ln=22k/fdz{ glng] ;+:yf M!= j'6jn wfuf] sf/vfgf@= lxdfn l;d]G6 pBf]u ln=#= uf]/vsfnL /a/ pBf]u

32

$= k"jf{~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s%= klZrdf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s^= dWo klZrdf~rn u|fld0f ljsf; a}+s&= ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn ;]tL dxfsfnL wfg rfdn s+=ln=sfg"gL q'l6n] ubf{ /fHon] clwsf+z nufgL u/]sf ;+:yfx¿sf] n]vf k/LIf0fdf dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] k/fdz{ dfq lng] k|lqmofn] ;+:yf cfkm}n] kfl/>lds tyf sfo{ tf]Sg] kl/kf6Ln] ubf{ g]kfncfon lgud h:tf dxTjk" 0f{ ;+:yfx¿ ;jf]{Rr n]vf k/LIf0f lgsfosf] bfo/f aflx/ /flvg' h:tfsfo{af6 b]zsf] cy{tGqdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ b]vf k/]sf] 5 . k/fdz{ ;dodf lnO{ n]vf k/LIf0fgu/fpg] tyf k/fdz{ g} glng] pk/ s'g} sf/afxL ePsf] b]lvb}g .g]kfn cfon lgudsf] n]vf k/LIf0f M dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^! sf] ;f/–;ª\If]kdfpNn]v eP cg';f/ g]kfn cfon lgudsf] cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df ?= &^ s/f]8 &@ nfv % xhf/v'b gfkmf cfh{g u/]sf]df cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df ?=^ s/f]8 $* nfv @) xhf/ gf]S;fgL u/]sf]5 . @)%(÷^) sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg e} g;s]sf]n] lgudsf] cfly{s l:ylt pNn]v ug{ g;s]sf]pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)^@ df cfly{s jif{ @)%(÷^) sf] dfq n]vf k/LIfslgo'lQmsf] k/fdz{ lnPsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]n] n]vf k/LIf0f h:tf] sfo{df ;+:yfx¿ sfg"gtM:j]R5frf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;DaGwL sfo{ k|ult tyf nIo ljj/0f cf=j=@)^!÷)^@–)^#÷)^$ cy{ dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt @)^# df pNn]v eP cg';f/ lgudsf] v'b gf]S;fgLcf=j=@)^!÷)^@ df dfq @ cj{ $@ s/f]8 cf=j=@)^@÷)^# df ? # c/j @@ s/f]8 @! nfv;+rfng 3f6f cg'dfg b]vfPsf] 5 . cf=j=@)^#÷)^$ df ? $ c/j $@ s/f]8 @$ nfv ;+rfng3f6f k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .cf=j=@)%*÷)%( sf] n]vf k/LIf0fn] b]vfP cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] l:y/ ;DklQsf]ef}lts k/LIf0f gu/]sf], kDk 6}+s l8n/ u|fxssf] ljj/0f tof/ gu/]sf], yfgsf]6 / kf]v/f l8kf]sf];DklQsf] k"FhLs/0f gu/]sf], ;fd'bflos ljdf jfkt /fli6«o ljdf ;+:yfgnfO{ e'QmfgL ug'{ kg]{

33

lk|ldod cd]l/sg 8n/ !& xhf/ ^ ;o lx;fadf n]vf+sg gu/]sf], t];|f] d'n'saf6 cfoflttk]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ef/tLo cfon lgudnfO{ Psd'i7 ljqmL ubf{ lgudn] Joxf]g'{ kg]{ gf]S;fgL Plsgu/]sf] gb]lvPsf] . ;Demf}tf gu/]sf] Po/nfOG;x¿nfO{ klg pwf/f] xjfO{ OGwg laqmL u/]sf],Pn=lk=lh=Uof;sf] vl/b laqmLdf ?= #$ s/f]8 !^ nfv ^@ xhf/ gf]S;fgL tyf cGonfO{ ?=! c/a$ s/f]8 && nfv %^ xhf/ ltg'{ kg]{ afFsL pNn]v ePsf] . zfvf lx;fa ldnfg gu/]sf], ljleGgJolQm / ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ lbPsf] k]ZsL ;fk6L, w/f}6L / clu|d e'QmfgL ;d]t ?=! c/a ! s/f]8 %(nfv (& xhf/ cz'n km5\of}{6 x'g afFsL b]vfPsf] 5 .23cfly{s jif{ @)%&÷%* df pNn]lvt /sd gfkmf cfh{g b]vfO{ 7"nf] c+z jf]g; ljt/0f u/]sf];+:yf @)%*÷%( df g} ?=^ s/f]8 $* nfv @) xhf/ gf]S;fgL b]vfpg' h:tf sfo{n] ut jif{ jf]g;ljt/0f ug{ dfq sfNklgs gfkmf b]vfPsf] jf b}jL eljtJo tyf cGt/f{li6«o d"No j[l4 s] s:tfsf/0faf6 Ps} jif{df pNn]lvt gf]S;fgL b]vfOof] o;sf] vf]hLgLlt ;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 eP u/]sf]b]lv+b}g . lgudn] ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f gu/fpg], ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ df}g /xg] h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{/fli6«o ?kdf dxTjk"0f{ / k|To]s gful/ssf] rf;f]sf] ljifo ePsf] o:tf] ;+:yf gfh's l:yltdf k'Ubf/fli6«o cy{ tGqdf g} hl6n ;d:of b]vf k/]sf] 5 .g]kfn cfon lgudsf] lj1lKt Mg]kfn cfon lgudn] efb| ^, @)^#, sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf lbPsf] lj1lKt lgDg pNn]v 5 Mljut s]xL ;do otf o; lgudsf] jf/]df ljleGg e|dk"0f{ cfwf/lxg tYo /lxt cleJolQm Pj+;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf]df lgudn] ;j{;fwf/0fdf e|d gk/f]; elg lgudn] vl/b ljqmL tyf 3f6fsf]ljj/0f lgDg cg';f/ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .ljj/0f k]6«f]n ?=ld=ln=l8h]n ?=ld=lndl6[t]n ?=ld=ln=Pn=lk= ?=

34

d]=6gxjfO{ OGwg ?=ld=ln=k/n d"No ?=-ljleGg vr{ ;/sf/L/fh:j ;lxt_&^,*^&.@*-@^,@%!.$@_^#,&^$.*%-!!,!^*.%&_%,)$&.@!-@),(#&.@^_^(,!!$.*$-!@,((%.*^_^!,*@).&@-!),)^&.$&_laqmL d"No clej[l4s/ ;d]t^#,($(.!#-&,#%*.(*_%),$&$.@%-%,*)^.&&_$%,%!(.^(–%),^!@.@^-%,*@@.^$_%%,))).-^,#@&.$#_lgudnfO{ 3f6f –!@,(!*.!% –!#,@().^) –(,%@&.%@ –!*,%)@.#* –^,*@).&@3f6f k|ltln6/ jfl;n]08/–!@.(@ –!#.@( –(.%# –@^@.&$ –^.*@gf]6 M ;/sf/L s/ /fh:j tyf d"No clej[l4s/ sf]i7 leq b]vfOPsf] 5 .jt{dfg cj:yfdf lgudn] b]vfPsf] 3f6fsf] cfwf/df lgudnfO{ pNn]lvt OGwgsf] d"No j[l4ug{ ;/sf/n] cg'dlt lbPkl5 lgudn] @% k|ltzt;Dd d"No j[l4 u/L laqmL d"No lgwf{/0f u/]kl5o;af6 ;j{;fwf/0fb]lv pBf]u wGbf tyf b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df ;d]t c;/ kg{ uof] . o;nfO{

35

g]kfnL hgtfn] dfGg tof/ ePgg\ . kmn:j?k ;/sf/n] d"Noj[l4nfO{ oyfjt /fVg jfWo x'g' k¥of] .cGt/f{li6«o d"Nodf lge{/ M;/sf/n] klxn] g} lgu/fgL ;fy hf+r sld6L u7g u/L tYo hgdfg;df k'¥ofpg' kg]{ lbzftkm{ ;f]r ljrf/ k'Ug g;s]sf]n] jfWotfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lg0f{o ePtf klg hgtfsf] efjgf24cg'?k lkmtf{ lng jfWo x'g' k¥of] . ;/sf/ tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ of] lgud ;d:ofsf] ?kdfb]vf k/]sf] 5 .g]kfnL dfqsf] b'ef{Uo, clwsf+z OGwg cGo b]zaf6 cfoft ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf / k|fs[lts>f]tsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ g;Sgfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ OGwgsf] d"No cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df e/ kg'{ kg]{jfWotf 5 . t]nsf] d"No cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf g} j[l4 ePsf]n] d"No j[l4 ug'{ kg]{ jfWotf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .ldq /fi6« ef/tsf ;Ldfgfx¿df t]nsf] d"No g]kfndf eGbf lgs} a9L ePsf] / g]kfn ef/t v'nfl;dfgfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnaf6 ef/t tkm{ lgsf;L x'g] s'/fdf k'/} /f]sfj6 ug{ ;lsG5 elg ljZjf;ug{ ;lsb}g . k|ToIf ?kdf /f]sfj6 ePtfklg ck|ToIf ?kdf s]xL c+z e/tdf g} k'Ub5 .t]nsf] d"No oyfjt sfod /fVbf lgudn] xfn;Dd ltg'{ kg]{ bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;Sg] l:yltgePsf] ljleGg dfWodaf6 hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] lnPsf] /fh:j tyf d"No clej[l4 s/5'6 lbP/ dfq klg of] ;d:of xn x'g ;Sg] l:ylt b]lv+b}g . 5'6 lbg' ;/sf/sf] s/ ;DaGwL gLltljk/Lt x'g cfp5 . cfon lgudnfO{ hLljt} /fvL oyfjt t]n cfoft ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/n] 7"nf]/sd cg'bfg lbg' kg]{ jf cGo ljsNk vf]Hg' kg]{ l:ylt b]vf k/]sf] 5 . cg'bfg lbPdf ck|ToIf ?kn]hgtfn] g} ef/ af]Sg' kg]{ / t]nsf] d"No j[l4 ePdf k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu;/sf/n] uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]r ljrf/ u/L ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ tkm{ cu|;/ x'g' kg]{ cfhsf]cfjZostf 5 .g]kfn cfon lgudsf] sdhf]/ kIf Mlgudn] ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ ;dodf gu/fPsf] sf/0faf6 lgDg sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvPsf] 5 M

36

!= lx;fa kf/bzL{ gx'g' M lgudsf] cfo Joo ljj/0fsf] ;fy} lgudaf6 ePsf sf/afxL kf/bzL{x'g g;Sgfsf] sf/0f tyf lgudsf] cfly{s ultljlwsf] lx;fa ;dodf 7Ls;+u g/flvPsf]tyf jf:tljstf k|rf/df gcfPsf]n] hgdfg;df lgudsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ k|lt ljZjf;b]vf gkg'{ h:tf sfo{nfO{ lgudn] uDeL/tf k"j{s lng' kg]{ cfjZostf b]vf k/]sf] 5 .@= lgudsf] Psflwsf/ M o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgrf;f]sf] ljifonfO{ lgudsf] Psflwsf/dfq gu/fO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds Joj:yfsf] cjnDjg ug{ g;Sg' h:tf sfo{n] ubf{ lgud:jR5frf/L aGg k'Uof] . lgud jf:tljstfd} cfwfl/t ePtf klg lgudn] ;j{;fwf/0fdfljZjf; lbnfpg ;s]g .#= ;/sf/sf] cg'udgsf] sdL M ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kg]{ /fHon] cfoft ug]{ dWo] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo tyf cjf}+{ c/jsf] sf/f]jf/ x'g] j:t'df ;/sf/sf] cg'udg x'g ;s]g .?= &^ s/f]8 eGbf a9L kmfObf b]vfO{ 7"nf] c+z af]g; ljt/0f tyf To;}sf] kl5Nnf] jif{sl/j ?= ^ s/f]8 eGbf gf]S;fgL b]vfp+bf klg o; k|lt ;DalGwt lgsfosf] Wofg cfslif{tx'g ;s]g . kmn:j?k jt{dfg cj:yfdf o;n] eofjx l:ylt b]vf k¥of] .$= cfGtl/s lgoGq0fsf] sdL M lgudsf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f tyf cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f e/kbf]{gePsf]n] lgudn] /fVg' kg]{ lx;fa lstfa ;dodf 7Ls;+u g/fv]sf], cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf0f25e/kbf]{ gePsf], lng' lbg' kg]{ lx;fa ;dodf /fkm ;fkm gu/]sf], l:y/ ;DklQsf] ef}ltsk/LIf0f gu/]sf] h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ lgudn] cfˆgf] ljZjf;lgotf hgtfnfO{ lbnfpg ;s]g .%= ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg' M n]vf k/LIf0f kf/blz{tfsf] 7"nf] dfWod xf] . ;dodf n]vfk/LIf0f u/fpg] tkm{ Wofg glbg' of] lgudsf] Hofb} 7"nf] sdhf]/Lkg ;fljt ePsf] 5 .lgudn] @)%*÷%( ;Ddsf] dfq n]vf k/LIf0f u/fPsf] 5 . @)%(÷^) sf] n]vf k/LIfslgo'lQm ug]{ k/fdz{ ;Dd lnPsf], n]vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg e} g;s]sf]n] lgudsf] cfly{s l:yltpNn]v ug{ g;s]sf] Joxf]/f ;DalGwt lgsfoåf/f k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . o; l:yltnfO{

37

dWogh/ ug]{ xf] eg] hgdfg;df t'?Gt} lgudn] ljZjf; lbnfpg ;Sg] cfwf/ b]lvb}g .pNn]lvt sld sdhf]/Lsf] lg/fs/0f u/L jf:tljstf hgdfg;df Nofpg' kg]{cfhsf] cfjZostf 5 . ;/sf/n] xfn} k"j{ cy{ ;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf jf:tljstfsf] hfFrug{ ;ldlt u7g u/]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] jf:tljstf kQf nufO{ kf/blz{tf b]vf kfb{5 eGg]cfzf /flvPsf] 5 .;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfj!= ljsNksf] vf]hL M of] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf tyf /fHon] c7f]6 u/]sf lgwf{l/t nIo k'/f ug{dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;fwg ePsf]n] lgudnfO{ dfq Psflwsf/ glbO{ k|lt:kwf{Tdsu/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;sf] vkt k|lt jif{ j[l4 x'b} hfg], cGt/f{li6«o d"No a[l4af6;/sf/ aflxl/g g;Sg] ePsf]n] b]zsf] k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u a9fpg' kg]{, h:tf] uf] a/Uof;, ;f}o{ zlQm, hnljB'tdf a9L hf]8 lbg'sf] ;fy} :jb]z leqsf OGwg vfgL k|of]udfNofpg hf]8 lbg' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf 5 .@ sfg"gL q'l6sf] lg/fs/0f M ;+:yfgx¿sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/df sfg"gn] g} :jR5frf/L agfPsf]5 . /fHosf] sl/j (( k|ltzt;Dd nufgL ePsf ;+:yfx¿sf]] n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{df dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] bfo/f aflx/ /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfx¿df k/fdz{ ;Dd lbg], n]vf k/LIfs;+:yfgn] g} lgo'lQm u/L n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpg] sfg"gL k|lqmofsf] cGt u/L dxfn]vf k/LIfsn]k/fdz{ lbP/ dfq kG5g kfpg] xfnsf] k4ltnfO{ x6fpg' kb{5 .# cg'udgsf] Joj:yf M ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf lgu/fgLaf6 cnu u/L ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;]jf tyfgfkmf cfh{g ug{ :jtGq 5'6 lbPsf] 5 . of] ;j{JofkL l;4fGt klg xf] t/ clwsf+z ;+:yfgtyf lgudx¿sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrjn] u/]sf] x'G5 .;+rfns ;ldltsf] sfo{If]q / lhDd]jf/L sfg"gn] k|i6 gu/]sf]n] ;+rfnsx¿af6 cg'udgug]{, lx;fa kf/bzL{ u/fpg nufpg] h:tf sfo{df hf]8 lbg' kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvG5 .$= lhDd]bf/ JolQmsf] n]vf M ;+:yfgx¿ tyf lgudsf] k|d'v lhDd]bf/ JolQmsf] sfo{ z}nL tyf

38

e"ldsfsf] n]vf hf]vf x'g' kb{5 . k|d'v eP/ sfd ug]{ cfk"mn] u/]sf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/sf] n]vfcWofjlws /fVg gnufpg], cfGtl/s tyf clGtd n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg] tyf ;Dk"0f{ bfloTjk"/f ug]{ b'j} lhDd]bf/ JolQmsf] sfo{ kf/blz{tf x'g' kb{5 . o:tf dxTjk"0f{ kb lnO{ cfˆgf]26bfloTj k"/f ug]{ tyf gug]{ b'j} lhDd]bf/ JolQmnfO{ hgtfn] lrGg kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .%= n]vf k/LIf0f M /fi6«sf] clwsf+z nufgLsf] cltl/Qm ;/sf/sf] hdfgtdf #( s/f]8 $@nfv !& xhf/ j}b]lzs C0f pknAw u/fPsf] lgudsf] n]vf cWofjlws /fvL cfGtl/s tyfclGtd n]vf k/LIf0f ;do ;dodf u/fpg' kb{5 . ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg] lhDd]bf/JolQmnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . o;af6 lgudsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/;j{;fwf/0fdf kf/bzL{ u/fpg ;'ljwf k'Ub5 .lgisif{;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t'df k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] tyf ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{cTofjZos ;]jf pknAw u/fpg / /fHon] c7f]6 u/]sf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf ;d]t 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg;Sg] p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] 7"nf] nufgLsf] cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6«o ;+3 ;+:yfaf6 hdfgt a;L xfn;Dd?= #( s/f]8 $@ nfv C0f pknJw u/fPsf] lgudsf] sf/f]jf/ kf/bzL{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . cfly{ssf/f]jf/sf] n]vf h'g;'s} avtdf klg cWofjlws /xg ;Sg] tyf k|To]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] (dlxgf leq n] vf k/LIf0f ;DkGg u/fO ;DalGwt lgsfodf k|ltj]bg clgjfo{ k]z ug'{ kg]{ jfWotftyf gug]{ pk/ sf/afxL u/L jf:tljstf kf/bzL{ u/fpb} n}hfg ;DalGwt lgsonfO{ lhDd]bf/agfpg' kb{5 . sRrf kbfy{ vl/b tyf t]nsf] jf:tljs d"No kf/bzL{ x'g' kb{5 . n]vf k/LIf0fu/fpg] sfo{df :j]R5frf/L u/fpg' pko'Qm b]lvb}g . dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuaf6 n]vf k/LIf0fu/fpg tf]sL lbPsf] ;do leq cfo Joo ljj/0f k]z ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g' kb{5 . n]vfcWofjlws g/fVg], ;dodf n]vf k/LIf0f gu/fpg] lgudsf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ kf/bzL{ gx'g] h:tf

39

sfo{af6 lgud k|ltsf] ljZjf; hgdfg;df sd x'b} cfPsf] l:yltsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ t]n cfoft ug]{sfo{df k|lt:kwf{Tds Joj:yf x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . lg/Gt/ olx l:ylt /xg lbg' x'b}g . o;f] ePdf;d:ofsf] ;dodf lg/fs/0f ug]{ tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ug] 5 . of] l:yltsf] cGTo gePOGwg ;d:ofdf eljiodf emg hl6n b]vf kg]{ ;Sg] l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ljsNkx¿sf]vf]htnf; tyf sfof{Gjog ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf 5 .;Gbe{ ;"rL!= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#@= n]vf k/LIf0f P]g, @)$*#= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^!$= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^@%= cfon lgudsf] lj1KtL sflGtk'/ b}lgs -^ efb| @)^#_^= ;/sf/L ;+:yfg ;DaGwL sfo{k|ult tyf nIo ljj/0f -@)^!÷)^@–@)^#÷)^$_ cy{dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt @)^# .27

Nff]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jf M e"ldsf,r'gf}tL / ;Defjgfzf/bfk|;fb lqtfn .;f/f+zlghfdtL ;]jf /fHosf] :yfoL ;+oGq xf] . /fHosf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/ klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf]bIftf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jfsf cfˆg} d"No dfGotf ePklg jbln+bf] kl/j]zdf o;sf] sfo{ e"ldsf klg :jtMjblnP/ hfg] ub{5 . emg /fHobz{gdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] o;sf] ;f]r, z}nL / sfo{;+:s[ltdf kl/jt{gsf] dfuub{5 . k|:t't n]v nf]stflGqs ;dfhdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf s:tf] x'g' kg]{ / o;sf nflu ;'wf/sf;+efjgf / r'gf}tLx¿ s] x'g ;Qm5g\ eGg] ;}4flGts ljZn]if0fdf g} uxg ?kdf s]lGb|t 5 .!= k[i7e"ldhgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] ;kmntfsf] kl/0ffd:j?k g] kfndf nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] :yfkgfePsf] 5 . nf]stGqdf /fHo;+rfngsf ;a} ;+oGqx¿sf] nf]stflGqs/0f x'g' clt cfjZos 7flgG5 .

40

/fHo ;+oGqsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf nf]stflGqs efjgf cg'?k ;'wf/ ug]{ ljifoclxn]sf]] d'Vo d'2fx¿dWo] Ps ePsf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ;f]r, xflsdL Jojxf/ / ædflyjfbÆ af6 x's]{sf]g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] xfnsf] nf]stflGqs jftfj/0fdf sl7g r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf]5 .g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfdf d'VotM b'O{ ljifodf tTsfn Wofg lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . klxnf],lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ nf]stflGqs/0f ug]{ ljifo / bf]>f], bL3{ sfnLg ;f]r ;lxtsf] lghfdtL ;]jf;+rfngsf] Joj:yf . klxnf] ljifo vf;u/L efjgfTds÷Jojxf/ut kl/jt{g;+u ;DalGwt 5 eg] bf]>f]ljifo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :j?k, sfo{;+rfng k|lqmof / e"ldsfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{;+u ;DalGwt 5 .efjgfTds kl/jt{ g ug]{ ljifon] d'VotM lghfdtL ;]jfn] nf]stflGqs d"No tyf dfGotfx¿sf]kl/kfngf ug]{, lghfdtL ;]jfsf d"ne"t dfGotf (Core Values of Civil Service) sf] cfwf/df:jlgolGqt eO{ sfo{ ug]{, æhgtfsf] ;]js xF'Æ eGg] efjgfn] sfo{ ug]{, kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{,glthfd'vL sfo{;+:s[lt c+ufNg] / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] h:tf s'/fnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o;}u/L bf]>f]ljifon] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5l/tf] Joj:yfkg, ldtJooL sfo{;Dkfbg, glthfd'vL k|lqmofsf] cjnDagug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf log} ljifonfO{ Wofgdf/fv]/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .@= nf]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf/fHosf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ æ:yfoL ;/sf/Æ klg eGg] ul/G5 . /fhg}lts ?kdf :yflkt;/sf/ Ps lglZrt ;dodf kl/jt{g eO/xg] t/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ Nffdf] cjlw;Dd kbdf/lx/xg] ePsf]n] g} lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ :yfoL ;/sf/ elgPsf] xf] . ljZjsf] Oltxf; kN6fP/ x]g]{ xf]. ;x;lrj, ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno .28eg] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] yfngL;+u} b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfngdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cxd\e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 . u}/nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] zf;sx¿sf] /Ifssf]

41

?kdf sfd ug]{ / hgtfsf] dflnssf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 . PsbnLo, lgb{nLo,;}lgs zf;g jf o:t} k|sf/sf cGo tfgfzfxL zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf ;Qfwf/Lx¿sf]s7k'tnLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .Nf]fstflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;/sf/ / hgtfaLrdf ;]t'sf] sfd u/]sf]x'G5 . ;/sf/nfO{ hgtfsf] OR5fg';f/sf gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jfn] lgikIf k|fljlws;Nnfx lbO{ c;n gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . b]z / hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu;/sf/åf/f lgld{t gLlt / lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/L hgrfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln];xof]u u5{g\ . o;sf] ;fy} hgtf;+u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ ePsf sfof{nodf a;L lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln]hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u/L ;/sf/k|ltsf] hgljZjf;nfO{ dhj"t kfg]{ sfo{ klg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .o;/L lghfdtL ;]jfn] hgtfdf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{, ;/sf/nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug]{ / zf;sLok|efjsfl/tf Nofpg e"ldsf v]Ng] sfo{ u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] eGg] ul/G5 ls lghfdtL ;]jfsf];Ifdtf, k|efjsfl/tf / hjfkmb]lxtfdf ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf / hgtfsf] ;d'Gglt lge{/ /x]sf] x'G5 .nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yf k|efjsf/L ePsf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] .Kf|:t't ;Gbe{df x]bf{ nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf tn pNn]vePsf tLg ljifodf s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 .@=! gLlt Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljifolghfdtL ;]jfn] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]x'G5 . nf]stflGqs Joj:yfdf r'gfjdf ljho k|fKt ug]{ bnn] ;/sf/ agfPkl5 r'gfjdf JoQmul/Psf k|lta4tfx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L gLltsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/n] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . r'gfj3f]if0ffkqdf plNnlvt ;a} ljifo oyfjt ?kdf gLlt aGb}gg\ . gLlt aGgsf] nflu cfjZos ;"rgf,k|fljlws 1fg, k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, ;fwgsf] Joj:yf h:tf s'/fdf ljutsf Joj:yf / ca k'¥ofpg' kg]{k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf

42

/x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfn] cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{k5{ . o;/L ;xof]u ug{sf] nflu k|zf;lgs kl/kf6Lcg'?k ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{x¿ k|zf;lgs txaf6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] gLlt lgdf{0fubf{ v]Ng] e"ldsfsf af/]df tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .-s_ ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] M ;+:yfut tYofÍx¿, ljutsf gLlt / ltgsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt,;fwg ;|f]tsf] l:ylt, sfg"gL k|fjwfg cflbsf jf/]df /fhg}lts tx cyjf dGqLnfO{ ;"rgfpknAw u/fP/ gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|zf;gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .-v_ ;Nnfx lbg] M dGqLn] ;Nnfx dfu]sf] ljifo, k|fljlws ljifo, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng ug]{ljifo, kl5 kg{ ;Sg] k|efjsf jf/]df tYout j:t'l:ylt cflbsf ;DaGwdf dGqLnfO{ ;Nnfxlbg] sfd k|zf;gn] u/]sf] x'G5 .29-u_ cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ M ;Qf?9 bnsf] gLltut b:tfj]hsf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{ b]lv lnP/ljBdfg k|zf;lgs kl/kf6L, ;fwg / >f] tsf] ;+efJotf, hgtfsf cfjZostf / jftfj/0fLocj:yf h:tf ljifodf k|zf;gn] ;b}a cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{ / /fhg}lts g]t[TjnfO{ ;f];DaGwdf hfgsf/L lbg]u5{ .-3_ gLltut b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf ug]{ M /fhg}lts g]t[Tjåf/f AoQm gLltsyg -Policy Statement_sf] cfwf/df gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu d:of}bf b:tfj]hsf] tof/L ug]{ sfd k|zf;gsf] xf] . o;lsl;dsf] b:tfj]h tof/ ubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ls6fg, ;fwg>f]tsf]Joj:yf, / ;dofjlw h:tf s'/fx¿ lglZrt ug]{ sfd k|zf;lgs txaf6 x'G5g\ .o;/L x]bf{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . gLltutdfu{bz{gsf] sfo{ /fhg}lts txaf6 x'g] eP klg gLlt lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df ;d]t k|zf;ssf] e"ldsfk|z:t /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . cem g]kfn h:t} lzIffsf] cj;/ sd ePsf b]zx¿df dGqLx¿ clzlIftklg x'g ;Sg] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lzlIft ju{sf] ?kdf lrlgg] k|zf;sx¿sf] e"ldsf gLltlgdf{0fsf] sfo{df lgs} a9L x'g] u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;ls+b}g .gLlt sfof{Gjogdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cToGt} ;Dj]bgzLn e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k/Dk/fut

43

?kdf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|d'v lhDd]jf/L k|zf;goGqsf] dfq xf] elgG5 . t/ cfw'lgs cjwf/0ffcg';f/ of] sfo{ k|zf;goGqsf] dfq geP/ /fhgLlt, k|zf;g, lghLIf]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+o'QmlhDd]jf/L xf] eGg yflnPsf] 5 . /fHo ;+rfngdf lghLIf]q tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf /x]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df /fHoåf/f lgld{t gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf oL;+:Yffx¿sf] ;d]t ;+nUgtf /xg] ljifodf ts{ cl3 ;fg'{nfO{ ;fGble{s dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljut s]xLbzsb]lv o:tf ;+:yfx¿n] v]Nb} cfPsf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ca ;/sf/sf] k|zf;gn] dfq gLltsfof{Gjog ug]{ eGg] ljifo k'/fgf] ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{GjogdflghfdtL k|zf;gsf] dxTjk" 0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'G5 . s'g} klg gLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf lghfdtL ;]jfn]v]Ng] e"ldsf d'VotM -s_ lgld{t gLltsf] cWoog ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ -v_ gLlt lg0f{osf] cfzo a'‰g]/ To;sf] ;+rf/ ug]{ -u_ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{of]hgf agfpg] -3_ ;fwgsf] Joj:yf / afF8kmfF8ug]{ -ª_ clwsf/sf] jfF8kmfF8 / k|Tofof]hg ug]{ -r_ sfo{ k|0ffnL÷sfo{ ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ -5_ gLltsf]sfof{Gjog ug]{ -h_ ljleGg If]q;+u gLltut / sfof{Gjogut ;dGjo ug]{ -em_ sfof{Gjogsf]cg'udg ug]{ / sdL sdhf]/L b]lvPdf ;dfwfg ug]{, cflbdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] x'G5 .gLlt cg'udg ug]{ sfo{df ;d]t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . k|zf;lgstxaf6 gLlt sfof{Gjogsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df ljleGg tl/sfn] cg'udg u/L cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfgx'g] ljifosf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug]{ / cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] lsl;dsf ;d:of b]lvPdfTo;sf] hfgsf/L /fhg}lts tx ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ ul/G5 . gLlt cg'udgsf]] ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jfn]-s_ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf qmddf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{ -v_ ;"rgf ;+sng, ljZn]if0f /k|jfx ug]{ -u_ cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] ;d:of b]lvPdf ltgsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug]{ -u_cfˆgf] txaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;Sg] ljifodf cfjZos sf/afxL ug{sf] nflu dGqLnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] -3_

44

dfu ePsf avt cfjZos /fo k|:t't ug]{ -ª_ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg JolQm jf30;+:yf4f/f JoQm wf/0ff, cfd ;+rf/sf dfWodaf6 cf}+ NofOPsf ljrf/x¿sf] ;+sng, cWoog, ljZn]if0f/ ltgsf jf/] df cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVg] -r_ ljutsf gLltx¿sf] d"Nof+sgaf6 k|fKt kl/0ffdnfO{ gofFgLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf gLlt lgdf{tf ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ h:tf e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .@=@ hgtfdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ljifo/fHo;+oGqdf a;]/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug'{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf xf] .k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] sd{rf/Ln] dflnssf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ cj:yf clxn] 5}g . clxn]sf] ;dodfhgtfn] lt/]sf] /fh:jsf] d"No sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf u/L k"lt{ ug'{kg]{ cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 .nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtf g} ;jf]{kl/ x'g\ / pgLx¿sf] rfxgf g} /fHosf] st{Jo xf] eGg]dfGotf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . /fHo;+rfngsf] d'Vo c+u ePsf] gftfn] lghfdtL ;]jfn] klg hgtfsf]rfxgf k"/f ug]{ bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{k5{ . xfn}sf jif{x¿df hgtfdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ljifodf w]/} dxTjk"0f{ax;x¿ x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf ax;sf d'2fx¿df -s_ ;/sf/÷;/sf/L ;+oGq nufotsf ;]jfk|bfosaf6 u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf kfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLsf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ ljifo -v_ ;]jfk|bfosn] pkof]uL / ;DefJo ;a} dfWodx¿ dfkm{t l56f] 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ljifo-u_ k|jfx ul/g] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf nufotsf ;+oGqdf ;"rgf / ;~rf/k|ljlwsf] k|of]unfO{ Jofks t'Nofpg] ljifo -3_ ;]jf k|bfosnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt k"0f{ ?kn] pQ/bfoLagfpg] ljifo -ª_ ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfo{df ultlzntf Nofpg ;]jf k|fKt ug{ to ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd b"/L,;do tyf nfutsf] lgwf{/0f u/L ;]jfk|bfos lgsfosf] :yfkgf, k'g:yf{kg, :yfgfGt/0f jf k'gu{ 7gu/L gful/s a8fkqsf] dfWodaf6 k|lta4tf ls6fg ug]{ ljifo -r_ tf]lsPsf] ;do, nfut, u'0f:t/tyf kl/df0fdf ;]jf k| fKt ug{ g;s]df ;]jf k|bfosaf6 ;]jfu|fxLn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] lglZrttfsf] ljifod'Vo dflgPsf 5g\ . oL ;a} ljifox¿nfO{ gful/s a8fkqsf] dfWodaf6 cl3 ;fg]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

45

@=# zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] ljifoNff]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg /fHo;+oGqsf] ldof]sf] ?kdf /x]sf]lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k|ToIf Pj+ ck|ToIf ?kdf 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df zf;gJoj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|d'v tTjsf] ?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkg ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf / sfo{sf] dfkg ug]{ k4ltljsf; ePsf] 5 .rfx] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zdf xf];\ jf u}/nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsfb]zdf g} lsg gxf];\ zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ljleGglsl;dsf ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;"rsx¿ /fhg}lts / k|zf;lgs b'a} k|s[ltsfx'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . /fhgLlt / lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/n] zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf]lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ o; lsl;dsf] dfkgn] :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . o:tf ;"rsf+sx¿sf]d"Nof+sgn] u}/nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf b]zx¿sf] zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tf sdhf]/ ;fljtu/]sf] 5 .31o; ;DaGwdf D.Kaufmann, A. Kraay/ M. Mastruzzi n] ljsf; u/]sf 5 j6f ;"rsx¿sf]cfwf/df ljZj a}+sn] ;g\ !((^ b]lv ljleGg /fi6«sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf dfkg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .oL ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ z"Go -)_ -w]/} v/fj_ b]lv !)) -w]/} c;n_ ;Ddsf] cÍdfdfkg ug]{ ul/G5 . pgLx¿n] ljsf; u/]sf zf;g Joj:yf dfkgsf tL 5 j6f ;"rsx¿ b]xfoadf]lhd/x]sf 5g\M-s_ cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj (Voice and Accountability)M of] ;"rsf+s k"0f{ ?kdf /fhg}ltsk|s[ltsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;"rsf+sn] d'VotM ;/sf/sf] 5gf}6df gful/ssf] ;xeflutf,cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, :jtGq cfd ;~rf/ / ;+ 3 ;+:yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{;d]6]sf] 5 . o; ;"rsf+s cg';f/ x] bf{ o;df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsf g/xg] blvG5 . of]

46

;"rsf+ssf] k|efjsfl/tf s]jn ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsf d'n'sx¿sf];Gbe{df dfq ;+ej x'g] blvG5 .-v_ /fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf (Political Stability and Absence of Violance)M o;;"rsf+sn] /fhg}lts lx+;f, cft+sjfb jf c;+j}wflgs jf lx+ ;fhGo tl/sfaf6 ;/sf/sf]kl/jt{g x'g] jf ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\5 . o; cj:yfdf klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] s'g} e"ldsfg/xg] b]lvG5 .-u_ ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf (Government Effectiveness): o; ;"rsf+sn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx¿sf]u'0f:t/, lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, /fhg}lts bjfjsf] cj:yf, ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f /sfof{Gjogsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ o:tf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf /sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf h:tf ljifonfO{ cf}+NofPsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ o; ;"rsf+ssf] k|of]u ug]{d'Vo ;+oGq lghfdtL ;]jf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .-3_ lgofds u'0f (Regulatary Quality)M lghL If]qsf] ljsf; / k|j4{gsf nflu ;/sf/n] c;ngLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjog u/L tL If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xhstf{ / pTk]|/ssf] e"ldsf v]Ng'sf];fy} ;f] If]qsf] lgodg ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug]{ h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ o; ;"rsf+sn];d]6]sf] kfOG5 . o;df klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .-ª_ ljlwsf] zf;g (Rule of Law)M o; ;"rsf+sn] sfg"gsf] zf;gdf ljZjf;, ;Demf}tfsfof{Gjogsf] u'0f:t/, cbfntaf6 x'g] Gofo lg?k0f, k|x/Laf6 x'g] lx+;f / ck/flwsultljlwsf] lgoGq0f h:tf ljifodf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ cw{Goflos lg0f{o ug]{ /sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf k|lqmofx¿sf] kfngf ug]{ u/fpg] xb;Dd lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 . t/ ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ;kmntfdf d'VotM cbfnt / k|x/L k|zf;gsf]a9L e"ldsf x' g] b]lvG5 .-r_ e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0f (Corruption Control)M lghL kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf]k|of]u, ;fgf / 7"nf vfnsf e|i6frf/ / JolQmut kmfO{bfsf] nflu ;+e|fGt ju{n] /fHosf] >f]t

47

;fwgdf ug]{ b'?kof] usf] lgoGq0f h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ o; ;"rsf+sn] ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 . o;32;"rsf+ssf] bfo/fleq klg lghfdtL ;]jf kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/L ;fwg;|f]tsf] k|of]u ug]{lghfdtL ;]jfn] o; ;"rsf+ssf] k|efjsfl/tfdf d'Vo e"ldsf v]Ng] b]lvG5 .Dffly pNn]v ePsf ;"rsf+sx¿sf] ljZn] if0f ug]{ xf] eg] nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf ePsfb]zx¿sf] lghfdtL ;]jf k|efjsf/L /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dflysf] a"Fbf -u_ / -3_ w]/} xb;DdlghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{If]q;+ u ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . a"Fbf -ª_ / -r_ df klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf]pNn]Vo e"ldsf /xg] b]lvG5 . o;/L rog ul/Psf ^ j6f ;"rsf+sx¿ dWo] b'O{j6fdfclwsf+z, cGo b'O{j6fdf ;fdfGo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cj:yfn] zf;g Joj:yfsf]k|efjsfl/tfdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] dxTjnfO{ ljz]if ?kdf O+lut ug{ vf]lhPsf] kfOG5 .dfly plNnlvt ;"rsx¿sf] cfwf/df ;g\ @))% df dfkg ul/Psf] ljZjsfljsl;t nf]stflGqs b]zx¿ cd]l/sf, j]nfot / hfkfgsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{tnsf] tflnsf ! df pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .tflnsf !s]xL ljsl;t nf]stflGqs b]zx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf, @))%Percentile Rank, (0-100) ;"rsx¿cd]l/sf a]nfot hfkfgcfjfh / pQ/bfloTj 88.9 92.8 74.9/fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf 48.6 59.4 80.2;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf 91.9 94.3 84.7lgofds u'0f 93.1 94.1 85.6ljlwsf] zf;g 91.8 93.2 89.4e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f 91.6 94.6 85.2>f]t M www.worldbank.org/governance/2005nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] !) jif]{ ;f]r tof/Lsfo{bnn] ;+of]hg u/]sf] tflnsfDflysf] tflnsfn] /fhg}lts k|s[ltsf klxnf b'O{ ;"rsx¿ cfjfh / pQ/bfloTjtyf /fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf x'Fbf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ;Dkfbgx'g] sfo{x¿ Kflg k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] tYonfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg]hxfF nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] k|of]u lglj{jfb ?kdf ePsf] 5, ToxfF lghfdtL ;]jfsf]k|efjsfl/tf klg ;zQm /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] ljifonfO{ dflysf] tYon] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

48

o;} ;Gbe{df blIf0f Plzof -;fs{_ If]qsf d'n'sx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yfs:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] tkm{ hfgsf/L lng' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . ljZj a}+ssf] dfly pNn]vePsf] ;g\ @))% sf] cWoogsf] cfwf/df tL b]zx¿sf] zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tfsf] cj:yfnfO{{t'ngfTds ?kdf oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .33tflnsf @;fs{ d'n'sx¿df zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf, @))%Percentile Rank, (0-100);"rsx¿g]kfn ef/t kfls:tfg >Ln+sf a+unfb]z e'6fg dflNbE;cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj 14.50 55.6 12.6 39.6 31.4 21.7 20.3/fhg}lts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf 1.90 22.2 5.7 10.8 6.6 83 70.8;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf 15.3 51.7 34 40.7 21.1 64.6 59.8lgofds u'0f 28.7 41.1 27.7 50 14.9 50.5 66.3ljlwsf] zf;g 25.1 56 24.2 54.1 19.8 64.7 60.4e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f 29.1 46.8 15.8 47.3 7.9 78.8 48.8>f]tM www.worldbank.org/governance/2005nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] !) jif]{ ;f]r tof/L sfo{bnn] ;+of]hg u/]sf] tflnsf/fhg}lts Joj:yf u}/nf]stflGqs eP/ klg ;fs{ ;b:o /fi6« e'6fgsf] zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tfa9L ;zQm /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;sf k5fl8 /fhg}lts l:y/tf Pj+ lx+;f/lxt cj:yfn] pRrd"Nof+sg kfpg', lghfdtL ;]jf ;fgf] t/ pRr:t/Lo ;'ljwfo'Qm eO{ pTk|]/s /xg', cfjfh /pQ/bfloTj sdhf]/ /x]sf]n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtf, gful/s ;dfh tyf cfd;+rf/sf dfWodn] v'n]/cleJolQm lbg gkfpg] x'F bf e|i6frf/sf] ljifo aflx/ cfpg gkfpg' h:tf sf/0fx¿ /x]sf] x'g ;S5 .nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf eP/ klg ef/tsf] /fhg}lts l:y/tf tyf lx+;f/lxt cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf]sf/0fn] cGo ;"rsf+sx¿ Kflg k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . Dfflysf] tflnsfn] ;fs{ d'n'sdfg]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . nf]stGq / :yfloTjn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf]k|efjsfl/tf / cGttM cGo ;"rsx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfg]{ lgZsif{ o;af6 lgsfNg ;lsG5 .Zff;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] dfkgsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] cj:yf ;g\ !((^ b]lv@))% ;Dd tnsf] tflnsf # df b]vfOPsf] 5 .tflnsf #g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf -;g\ !((^—@))%_1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2005

49

cfjfh / pQ/bfloTj 52.9 46.9 43.5 30.9 21.7 14.5/fhg}lts l:y/tf /lx+;f/lxt cj:yf 28.8 19.8 10.4 5.7 3.8 1.9;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf 40.5 11 29.2 38.3 20.1 15.3lgofds u'0f 34.3 32 28.6 32.5 26.6 28.7ljlwsf] zf;g 40.7 47.6 43.8 39.9 27.9 25.1e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f 48.8 28.4 33.8 40.2 30.4 29.1>f]tM www.worldbank.org/governance/2005nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] !) jif]{ ;f]r tof/L sfo{bnn];+of]hg u/]sf] tflnsfDfflysf] tflnsf # af6 g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] cj:yf ;g\ !((^ kl5 sdhf]/ ePsf]b]lvG5 . o; cjlwdf /fhg} lts cl:y/tf;Fu} lx+;fsf] qmd a9]sf]n] nf]stGq sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .34kmn:j?k ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf ptf/ r9fj cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;af6 klxnf b'O{ ;"rsf+sx¿Dfha"t geO{ cGo ;"rsf+sx¿sf] cj:yf l:y/ x'g g;Sg] / c? ;a} cj:yfnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ b]lvG5 .#= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljz]iftflghfdtL ;]jf s'g} klg b]zsf] zf;gsf] ldof] xf] . o;sf] /fd|f] jf g/fd|f] lqmofsnfkn];du| ;/sf/L ;]jfdf c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . To;}n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ x/]s ;/sf/n] ljz]if dxTj lbPsf]x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ lrgfpg] ljz]iftfx¿ w]/} 5g\ / o:tf ljz]iftfx¿ x/]s b]zsf] ;Gbe{dfkm/s x'g ;S5g\ . t/ o;sf] e"ldsf, lgdf{0f k|lqmof / lg/Gt/tfsf] cfwf/df k|fo ;a} b]zsf];Gbe{df k|of]u x'g] ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;femf ljz]iftfsf] ?kdf lnP/ rrf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL;]jfsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf o;n] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf sfd u/]sf] x'G5 . lgikIftf / t6:ytflghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . lghfdtL ;]jf /fhgLlts lqmofsnfkaf6 cnu x'G5 .;/sf/sf] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|d'v ju{ lghfdtL sd{rf/L xf] tfklg /fhg}lts lqmofsnfk h:t}–r'gfj k|rf/ ug]{, r'gfjdf pDd]åf/ aGg], s'g} bn ljz]ifsf] kIf jf ljkIfdf dt dfUg] h:tflqmofsnfkaf6 lghfdtL sd{rf/L cnu /xg' k5{ .of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t ;] jf cyf{t of]Uox¿sf] ;d"xsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jf /x]sf] x'G5 .lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, lgo'lQm, kb:yfkgf, a9'jf cflb lqmofsnfkx¿ of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf g}

50

cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . x/]s kbsf] nflu lglZrt of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] x'g] / cWoog tyf tflnd k|bfg u/Lsd{rf/Lx¿sf] 1fg ;LknfO{ cBfjlws agfO{ /x]sf] x'G5 .lghfdtL sd{ rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 :jtGq lgsfoåf/f x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6ug]{ sfo{df /fhg}lts x:tIf]k, gftfjfb, cfkmGtjfb / n]gb]gsf] tl/sfaf6 x'g;Sg] kIfkftnfO{/f]Sg :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ePsf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ o;sf]pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . x'g t cfhsn g]kfn, ef/tsf s]xL pbfx/0f afx]s cGo b]zx¿dfk|fo nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Joj:yf x6fpFb} nu]sf] kfOG5 .lglZrt kbfjlw jf pd]/sf] xb tf]lsP/ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm x'G5 . k|fo ;a} b]zsf]lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] lglZrt cjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . g]kfndf xfn %* jif{ pd]/ k'/f u/]kl5lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] clgjfo{ cjsfz x'g] Joj:yf 5 . @)$( ;fnb]lv @)%% ;fn;Dd #) jif{;]jf cjlw k"/f u/]kl5 klg ;]jf cjlwsf] cfwf/df cjsfz x'g] Joj:yf lyof] .j[lQ ljsf;sf lglZrt cfwf/x¿ tf]lsPsf x'G5g\ . sfg"gåf/f g} sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sfcfwf/x¿ lglZrt x'g' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /lgodfjnLn] sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg, ;?jf, tflnd, a9'jf, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, tnj / cGo ;'ljwfnufotsf j[lQ ljsf;sf cfwf/x¿ ls6fg u/]sf] kfOG5 .lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTj jxg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . hgtfk|lt / ;/sf/k|ltpQ/bfoL x'g] ljifo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf xf] . Pp6f cjwf/0ff cg';f/ Pp6f sd{rf/Ln]cfˆgf] ;'kl/j]Ifsk|lt, ;'kl/j]Ifsn] sfof{no÷dGqfnosf] k|d'vk|lt, dGqfnosf] k|d'vn] dGqLk|lt,dGqLn] ;+;bk|lt, / ;+;bn] hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ . of] hgtfk|lt lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ck|ToIf35pQ/bfloTj xf] . o; lsl;dsf] pQ/bfloTj d'VotM gLlt lgdf{0f txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Ln] axgug'{kb{5 . t/ :yfgLo :t/sf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Ln] hgtfsf] ;Dks{df /x]/ sfd ug'{kg]{ x'Fbfhgtfk|ltsf] k|ToIf pQ/bfloTj klg jxg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df o:tf] txdf a;]/ sfd ug]{

51

sd{rf/Ln] hgtf÷;]jfu|fxL k|lt k|ToIf pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ cjwf/0ffn] k| >o kfPsf] 5 .k/Dk/fut ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt x'G5 .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( n] klg o; lsl;dsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klgtxsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;fdfGo ljefuLo sf/afxL ug{ klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{Joj:yfn] ubf{ xfn}sf lbgdf cfP/ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf cTolws ;'/Iff ePsf] / o:tf] sf/0fn]b08lxgtfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .;]jfaf6 lgj[Q ePkl5 klg ;/sf/n] To:tf] sd{rf/Lsf] hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflulgj[Qe/0f nufotsf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] hLjgsf] ax'd"No ;do;/sf/L ;]jfdf ljtfpg] ePsf] x'Fbf lgj[Q hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of 6fg{sf] nflu ;/sf/n] ;]jf lgj[QePkl5sf] cjlwsf] nflu lglZrt ;x'lnot k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 .lghfdtL ;]jfsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf o;sf] Joj;flostf xf] . cfˆgf] ;]jf;+ u ;DalGwtsfg"gL k|fjwfg cg';f/ sfd ug]{, :jR5, lgikIf, :jtGq / ;]jfu|fxL k|lt pQ/bfoL ag]/ sfd ug]{h:tf ljlzi6Ls[t Jofj;flos u'0f x'g' lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Joj;flostf ;DaGwL ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\ .sltko sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf Joj;flos x'g ;s]sf] 5}g tfklg o;sf] d"ne"tcjwf/0ff Joj;flostf tkm{ pGd'v 5 .$= g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf / r'gf}tLg]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] rrf{ ubf{ o;sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf]ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ DofS; j]a/sf] sd{rf/LtGqsf] k|lt?k dflgPsf] sf/0fn]ubf{ o;sf] cfnf]rgf w]/} x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t eP/ ljZjs} Oltxf; x]g]{ xf]eg] klg lghfdtL ;]jf To:tf] ;+oGq xf] h;n] ;DalGwt b]zsf] ;xh Pj+ c;xh b'j} kl/l:yltdfhgtf÷;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;]jf / ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] x'G5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] 1fg, cg' ej/ pknAw ;"rgfsf] dfWodaf6 gLlt lgdf{0f sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf]

52

ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf of]hgf÷cfof]hgf÷sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/Lklg lghfdtL ;]jfdf g} /x]sf] x'G5 . b]zsf] zf;sLo Joj:yfsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] nflu lghfdtL;]jfn] cfˆgf] :yfgaf6 kof{Kt ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 .ljZjs} cg'ejnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfnf]rgf klg lgs} rsf]{ 9+un] x'g] u/]sf]kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf hgtf÷;]jfu|fxLk|lt ;Dj]bgzLn gePsf], k4ltsf] gfddf a9L k|lqmofd'vLx'g] u/]sf], kl/0ffdd'vL x'g g;s]sf], l9nf;':tLsf] pbfx/0f ag]sf] eGg] h:tf cf/f]kx¿ nfUg] u/]sf]kfOG5 . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv t lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsNk vf]Hg'kg]{ eGg] nx/ g} rNof] .lghfdtL ;]jfn] /fhg}lts g]t[Tj / gful/s ;dfhsf] tkm{af6 lgs} 7"nf] cfnf]rgfsf] ;fdgf klgug'{k¥of] . o;sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf ljleGg ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't gePsf Kflg xf]Ogg\ .36g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf klg ljZj jftfj/0fdf cfPsf] gofF nx/sf] xfjfaf6 d'Qm x' g ;s]g .o;sf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ s]nfpb} ;'wf/sf gofF sfo{qmdx¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf] klg xf] . t/ ;f]r] cg';f/;'wf/ x'g ;s]g . o;} kl/j]zdf g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] jf:tljs cj:yfsf] lrq0f ug{ o;sf;sf/fTds, gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] klxrfg / r'gf}tLx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 .$=! lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;an÷;sf/fTds kIflghfdtL ;]jfsf] rsf]{ cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] eP tfklg o; ;+oGqsf w]/} ;sf/fTds tyf;an kIfx¿ Kffpg ;lsG5 . ljZjdf g} lghfdtL ;]jfn] v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{x¿n]ljleGg ;sf/fTds kIfsf] jsfnt u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]g]{ xf] eg] klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf;sf/fTds kIfx¿ k|z:t /x]sf] kfOG5 .sfo{If]qsf b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf :k:6 5 . ;/sf/sf] sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{ljefhg lgodfjnLn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] If]qflwsf/ :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg gLltut b:tfj]h,lghfdtL ;]jf P]g tyf lgodfjnL, cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL P]g tyf lgodfjnL, :jfoQ zf;g P]gnufotsf sfg"gåf/f sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . s]xL ;do cl3 cWofb]zsf] ?kdf hf/L ePsf] tyf

53

xfn ;+;bdf ljrf/fwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;'zf;g -;+rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ ;DaGwL ljw]osn] dGqL/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf k|d'vx¿sf aLrsf] sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 .;]jf k|jfxsf] b[li6n] lghfdtL ;Ë7gsf] ;Ë7gfTds ;+oGq s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo tx;Ddlj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|df gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu dGqL÷dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ ;Nnfx / ;"rgf lbg]b]lv lnP/ufpF:t/df ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf ;lrj, :jf:Yo rf}sL, s[lif sfof{no nufotsf ;]jf k|jfx ug]{lgsfo;Dd lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . hgtfdf ;]jf k|jfx ug{ gful/s a8fkqsf]Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . gful/s a8fkqnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] st{Jokfngfsf] dfu{bz{gsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof lgikIf / ljZj;gLo /x]sf] 5 . of]Uotf k4ltsf]dfWodaf6 lgikIf?kdf of]Uo JolQmx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug{ / lghfdtL ;]jfsf ;DjGwdf k/fdz{ k|bfg ug{pRr zfv;lxtsf] nf]s ;] jf cfof]u h:tf] ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf]/fhg}lts cj:yf clt g} t/n /x]sf] ljutsf] ljleGg cj;/df klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] d"No/ dfGotfdf vnn x'g lbPg h;n] ubf{ lzlIft g]kfnLx¿sf] e/f];fsf] s]Gb|laGb"sf] ?kdf cfof]u/lx/xg ;kmn eof] .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]lgikIf 5gf}6sf] sf/0f ahf/df pknAw dWo]sf of]Uo JolQmx¿ lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf 5g\ .;]jfdf k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 tfnLd / :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL cWoog ;d]tsf] cj;/n] lghfdtLsd{rf/LnfO{ cem of]Uo aGg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf] dfWodaf6dflyNnf] kb;Dd 5gf}6 ug]{ / cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf ;d]tdf k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] lg/Gt/cWoogsf] cj;/ ldNgfn] g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf of]Uo sd{rf/Lsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 .37g]kfndf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ s]Gb|Lo sd{rf/Llgsfosf] ?kdf sfg"gåf/f Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;du| ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgdf ;/sf/L

54

gLltsf] Ps?ktf sfod ug{ w]/} xb;Dd ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 .sfg"gåf/f g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jsx¿sf] :yfloTj, lg/Gt/tf / ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf]5 . s'g}klg sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug'{ cl3 nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf /;]jfsf] ;'/Iff;DaGwL cGo Joj:yfn] ubf{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿df ;]jfk|lt pRr cfb/ /x]sf]kfOG5 . o;}u/L kfl/>ldssf b[li6n] sdhf]/ /x]klg lghfdtL ;]jsx¿sf] ;fdflhs k|lti7f cGo;]jf jf If]qsf] t'ngfdf pRr /x]sf] dflgG5 .lghfdtL ;]jfdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] Joj:yfn] lghfdtL ;]jfdfJofj;flostf k|j4{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, ;Lk ljsf; /Jojxf/ut kl/jt{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .g}ltstfsf b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ xf] eg] lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg lghfdtL ;]jfP]g, lgoddf cfr/0f;DaGwL ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] lx8fpg, pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] bIf / k|efjsf/L k|of]u eP÷gePsf] k/LIf0fug{ /fHo Joj:yf ;ldlt, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefu / clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .g]kfnsf] /f]huf/ ahf/df lghfdtL ;]jf cfsif{s ;]jfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ljZjljBfnosfclwsf+z of]Uo ljBfyL{x¿sf] klxnf] k|fyldstf lghfdtL ;]jf g} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;]jfdf k|j]zul/;s]kl5 klg cWoognfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / /fd|f pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .lghfdtL ;]jfdf k]zfut xslxtsf] nflu ;f}bfjfhL / k|j4{g ug{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf];Ë7g÷o'lgog vf]Ng / ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;+u7g÷o'lgogsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k|z:t of]ubfg lbg ;s]sf] pbfx/0f g]kfnLlghfdtL ;]jfdf kfOG5 .$=@ lghfdtL ;]jfsf gsf/fTds÷sdhf]/ kIfg]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ s:tf] agfpg] eg]/ :ki6 vfsf ;lxtsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf]

55

cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;'wf/sf gfddf w]/} k|of;x¿ ePsf] eP tfklg tL k|of;x¿ ;kmn x'gg;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .lghfdtL ;]jfdf Jofks /fhgLlts/0f ePsf]] 5 . o;n] ubf{ lgikIf eP/ sfo{ ug{ rfxg]lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ lgl/x ag]sf 5g\ . sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts bnx¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{stf{sf]?kdf k|of]u ug]{, cfˆgf] ljrf/;+u ;xdt geP s} cfwf/df of]Uo sd{rf/LnfO{ klg ljZjf; gug]{,/fhg}lts :jfy{sf nflu k|of]u ug]{ h:tf ljs[ltx¿sf] ;fdgf lghfdtL ;]jfn] ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .k]zfut ;+3÷;+u7gsf] dfWodaf6 /fhg}lts bnx¿n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf /fhgLlts/0f u/]sf 5g\ .o:tf ;+3÷;+u7gx¿ /fhg}lts bnsf] eft[;+u7gsf] ?kdf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ .38lghfdtL ;]jf cg'zf;g, ;]jfefj, OdfGbfl/tf, lgikIftf, :jR5tf, Joj;flostf h:tfcfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotf (Values and Norms)df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ ;] jf eP klg g]kfnsf] lghfdtL;]jfn] o; ;]jfsf ;j{dfGo d"No dfGotfx¿sf] kfngf, k|j4{g / ;+:yfut ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] wd{ cg';f/sf sfd ug{ af/Daf/ r'Sg] u/]sf] 5 . æJolQmut :jfy{Æ,æcfˆgf] dfG5]Æ, æef]lnjfbÆ, æx;\ xh'/Æ, h:tf ;+:sf/df lghfdtL ;]jf /dfpg] u/]sf] 5 . ;Dkflbtclwsf+z sfo{x¿ JolQmut ;Dks{, lrghfg / eg;'gsf] cfwf/df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf]sfo{;Dkfbg:t/nfO{ k'/:sf/ / b08;Fu cfj4 ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lg0f{ok|lqmof ckf/bzL{ / a9L k|lqmofd'vL eO{ ;]jfk|jfx glthfd'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5} g . log} ljleGgsf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfnf]rgf x'g] u/]sf] xf] .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfleq dfgj ;+ ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . hgzlQmof]hgf agfpg], hgzlQm ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] / ljBdfg hgzlQmsf] ;b' kof]u ug]{ h:tf sfo{dflghfdtL ;]jfn] Wofg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf clwsf+z kbx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f,clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L :ki6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . h] hlt sfo{x¿ :ki6 ePsf 5g\ ltgsf] sfof{Gjogdfk|efjsfl/tf cfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;dofg's'n cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ g;Sbf

56

egf{, 5gf}6, ;]jf zt{ / cg';Gwfg h:tf ljifodf o; cfof]usf] e"ldsf ;do cg'?k ;an x'g;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;]jfleq kb:yfkg, ;?jf, tflnd / a9'jfh:tf kIfx¿nfO{ k4ltd"ns /cg'dfgof]Uo agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . a9'jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf k"0f{tof kf/bzL{ tyf of]Uotf k|0ffnLdfcfwfl/t aGg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ of] kIf ;b}j cfnf]rgfsf] lzv/df /xg] u/]sf]5 .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffdf sdL x'g'sf] ;fy} dgf]an x|f;f]Gd'v 5 . lghfdtL;]jf Go"g j]tgsf] l:yltaf6 u|l;t 5 . o;}sf] sf/0f ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L cfo>f]tsf] j}slNkspkfosf] vf]hLdf nfUg] u/]sf] xf] eGg] ul/G5 .$=# lghfdtL ;]jfsf] r'gf}tLg]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;] jfn] w]/} lsl;dsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . /fhg}ltscl:y/tfdf sfd ug'{kg]{ jfWotf, bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cefjdf ;]jfdf eO/xg] 6'qm] kl/jt{gaf6 d'Qmx'g] ljifo, ;+;f/el/ k|zf;lgs cjwf/0ffdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;+u ;fd~h:otf ug]{ ljifo,hgpQ/bfloTjsf] lgjf{x tyf hgrfxgfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug]{ bfloTj, ;dfj]zLs/0f / of]Uotf k|0ffnL aLrtfbfTDotf sfod ug]{ ljifo, Joj;flostfsf] ljsf; ug]{ ljifo, lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf];f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug]{ ljifo cflb g]kfnsf] jt{dfg lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .%= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;Defjgf / ;'wf/sf If]qx¿Gf]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf xfnsf] cj:yfdf /x]/ cl:tTjsf] /Iff ug{ ;dy{ x'g ;St}g eGg]s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g]5}g . /fHo;+rfngdf o;sf] e"ldsf ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] eP tfklg ;dosf] dfucg'?k rNg'kg]{ jfWotf o;nfO{ k/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+efjgf /;'wf/sf If]qx¿sf] ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .39%=! lghfdtL ;]jf ljsNk/lxt ;]jfWf]/} lsl;dsf cfnf]rgf tyf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ eP klg lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljsNk g} k|:t't x'g];+efjgf eg] b]lvPsf] 5}g . o;sf] :j?kdf ;fdfGo kl/jt{g x'g ;S5, sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g x'g;S5,

57

e"ldsf kl/jt{g x'g ;S5 t/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsNk eg] x'g ;St}g . lghfdtL ;]jf cfkm}+n]cfkm"nfO{ ;dosf] dfu cg'?k hg;]jfd'vL, kl/jt{gd'vL / glthfd'vL agfpg' eg] cfjZos 5 .%=@ ;'wf/sf ;+efjgfx¿lghfdtL ;]jf ;b}j ;'wf/sf ;Defjgf af]s]/ a;]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0f cg's"n x'gf;fylghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ePsf] ljZj Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 . g]kfn k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9]sf]jt{dfg cj:yfdf lghfdtL ;]jf nf]stflGqs kl/kf6L cg'?k ;'wf/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]5 . x/]s ljifodf ;xdlt sfod ub}{ cl3 al9/x]sf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;+rfng /;'wf/df klg ;xdlt klxNofpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . /fHosf] nf]stflGqs/0f;Fu} lghfdtL;]jfnfO{ klg Jofj;flos, :jR5 / ultzLn t'Nofpg /fhg}lts ;xdlt / ;dembf/L sfod ug{;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .%=# ;'wf/÷kl/jt{gsf If]qx¿:yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf kl/lrt lghfdtL ;]jf /fHo ;+rfngsf] d]?b08 xf] . o; ;]jfsf] wd{g} /fHo ;+rfngdf lg/Gt/tf lbg' / ;/sf/df x'g] cfjlws kl/jt{gaf6 hgtfdf kg{ ;Sg] l/Qmtfsf]cg'ejaf6 arfpg' xf] . o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ ljifonfO{ xn'sflsl;dn] lng' x'Fb}g . o; ;]jfsf d"ne"t ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f ;lxtsf] ;'wf/k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / sd{rf/L k|zf;g aLrsf] ;DaGw :ki6 ug'{cfjZos b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ljifo sd{rf/Ln] cfkm}+n] cfˆgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug'{cfjZos 5 . o;;DaGwdf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ljifonfO{ oxfF pNn]v ug'{ ;fGble{s b]lvG5 ./0fgLlts of]hgf agfpg] M clxn]sf] k|lt:kwL{ o'udf /0fgLlts of]hgf ljgf s'g} klg ;+oGq rNg;St}g . o;} n] jt{dfgdf k|zf;g ;DaGwL :ki6 b[li6sf]0f ;lxtsf] bL3{sfnLg k|zf;lgs gLlt tof/u/L To;sf] cfwf/df k|zf;g ;'wf/ ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg' k|d'v cfjZostf xf] . o; lsl;dsf]bL3{sfnLg gLlt gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;b}j JolQmut :jfy{;+u ;DalGwt ljifox¿n] k|>o kfpg]

58

u/]sf 5g\ . lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf k|jfxdf s;/L k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg],sd{rf/Ln] gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ pko'Qm ;Nnfx / ;"rgf lbg] Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L e/kbf]{ agfpg],lghfdtL ;]jfleq hgzlQm Joj:yfkgdf s;/L k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] cfr/0f /Jojxf/df kl/jt{g NofO{ ;Rrf hg;]jssf] ?kdf s;/L :yflkt ug]{ / lghfdtL ;]jfleq k'/:sf/ /b08sf] Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] ljifonfO{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rn] ;d]6\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 ./fhgLlts JolQm / k|zf;s aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf :ki6 ug]{ M nf]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] e"ldsfdxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] nf]stGqdf hgtfsf] efjgfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'G5 . /fhg}ltsg]t[Tjn] rfx]sf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ / lgld{t gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ lghfdtL ;]jf ;b}jtTk/ /xg'k5{ . o;sf] dtnj ljBdfg P]g sfg"g / sfo{If]qsf] pNn+3g u/]/ lghfdtL ;]jfn]40/fhg}lts g]t[TjnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ jfWo x'g'kg]{ eGg] xf]Og . clxn]sf] cfjZostf eg]sf] /fhgLlt /k|zf;gsf aLr ;DaGw / ;Ldf :ki6 u/L oL b'O{sf] ;fd"lxs / ;f}xfb{k"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] dfWodaf6zf;g Joj:yfdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg' xf] . o;sf] nflu zf;g Joj:yf ;+rfng ;DaGwL 5'§} P]gsf]lgdf{0f u/L nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfaf6 dGqL / k|zf;sx¿sf sfo{If]q, clwsf/,st{Jo / pQ/bfloTj lglZrt ug]{, oL b'O{ aLrsf] ;DaGw / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{ / sfo{ ;+rfngdfbf]xf]/f]kg tyf låljwf x6fO{ zf;g ;+rfngdf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg'cfjZos 5 . Psn] csf]{nfO{ bf]if nufP/ cfˆgf] sdhf]/L n'sfpg] kl/kf6LnfO{ tTsfn /f]Sg} kg]{b]lvG5 .sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug]{ M lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu lghfdtL ;]jsx¿n]cfˆgf] ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 . ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿sf] pbfx/0f x]g]{ xf] eg]lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/df lghfdtL ;]jsx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] kfOG5 . l5d]sL b]z ef/tnufot hfkfg, O6fnL, k|mfG;, yfONof08 h:tf b]zsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf cl:y/ /x]sf] j]nf lghfdtL

59

sd{rf/Lsf] cfˆg} k|of;df ;'wf/ ePsf] / tL b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;b}j k|efjsf/L /x]sf] pbfx/0f5 . lghfdtL ;]jsx¿n] hgtfsf] rfxgf / /fi6«sf] ;+j]bgzLntfk|lt ;hu /x]/ cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo/ clwsf/ cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{df hf]8 lbg'k5{ . ;du| lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ aLr Pstf, ;dGjo,;xsfo{ / ;xof]u cfjZos k5{ . o; lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug{ ;s]df lghfdtL ;]jfdf :jtM ;'wf/sf]k|lqmof cl3 a9\g ;St5 .g]kfnsf] k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] ljlwsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4 (Commitment to the rule ofLaw), OdfGbfl/tf / g}ltstf (Honesty and Integritty), lg0f{o / sfo{k|lt pQ/bfoL (Accountableto Decision and Actions), bnut ?kdf /fhg}lts t6:ytf (Neutrality fron Party Politics),;fj{hlgs sfo{df lgikIftf ( Impartiality in the Execution of Public Functions), ;d'bfosf] ;]jfdfnugzLntf, Jofj;flostf, tTk/tf (Dedication, Professionalism and diligence in serving thecommunity) h:tf Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ ;s]df lghfdtL ;]jfdf :jtM k|efjsfl/tf cfpg ;S5 .o:tf Jojxf/hGo ljifox¿df ;+/rgf, sfg"g jf gLlt agfP/ dfq ;'wf/ ug{ g;lsg] tYonfO{ dgg\ub}{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;'wf/ cfkm}+ ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg' cfjZos eO ;s]sf] 5 . o;lsl;dsf] Jojxf/ ug]{ xf] eg] jfXo jftfj/0fn] gsf/fTds k|efj kfg}{ ;St}g .^= pk;+xf/Nff]stGqdf lghfdtL ;]jf :jtGq, :jfoQ / dof{lbt x'g'k5{ . cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nLnf]stflGqs dfGotf cg'?k x'g'k5{ . dflns jf xflsdsf] /jfkm xf]Og hgtfsf] ;]jssf] ?kdfcfkm"nfO{ 9fNg ;Sg'k5{ . kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ / kl/0ffdk|lt Wofg lbg] sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; ug'{cfjZos 5 . /fhg}lts bnx¿k|lt ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw /fVg ;Sg'k5{ t/ bnut /fhg}lts;+nUgtfaf6 cnu /xg klg ;Sg'k5{ . P]g, lgodsf] kfngf / gLlt lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cu|;//xg] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos 5 . oL ;a} s'/f lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]r / Jojxf/af6 ;'wf/x'g] ljifo x'g\ .41

60

g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jf of]Uox¿sf] afx'No eP/ klg sfo{;Dkfbg:t/ sdhf]/ /x]sf] egL;a}lt/af6 cfnf]lrt 5 . o;sf k5fl8 /fhg}lts cl:y/tfnfO{ k|d'v sf/0f dflgP klg lghfdtLsd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfˆg} ;f]rfOdf kl/jt{g x'g g;Sg'n] a9L cfnf]lrt x'g k/]sf] xf] eGbf cTo'lQm x'g]b]lv+b}g . ;]jfefj, kl/jt{gf]Gd'v / glthfd'vL x'g] ;f]rfOsf ;fy ljBdfg sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ug]{ k|of; ug{ ;s]df o; b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jf ;a}sf] k|z+;fsf] kfq aGg ;Sg] 5 . hgtfn]g]kfnsf] jt{dfg nf]stflGqs Joj:yf cg'?ksf] cfr/0f / Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff klg o:t} u/]sf 5g\ .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿!= ;j{1fg d~r @)^) k'; c+s@= k|zf;g klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .#= lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .$= ;f]kfg klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .%= Ao'/f]qm];L klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ .^= sfdfb klqsfsf ljleGg c+ sx¿ .&= www.worldbank.org*= www.oecd.org(= www.un.org!)= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] bzjif]{ ;f]rkq ;DaGwL sfo{bndf ePsf] 5nkmn .

sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jf cGtu{tsf];d"xdf /flvg' slt cf}lrTjk"0f{ < /fds'df/ cfrfo{ .;f/f+z/fHon] k|jfx ug{] ;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0fTdstfsf nflu hgzlQmsf] ljlzi6Ls/0f cfjZoskb{5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg ;]jf tyf ;d"xsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ul/G5 . Gofo ;]jf cGtu{tsf] sfg"g ;d"x Pp6fo:tf] ;d"x xf] h;n] Goflos k|s[ltsf] sfo{;Dkfbg gu/L sfo{sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ p;sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . o; ;d"xsf] j[lQk|zf;g / sfo{k|zf;g cnu cnu lgsfon] ub}{ cfPsfn] ;d"xdf;+nUg hgzlQmsf] j[lQ ljsf; / dgf]jndf gsf/fTds c;/ kg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;y{ sfo{k|zf;g /

61

j[lQk|zf;g cnu cnu lgs oaf6 x'g' ;}4flGts, sfg"gL Pj+ Jofjxfl/s ?kdf klg pko'Qm x'b}g . To;}n]o;nfO{ Gofo ;]jfaf6 cnu u/L 5'§} ;]jf jf ;d"x agfpg' plrt b]lvG5 .f;]jf u7gsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfb]zsf] k|zf;g ;+rfng ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZos ;]jfx¿ u7g ug]{ / To:tf;]jfx¿sf] u7g, ;+rfng / ;]jfsf zt{x¿ P]gåf/f lgwf{l/t u/] adf]lhd x'g] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] efjgf cg'?k g]kfn lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( cfPsf] / pQmP]gsf] bkmf # n] g]kfn Gofo ;]jf, g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf, g]kfn cfly{s of]hgf tyf tYof+s ;]jf,g]kfn OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf, g]kfn s[lif ;]jf nufotsf ljleGg ;]jfx¿sf] u7g u/]sf] 5 . lghfdtL;]jf P]gdf ePsf ljleGg ;+zf]wgx¿af6 ;]jfx¿sf] ;+Vofdf km]/abn klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .o;} cg'?k klxnf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t /x]sf ;+;b ;]jf / :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿nfO{ a]Un} P]g agfO{lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t u7g x'g] afx]ssf ;]jfx¿sf] ?kdf u7g x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .;d"x u7gsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf/fHon] k|jfx ug{ rfx]sf] ;]jfnfO{ u'0ffTds / k|efjsf/L agfpg ljlzli6s[t ;]jfx¿ u7gug]{ p4]Zo cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] ljleGg ;]jfx¿sf] u7g u/]sf] kfOG5 . P]gaf6 g} u7gul/Psf o:tf ljleGg ;]jfx¿nfO{ cem ljlzli6s[t ug]{ Wo]on] ;]jf cGtu{t klg tf]lsP adf]lhdsfljleGg ;d"x / ;d"x cGtu{t klg ljleGg pk;d"xx¿ u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf lghfdtL ;]jfP]gsf] bkmf ^ n] u/]sf] 5 . pQm bkmf ^ sf] Joj:yf cg'?k lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) sf]cg';"rL # df ljleGg ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;d"x / pk;d"xx¿sf] u7g ePsf 5g . To;}u/L lghfdtL;]jf P]gsf] bkmf &% n] ;/sf/n] æ;a} lghfdtL ;]jfx¿df ;fdfGo ¿kn] nfu" x'g] jf a]Unfa]Un};]jf jf ;d"xsf] nflu k[ys¿kn] nfu" x'g] lgodx¿ agfpgÆ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg'?klghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf k|To]s ;]jfx¿nfO{ k[ys ?kn] nfu" x'g] u/L ljleGg ( j6f ;]jfsf

62

u7g, ;d"x tyf >]0fL ljefhg / lgo'lQm lgodx¿ agfO{ nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;j} lgodx¿n]. ;x ;lrj, g]kfn sfg"g ;'wf/ cfof]u .43klg lghfdtL ;]jf leqsf ljleGg ;d"x / pk;d"xsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm sfg"gLk[i7e"lddf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfdf Gofo ;d"x, sfg"g ;d"x / ;/sf/L jlsn ;d"xx¿ cl:tTjdf /x]sf5g .sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ Gofo;]jf cGtu{t /flvg' ctfls{s / cg'ko'Qmdfly j0f{g ul/P cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfleqsf ;d"x / pk;d"xx¿sf] ljefhg ug]{ sfd;+ljwfg / P]gn] gu/L P]g cGtu{t ag]sf lgodx¿n] u/]sf x'g\ . ;f]xL cg'?k sfg"g ;d"xnfO{g]kfn Gofo ;] jf cGtu{tsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fVg] sfd ;+ljwfg jf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf]xf]Og— h:tf] ls w]/}nfO{ o;af/]df e|d /x]sf] b]lvG5 . :jo+ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] u7g klg;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yfg';f/ ePsf] xf]Og . ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;]jfsf /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm,;?jf, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu Gofo ;]jf cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf ;Dd u/]sf]5 . g]kfn Gofo;]jfsf] u7g eg] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gaf6 g} ePsf] xf] . P]gn] klg ;d"xx¿ tf]Sg] sfdlgodfjnLx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/] cg'?k g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfO{ sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfcGtu{t /fVg] sfd u/]sf] xf] . o;/L sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo;]jf cGtu{t /flvg' ljBdfg;+j}wflgs Joj:yf nufot ts{ / cf}lrTosf lx;fjn] klg pko'Qm b]lvFb}g .sfd sfo{sfl/0fL, gfd / lgoGq0f Gofokflnsfsf]• sfg"g ;d"x, Gofo ;DaGwL k|s[ofdf lsl~rt klg ;+nUg 5}gM Goflos k|s[ofsf] s'g} klgljGb"df sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] lsl~rt klg ;+nUgtf x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . of] ;d"xsfsd{rf/Lx¿ GofoLs k|s[ofdf kIf jf ljkIf eP/ k|:t't x'Fb}gg\ . ;/sf/ klg d'4fsf] kIf jfljkIf x'g;Sb5 t/ sfg"g ;d"xn] ;/sf/L jlsnn] h:tf] ;/sf/sf] kIfdf s'g} lnvt n]Vg],k|df0f h'6fOlbg], jofg, askqdf ;+nUg x'g], k|lt/Iff ug]{, cleof]u nufpg] jf dfu bfjLug]{ h:tf k]zfut bIftfsf lx;fjn] sfg"g adf]lhd clwsf/ kfPsf] x'Fb}g . g t o;n]

63

GofofwLzn] h:tf] kIf ljkIfsf s'/f ;'g]/ k|df0fsf] gfkhf]v u/L km};nf ;'gfpg] sfd g}ub{5 . sfg"g ;d"xn] cbfntsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] h:tf] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfddfGofod"lt{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfd klg ub}{g . a? k|zf;g ;]jf / cGo sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsfjg, lzIff, s[lif h:tf ;]jfdf /xg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] cw{GofoLs lgsfodf /x]/ Gofo ;Dkfbgul//x]sf x'g;Sb5g t/ sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] GofoLs ;Dkfbgsf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g]cj:yf 5}g .• sfg"g ;d"x, sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] sfddf ;+nUg x'g]M sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfg"g,Gofo / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{t /xL sfd ub{5g . ;f] dGqfnon] ;/sf/sf cGodGqfnox¿ h:t} g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / sfo{;Dkfbg ;DaGwL lgodfjnLx¿adf]lhd sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pQm lgodx¿n] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yfdGqfnonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] sfof{b]znfO{ d"ntM lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f u/L x]g{ ;lsG5M• sfg"gsf] d;f}bf / ;Dkfbg ;DaGwLM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 tof/ kfl/g] sfg"gx¿ -P]g,lgod, ljlgod, cfb]z cflb_ sf] d:of}bf / ;Dkfbg ug]{ .44• ;lGw ;Demf}tf / dfgjflwsf/ ;DaGwLM g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf x'g] låkIfLo jf ax'kIfLo ;lGw;Demf}tfx¿sf] d;f}bf / ;Dkfbg ug]{ tyf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ dfgjflwsf/;DaGwL sfddf ;+nUg /xg] .• sfg"gL /fo ;DaGwLM ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfonfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] sfg"gLk|Zgdf dfu eP adf]lhd /fo k|bfg ug]{ . o;n] Goflos lgsfonfO{ /fo k|bfg ub}{g .• ;Dks{ ;DaGwLM o; dGqfnon] ljwflosfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+;b / Gofokflnsfsf] ?kdf /x]sf]cbfntsf] ;Dks{ dGqfnosf] ?kdf sfd u/L /fHosf oL b'O{ k|d'v lgsfox¿nfO{ /fHosf]csf]{ k|d'v lgsfo sfo{sfl/0fL;+usf] ;DaGwnfO{ hf]8\g] ;]t'sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .oL dflysf s'g} klg sfdx¿ Goflos k|s[of;+u ;DalGwt 5}gg . clkt', k"0f{tM

64

sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf 5g . ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 sfg"g lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg /xg', /fo ;Nnfxk|bfg ug'{, ;GwL ;Demf}tf / ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 dfgjflwsf/ ;DaGwL sfd ug'{ cfbL ljz'4?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs sfd ;+u tfbfTDo /fVb5g . s;}nfO{ e|d x'g;S5 ls /folbg] sfd Goflos xf] eg]/ . /fo jfWosf/L gx'g] / of] ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg u/]/ km};nflbg] sfd gePsf] x'Fbf Goflos xf]Og . of] sfd t cGo ;j} ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klglgoldt lg0f{o k|s[ofsf ;Gbe{df ul//x]sf x'G5g .• sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfodf /xL sfd ub{5gM sfg"g;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfg"g, Gofo / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnodf dfq geO{ Gofokflnsfafx]ssf sfo{sfl/0fL / ;+;b tkm{sf ljleGg lgsfox¿df /xL sfd ug]{ ub{5g . ;/sf/sfljleGg dGqfno, ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿ / ;+;b ;lrjfnodf /xL o; ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{;Dkfbg / sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnLx¿n] ;'lDkP cg';f/sf sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf] sfddf;+nUg x'g'kb{5 . ;f] afx]s To:tf lgsfox¿df b}lgs k|zf;lgs sfddf klg ;+nUg /xg],;+:yfg, af]8{ cflbsf ;+rfns ;ldltdf ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sfdx¿df o;;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko cj:yfdf ljleGg dGqfno / ;/sf/Llgsfodf lgldQ ;lrj jf k|d'v e} k|zf;g jf ljleGg zfvf jf dxfzfvfsf] sfd u/]sf]clg k|jStf ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L oL ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] k"/f ul//x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 .lgodfjnL agfpFbf g} ulNt ul/of]dfly klg ;+s]t ePs} 5 ls ;+ljwfgdf Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ efudf Gofo;]jfcfof]u ;DaGwL k|fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 Gofo ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf Gofokflnsfsf] :jtGqtf/ lgikIftf sfod /fVg nlIft /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgn] Gofokflnsf cGtu{t sfd ug]{sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu Gofo;]jf /xg] / ltgLx¿nfO{ sfo{kflnsLo lgoGq0faf6 ;'/lIft /fVg] cfzo

65

/fv]sf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgn] sxL st} klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yfdGqfno cGtu{t sfd ug]{ sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofo;]jf cGtu{t /fVg] dgzfo /fv]sf] 5}gg t lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] g} sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] 5 .o;/L ;+ljwfgn] Gofokflnsf cGtu{t Gofo;]jfsf] kl/sNkgf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] efjgfljk/Lt lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL agfObfsf avt sfo{sfl/0fLtkm{ sfd ug]{ / GofoLs k|s[ofdf45lslGrt klg ;+nUg g/xg] sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Gofo;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fVg]ulNt ul/of] .g]kfn Gofo;]jfdf sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqLsf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] eP tfklgGofofklnsf tkm{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsf lg0ff{os /xg] cj:yf 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Pp6fdGqLsf] ?kdf sfg"g dGqLn] cfˆg} dGqfno cGtu{t sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf nufotljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{ ;d]t g;Sg], To;sf nflu klg Gofo;]jf cfof]usf] d'v tfSg' kg]{lj8Dagfo'Qm cj:yf ;[hgf ul/Psf] 5 . zfob o:tf] cj:yf cGo s'g} klg dlGqnfO{ x'Fb}g .;+ljwfgsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPsf] eP Gofokflnsfdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{dfq ;d]6\g] u/L g]kfn Gofo ;]jfnfO{ ;+;b ;]jf h:t} cnUu} P]gaf6 u7g ul/g' kg]{ lyof] . o;nfO{lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{tsf] ;]jf agfOg' g} x'g] lyPg . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g agfObfsf] ;dodfsfg"g dGqfno cGtu{t sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu cGo ;]jfx¿ h:t} cnu æg]kfn sfg"g ;]jfÆu7g ul/Psf] lyof] eg] plrt x'g ;SbYof] . t/ To;f] klg ul/Pg . P]g cGtu{tsf] lghfdtL ;]jflgodfjnL lgdf{0f ubf{ sfg"g ;]jf gagfO{ sfg"g ;d"x agfpg] wf/0ff lnOof] . oxf;Dd klg uNtLx'g glbg] ;Defjgf lyof] obL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{tsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /flvPsf] lyof] eg] . t/To;f] gu/L sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] ;d"xnfO{ gfd sfg"g ePsf] gftfn] dfq Gofokflnsf;Fu cfa4

66

;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xdf /fVg] unt sfd x'g uof] .sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ Gofo ;]jf cGtu{t /fVg] uNtLsf b"ikl/0ffdx¿• a[lQ ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/M sfg"gtM g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;lrj :t/sf] kbs'g} ;]jf ;d"xsf] nflu dfq xf]Og . of] lghfdtL ;]jf cGtu{tsf ;j} ;]jf ;d"xx¿sf];femf kb xf] . t/ Jojxf/df ;lrj :t/sf] kbdf g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfaf6 clwsflws k"lt{ul/g] cEof; /x]sf] 5 . ckjfbfTds ?kdf jg, s[lif, lzIff h:tf k|fljlws ;]jfx¿af6 klg;lrj :t/df a9'jf x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] xsdf a]Un} ;lrj :t/sfkbx¿ ;[hgf ePsf / ;f] ;]jfaf6 dfq tL kbx¿df a9'jf x'g] cj:yf 5 . Gofo;]jfcGtu{t /flvPsf afx]s g]kfn ;/sf/sf cGo ;lrj :t/sf] kbdf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfaf6k"lt{ ul/g] ul/Psf] 5}g . o; Joj:yfaf6 g]kfn Gofo ;]jf cGtu{t /flvPsf] sfg"g ;d"xsfsd{rf/Lx¿ gsf/fTds ?kn] k|efljt x'g k'u]sf 5g\ .• sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nof+sg Pp6fsf] a9'jfsf] d"Nof+sg csf{n] ug]{M sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfox¿df sfd ubf{sf] ;dodf ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf];'kl/j]If0f / k'g/fjnf]sg Gofo ;]jf afx]ssf sd{rf/Laf6 x'g] u/]sf] eP tfklg To;sfcfwf/df x'g] a9' jfaf6 pgLx¿nfO{ cnu /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;du| Gofo ;]jfsf]gfddf sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfocGtu{tsf ;lrj :t/sf] kbdf a9'jf x'gaf6 alGrt x'g' k/]sf] 5 .46• slgi7 Ho]i7 x'g] / Ho]i7 slgi7 x'g] cj:yf cfpg]M Psflt/ Pp6} lgsfodf sfg"g ;d"xsf]s'g} JolQm ;x;lrj / csf]{ ;d"xsf] JolQm pk;lrj e} sfd u/]sf]df lgh pk;lrj;x;lrj e} To;sf] kfFr ;ft jif{df g} ;lrj eP/ cfpg] t/ cfkm" eg] afx| t]x| jif{;Ddklg ;x;lrj g} /xg] cj:yf clxn] g} b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]glgodn] ;lrj kbdf a9'jf x'g lbPsf] ;du| cj;/af6 sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ al~rtePsf] lgl/xtfk"j{s 6'n'6'n x]l//xg' k/]sf] 5 .

67

• bf]xf]/f] pQ/bfloTjsf] ;[hgfM sfo{sfl/0fL tkm{sf ljleGg lgsfodf sfd ug]{ sfg"g ;d"xsfsd{rf/Lx¿n] sfd g} ug'{ k/]sf] lgsfo Gofokflnsf tkm{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ lg0ff{ose"ldsfdf /xg] Gofo;] jf k|lt ;d]t cgfjZos ?kn] pQ/bfoL x'g' k/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{c:ki6 jf eb|uf]n pQ/bfloTjsf] cj:yf ;[hgf x'g k'u]sf] 5, h'g :j:Yo k| zf;gsf]cju'0f dflgG5 . Pp6} JolQmn] sfo{sfl/0fL tkm{sf dGqL, d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ;x;lrjcflb k|lt b}lgs ?kn] pQ/bfoL x'g' kg]{ cj:yf 5 eg] a9'jfsf nflu clGtd d"Nof+sg,;?jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxL h:tf ;/sf/fTds / gsf/fTds pTk|]/0ffsf kIfdf Gofo;]jf tkm{d'v tfSg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfsf sf/0f slxn] sfFxL Gofo;]jfsf kbflwsf/Ln]sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ x]g]{ wf/0ff klg e]befjhGo /x]sf] kfpg] ul/Psf] 5 .kl/0ffd :j?k ptfsfn] -Gofo;]jfsf lg0ff{ os kIfx¿n]_ otfsf dfGg] otfsfn] -sfo{sfl/0fLtkm{sfn]_ ptfsf dfGg] l:ylt ;d]t ef]Ug' k/]sf] 5 .• /fHon] k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ g;s]sf]M sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{kflnsf /Gofokflnsf tkm{sf] bf]xf]/f] pQbfloTjsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf sf/0f o; ;d"xsfsd{rf/Lx¿n] st} kl§ klg :jfldTjefj -Ownership_ sf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg .pgLx¿df Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] ;+nUgtfsf] cfef; klg dg{ ;s]sf] 5}g eg] sfo{kflnsLowªwªL klg lhjGt /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L :jfldTjefj g} ljsf; x'g gkfPsfsd{rf/Lx¿af6 /fHon] pgLx¿sf] Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] :jtMl;4 x'G5 . Psflt/ckjfbfTds ?kddf lhNnf Gofolwzdf lgo'lQm kfPsf] sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n]cbfnttkm{ sfd u/]sf] cg'ejsf sdLsf sf/0f Gofolwzsf] e"ldsfdf v/f] pqg g;Sg]cj:yf x'g ;Sg] / csf]{ lt/ sfo{sfl/0fL tkm{ klg Gofo;]jfsf] wªwªLsf sf/0f sfg"g;d"xsf sd{rf/Lsf] k"0f{ Ifdtfsf] pkof]u ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf b]vf kb{5 . oxfFg]/ k|Zg

68

cfˆgf] ;]jfsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfodf /xL ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] sfd u/]sf sfg"g;d"xsf sd{rf/LnfO{ Gofoflwz agfOPg / ToxfF pgLxsf] Ifdtfsf] pkof]u x'g ;s]g eGg]xf]Og clkt', pgLx¿sf] bIftf / Ifdtfsf] pkof]u sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] sfddf x'g' kb{Yof]Tolt x'g ;s]g eGg] dfq xf] .uNtL ;Rofpg] k|Zgx¿lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/sf cfwf/df sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fLtkm{sf] ;]jf ;d"xdf kl/0ftug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .47• sfg"g ;d"x, sfo{sfl/0fL, ljwflosL / Goflos dWo] s'g lgsfo;+u d]n vfG5 < s'g} klglgsfon] ug]{ sfdsf cfwf/df g} ;f] lgsfonfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL, ljwflosL jf Goflos s'gk|s[ltsf] xf] eg]/ 5'6\ofOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ sfg"g, Gofo / ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf]sfdnfO{ sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] eg]/ 5'6\ofpg ;fdfGo ;demsf] dflg;nfO{ klg cK7\of/f] kg]{5}g . o;/L dGqfnosf] sfd r}+ sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf] x'g] clg To:sf] sfof{b]znfO{sfof{Gjog ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{+ Gofo;]jfdf /xg] u/L 5'6\ofOg' cfkm}+df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ b]vfkb{5 .• sfg"g ;d"xsf] sfd kmf}hL, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws s] xf] < /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL k|s[ltsf]sfd klg kmf}hL, k|zf;lgs / k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] x'g] ub{5 . sfg"g ;d"xn] ub}{ u/]sf] sfdkmf}hL / k|fljlws xf]Og eg]/ eGgnfO{ s'g} ts{sf] ;xf/f lnO/xg' kb}{g . of] :jtM ;/sf/sf]k|zf;lgs k|s[ltsf] sfd ;+u ;DalGwt b]lvg cfpF5 .• n]vf ;d"x k|zf;g ;]jfsf] Ps ;d"x x'g ;Sg] t/ sfg"g ;d"x lsg x'g g;Sg] <M clxn]lgtfGt n]vfsf] lx;fj lstfj;Fu ;DalGwt x'g] / s'g} klg tfTko{n] dGqfno cGtu{tsf]sd{rf/L k|zf;g nufot cGo Core functions df ;+nUg gx'g] k|s[ltsf] n]vf ;d"xnfO{k|zf;g ;]jfsf] Ps ;d"xsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . t/ lghfdtL sd{rf/L k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;j}vfnsf k|Zgx¿ b]lv lnP/ dGqfno dGqfnosf Core functions df ;+nUg x'g] sfg"g

69

;d"xnfO{ k|zf;g ;]jfaf6 cnu ul/g' plrt x'g ;S5 < h;n] lghfdtL ;]jf, cfos/,hn;|f]t, aLp ljhg, dfgjflwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o ljifo h:tf pbfx/0f :j?k lnOPsf hl6nsfg"gx¿ th'{df ub{5g, To;df k/]sf hl6ntfx¿ km'sfpg /fo k| bfg ub{5g ltgLx¿n]k|zf;g a'‰b}gg jf k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt xf]Ogg\ eg]/ s;/L eGg ;lsPnf <• sfg"g ;DaGwL ljifo n]vf / lgtfGt k|fljlws ;]jf afx]s k|zf;g ;]jfsf ;j} ;d"xsf] nfluof]Uotfsf] ljifo xf] jf xf]Og < M sfg"g ljifo cWoog u/]sf] JolQm n]vf, jg, s[lif h:tflgtfGt k|fljlws ;]jf ;d"x afx]ssf ;j} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf nlu pDd]b\jf/ x'g kfpF5 . /fh:j,k//fi6«, ;fdfGo k|zf;g, x'nfs h:tf ;j} ;d"xdf sfg"g ljifo of]Uotfsf] ljifo xf] . o;af6klg of] ljifo k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . sfg"g k9]sf] JolQmn] tL;d"xsf sfdx¿ ug{ of]Uo 5g\ eGg] o;af6 klg a'‰g ;lsG5 .s] ug]{ <• sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ Gofo;]jfaf6 cnu ug]{M dflysf ;j} ts{ / ljZn]if0fx¿sf] tfls{s lgisif{oxL lg:sG5 ls sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo;]jfaf6 cnu u/L sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf] ;]jfdf;fd]n ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu lgDg pkfox¿ 5nkmnsf] nflu k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g cGtu{t cnu sfg"g ;]jf agfpg]• k|zf;g ;]jf cGtu{tsf] Pp6f ;d"xsf] ?kdf /fVg]cfz+sf / lg/fs/0fsfg"g ;d"xnfO{ a]Un} ;]jf jf k|zf;g ;]jfsf] Pp6f ;d"xdf kl/0ft ug]{ s'/fsfcfnf]rsx¿ sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|zf;lgs of]Uotf / sfo{bIftfsf af/]df k|Zg p7fpg]48ub}{gg\ . clkt' ltgLx¿n] o;sf] lj/f]w ug]{ Pp6f dfq cfwf/ a9'jfsf] cj;/nfO{ lng] u/]sf]kfOG5 . pgLx¿ lgDg ts{x¿ p7fpg] ub{5gM• Gofo;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ rfF8f] rfF8f] a9'jf x'g] t/ k|zf;g ;]jfdf !$ jif{ gk'uL gx'g]cj:yf x'Fbf h'lgo/x¿ ;x;lrj / ;lrj x'g u} pgLx¿sf] a[lQ ljsf;df c;/ kb{5 .

70

• Gofo;]jfsf] ;x;lrj / ;lrj kbdf k|zf;gsfn] a9'jf x'g gkfpg] t/ k|zf;gdf r}+Gofosfn] kfpg] x'Fbf c;dfgtf x'g hfG5 .;j}eGbf klxnf, pk/f]Qm ts{x¿ sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Gofokflnsfsf] cfFvfaf6 x]g{]b[li6bf]ifaf6 pTkGg ePsf x'g] eGg ;lsG5 . Gofo ;]jf eGgf;fy cbfnt / ;/sf/L jlsn h:tfGoflos k|s[ofdf ;fd]n x'g] sd{rf/Ls} ;Gbe{df sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ klg a'lemg]ul/Psf]5 . o;f] x'gdf sfg"g ;d"xnfO{ g]kfn Gofo;]jfsf] Ps ;d" x agfOPsf] x'gfn] klg xf] . t/dfly cf}+NofOP cg';f/ cj:yf To:tf] x'Fb} xf]Og . k|zf;gsf tL k"jf{u|x gePsf sd{ rf/Lx¿n] of] s'/f;lhn} a'‰g ;Sg' x'G5 ls sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿ k|zf;lgs k|s[ltsf x'g eg]/ h:n] sfg"g;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿;+u of t ;dsIfL eP/ of dftxt eP/ of ;'k/Lj]Ifs ag]/ sfwFdf sfFw ldnfO{Pp6} ;+u7gdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ .bf];|f], sfg"g ;d"xdf a9'jf x'g] cj;/sf] ;+s'rgtf k|zf;gsf] eGbf sd 5}g a? emghl6n x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . !$ jif{ k'u]/ klg a9'jf gePsf] dfq xf]Og cfpFbf s]xL ;do ;Dd x'g g;Sg]cj:yf clxn] g} ljBdfg 5 . To;}u/L sfg"g ;d"xdf ;x;lrj ePsf] !@ jf !# jif{ ;Dddf klg;lrj gePsf] t/ k|zf;gdf ^ jif{df g} ;lrj e} Pp6} lgsfodf l;lgo/ e} a;]sf] sfg"gsf];x;lrjn] ;f]xL lgsfodf ;lrj eP/ cfpg] JolQmsf] h'lgP/ eP/ a:g' k/] sf] cj:yf klg b]lvO;s]sf] 5 .t];|f], sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno cGtu{t /x]sf ;lrj :t/sf] kbx¿df c?dGqfno cGtu{tsf ;lrjx¿ h:t} ;j} ;]jfaf6 k"lt{ x'g ;Sb5g . lhGbuL e/L k|d'v lhNnfclwsf/L ePsf] JolQm jg ;lrj e}/x]s} 5g eg] sfg"g ;lrj x'g lsg g;Sg] < hxfF;Ddljz]if1tfsf] k|Zg 5 . k|zf;gsf dflg;x¿ sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f / /fo k|bfg ug{df sfg"gsf dflg;;/x ;+nUg x'g] dfq xf]Ogg\ ltgLx¿ sfg"g ;d"xsf] eGbf Ps sbd cufl8 a9]/ cw{Gofloslgsfodf /xL km};nf ug]{ ;Ddsf] GofoLs sfddf cg' ejl;4 e} cfPsf x'G5g . ;fdGo k|zf;gsf

71

x'g\ jf cGo h'g;'s} ;]jfaf6 cfPsf lsg gx'g\ ;lrj h:tf] kbdf hxFf uP klg gldNg] xf]Og . km]l/s'g} tx;Dd sfg"g ;d"xsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ljz]if1 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ cj:yf ;[hgf ug{ ;lsg] g} x'G5 .;x;lrj / ;lrjn] gLltut s'/fdf lg0f{o lbg];Dd xf] . csf}{ s'/f k|fozM plrt dflg;nfO{ plrt:yfgdf ;?jf ul/g] ;fdfGo k|rng /x]s} 5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L!= lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lghdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL @)%)49

cfly{s z'l4s/0fdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] ;DklQljj/0f Ps ljj]rgf o'j/fh ;'j]bL .;f/f+zcfly{s clgoldttfljxLg ;dfhdf a:g kfpg] xsnfO{ nf]stflGqs ;dfhsf gful/sx¿sf]g};lu{s clwsf/ s} ?kdf lng yflnPsf] 5 . :jR5 ;dfh ;'zf;gsf] cfwf/ xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs e"ldsflgjf{x ug]{ JolQmn] cfˆgf ;j} lqmofsnfknfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug'{ kg]{ g}lts bfloTj k"/f gu/] :jR5;dfhtkm{sf] cleofg k"/f x'g ;Qm}g . oxL s'/fnfO{ Åbo+ud u/]/ g} e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] k|To]s;fj{hlgs cf]xf]bfwf/Ln] cfly{s jif{ ljt]sf] lglZrt lbgleq tf]lsPsf] sfof{nodf cfˆgf] cfo jif{sf] ;DklQljj/0f a'emfpg' kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] ljj/0f ga'emfpg] pk/ sfg"gL sf/afxL x'g] s'/f klgP]gn] :ki6 u/]sf]] 5 . t/ k]z ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] tYofÍ s:n] /fVg] < tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L sf] xf] <lhDdf hjfkmb]xL s;sf] x'g] < To;sf] cg'udg s;n] ug]{ eGg] g} Plsg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . k|:t'tn]vdfkm{t n]vsn] :jR5 ;dfh lgdf{0fdf ;DklQ ljj/0fn] s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 / o;df ljBdfgsdL sdhf]/L s] 5g\ eGg] lji odf ljZn]if0ffTds lrq k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . f!= ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug{] k|fjwfgM;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbg leq cfˆgf] jf cfˆgf]kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] ;|f]t / lg:;f ;lxtsf] cBfjlws ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ u/L

72

e|i6«frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] tf]s]sf] 5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ u/L of] sfg"gL Joj:yfeGbfcufl8 s]xL ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ dfq tf]s]sf] eP klg ;a} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]u/L :ki6 ?kdf tf]s]sf] kfO{Gg . Plss[t sfg"gsf] cefjdf ljleGg tx / :t/df sfo{/t ;/sf/Lkbflwsf/Lx¿n] cfˆgf] ;DklQsf] km]xl/:t cfkm"v';L ;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/]sf] eP klg ;+:yfut ?kdfTo:fsf] cg'udg u/L ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;DklQ Plsg ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; eg] cfh;Dd x'g;s]sf] 5}g . k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf] cefjdf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ k|fjwfg ;f]r] cg';f/ gePsf]dx;'; u/]/g} ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sg] jt{dfg sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] dfGg' kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f ug]{ JolQmx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf eP klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0fgu/]sf cGo JolQmx¿sf] s:sf] ;fydf ;DklQ s] s;/L /x]sf] 5 < pgLx¿sf] ;DklQ s] s;/L36\–a9\ ePsf] 5, o:tf JolQm jf ;+:yfsf] ;DklQsf] lgu/fgL s] s;/L /fVg] eGg] ;DaGwdf s] ug]{jf s;/L /fHon] of] ljifonfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ eGg] af/] lglZrt ;f]r eO;s]sf] kfO{Gg .;fj{hlgs kbdf /xg] JolQmn] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ljj/0f k]z ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf gePdfljj/0f k]z ug{ g;Sgfsf] :ki6 sf/0f pNn]vu/L ;DklQ ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L;dIf lgj]bg ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 . ljj/0f k|fKt ug'{kg]{ lhDd]jf/L tf]lsPsfkbflwsf/Ln] cj:yf ljrf/u/L a9Ldf #) lbg;Dd ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]zug{ Dofb yk ug{;Sg]. ;x dxfGoflwjQmf, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no .50k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . Dofbleq ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z gug]{ JolQmnfO{ kf+r xhf/ ?k}of hl/jfgf u/Llgh jf lghsf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf u}/ sfg"gL ;DklQ /x]sf] cg'dfgu/L ;DalGwt lgsfo jfkbflwsf/Ln] cg';Gwfg ug{;Sg] sfg" gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f ;dodf k]z gu/]sf]s;"/df /;'jf lhNnfdf sfo{/t lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L -an/fd s]=;L=_ nfO{ clVtof/ b'?kof]ucg';Gwfg cfof]un] kf+r xhf/ ?k}+of hl/jfgf u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . pRr kb:y JolQmx¿

73

vf;u/L sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf k|d'v nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;DklQsf]ljj/0f sxf+ k]zug]{ / k]zug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf sf] s'g kbflwsf/L ;dIf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] #)lbgsf] Dofblng] eGg] ljifodf sfg"g hf/L ePsf] kf+r jif{sf] cjlwdf klg Jojl:yt jf :ki6 x'+g;s]sf] 5}g . k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fwf/0ftof uf]Ko /xg] 5 eGg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg eP klgclwsf/ k|fKt JolQmnfO{ Pj+ s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] nflu eg] uf]Ko g/xg] Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ePsf]df uf]Kotf sfod g/xg] clwsf/ k|fKTf JolQm sf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdfklg :ki6tf cfO{ ;s]sf] 5}g . P]gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgodfjnLsf] tTsfn Joj:yfx'g' kg]{df ;f] ;d]t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQm sf] xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf sfg"gn]] ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs;+:yf ;dIf lnPsf] ;kyaf6 jf ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf;+u u/]sf] ;+emf}+tf jf sj'lnot jf zt{adf]lhd jf ;fj{hlgs st{Jo kfng ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/ jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 tna, eQf,kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf, x}l;ot jf cGo s'g} nfe kfpg] jf gkfpg] u/L lgo'Qm, dgf]lgt jf lgjf{lrtJolQm elg kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . s'g} ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ug{ jf ;dfwfg ug{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdlgo'Qm ePsf] dWo:y jf To:tf] x}l;otdf lgo'Qm ePsf] JolQm, sfg"g adf]lhd lgo'Qm, lgjf{lrt jflnSjL8]6/, ;e]{o/ jf ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] x}l;otdf sfdug]{ jf ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/Ltf]s]sf] cGo JolQmnfO{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/] sf] JolQmsf] >]0fLdf /flvPsf] 5 . ufp+ ljsf;;ldltsf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt kbflwsf/Lb]lv ;+;bsf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt kbflwsf/L;Dd,/fHosf]ifaf6 tna eQf lng] lkog b]lv d'n'ssf] k|wfgdGqL;DDf, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lZfs :jfldTjjf lgo+Gq0fdf ePsf] sDklg, a}+s jf ;ldlt jf sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/åf/f :yflkt cfof]u, ;+:yfg,k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb / o:t} k|s[ltsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfb]lv ;/sf/åf/f;+rflnt, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, ljBfno, cg';Gwfg

74

s]Gb| jf To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yfdf sfo{/t kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/L;Dd, ;/sf/sf] C0f,cg'bfg jf hdfgtdf ;+rflnt ;+:yf b]lv ;/sf/n] cg'bfg lbPsf lgsfo jf ;+:yfx¿af6 cg'bfgjf ;xof]u k|fKt ;+:yf;Dd jf ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf elg tf]s]sf]s'g} cGo ;:yf;Dddf ;]jf/t JolQmx¿ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmsf] kª\ltdf cfpg]sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] w]/} nfdf] km]xl/:t sfg"gn] tf]s] kZrft\ klg ;/sf/n] cema9LJolQmx¿nfO{ /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;do kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgskbflwsf/Lsf] ?kdf tf]Sb} hfg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . sfg"gn] :ki6tM /fHosf] nflu ;]jf/t ;a}kb jf ;]jfx¿ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] kb cGtu{t kg{;Sg] jf /fHon] rfx]df kfg{;Sg] k|fjwfg/x]sf] 5 . ;+If]kdf /fHosf]ifåf/f k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf kfl/>lds lnO{ jf glnO{ d'n'ssf] ;]jf ug{51clVtof/L kfPsf] JolQm ;fj{ hlgs kbwf/L x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] kbwf/0f u/]sf] ^) lbgleq jf Ps jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] nflu /xg] k|s[ltsf] kbdf ;]jf/t /x]sf] ePk|To]s cfly{s jif{ Joltt ePsf] ^) lbgleq cfkm" jf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] ;DklQsf];k|df0fsf] ljj/0f clgjfo{ ?kdf clVtof/jfnf ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ u/L tf]lsPsf] 5 ./fHosf] ljleGg txsf] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/L cjsfz k|fKt u/]sf jf k]G;g xf]N8/x¿sf]7"nf] hdftn] cjsfz k|fKt hLjgdf /fHos} /fli6«o 9's'6Laf6 /sd k|fKt ug]{ Pj+ cfˆgf] k"j{x}l;otsf] b'?kof]u u/L cfly{s nfe ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf eP klg o:tf JolQmx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug'{ kg]{ jf gkg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 5}g . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] k"j{ x}l;ot jf k|efjsf]cg'lrt k|of]uaf6 clgoldt jf s;"/hGo sfo{ x'g ;S5 eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5}g . cjsf; k|fKtJolQmsf] ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] klg g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/]/ ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ kg]{lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] 5}g . k|rngdf klg cjsfz k|fKt hLjg u'hf/f ul//x]sf k"j{ kbflwsf/Lx¿n] s'g}

75

cjlwsf] ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{Gg . t/ klg @)%* ;fndf u7g ePsf] ;DklQGoflos hf+ra'em cfof]un] eg] cjsfz k|fKt ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] klg lglZrt\ ;do cjlwtf]ls ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf]cfwf/df 5fgljg cg';Gwfg e} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] bf]ifL b]vfP/ s]xL JolQmx¿pk/ ;hfosf] bfjLlnO{ cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] tYo eg] ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 .e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyfe|i6frf/ lj?4 hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ ;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|nfO{ lbPsf] kfO{G5 ./fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gbsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+u7g k| d'v ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] ;fj{hlgskbflwsf/L /xg] / s]Gb|sf] ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L nufotsf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] ug]{eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|n] ug'{ kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ dWo] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn]k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{ tyf e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL s'g}hfgsf/L k|fKt ePdf jf To:tf] s;"/df cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPdf cfjZos ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ n]lv k7fO ;"rgfsf] cBfjlws ug]{ ;Ddsf] lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|df /x]sf] 5 .s]Gb|nfO{ /fHon] ;'lDkPsf] lhDd]jf/L cg'?k sfo{ ;+rfng ug{ ;/sf/n] k'jf{wf/ v8f u/]sf] jfcfjZos Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 jf 5}g < ;fwg ;|f]t jf bIf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 jf 5}g <jf tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/fug{ s] s:tf sfo{x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ < sfo{ ;'rf? ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ s'g}jfwf lj/f]w jf c8\rg cfO{ k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] h:tf ljljw ljifosf ;DaGwdf ;j{;fwf/0f;a}n] jf of] ljifodf rf;f] /fVg]n] hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg] u/L tYof+Íx¿ ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5}gg\ .;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] k]z u/]sf] cfo jf ;DklQ ljj/0fdf cg'udg u/]sf] jf sfg"gn] lbPsf]clVtof/L cg';f/ sfo{ ;DkGg ub}{ /x]sf] 5 eGg] egfO{ klg /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] kfO{Gg .@= ;DklQ ljj/0f k|:t'ltsf ljrf/0fLo kIf

76

e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( nfu" ePsf] kf+rf} jif{ e} ;s]sf] 5 . of] cjlwdf ;a} k|sf/sf;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ ynf] g]kfn /fhkqdf tf]s]sf] klg kfO{G5 . h;cg'?k /fhk|;fb ;]jfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Ln] /fhfsf] k|d'v ;lrjfnodf, k|wfgdGqL,52pkk|wfgdGqL, dGqL, /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqL, /fhfaf6 dgf]lgt jf lgo'Qm cGo kbflwsf/L, /fli6«oof]hgf cfof]usf ;b:on] dGqL kl/ifb ;lrjfnodf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:on];+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnodf, k|ltlglw ;ef, /fli6«o ;efsf ;b:o tyf kbflwsf/Ln] ;+;b;lrjfnodf, cbfntsf GofofwLzx¿n] Gofokl/ifb ;lrjfnodf, lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] lghfdtLlstfjvfgfdf, g]kfnL ;]gfn] g]kfnL hËL c8\8fdf, g]kfn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/Ln] k|x/L lstfjvfgfdf,;/sf/åf/f ;+rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ljBfnosf kbflwsf/L tyfsd{rf/Ln]] lzIfs lstfjvfgfdf Pj+ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% adf]lhd ul7t :yfgLolgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf]5 . o;}u/L ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm tyf dgf]lgt u/]sf kbflwsf/L, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs :jfldTj jflgoGq0f ePsf], sDkgL, a}+s, ;ldlt jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;/sf/åf/f :yflkt cfof]u, ;+:yfg,k|flwsf/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb / o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Ltyf sd{rf/L, ;/sf/åf/f ;+rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfg k|fKt ljZjljBfno,dxfljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, / cGo To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/L,;/sf/sf] C0f, cg'bfg jf hdfgtdf ;+rflnt ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/L, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jfcf+lzs :jfldTj ePsf] jf lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] To:tf] ;+:yfaf6 cg'bfg k|fKt ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyfsd{rf/L cflbsf] xsdf ;DalGwt dGqfnodf ljj/0f k]z ug]{ :yfg tf]lsPsf] 5 . To:t} ;/sf/n]/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf elg tf]s]sf cGo ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L tyf

77

sd{rf/Lsf] ;f]xL ;"rgfdf tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .g]kfn /fhkqn] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug{ tf]s]sf] Joj:yf cg';f/ sfo{ ePsf] 5 jf 5}go:sf] cg'udg jf d"Nof+sg s;n] ug]{ eGg] ljifodf eg] cGof}n /x]sf] 5 . k]z ePsf] ;DklQljj/0fsf] tYof+Í s;n] /fVg] < tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L sf] xf] < lhDdf hjfkmb]xL s;sf] x'g] < To;sf]cg'udg s:n] ug]{ eGg] g} Plsg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f;+sng u/L s]Gb|Ls[t ug]{ kl/kf6L ljsl;t ug]{ jftfj/0f aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . :yfgLo, If]qLo jf/fli6«o :t/df ;a} If]qsf kbflwsf/Lx¿åf/f k]z ePsf ;DklQ ljj/0fx¿ sxf+ s] s;/L s] s'gk|ljlw4f/f Plss[t u/L tYof+sx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ eGg] g} c:ki6 /x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lafx]ssf cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f s] s;/L sxfF sf] ;dIf k]z ug]{ tyf s] s;/L;+sng u/L Plss[t ug]{ jf s]lGb|s[t ug]{ eGg] g} :ki6 ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] ;DklQ ljj/0f lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf k7fpg' kg]{ egL tf]lsPklg o;sf] clgjfo{tfsf] ;DaGWfdf s;}sf] Wofg k'Ug g;s] em} b]lvPsf] 5 . P]gsf] k|fjwfgjfWofTds ePklg kl/kq jf ;/sf/L sfd sf/afxLsf] 9f+rfn] s;n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u¥of] jfs;n] u/]sf] 5}g eGg] h:Tff tYofÍx¿ ;d]t k|sflzt x'g÷ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . ;DklQsf] ljj/0fk]z gu/]df jf gk7fP s] x'g], sfg"gsf] k|fjwfg s:n] cg'udg u/L nfu" ug]{ jf unt ljj/0fk7fPdf s] ug]{ < s;n] o:sf] lgSof}{n ug]{ eGg] ljifo k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/Lsd{rf/Lx¿n] lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ eGg] ;Ddsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/Lkl/kq u/]sf] kfO{G5 . ;/sf/sf] cg'bfgaf6 ;+rflnt jf ;/sf/sf] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf nufgL ePsf;+:yfg lgsfo jf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sxf+ s] s;/L < s] s'g kbflwsf/L53;dIf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf] ePklg cGof}nu|:t g} 5 . ;/sf/L sd{rf/L jfx]ssf

78

kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f sxf+ sf] ;dIf s] s'g k|s[of cjnDag u/L k]z ug]{ / s;n] ;+sngu/]/ /fVg] tyf o:sf] cg'udg s;n] ug]{ Pj+ P]gsf] k|of] hgfy{ cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg jf hgzlQms;n] pknAw u/fpg] eGg] h:tf ljifodf lhDd]jf/ lgsfon] u[xsfo{ u/L tTsfn :ki6 kfg'{ kg]{b]lvPsf] 5 .;+a}wflgs c+usf kbflwsf/Lx¿, cbfntdf ;]jf/t GofofwLzx¿, dGqLd08nsf ;b:ox¿,;f+;bx¿, h+ËL jf kmf}hL ;]jfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, ljleGg ;+:yfgsf dxfk|jGwsx¿, ljZjljBfnosfkbflwsf/Lx¿, ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs cg'bfgåf/f ;+rflnt ;+3, ;+:yf, ;+u7g jf lgsfox¿dfsfo{/t kbflwsf/L jf sd{ rf/Lx¿, b]z ljb]zsf] ;/sf/L jf u}/ ;/sf/L ;xof]udf ;+rfng ePsf;+ul7t ;+3–;+u7gsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ ;d]tsf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sxf+ < sf] s'g kbflwsf/L jflgsfo ;dIf ;+DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ Pj+ cfo / ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] cg'udg s;n] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGWfdfsfg"gdf g} :ki6 Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . of] ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo klg ePsf]n] /fHon] s]s;/L o:tf] u+lDe/ ljifosf] lgSof}{n ug]{ eGg] ;DaGWfdf :ki6 gLlt lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . of]ljifodf ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd / wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ug{ h?/L e} ;s]sf] 5 . /fHo ;+rfngsf] pRr txdf;]jf/t o:tf JolQmx¿n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z gu/]df jf lgoldt ?kdf ;DklQ gb]vfPdf ;d]t s'g}jft–vt nfu]sf] eGg] klg ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHosf] dflyNnf] txdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n]jf h] h'g txsf kbflwsf/Ln] h] h;/L h] hlt ;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] ePklg s] s'g lgsfodf s]s;/L cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQsf] ;DaGWfdf /]s8{ u/L /flvPsf] 5 Pj+ c:jfefljs ;DklQ b]lvPsf]cj:yfdf s] s:tf] sf/afxL eof] jf eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf rf;f] /fVg] ;a}n] hfgsf/L kfpg;Sg] u/L tYout ljj/0fx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . hf] x'g h?/L 5 .P]gdf ePsf] Joj:yf cg';f/ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|n] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfg"g adf]lhdlbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{ elgPsf] 5 . k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg

79

eGg] zAbdf g} cndlnP em} s]Gb|n] u/]sf s'g}klg sfd sf/afxLx¿ ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . of]zAbsf] ;Ldf/]vf sxf+;Dd k'Ug] xf] < s:tf] ;DklQsf] s] s;/L cg'udg ug]{ xf] < cfo / ;DklQljj/0fsf] ;Ldf/]vf s] xf] < ;DklQsf] cg'udg ug{ s]Gb| cfkm}n] /]s8{ /fVg] xf] jf c? s;}n] /fv]sf]/]s8{sf] cg'udg ug]{ xf] < of] k|i6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fob log} / o:t} cGof}nsf sf/0f /fli6«o ;ts{tfs]Gb|n] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] ljifodf sfo{ug{ ;'?jft u/]sf] eGg] cfefif;Dd klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/Lsd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ eg]/ lghfdtL lstfavfgf tf]lsPsf] ePklg ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf]e"ldsf lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;+sng ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf ;DaGwdf s] s:tf] /xg] eGg] klg :ki6x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . ;+j}wflgs kbflwsf/L nufnot pNn]v ePsf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿ / u}/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf/x]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f sxf+ s'g kbflws/L ;dIf k]z ug]{ < / ;f] sf] lgu/fgL s;n]/fVg] Pj+ s;"/hGo cj:yfdf s] s;/L lgk6f/f ug]{ eGg] ljifo g} cGof}nu|:t /x]sf] 5 . o:tfkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0fdf s;"/sf] cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePdf To;sf] k|s[of s] x'g] jf sf]s:n] s] s'g k4ltåf/f ug]{ eGg] klg Plsg e} ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/s} cg'bfgaf6 tnj–eQf cfh{g ug]{ljleGg ljBfno jf dxfljBfnosf lzIfsx¿ jf g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, hgs lzIff;fdu|L s]Gb|, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg, g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud h:tf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DklQ ljj/0f54e/]/ ;DalGWft dGqfnosf] s'g kbflwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug]{ eGg] st} pNn]v 5}g . ;/sf/sf] :ki6 gLlt,sfo{qmd jf b[li6sf]0fsf] cefjdf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] kfngf s;/L s;n] ug]{ / o:fnfO{k|efjsf/L s;/L agfpg] eGg] sfo{ of]hgf g} aGg ;s]sf] 5}g . of] sfo{ /fHosf] hfgsf/Ldf /x]sf] 5jf 5}g eGg] h:tf] cj:yf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . sfg"gdf n]Vb}df jf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ k5{ eGb}df/fHosf] ;a} txdf ;dflxt eP/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k]z ug'{kg]{ ;DklQ ljj/0fsf];DaGWfdf /fHosf] gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmdsf] th'{df e} Tof] sfof{Gjog x'g yfNg] jf Jojxf/df tTsfn

80

nfu" e} xfNg] cj:yf g/xg] ePsf]n] o;df ;DalGwt kIf uDeL/ x'g' kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .#= uDeL/tf;fy Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo;DklQ ljj/0f clVtof/jfnf ;dIf k]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ePklg /fHosf];DalGwt lgsfodf o;sf] b'/ufdL dxTj jf uDeL/tfsf] ;DaGwdf dx;'; x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug]{ jf cBfjlws agfO{ /fVg] bfloTj s;sf] xf] < lhDd]jf/L s;sf] aGb5 eGg]ljifo d} yfngL jf lglZrt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfx¿ ;fj{hlgs e} /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln]lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ eGg] tf]lsPsf] ePklg s–s;n] ;DklQ ljj/0fk]z u/] jf s;n] u/]g eGg] Plsg tYof+Í lghfdtL lstfavfgfaf6 ;fj{hlgs x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .s;}n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/]df ;+sng ul/bg] ynf]sf] ?kdf lghfdtL lstfavfgf ljsl;t ePsf]5 . ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{ dfq kof{Kt x'+b}g . el/Psf ljj/0fx¿ ;xL 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] s;n]5fgljg u/L Plsg ug]{ < of] dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;df s;}sf] Wofg k'u] sf] h:tf] b]lvb}g . nfvf} nfv;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf] ;DKflQ ljj/0f Jojl:yt u/]/ /fVg' lgs} 7"nf] d]xgt /nugsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k]z ePsf ljj/0f s]nfP/ 7Ls a]7Ls eGg' klg r'gf}tLsf] ljifo xf] .s]jn cf}krfl/stfsf nflu k]z ePsf ;DklQ ljj/0fx¿ Ps ynf]df y'kfb}{df ;xL / vf]h]cg';f/sf tYofÍ k|fKTf ePsf xf]nfg\ egL dfGg jf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsGg . lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf]lhDd]jf/L leqsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L afx]ssf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cj:yf emg} cGof}nk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . k]zePsf ljj/0fx¿sf] of] cj:yf 5 eg] k]z ug]{ kbflwsf/L jf ynf]g} Plsg e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdfTo;sf] xljut s] s:tf] /x]sf] xf]nf < ;xh} c8sn ug{ ;lsG5 .s;n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u¥of] jf s;n] u/]g eGg] Plsg ug'{ jf k]z ug]{ ynf] Plsg ug'{cfkm}df r'gf}tLk"0f{ ag]sf] cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Ln] k]z u/]sf] elgPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf;d]t olb s;}n] cj08f ;DklQ ;uf]ndf /x]sf] 5 jf d;+u ePsf] ;DklQ Plsg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf

81

5}Gf . 7"nf] kl/df0fdf /x]sf] t/n ;DklQ tTsfn eGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf] gub jf hjfx/t 5 .cGbfhL olt hlt ;DklQ xf]nf, cflb h:tf dgf] ut ljj/0fx¿sf] tTsfn 5fgljg u/L Plsg ug'{kg]{x'G5 . 3/–hUufsf] cj:yf / d"No, gubsf] ;+Vof, ;'g–rf+bL jf hjfx/tsf] tf}n jf d"No jf cGorn–crn ;DklQsf] cj:yf tTsfn Plsg gug]{ gu/fpg] xf] eg] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/fpg'kg]{sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTog} ;dfKt x'g ;S5 . @)$& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g kZrft s]xL dlGqkl/ifbsf;b:o nufot pRr kb:y JolQmx¿n] cfˆgf] ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfO{Psf] 5 .;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ;DklQ Toltg} xf] jf xf]O{g egL s;}n] Plsg jf 5fgljg ug]{ k|rng g} ljsl;tx'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}Gf . ;f] ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t lgdf{0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5}g .55;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ;DklQ 36\–a9\ jf s] slt xf] < k]z ePsf]÷;fj{hlgs ePsf] ;DklQ 7Ls–j]7Lss] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf Plsg ug'{ kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] < o;sf] :ki6 hjfkm kfO{Gg . kbdf k|j]z ePsf]s]xL lbgdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] ;DklQdf kbaf6 x6]sf] cj:yfdf s] slt ;DklQ a9\of] jf 36\of] ;f];DaGWfdf ;fj{hlgs x'g]÷ug]{ u/]sf] klg kfOGg . :ki6t kbdf axfn ePsf] cj:yf / kbaf6x6\bfsf] cj:yfdf ;d]t ;DklQ s] s:tf] cj:yf 5 eGg] Plsg ug{' kg]{ x'G5 . t/ of] kl/kf6L a:g;s]sf] 5}Gf . s]jn b]vfj6L ?kdf ;DklQ ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ sfo{x¿ kbfl;g JolQmx¿af6 x'g]u/]sf] em} b]lvPsf] 5 . k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] oyfy{tf s] xf] < klxnf s] slt lyof] < kbdf/xbfsf] cjlwdf s] slt eof] < kbaf6 5f]8]k5L s] slt x'g k'Uof] < 36\–a9 ePsf] ;DklQ s] s'gk|s[ltsf] 5 < b]lvPsf] ;DklQ sfg"gL jf u}/sfg"gL s] s'g cj:yfsf] xf] < s;"/df cg';Gwfgtxlssft ug'{ kg]{ xf] xf]Og < o:tf ;DKflQ ljj/0fsf] ;fydf cfO{kg]{ cg]sg ljifosf ljljw kxn'dfs]nfP/ Plsg u/L ljleGg If]qdf ;]jf/t ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfly{s z'l4s/0fsf] dfu{df s:n]8f]¥ofpg] eGg] g} cGof}n 5 . h;/L cfly{s cg'zf;g ljgfsf] ljsf; lbuf] x'g g;Sg]

82

jf:tljstfnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg 7Ls To;}u/L kbLo k|efjaf6 ul/Psf cfly{s clgoldttfsf sfo{x¿Plsg ug]{ ;+oGq d'n'sdf aGg g;Sg] xf] eg] sfg"gdf n]lvPsf cIf/x¿dfq k|efjL xf]nfg /Jojxf/df ;f]r]sf] glthf k|fKtxf]nf egL dfGg ;lsGg . kb, x}l;ot jf k|efjdf kfg{ ;Sg]JolQmx¿n] cfly{s clgoldttf ug{ rfx]sf] cj:yfdf j]–nufd rfx]hlt clgoldt sfo{u/L cy{;+u|x ug{;Sg] cj:yf d'n'sdf /xL /xg] xf] eg] h:tf] ;'s} /fd|f] k4lt nfu" ePklg To:tf] k4ltsf]pkxf; eP em} x'G5 . /fHon] lgdf{0f ug{ vf]h]sf] ;+/rgf lgik|efjL x'g ;Sg] vt/f ;+w} /xG5 .cfly{s ?kdf :jR5, z'4, O{dfGbf/ / Ifdtfafg JolQmx¿sf] b"/b[li6n] g} /fi6«nfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf]lzv/df k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿sf] o:t} clttsf] Oltxf; / jt{dfg cj:yfb]lvPsf] 5 . hf] xfd|f] d'n'sdf tTsfn z'? ug'{ kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 .cfly{s ?kdf ;d[4 b]lvPsf l;ufk'/, rLg, a]nfot, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, cfo/n]08 h:tfljZjsf d'n'sx¿sf] Oltxf; s]nfP/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljutsf lbgx¿df pgLx¿n] s7f]/ cfly{scg'zf;g sfod /fv]sf] kfO{G5 . o:tf d'n'sx¿df xfnsf lbgdf klg cfly{s cg'zf;gnfO{ sdLcfpg glbPsf] 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvO{ /x]sf] 5 . l;+ ufk'/, rLg nufotsf d'n'sx¿df cfly{scg'zf;g pNNf+3g ug]{ JolQmnfO{ kmfF;Lsf] ;hfo lbPsf] ;d]t ;fj{hlgs e} /x]sf] 5 . of] kl/j]zdfcfly{s ;d[l4sf] lzv/df k'u]sf d'n'sx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf] dfu{ klxNofO{ g]kfnn] klg To;tkm{cu|;/ x'g l9nf e};s]sf] 5 . d'n'sdf b]lvPsf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf tTsfn ;'wf/ ug{ g;Sg] xf] eg];DklQ ljj/0fsf] gfddf P]gdf Joj:yf ePsf s]xL zAbx¿ cfkm} lgik|efjL x'g ;Sg] vt/f b]lvgyfln ;s]sf] 5 . zlQm k[ylss/0fsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd ljwflosfn] sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ dfq xf] .o;sf] sfof{Gjog sfo{kflnsfn] g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .cfly{s ljifodf pRrf/0f x'gf;fy ;a}h;f] ;ef ;Dd]ng jf ;df/f]x :Yfndf d'n'snfO{e|i6frf/n] ufFh]sf] 5 o;af6 d'lQm kfpg' cfhsf] sl7g r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 eGg] ul/G5 . /fHo

83

;+/rgfsf] ;a} txnfO{ of] dxf/f] un] ;+qmldt kf/]sf] 5 eGg klg sf]xL kl5 kb}}{g . :jo+ s;" /bf/sf]>]0fLdf /x]sf JolQm ;d]t o:Tff egfO{ /fVgdf cu| k+lQmdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . egfO / u/fOsf] 7"nf]cGt/n] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf a:g] h:n] hlt ;DklQ cfh{g u/] klg h] hlt ;DklQ ePsf] eGg]56ljj/0f k]z u/] klg s]xL sf/jfxL gx'g] Pj+ JolQmsf] kb / x}l;otdf tTsfn km/s gkg]{ h:tf]cj:yf ljsl;t e} ;s]sf] 5 . k|ydtM ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug{] sfo{ g} clgjfo{ x'g} ;s]sf] 5}g .s;} n] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z u/]df lsg k]z u/]sf] jf ljj/0f k]z gu/]df lsg gu/]sf] eGfL ;/f]sf//fVg] u/L /fHon] ;+oGqg} t}of/ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . /fHo ;+oGqdf /x]sf JolQm jf lgsfon] o:tf];Da]bgl;n ljifodf rf;f] g/fVbf ;d]t s]xL c;/ gkg]{ h:tf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . cgfxsdf ;DklQljj/0fsf] gfddf s;}n] gb' v]sf] skfn lsg b'vfpg] < obfsbf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf];DklQ ljj/0fsf nflu rf;f] jf ;/f]sf/ /fv]/ 5fglag ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| jflghfdtL lstfavfgf h:tf lgsfox¿ ;d]t of t ;| f]t ;fwg jf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj ePsf]n] s]xLug{ g;s]sf] jf plgx¿n] ug'{kg]{ st{Jo kfngf gu/] klg s;n] s] ul/xfNnf jf egL xfNnf eGg]cj:yfdf /x]sf]em} 5 . cl3Nnf] jif{ k]z ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf kl5Nnf] jif{df km/s b]lvP lsgkm/s kg{ uof] eg]/ ;f]wL vf]lh ug]{ cj:yfg} ljsl;t x'g ;sL /x]sf] 5}Gf . o:tf] cj:Yffdf h;n] h]h;/L hlt ;DklQ 5 jf 5}g eg]/ ;DklQsf] ljj/0f k]z ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /lx g} /x]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf]st{Jo kfng gePdf s] x'g] eGg] cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] tf]lsPsf] st{Jo kfng ug{ s;}n] rfx]s}cj:yfdf klg cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm, ;Lk, ;fwg jf ;|f]tsf] cefj b]lvPsf] 5 .s]xL JolQmn] k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fs} cfwf/df 5fglag u/L ;DklQ Goflos hf+ra'emcfof]un] @)%* ;fndf k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf cfwf/df s]xL JolQm pk/ clVtof/ b'?kof]ucg';Gwfg cfof]un] cg';Gwfg u/L bf]lif b]lvPsf lj?4 cbfntdf e|i6frf/sf] d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] eGg];fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 . casf lbgdf JolQmsf] ;fydf /xg] 3/, jf/L, v]t, ;'g, gub, ;jf/L ;fwg

84

cflb h:tf ;DklQ ;fj{hlgs kbdf /xg] JolQm / p;sf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf g/flvsg} ef]u ug]{kl/kf6L / rf+hf] kf+hf] ldnfpg yfln;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfpg] lbgdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfgcfof]un] o:tf] k'/ftg ;DklQ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df 5fglag jf cg';Gwfg u/]/ bf]lif kQf nufpg]eGg] c;Dej g} b]lvO{ ;s]sf] 5 . clVtof/af6 x'g] u/]sf sf/afxLx¿ ;fj{hlgs / kf/bzL{k|s[ltsf ePsf sf/0f h;sf] lj?4df sf/afxL x'g kg]{ jf ug'{kg]{ xf] p;}n] hfgL–hfgL s;"/ :yflktx'g]u/L ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug]{ cj:yf klg /xGg . ;DklQ ljj/0f /fVg], k]z ug]{, s;}n] ljj/0f k]zu/]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg], k]z ePsf] ljj/0f ;xL jf unt 5 eGg] jf s;"/ :yflkt x'g ;Sg] b]lvPsf]cj:yfdf cg';Gwfg txlssftsf] nflUf n]lv k7fpg] jf cg';Gwfg u/L s;"/ :yflkt ug]{ ;d]tsfsfo{x¿ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug'{kg]{ st{Jo ePsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] g};Dkfbg ug'{ kb{5 . /fHosf x/]s sf/afxL ;fj{hlgs / kf/bzL{ k|s[ltsf x'g] ePsfn] cfkm" lj?4nfUg ;Sg] cleof]usf ;DaGwdf ;a} kbflwsf/L cgle1 /xg] cj:yf klg x'b}g . of] kl/l:yltsf]uDeL/tfnfO{ dgg u/L h;n] h] h;/L h] hlt ;DklQ b]vfPklg pGd'lQm kfpg] h:tf] xfnsf]kl/kf6L jf sfg"gdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] lzlyntfnfO{ tTsfn k"0f{ lj/fd lbg'kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{df ;'wf/ x'g} kb{5 .$ cfly{s clgoldttf ljxLg ;dfhdf a:g kfpg] clwsf//fHosf] h'g;'s} tx, tKsf, If]q jf :yfgdf /x]/ ;]jf ug]{ jf ;]jf u/L ;]jf lga[Q e} ;s]sf;a} ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / cfly{s sf/f]jf/ z'4, kf/bz{L{ / sfg"g ;Ddt57x'g} kb{5 . h;/L h'g ;'s} cj:yf, :yfg jf kl/l:yltdf klg gful/ssf] df}lns xs, sfg"gLclwsf/ / st{Jodf lje]b ug{ ;lsGg 7Ls To;}u/L ;dfg ?kdf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿ hxf+ h]h:tf] cj:yfdf ;]jf/t /x] klg ljlw;Ddt 9+uaf6 k|fKtx'g] kl/>lds afx]s c? s'g} k|sf/sf ;]jf;'ljwf jf nfe lng] sfo{x¿df k"0f{ lj/fd nfUg} kb{5 . ckf/bz{L{ 9+uaf6 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf n]gb]g

85

jf cfly{s sf/f]jf/x¿ tTsfn aGb x'g} kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] k|fKt x'g] ;a}k|sf/sf cfox¿ hjfkmb]xLk"0f{ / kf/bz{L{ x'g} kb{5 . sltko cj:yfdf /fHosf] b[li6 k'Ug g;Sbf;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿df k|bfg x'g] cly{s ;'ljwfx¿df c;dfgtf b]lvP klg o;sf] lg/fs/0fcfly{s clgoldttf x'g ;Sb}g . s'g} xfntdf klg o:tf] k|a[lQnfO{ ljsl;t jf a9jf lbg' d'n'ssf]lxtdf /xGg . /fi6«nfO{ lbuf] cfly{s ljsf;u/L cufl8 a9fpg] ;sNk lng] xf] eg] d'n'sjf;L ;a}sf]cfly{s clgoldttf ljxLg /fHodf /xg kfpg] jf e|i6frf/ d'Qm ;dfhdf a:g kfpg] clwsf/;dfg ?kdf ;+/lIft / ;'/lIft ug}{ kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmx¿ a[xt\ g]kfn / g]kfnL;dfhs} ;]jf / :jfy{sf] nflu ck{0f x'g] ;d'bfo ePsf] n] pgLx¿sf] ;a} k|sf/sf lqmofsnfk klg;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/s} ljifo x'g] ub{5g\ . ;a} k|sf/sf afgL Joxf]/f jf cfr/0fsf cltl/Qm pgLx¿sf]cfly{s sf/f]jf/ ;d]t :jR5, kf/bzL{ / d'n'ssf] sfg"gn] kl/eflift u/] cg'?k sfg"g;Ddt /lg:snÍ x'g} kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ g} e/f];fu/L /fHo4f/f k|bfg ul/g]x/]s k|sf/sf ;]jf ;'ljwfsf sfo{x¿ ;+rfng x'g] ub{5g\ . /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ /fHosf ljljw tx /If]qdf ;+nUg JolQmx¿df pRr dgf]jn, z'4 / kf/blz{ Jojxf/, cg's/0fLo g}ltstf / kbcg';f/sf] pko'Qm Ifdtfsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . hf] clgjfo{ zt{sf] ?kdf ;j{q lng] ul/G5 .;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Låf/f k]z ePsf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf tTsfn 5fglag ul/g] kl/kf6L algg;s]sf] cj:yfdf s;sf] s] stL ;DklQ 5 egL Plsg ug]{ cj:yfklg a:g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . ufp+,lhNnf, c+rn, If]q jf s]Gb|Lo :t/df 5l/P/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿ sf] sxf+ 5g\ < s] slt;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ < eGg] ;d]t tYof+s ;fj{hlgs x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lx¿n]sfg"g;Ddt cfh{g u/]sf] ;DklQ / k]z u/]sf] ;DklQ ljj/0fdf t'ngfu/L jf:tljs ;DklQ s] sltxf] < ;f] g} Plsg x'g ;s]sf] 5}Gf . sfg"gn] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]zug'{ kg]{ elg tf]s]sf] ;a}

86

kbflwsf/Laf6 ljj/0f k]z ug{ nufpg] tyf k]z ePsf] ljj/0fdf km/s k/]sf] 5 jf 5}g km/sb]lvPsf] eP km/s b]lvgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] < h:tf ljifodf lz3|flt lz3| 5fgljg u/L tYoutcfwf/df k]z ePsf] ;DklQsf] Plsg ug]{ kl/kf6L a;fNg} kb{5 . o:tf] geP ;Dd ;DklQ ljj/0fk]z ug]{ sfo{ s]jn cf}krfl/s ?kdf dfq ;Lldt /xg ;Sb5 . cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;Lldt /x]sfsfo{sf] glthf klg cf}krfl/stfdf dfq l;ldt /xg hfG5 . o;n] sfo{sf] cf}lrTotf dflyg}k|ZglrGx nfUg k'Ub5 . hf] cfly{s clgoldttfljxLg /fHodf a:g kfpg] gful/s clwsf/sf]k|lts"n x'G5 .;fj{hlgs kbdf k|j]zug]{ hf] s;}n] klg ;]jfdf k|j]z ubf{s} cjlwdf cfly{s clgoldtfug]{ dg;fo lnPsf] x'Gg . kbdf /xbf a:bfsf] cj:yfdf b]lvPsf u}/ sfg"gL 9+uaf6 ;DklQ cfh{gug{ ;lsg] l5b|x¿sf sf/0fn] g} p;sf clglIft jf bldt O{R5fn] k|>okfO{ cfly{s clgoldttfsf]e"d/Ldf km:g ;Sg] ePsfn] o:tf cj:yf / cj;/x¿ cfpg} glbg] u/L /fHon] ;a} k|sf/sfclgoldttfsf ;Defljt dfu{x¿ aGb ug'{ kb{5 . kbflwsf/Ln] lsg ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ < o;sf]58d'n'sL zf;gdf s] cy{ / dxTj 5 < o;sf] cfjZostf lsg k¥of] < cfly{s clgoldttf ljxLg;dfh eg]sf] s] xf] < cflb h:tf ljifosf] nuftf/ 5nkmn / ljZn]if0f x'g' kb{5 . pko'Qm lgisif{sf]cfwf/df cjwf/0ff kq t}of/ u/]/ lglZrt sfo{of]hgf /fHosf] tkm{af6 agfpg} kb{5 . d'n'ssf] of]cToGt uDeL/ ljifo tyf cx+ ;jfn ePsfn] /fli6«o ;xdlt cg' ;f/ ;fd'lxs / /fli6«o k|lta4tflgdf{0f ug{ ;a}n] hfGg] a'‰g] jf dx;'; ug{ ;Sg] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn x'g}kb{5 . d'n'sjf;L ;a} kIfsf] ;xeflutf / ;dy{g /xg] u/L sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug}{ kb{5 . cfd;xeflutfaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf sfg"gx¿ g} a9L k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" x'g ;Sg] ePsfn] /fli6«o;xdltdf sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/kfl6 a;fNg} kb{5 . o;/L lgdf{0f ePsf sfg"gx¿nfO{ nfu" ug{sfo{kflnsf ;d]t TolQs} s7f]/, ulDe/ jf k|ltj4 x'g h?/L 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgf / bIf hg zlQmsf]

87

cefjdf s]jn sfg"g agfP/ dfq nlIft p2]Zo k'/f x'g;Sb}g . sfg"g lgdf{0f s;}sf] nx8 jfdgf]/~hgsf] nflu aGg] ge} a[xt\ /fli6«o lxtdf lgdf{0f x'g' kb{5 . sfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f ub}{ hfg] t/sfg"g k|efjL eP gePsf] jf ljwflosL ;f]r cg';f/ nfu" eP gePsf] ljrf/} gug]{ jf Vofn} gug]{xf] eg] sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] s'g} cy{ /xGg . of] lg/y{s x'g ;Sb5 . s] < lsg < jf s] s'g k|of]hgsfnflu < eGg] lglZrt b[li6sf]0f ge} lgdf{0f ul/g] sfg"g k|efjxLg aGg ;Sb5 . lgdf{0f ePsf] sfg"gnfu" ug{sf] nflu lglZrt vfsf jf sfo{of]hgf t}of/ ePkl5 dfq sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] kxn ug]{kl/kf6L a;fNg h?/L 5 . ag]sf sfg"g nfu" eP gePsf] jf k|efjsf/L eP gePsf] s] xf] eGg];DaGWfdf cg'udg ug{sf] nflu ljlw lgdf{0fstf{x¿s} k|ToIf lgu/fgLdf cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg ug]{;+oGq ljsl;t ubf{ klg sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sb5 . sfg"g d'n'ssf]cfjZostf jf ;dosf] dfunfO{ lgb]{lzt jf nlIft u/]/ dfq lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 . lgdf{0f e} ;s]sf]sfg"g Jofjxfl/s 5}g, nfu" x'g ;Sb}g jf cfjZostfg} 5}g eg] tTsfn vf/]hL jf ;+zf]wg u/L;dofg's"n sfg"g jgfpg' ;dfhsf] a[xQ/ lxtdf /xG5 .;DklQ olt 5 jf 5}g eg]/ kbflwsf/Ln] tYofÍ ;lxtsf] ljj/0f k]z ug'{ ;fdfGo k|lqmofePklg p:n] pb\3f]if u/]sf] ljj/0f 7Ls jf j]7Ls s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf tTsfn lgSof}{n ug]{ sfo{cToGt sl7g, hl6n / sfg"g nfu" x'g] jf gx'g] ;DaGWfdf cToGt 7"nf] dxTj /fVg] x'G5 . s;}sf];DklQ k]z u/]sf] eGbf 36L jf a9L jf 7Ls s] b]lvPsf] 5 tTsfn 6'Ëf]df k'Ug} kb{5 . olb of] x'gg;Sg] xf] eg] ljj/0f k]z ug]{sf] unt jf s;"/hGo dgf]jn a9\g] / sfNklgs tYofÍx¿ k|:t't ug{k|f]:;flxt x'g hfG5 . o;sf] ljk/Lt tTsfn 5fglag jf vf]hvj/ ePsf] v08df JolQmsf] j]OdfgLug]{ dgl:yltsf] ljhf/f]k0f g} x'g kfpGg . h;n] JolQmsf] hLjgdf cfly{s z'4tfnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg]dgf]a[lQsf] ljsf; ub{5 . o;}u/L JolQmn] pb\3f]if u/]sf] ;DklQsf] Plsg ug{ pknAw ePsf] a[xt\;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k|To]s ufp+, gu/, lhNNff, c+rn, If]q jf /fi6«s} ljleGg

88

lhDd]jf/Lsf] kbdf kbfl;g kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] k|To]s :yfgdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] /]s8{ /fvL unt jf;xL s] s:tf] ljj/0f k]z u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGWfdf tTsfn lgSof}{n ug{ ;lsG5 . cd"t{ jf u0fgf ug{g;lsg] ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ kbflwsf/LnfO{ tTsfn} Plsg ug{ nufpg] / Plsg ug{ g;Sg]cj:yf ePdf kbaf6} lgnDag ug{ ;Sg] ;DDfsf] Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 . h;/L lglZrt of]Uotf ge};fj{hlgs kbdf kbfl;g aGg ;lsGg To:t} ;DklQsf] Plsg ljj/0f k]z gu/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]uh:tf :jtGq ;+:yfn] lng] k/LIffdf g} ;lDdlnt x'g g;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 . ;DklQsf]59Plsg ge} s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kbdf kbfl;g x'g g;Sg] kl/kf6L ljsl;t ug}{ kb{5 . /fHosf];]jfdf ;dlk{t x'g rfxg] JolQmn] lglZrt cfrf/ ;+lxtf clgjfo{ ?kdf kfngf ug}{ kb{5 . z++sflåljwf jf cGof}nsf] cj:yfdf s;}nfO{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf ;]jfug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg x'Gg . pRr g}ltsd"No / dfGotf ePsf] ;Ifd / OdfGbf/ JolQm g} ;fj{hlgs kbsf] xsbf/ xf] . o;sf nflu /fHon]pRr ;ts{tf ckgfpg} kb{5 . /fHo ;+rfngdf ;a} k|sf/sf u}/ sfg"gL jf v/fj cfr/0fx¿lgGbgLo x'G5g\ . o;df klg ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] z'4 cfly{s cfr/0f x'g kg]{ clgjfo{ zt{sf]?kdf dflgG5 . s'g}klg k|sf/sf ljs[ltx¿ /fHo ;+rfngdf /xL /xg' jf /fVg' s;}sf] lxtdf 5}g .;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfly{s clgoldttfsf] e"d/Laf6 hf]ufpg tyf gful/snfO{ cfly{sclgoldttf ljxLg ;dfhdf a:g] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ lglZrt sfo{of]hgf / k|ltj4tf ;lxtsf]Plss[t sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L tTsfn nfu" ug'{ Ps d'Vo ljsNksf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L M!= e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(÷@)!&@= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$*#= ;DklQ ljj/0f k]z ug]{ ;DaGwdf g] kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgf .$= ljleGg kq klqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf n]v, /rgf .%= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uåf/f k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ .^= dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] ljefuåf/f k|sflzt jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ .60

89

lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;"rgf k|jfx d's'Gb k|;fb cfrfo{ .;f/f+z;xL ;"rgfsf] k|jfx Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf / zf;sLo j}wtfsf] cfwf/ xf] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsfdfWodx¿sf] ljsf; / hgr]tgfsf] lj:tf/n] ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;j} cËx¿nfO{ k|efljt kfl//x]sfn]lghfdtL ;]jfdfq o;af6 c5'tf] /xg ;Qm}g . lghfdtL ;]jfn] ;]jfu|fxL;+u cGt/lqmof ug{ / k|jflxt;]jfsf] k|efjsfl/tf a9fO{ hgd'vLkgf k|j4{gsf nflu klg ;"rgf k|jfxsf ;j} dfWodsf] pkof]u ug'{cfjZos 5 .s'g} klg ;dfh ;/sf/ jf k|Zff;gsf] s'zn ;+rfngdf ;"rgf k|jfxsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf/x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf pknJw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] ;'lglZrttf / clj/nk|jfxsf nflu :yfoL ;+oGqsf] ?kdf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . lghfdtL ;+oGqn] k|bfgug]{ ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg o; leqsf ljleGg ;f]kfgx¿sf aLr ;"rgf jf hfgsf/L lg/Gt/?kdf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu Pp6f :yfoL dfWodsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 h'g cfGtl/s x'G5 / To:t}lghfdtL k|Zff;gn] hgtfnfO{ pknJw u/fpg] ;]jfsf] ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/ jfnfnfO{ oyf;do ;xLs'/fsf] hfgsf/L x'g' clt cfjZos 5 . o;} Joj:yfnfO{ ;xL ?kn] ;+rfng ug'{nfO{ ;"rgfsf]Joj:yfkg elgG5 .cfhsf] o'u ;"rgfsf] o'u xf] . h;n] hlt a9L ;"rgf ;+sng / ;+k|]if0f ug{ ;Sof] ;dfhdfp;sf] wfs Toltg} a9L x'G5 . Soflnkmf]lg{of ljZjljBfnon] u/]sf] Ps cWoog cg';f/ clxn]ljZjdf k|To]s jif{ #) k|ltztsf] b/n] ;"rgf k|jfxdf j[l4 ePsf] kfO{G5 . k':ts, kqklqsf / cGodfWoddf ljt]sf] tLg jif{df $# k|ltztn] ;"rgf ;dGjo / k|jfx ug]{ qmd a9]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xLcWoog cg';f/ cd]l/sfsf] Pp6f jo:sn] cf};t ?kdf k|To]s dlxgfsf] !^÷!& 306f 6]lnkmf]gdfJoltt u/]sf] x'G5 eg] p;n] /]l8of] ;'Ggdf () 306f / 6]lnlehg x]g{df Ps;o PstL; 306f

90

ljtfPsf] x'G5 . To:t} o; cjlwdf p;n] 3/sf] OG6/g]6df @% 306f / sfof{nosf] OG6/g]6df &$306f latfPsf] x'G5 . g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df klg OG6/g]6 h:tf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] ;+Vof lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 / 6]lnkmf]g cfh g]kfnsf nflu ljnfl;tfsf]j:t' geO{ b}lgs cfjZostfsf] ;"rL leq kg]{ j:t'df ulgG5 .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf klg ;"rgfsf] cfGtl/s k|jfxnfO{ oyf;Dej Jojl:yt ug]{k|of; u/]sf] kfO{G5 . d'n'sdf 6]lnkmf]g oGqsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g' k"j{ x'nfs / cfsfzjf0fLnfO{;"rgf k|jfxsf] k|d'v dfWodsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . /fHoe/ x'nfs dfu{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ o;}sf]pkh xf] . hltj]nf d'n'sdf x'nfsnfO{ ;~rf/ ;Dks{sf nflu e/kbf]{ dfWodsf ?kdf lnOGYof] To;jvt 8fFs y}nf jf]s]/ cfjt hfjt ug]{ JolQmnfO{ s;}n] p;sf] cfjfudgdf s'g} k|sf/sf] jfwfJojwfg pTkGg u/fpg gkfpg] Joj:yf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . …l5lGb|Ë l5lGb|ËÚ cfjfh cfpg] nf}/f]. dxflgb]{zs, ;"rgf ljefu .616]s]/ /ftsf] ;dodf sf]lx JolQm cfof] eg] …p x'nfsL bfO{ cfof]Ú eg]/ ;xh} yfxf kfpg ;lsGYof] .Tolt dfq xf]O{g, p;n] lglZrt ;dodf tf]lsPsf] b'/L kf/ u/L x'nfs j:t' tf]lsPsf] 7fFpdfk'¥ofpg' kg]{ lhDd]jf/L jxg u/]sf sf/0f /flt aLrdf jf; j:g' kbf{ h'g;'s} 3/wlgn] p;nfO{klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg] ub{Yof] . lgoldt ?kdf Ps} 7fpFdf jf; j:g' kg]{ ePdf x'nfsLsf nflu5'6\ofO{Psf] sf]7fdf c?nfO{ j:g lbOGgYof] .To:t} cfheGbf tLg bzs cl3;Dd ;/sf/L sfof{no aLr cfGtl/s ;"rgf k|jfxsf nfluvf; u/L s]Gb| / lhNnf aLr ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgsf nflu cfsfzjf0fLsf] k|of]u ul/GYof] . Pp6}:6]zgdf Ps} k6s ljleGg 7fpFsf cfsfzjf0fL s]Gb|x¿ ;+u ;Dks{ x'g] x'+bf o;af6 ul/g] ;"rgfk|jfx Tolt ;/n lyPg . pbfx/0fsf nflu olb cfsfzjf0fL -h;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf cf=jf= elgGYof]_dfkm{t kf]v/f eGg] zAbsf] ;Gb]z l6kfpg' k¥of] eg] ;f]em} kf]v/f pRrf/0f u/]/ kf]v/fsf] …kf]Úv/bf/sf] …vÚ / /fof] sf] …/fÚ elg ;Gb]z k7fpg]n] pRrf/0f ug]{ ul/GYof] . csf]{ tkm{ ;Gb]z l6Kg]

91

JolQmn] o;}sf cfwf/df l6kf] 6 u/]/ ;DalGwt sfof{no jf ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm sxfF k7fO{GYof] . o;/Lcf= jf= dfkm{t ;"rgf jf ;Gb]z cfbfg k|bfg ubf{ k"/f zAb k|of]u gu/L 5f]6s/Ldf (Abbreviation)klg n]Vg] rng lyof] . h:tf] …t'?Gt l/kf]6 ug'{Ú eGg' k/]df …t'/L ug'{Ú elg n]lvGYof] .;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] ;fy ;fy} ;"rgf k|jfxsf] tl/sfdf klg kl/j{tg cfpg yfNof] .;fy} ;/sf/n] cfkm"nfO{ …zf;sÚ sf] ?kdf lng] k/Dk/fut …;f]rÚ df klg ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g cfPkl5 hgtfnfO{ cfkm"n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf hglxtsf gfpFdf cfkm"n] ;+rfng u/]sf ljsf;lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿sf] hfgsf/L ;dod} hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofpg' cfˆgf] bfloTj 7fGg yflnof] . o;}qmddf @)$% ;fndf klxnf] k6s tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfksf af/]df lgoldt ?kdfhgtfnfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;/sf/sf] k|d'v k|jQmf lgo'Qm u¥of] . ;/sf/sf ;a} dxTjk"0f{lg0f{ox¿sf] hfgsf/L lgh dfkm{t g} ;+rf/ dfWoddf k|jfx ug]{ ul/GYof] .@)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hg cfGbf]ng kl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{k|ult ePsf] 5 . ;j{k|ydt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|]; / cfd ;+rf/sf] :jtGqtfsf];+/If0fdf dxTjk"0f{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/]sf] v'nf / pbf/ gLltsf sf/0f5fkf dfWoddf dfq geO{ On]S6«f]lgs ;+rf/ dfWoddf klg pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . @)$^ ;fncl3 d'n'sdf Pp6f dfq ;/sf/ lgolGqt 6]lnlehg tyf /]l8of] /x]sf]df lghL If]qdf 6]lnlehgsf]:yfkgf / lj:tf/sf ;fy} Pkm= Pd= k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/L lghL If]qn] k|f/De u/]sf] /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf]sf/0f cfd hgtfsf] r]tgf zlQmdf ce"tk"j{ ljsf; x'g uPsf] 5 . r]tgzLn hg;+Vofsf] j[l4sf]sf/0f ;/sf/ klg cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL k|lt ;hu / ;r]t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . p;n] hgtfsf gfddfug]{ s'g} klg sfo{x¿sf] af/]df oyf;Dej kf/blz{tf ckgfO{ hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] cfˆgf]bfloTj axg ug{ cu|;/ ePsf] kfO{G5 . x/]s dGqfno / 7"nf ljefu dfq} x}g cfof]u / ;/sf/L

92

:jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfgx¿n] klg lgoldt ;"rgf k|jfxsf nflu k|jQmf tf]Sg] / p;sf] gfd;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf o;}sf] pkh xf] . oltdfq xf]O{g dlGqkl/ifbn] ug]{ x/]s lg0f{osf jf/]df cfdhgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug{ dlGqkl/ifbsf] k|jQmf tf]Sg'sf ;fy} lgoldt ?kdf kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/L;fj{hlgs ug]{ kl/kf6Ln] klg p;nfO{ hgtfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ t'NofPsf] dx;'; ug{ ;lsG5 .62bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# kl5 ag]sf] nf]stflGqs ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] ;';"lrtx'g] xs ;'lglZrt ug]{ / hgtfdf ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{ dfWodx¿sf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug{ s] s:tf]sfg"gL Pj+ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 ;f] ;DaGwdf 7f]; ;'emfj lbg ;f+;b >L/fw]Zofd clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo pRr:t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]u u7g u/L ;'emfjlng] sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] cfd ;+rf/sf ljljw If]qdf ug'{ kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;fy} cfdgful/ssf] ;"rgf k|flKtsf] xssf] ;+/If0f tyf ;/sf/ tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 lgoldt ?kdf ;"rgfk|jfxsf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ul/g' kg]{ Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿ lbPsf] 5 . log};'emfjx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/ clxn] cfjZos sfg"gL Jjj:yf / ;+ /rgfsf] lgdf{0fdfh'6]sf] 5 .cfof]un] lbPsf ;'emfj dWo] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfj ;"rgf cfof]usf] u7g ;DalGw xf] .h;sf] k|:tfjgfdf æcfw'lgs nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf /fHosf] e"ldsf d"ntM lgofds /;xhstf{ x'g] ePsfn] /fHosf] sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfo cGtu{t dGqfno, ljefu / sfof{non] ug]{lgoGq0fsf/L e"ldsfaf6 k|]; / ;~rf/ hut\nfO{ :jtGq /fVg clxn]sf] ljBdfg ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{ gu/L cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug{, 5fkfvfgf tyf k|];;DaGwL xsnfO{ hLjGt agfpg /hgtfsf] ;';"lrt x'g] xsnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf k|rng u/fpg :jtGq / clwsf/ ;DkGg 5'§}lgsfosf] :yfkgf x'g' cfjZos ePsf]Æ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]usf] ;'emfjsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{kIf nf]stflGqs ;/sf/n] ;+rf/ dfWod ;+rfng ug'{ x'Fb}g eGg] xf] . xfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf

93

;+rflnt /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|zf/s (Public Service Broadcaster)sf] ?kdf kl/0ft u/L ;+rfng ug{ / uf]/vfkqnfO{ ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0faf6 aflx/ /fVg ;'emfjlbO{Psf] 5 .;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] b|'tt/ ljsf; / o;af6 k|fKt k|ltkmn pkof]u ug{df cfhg]kfnL hgtf klg kl5 k/]sf 5}gg\ . xfn g]kfndf k|ToIf ?kdf OG6/g]6 k|of]ustf{sf] ;+Vof krf;xhf/ eGbf a9L ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg]] @ nfv krf; xhf/ eGbf a9Ln] ck|ToIf ?kdfo;sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] cg'dfg 5 . To:t} 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf gk'u]sf] s'g} lhNnf g} 5}g eg] 5fkf /On]S6«f]lgs dfWodsf cltl/Qm cgnfO{g ldl8ofaf6 klg ;"rgf / hfgsf/L k|jfx ug]{ k4ltsf]ljsf; e} ;s]sf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf ePsf] o; ce"tk"j{ ljsf;nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;/sf/Llgsfox¿n] klg cgnfO{g dfWodsf] k|of]u u/L ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug'{ ;/n / k|efjsf/L x'g]s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsGg .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L!= pRr :t/Lo ldl8of ;'emfj cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)^#@= ljleGg kqklqsfx¿63

;'zf;gsf] nflu hg;xeflutf / sd{rf/LtGqsf]ablnFbf] e"ldsf lr/~hLjL vgfn .;f/f+zhg;xeflutf ljgf ;'zf;g (Good Governance) ;Dej 5}g . zf;g k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf];xeflutfsf] dfqf cg';f/ ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgb]{zgsf] j}wtf (Legitimacy) sf] dfkg ug]{ gjLgcjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fj{hlgs Pj+ ljsf; k|zf;gn] cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;af6 xfd|f] jt{dfg sd{rf/LtGq(Bureaucracy) sf] e"ldsf / :j?kdf kl/jt{gsf] nflu lg/Gt/ bjfj a9\b} uO{ /x]sf] 5 .Government cannot do anything well so should do as little as possible.-B.Guy Peterszf;gdf cfd hgtfsf] ks8, zf;g k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf, zf;g k|0ffnLdf zlQms]Gb|x¿sf]

94

lhDd]jf/L jf]w Pj+ zf;sx¿sf] sfo{s'zntf h:tf s'/fx¿ ;'zf;g (Good Governance) sf] nflucfwf/e"t :tDex¿ dflgPsf 5g\ . ;'zf;g ta;Dd ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g ha;Dd zf;g k|0ffnLdfcfd hgtf ;lqmo ?kn] ;xefuL x'b}gg\ . ;/sf/?kL /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] nlIft PsfO JolQmePtfklg ;/sf/ / JolQmsf aLrdf ;d'bfon] ;dGjoL e"ldsfdf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] klg;d'Ggt zf;g Joj:yfdf ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf dfly hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fLePsf] gftfn] klg JolQmTjsf] ;xL klxrfg ;d'bfodf dfq ;Dej ePsf] / /fHo–;+oGqsf] tNnf]cfwf/ PsfOsf] ?kdf ;d'bfo g} /x]sf]n] klg ;'zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df JolQmTjsf] ljsf;sf] nflu;d'bfosf] klxrfg a9\b} uPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . JolQmut :jfy{sf] cf}lrTo k|dfl0fs/0f / ;/sf/sf];fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs gLltx¿sf] j}wflgstf k'li6sf] gofF ;+oGq (Instrument)sf] ?kdf klg ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ lnOg] ul/G5 .;fdflhs lxtsf] nflu ;+rfng ul/g] x/]s sfo{qmddf ;lqmo hg;xeflutf / Joj:yfkgx'g ;s]sf] v08df zf;g Joj:yfsf] ceLi6 k|flKt ;xh x'g] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf;/sf/sf] kl5Nnf] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/sf sbdx¿ klg oLg} dfGotfx¿af6 clek|]l/t /x]sf 5g\ . vf;u/]/ lghLs/0f k|lqmofsf] yfngL, lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vofdf s6f}tL, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]k|j4{g / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf kxnx¿ o; If]qsf kl5Nnf dxTjk"0f{ ;'wf/ k|of;x¿sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ .;/sf/ eg]sf] /fHoJoj:yf leqsf ;j} ;+u7gx¿sf] 5ftf ;+u7g (Instituton ofInstitutions) xf] . t;y{ dftxt ;+u7gx¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg] / pgLx¿nfO{ x/ k|sf/n] ;'ljwfx¿pknJw u/fpg' s]Gb|Lo ;+u7gsf] bfloTjleq kb{5 . /fHoJoj:yf / k|zf;gdf ablnFbf] ljZjJofkLdfGotfx¿sf] klxrfg ub}{ k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$* n] klg ;'zf;gsf nfluljBdfg sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsNkx¿sf] qmdzM vf]hL ub}{ nlug' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 .. sfg"g clws[t -pk;lrj_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .64;'zf;gsf] k|d'v nIo hglxt jf ;fd'bflos lxt g} xf] . sd eGbf sd ;/sf/L lgoGq0fdf

95

w]/} zf;sLo k|jGw ldnfpg] snf (Less Government but More Governance) sf] ?kdf klg;'zf;gnfO{ lnOg] ul/G5 . zf;sLo k|jGw cGtu{t ;/sf/n] cfˆgf gLltx¿sf] j}wtf :yflkt ug{sf]nflu klg casf lbgx¿df ;fd'bflos ;xeflutfnfO{ d"n cfwf/ dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] ;fdflhs;+:s[lts kl/j]zsf] ;Gbe{df of] ljns'n} gf}nf] cjwf/0ff klg xf]Og . lsgeg] ;d'bfodf ljleGgk|sf/sf u'7Lx¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{, cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg JolQmn] ;d'bfodf rf}tf/f], wd{zfnf, ljBfno,d7–dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{, u/La / c;dy{x¿nfO{ bfg–bftJo lbg] OToflb sfo{af6 ;dfhdf sLlt{5f8]/ hfg] xfd|f] cfˆg} k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/hGo dfGotfx¿ cBflk ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]s} 5g\ . o;cltl/Qm klg :yfgLo cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf] nflu ;fd"lxs kxn ug]{ / cfk;L ;xdltsf]cfwf/df ljjfbx¿sf] lgk6f/f ug]{ xfd|f] ;dfhsf cfˆg} ljz]iftfx¿ (Indigenous Characteristics) /xLcfPsf 5g\ .;/sf/?kL ;+u7gsf] zf;g ;+oGqsf] k|of]uzfnf eg]sf] o;sf ax'n ;d'bfox¿ x'g\ .;/sf/sf] ;fj{ef}d p2]Zo eg]s} ;a} hgtfsf] lxt ug'{ xf] . yf]/} zf;g ug'{ Pp6f c;n ;/sf/sf]u'0f xf] (That Government is Best Which Governs Less) eGg] cfw'lgs dfGotfsf cfwf/df klg;/sf/sf] sfd zf;gsf] nflu ;+of]hssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ dfq xf] . k|hftGqdf hgtfdfly zf;ghgtf :jo+n] g} ub{5g\ . hgtf cfˆgf cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;dflhs pTyfgsf efUoljwftf cfkm}x'g\ . gful/sx¿sf] ;fd"lxs rfxgf ;fd"lxs ;xeflutfd"ns ;'zf;gsf] dfWodaf6 dfq ;kmlne"tx'g ;Sb5 . cfˆgf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg ug]{ v'jL, :yfgLo :t/df ;a} ju{sf] ;xeflutfsf];xhtf, :yfgLo ;fwg ;|f] t pk/sf] :jfldTj, :jfjnDjgsf] cg'e" tL OToflb b[li6sf]0faf6 klg;'zf;gdf ;d'bfosf] e"ldsfsf] ;fy{stfnfO{ d"Nof+sg ug]{ k|rng cfhsn a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .o;} ;Gbe{df xfd|f] b]zdf klg ;'?df ;fd'bflos jg, ;fd'bflos a}+s -u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+s_ /;xsfl/tfsf] cEof;af6 lg:s]sf kmnbfoL kl/0ffdx¿sf] ljZn]if0f kZrft\ ;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo rf}sL,

96

c:ktfn / ljBfnox¿ :yfgLo lgsfo jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;'Dk+b} hfg] gLltsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .xfn cfP/ ljB't ljsf;, ;~rf/ / vfg]kfgL h:tf cTolws hg;/f]sf/sf If]qx¿df lghLs/0fsf]dfWodaf6 hg;fwf/0fsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu;fdflhs pTkfbgsf j:t' Pj+ ;]jf pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] xs lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu ljljw pkqmdx¿sf]:yfkgf klg ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ljleGg r/0fsf k|of]ud"ns ;kmntfsf] kmn:j?k :yfgLo ;'/IffJoj:yf / ;fdflhs Gofo lg?k0fdf klg ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfsf nflu ;Dj4 If]qaf6cfjfhx¿ p7\g yfln;s]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/ / zf;g, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/ / ;d'bfo,;fj{hlgs / lghL ;/f]sf/ Pj+ ;DaGwx¿sf] jf/]df gofF dfGotfx¿n] k'/ftg dfGotfx¿nfO{k|lt:yfkg (Transition) sf] sfo{ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs j[Qdf tLj| x'+b} uO/x]sf] 5 .s]Gb|b]lv :yfgLo:t/;Dd / :yfgLo:t/b]lv s]Gb|;Dd (Bottom-up) rf}tkmL{ ;"rgf k|jfxsf]cfjZostf / dxTjn] ubf{ elgG5 cfh xfdL h'g ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf al; cfPsf 5f}+ To;sf] s'g}s]Gb|ljGb' g} 5}g (We Live in the Centre-less Society; There is no Longer a Single SovereignAuthority) . o; cy{df ;'zf;g eg]sf] Socio-Cybernetic System Approach klg xf] hxfF ;dfhsfljleGg tKsfsf dflg;x¿sf] ;lqmo e"ldsf Pj+ ;xeflutf cfjZos 7flgG5 . ;/sf/sf] PSnf]k|of;n] dfq ;'zf;g sfod x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] ;'zf;gsf nflu cfjZos rf}tkmL{ ;"rgf Pj+65;|f]tdf ;d'bfosf] Jofks ;xeflutfaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 . lghL If]q Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf] ;lqmotf,/rgfTds ;xof]u, ;dembf/L / ;fldKoaf6 dfq ;'zf;gsf] nIo k|flKt ;Dej 5 . k/Dk/fut ?kdfs]Gb|Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ;+lrt /x]sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofof]hg xf]Og ;d'bfodf lgIf]k0f (Devolution)cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f kl/0ffdd'vL x'g ;s]sf] 5 5}g To;sf] cg'udg /;'wf/sf] cEof;df ;/sf/ ;fwgf/t /xg' kb{5 . :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k[i7kf]ifssf]

97

?kdf ;/sf/n] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] ;kmntf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] dfkg /fHozlQmsf];+roaf6 xf]Og, /fHozlQmsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0fsf] cfwf/df ul/g' kb{5 . gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;zQm/ ;jn agfpg] tkm{ /fHozlQm vlr{g' kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf lylrPsf, lklN;Psf ju{nfO{cu|kª\tLdf NofO{ (Putting the Last First) pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs GofoJoj:yf k|lt cf:yfjfg agfpg;Sg' kb{5 . ;fdflhs Gofo Joj:yfdf lgd'vfx¿sf] kx'Fr a9fOg' kb{5 . Gofo Joj:yfdf lkl8tkIfsf] ;xh kx'+rsf] nflu dfu{ k|z:t agfOg' kb{5 . ;'zf;gsf] nflu phf{ ca s]Gb|af6 xf]Og:yfgLo :t/af6 lgM;[t x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] / zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;j{;fwf/0fn] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg'kb{5 . ;'zf;gsf] nflu cfjZos ;fwg, ;|f]t nufot ;"rgf k|jfx rf}tkmL{ x'g' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf]Psf]xf]/f] lgoGq0f / ;"rgf k|jfxn] ;'zf;gsf] a9fjf x'g ;Sb}g . ;j{;fwf/0fsf] b}lgs hLjgdf;'zf;g b]lvg' k5{, e]l6g' k5{ / dx;'z x'g' k5{, . o; cy{df ;'zf;g eg]sf] zf;sLo cEof;sf]Jojxfl/s kIf klg xf] h'g cfbz{ ;dfh :yfkgf x]t' kl/nlIft /x]sf] x'G5 . casf] sd{rf/LtGqsf]kl/jlt{t e"ldsfn] log} tYox¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .;Gbe{–;fdu|LMBhandari, S. (2005). 'Future of Nepalese Constitution and Democracy' in Bhandari, S. and Karki, B. (ed.)Future of Nepalese Constitution. Kathmandu; Law Associates NepalChambers, R. (1983). Rural Development. Putting the Last First. Harlow; LongmanDhungel, S. P. et al. (1998). Commentary on the Nepalese Constitution. Kathmandu. DeLF, Lawyer's IncHarris, S. (2002).' Modernising Governance: the Impact on Policy and Research Communities in theUnited Kingdom' in International Studies in Sociology of Education, Vol. 12, Number 3Maskey, B. K. (2000). Development Governance. Kathmandu; Centre for Development and GovernanceOsborne, D. and Gaebler, T. (1992). Reinventing Government. Reading, MA; Addison-WesleyPeters, B. Guy (1996). The Future of Governing: Four Emerging Models. USA; University Press ofKansasPeters, B. Guy & Pierre, J. (1998). 'Governance Without Government? Rethinking PublicAdministration' in Journal of Public Administration Research Theory, Vol.8, No.2Pieterse, J. N. (2001). Development Theory. New Delhi; Vistaar PublicationSingh, A. (2003). 'Questioning the New Public Management' in Public Administration Review, Jan/FebThe World Bank (1992). Governance and Development. Washington, D. C.; The World Bank

98

United Nations Development Program (2002). Nepal Human Development Report, 2001: PovertyReduction and Governance. Kathmandu; UNDPWise, L. R. (2002). 'Public Management Reform: Competing Drivers of Change' in PublicAdministration Review, Vol. 62k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$*;fj{hlgs vr{ k'g/fjnf]sg cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)%&;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k| efjsf/L t'Nofpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)^!66

;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ /fh]Gb| k|;fb g]kfn .;f/f+z;'zf;g cfhsf] k|d'v rrf{sf] ljifo xf] . ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;j} If]qdf ;'zf;gsf] dfu tLj| 5 .;'zf;gljgf /fHosf] j}wtf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt klg x'b}g eg] o;sf] cefjdf hgtfn] ;/sf/jf6ck]Iff ug]{ ;]jf tyf j:t'x¿ klg k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}gg g ;fj{hlgs ;fwgsf] k|of]unfO{ g} hgck]Iff cg'?kug{ ;lsG5 . t/ ;'zf;g TolQs} k|fKt x'b}g . o;sf nflu s]xL k"jf{wf/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; n]vdf;'zf;gsf nflu cfjZos tTjx¿sf] ljZn]if0ffTds k|:t'tL ul/Psf] 5 .k[i7e"ldzf;g jf ;'zf;g cfh ;a}eGbf a9L pRrf/0f ul/g] zJbx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzskl5 sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ff / lsG;sf] j}rfl/s cjwf/0ffdf ;+s6 b]vLg yfNof] . /fhgLltIf]qdf k|hftflGqs/0f, cfly{s If]qdf pbfl/s/0f tyf lghLs/0fsf ;fy} k|zf;lgs If]qdf gofF;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgn] k|j]z kfPkl5 ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf klg lgs} xnrn cfof] . ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q s] x'g] cfsf/ s:tf] x'g] eGg] ljifodf jf}l4s If]q jLr lgs} ax; rNg yfNof] . ;/sf/ ;j}If]qdf ;+nUg x'g' x'b}g h'g h'g If]qdf lghL If]q, :yflgo lgsfo, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yf cu|;/ePsf 5g\ tL If]qdf ;/sf/ ;+nUg e}/xg' kb}{g . To;}n] ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'g' k5{ eGg] Psy/Lsf] ljrf/ /Xof] eg] csf{ y/Lsf] ljrf/df ;/sf/n] u/L cfPsf] sNof0fsf/L sfo{af6 xft leSg'x'b}g hf/L /fVg'k5{ / cem gof+ If]qdf xft xfNg' k5{ eGg] /Xof] . oL b'j} egfO eGbf km/s egfOklg cfpg yfNof] . ;/sf/sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] / ;fgf] eGbf klg c;n ;/sf/ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

99

o; s'/fnfO{ 8]jL8 cf];ag{ / 6]8 u]jn/n] …;/sf/sf] k'gMcflj:sf/Ú eGg] k':tsdf …sd zf;g jfa9L zf;g xfd|f] cfjZostf xf]Og, xfd|f] cfjZostf ;'zf;g xf]Ú egL gofF cjwf/0ff NofP .;'zf;g lanf;L s'/f xf]Og of] ljsf;sf] nflu clt cfjZos 5 eGg] lgisif{ ljZj ljsf; k|ltj]bg!((& sf] 5 . o;/L ;/sf/sf] cfsf/df eGbf klg ;'zf;gdf s]xL jif{ otf a9L hf]8 lbgyflnPsf] 5 .kl/efiff;'zf;gnfO s;}n] …hgtfsf] ;jf]{ Qd lxt x'g] u/L /fHon] cfkmgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ zf;gk|0ffnL xf]Ú eg]sf 5g\ . s;}n] …hgtfsf] cfjZostf / OR5f cg';f/ rNg] ;/sf/ xf]Ú eg]sf 5g\ .x/]s b[li6sf]0fjf6 pko'Qm b]lvPsf] zf;g g} ;'zf;g xf] eGg] u/] sf] klg kfOPsf]5 . laZj a}+sn]lgDg rf/ tTjx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf rf/ cfwf/e"t cfofdsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5• pQ/bfloTj (Accountability)• ;"rgf / kf/blz{tf (Information and transparency).;x ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .67• ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Joj:yfkgM Ifdtf / bIftf (Public Sector Management: Capacity andEfficiency);+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3Lo ljsf; sf]ifsf] Ps k|ltj]bgn] ;'zf;gsf] ljz]iftfdf /fhg}ltshjfkmb]xL / j}wtf, ;"rgf / cleJolQm :jtGqtf, hjfkmb]xL gf]s/zfxL, lgikIf / ljZjfl;nf]Goflos Joj:yf, k|efjsf/L / bIf Joj:yfkg / gful/s ;dfhsf ;+u7g aLr ;dGjonfO{ ;dfj];u/]sf] 5 .cf]Ol;8L /fi6«x¿l;t ;DalGwt b:tfj]hx¿n] lgDg cjojx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf ljz]iftfsf]?kdf cf}+NofPsf] 5 –• ;/sf/sf] j}wtf• ;/sf/sf /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgs tTjx¿sf] pQ/bfloTj• ;/sf/sf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ / ;]jfsf] ljt/0f ug]{ Ifdtf• dfgj clwsf/ / sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] ;Ddfgo;/L ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dn] kl/eflift u/]sf] b]lvP klg lgrf]8df eGg'kbf{hjfkmb]xLtf, kf/blz{tf, sfg"gL Zff;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnL, cfwf/e"t

100

dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, j}wflgstf, ;xeflutf, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf,;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"ltsf] ;du| ?k g} ;'zf;g xf] .;'zf;gsf b'O{j6f kIfx¿ 5g\ . zf;g k2ltnfO{ ljlw ;Ddt / kf/bzL{ agfpg] /zf;snfO{ cfˆgf] sfd k|lt lhDd]jf/ / hjfkmb]lx jgfpg] klxnf kIf xf] eg] hgtfnfO{ zf;gdfj9L eGbf j9L ;xefuL u/fpg] bf];|f] kIf xf] . oL b'j}sf] ;du| :j?k g} ;'zf;g xf] .;'zf;g j:t' jf ;]jf h:t} vl/b ljqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g] lrh xf]Og . d'n'sdf, ;dfhdf hjhj gful/saf6 ;'v zflGt / k|ultsf] cg'e"lt x'g yfN5 tj ;'zf;g cfPsf] dflgG5 . t;y{ of]b]lvg] jf gfKg ;lsg] rLh klg xf]Og o;nfO{ cg'e"ltdf vf]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 .;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t tTjx¿ M;'zf;gsf cfwf/e" t tTjsf] ?kdf ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL, kf/blz{tf, sfg"gL zf;g,;/sf/sf] j}wflgstf, gful/s ;'/Iff, cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt, :jtGq P+j ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnL, hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f, u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf kb{5g .!_ ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLclVtof/sf] k|of]uaf6 >[lht bfloTj g} hjfkmb]lxtf xf] . clVtof/ kfPsf] JolQmn]cfkm"n] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] sfdsf] af/]df hjfkm lbg] sfo{ xf] . ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+uaf6 sfd ;Dkfbg eof]ePg < ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ubf{ ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, tyf cf}lrTotfnfO{Wofg k'¥ofOof] jf k'¥ofOPg, hgtfdf ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kg]{ sfo{ oyf ;dodf cfjZostf cg';f/,plrt nfutdf, u'0f:t/Lo ?kdf ;dfg dfkb08 cg';f/ pknJw eof] ePg eGg] s'/fsf] hjfkm;fj{hlgs lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] kbflwsf/Laf6 vf]lhG5 . o;/L lhDd]jf/ JolQmnfO{ ;|f]t ;fwg68kl/rfng tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;/f]sf/jfnf k|lt hjfkmb]xL agfpbf ;|f]t ;fwg kl/rfng tyf ;]jfk|jfxdf ;'wf/ cfpg'sf ;fy} sfo{Ifdtf, bIftf tyf k|efjsf/Ltfdf j[l4 x'G5, ;|f]t / ;fwg

101

b'?kof]u x'g kfpb}g, e|i6frf/ tyf u}/ sfg"gL lqmofsnfk lgolGqt x'G5, ;fj{hlgs lgsfo k|lthgtfsf] ljZjf; hfUb5 . o;af6 ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g hfG5 .@_ kf/blz{tfkf/blz{tfnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] Pp6f dxTjk" 0f{ vDjfsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;fdfGo cy{dfkf/blz{tf eGgfn] jf/kf/ b]Vg ;lsg] cj:yf xf] . /fHo ;+rfngsf] qmddf kf/blz{tf eGgfn]cfkm"nfO{ lgjf{lrt u/L k7fPsf hgtfnfO{ zf;g s;/L ;+rfng ePsf] 5 egL ;';"lrt ug]{ sfo{xf] . csf]{ zJbdf d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/n] agfPsf] gLlt, sfo{qmd / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogl:ylt / To;sf] kl/0ffdsf] jf/]df ;';"lrt ug]{ jf ;"rgf lbg] sfo{ g} kf/blz{tf xf] . kf/blz{tfk|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:Yffsf] cleGg c+u xf] . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] sfo{ jf lg0f{oaf/] hgtfnfO{hfgsf/L pknJw u/fPdf To; pk/ hgtfn] jf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoQm ub{5g\ / yk;"rgf jf ;Nnfx lbG5g\ . h;af6 zf;g ;+rfngdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ 7"nf] d2t k'U5 .;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ubf{ b]vfkg]{ ljs[ lt -l9nf;':tL, eg;'g, cltl/Qm d"No, c;dfg ljt/0f_lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp k'U5 . hxfF ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfk, sfo{qmd / ;]jf k|jfxjf/] hfgsf/L u/fO{b}gToxfF cg]s ljs[ltx¿ b]vf kb{5g\ . o;af6 ;'zf;gdf uDeL/ c;/ kb{5 . uf]Ko sf]7fdf ul/g] sfdsf/jfxLn] z+sf hGdfp5 ;/f]sf/jfnf jf ;]jfu|fxL / ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfo aLrsf] z+sfnfO{km/flsnf] kfb{5 . t;y{ ;fj{hls sfo{x¿sf] af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg' k5{ . ;+ljwfgn]k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xssf] ;'lglZrtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; cj:Yffdf s'g} klgkbflwsf/Ln] ;"rgf n'sfpg] jf glbg] sfo{ ug{ ldNb}g . To;f]] ePdf ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g} ;Sb}g\ .#_ sfg"gL zf;gsfg"gL zf;gsf] cy{ sfg"gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf xf] . o;df sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0fdf ;j} gful/s;dfg x'g] s'/f kb{5 . /fHosf ;j} c+ux¿n] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u / st{Josf] kfngf ubf{ sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] ug'{k5{ . ;fdfGo sfg"gL k|s[of gk'¥ofO{ s;}nfO{ sf/jfxL ug{ jf ;hfo ug{ kfOb}g .

102

hgtfn] jf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] s'g} klg ljifodf clwsf/ dfu ubf{ jf lj/f]w ubf{ sfg"gsf] bfo/f leq/xL dfu jf lj/f]w ug'{k5{ . ;'zf;gn] sfg"g agfO{ zf;g ;+rfng ug{df hf]8 lbG5 .$_ ;/sf/sf] j}wflgstfk|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf cfjlws lgjf{rg dfkm{t hgtfn] ;/sf/ u7g ub{5g\ .:yfgLo txdf klg cfjlws lgjf{rg dfkm{t :yfgLo lgsfo u7g x'G5 . o;/L hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrte} cfPsf] ;/sf/ -s]Gb|Lo jf :yfgLo_ n] hgtfsf] ;dy{g k|fKt u/L ljleGg sfo{qmd ;+rfngug'{k5{ . j}wflgstfsf] ljifodf k|Zg p7]sf] l:yltdf ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo lgsfon] cfkmgf] k/LIf0fu/fO{ hg;dy{g k|fKt ug'{k5{ .69%_ gful/s ;'/Iffgful/ssf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu g} /fHosf] pTklt ePsf] xf] . hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff ePg eg];/sf/sf] cf}lrTotf d} k|Zg lrGx cfp5 . hxfF ;/sf/sf] cf}lrTotf k|Zg p7\5 ToxfF ;'zf;g w]/}6f9fsf] rLh x'G5 . t;y{ ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"ltsf] nflu gful/sn] ;'/lIft ePsf] dx;"; ug}{k5{ .^_ cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltcfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt klg ;'zf;gsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . cfwf/e"tdfgj clwsf/ cGt/ut ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf -jfs, wfld{s, eoaf6 d'lQm, bl/b|tfaf6 d'lQm_ ;DklQ,wd{, lzIff, ;"rgf, uf]klgotf, b]z lgsfnf lj?4, zf]if0f lj?4, lgjf/s gh/jGb lj?4, ;+j}wflgspkrf/sf] xs kb{5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff kqn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf oL xssf]cefjdf ;'zf;gsf] kl/sNkgf ug{ g;lsg] ePsfn] cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltnfO{ klg;'zf;gsf] Ps c+usf] ?kdf lnOPsf] xf] .&_ :jtGq P+j ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLs'g} klg k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf gful/ssf cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/ ;'/lIft ug{,;+ljwfgdf Joj:Yff eP cg';f/sf] df}lns xssf] lgjf{w pkof] u ug{, sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{d"t{?k lbg, ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ul/Psf c+ux¿n] cf–cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt

103

sfg"gsf] ;Ldf leq /xL u/]sf] 5g\ 5}gg eGg] s'/fsf] Goflos hfFr ug{ :jtGq tyf ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLn] sfg"gsf] kl/lw leq /xL ;/sf/n]hgtfnfO{ ;] jf k'¥ofpg] / gful/sn] sfg"g jdf]lhd df}lns xssf] pkof]u ug]{ jftfj/0f jgfpg]x'gfn] ;'zf;gsf] nflu :jtGq Pj+ ;Ifd Gofo k|0ffnLsf] clgjfo{tf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .*_ hgtfsf] ;xeflutf;'zf;gn] zf;gdf clwsflws dfqdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf] dfu ub{5 . cfˆgf] If]qsf]ljsf;sf] nflu s] ug]{, s;/L ug]{, slxn] ug]{ / lsg ug]{ eGg] h:tf ljifosf] lg0f{o ug]{ sfo{dfhgtfnfO{ g} ;xefuL u/fpg' k5{ . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] o;} ljifodf hf]8 lbG5 . cfˆgf] ;d:of cfkm};dfwfg ug{sf] nflu lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] :jfoQ clwsf/ hgtfåf/f lgjf{lrt :yfgLo lgsfosfkbflwsf/LnfO{ g} lbg'k5{ . of]hgf th'{df, ;+rfng, /]vb]v, d"Nofs+g nufot k|zf;lgs tyf Goflosclwsf/ :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfonfO{ lbO ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ clwsf/ lgIf]k0fsf] l;4fGt cg';f/cufl8 j9fpg' k5{ . o;af6 tL lgsfox¿ hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g k'U5g\ / hgtfdf ;'zf;gsf]cg'e"lt x'gyfN5 .(_ k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fhgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df jx'kfqx¿ -lghLIf]q, u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, :yfgLo lgsfo,;/sf/L If]q_ ;+nUg 5g\ . ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df oL ljleGg lgsfon] ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf x'G5g\ .;]jf k'¥ofpg] oL lgsfo aLr k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f tof/ ubf{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df b'|ttf, ;]jfdf:t/Lotf tyf nfutdf sdL cfp5 . To;}u/L ;/sf/L kIfaf6 ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{df ;+nUg70sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6, kbf]Gglt, k'/:sf/ lbFbf klg k|lt:kwf{ x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{k5{ . To:t} k|lt:kwf{ug{ ;lsg] If]qx¿df sfof{no sfof{no aLr ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;do / nfut aLr k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg'k5{ . o;/L k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f ePdf ;' zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .!)_ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] Joj:yf

104

ax'kfqaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf j:t' jf ;]jfsf] nfut, u'0f:t/, ;do, kof{Kttfsf] ;DaGwdf,;+rfng ul/Psf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] ;DaGwdf, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngsf] ;DjGwdf s'g} sdLsdhf]/L q'l6 ePdf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] u'gf;f] x'g;S5 . To:tf]] u'gf;f] sxfF ug,]{ u'gf;f]sf] ;'gjfO{ slt;do leq x'g], To;jf6 s'g} c;/ k/]sf] ePdf s] s:tf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] eGg] h:tf ljifodf;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ . o;f] ePdf ;/sf/ / hgtfsf] b'/L Hofb} glhs x'G5 / hgtfdf;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt x'g k'U5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L1. World Bank. 1997 - World Development Report; State in the changing world, NewYork.2. Osborne, David and Gabler, Ted. 1992 - Reinventing Government, Practice Hall ofIndia.3. Madhu Raman Acharya. 2002 - Business of Bureaucracy.4. Huges, Owen E. 1994 - Public Management and Administration5. UNDP. 1997 - Good Governance for Sustainable Human Development, New York.6. åfl/sf gfy 9+'u]n tyf cRo't jxfb'/ /fhe08f/L, @))@ -O=;+_, >L % sf] ;/sf/df;'zf;gsf cfofdx¿, k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] nflu cWoog s]Gb|, nlntk'/7. /fh]Gb| k|;fb g]kfn, c;n ;/sf/ M cfhsf] cfjZostf, uf]/vfkq -a}zfv @(,@)%$_71

;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;Gbe{df ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL• nId0f e§/fO{ .;f/f+zlgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] s /0faf6 ;dfg dt k|fKt u/] klg ljhoL x'g] ;++Vof km/s km/s x'g] ePsf]n] pko'Qm flgjf{rg k|0ffnLs ] 5gf]6 sfo{ hl6n tyf b"/ufdL k|efj kfg]{ x'G5 . ;/n / dtbftfn] ;lhn} a'‰g ;Sg], ef}uf]lnsk|ltlglwTj, wd{ ;Dk|bfos ] k|ltlglwTj, dtbftfx¿sf] clwstd ;xeflutf lj:yflktx¿ tyf sfd ljz]ifn] cGoqd'n'sdf a;]sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ dtflwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{;Sg] tyf ljleGg /fhg}lts bn, dtbftfx¿df ;j{ :jLsfo{x'g ;Sg] k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 sfo{ lgs} g} r'gf}tLk"0f{ xf] tfklg ;ft bn tyf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;d]t ldl>t lgjf{rg

105

k|0ffnL ckgfpg] egL ;xdlt sfod ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf cj s'g k|0ffnL ckgfpg] jf/] ljjfb /x]g tyfkL o;k4tL leqsf cGt/j:t' s]nfO{ :ki6 ug'{ kg]{ a'Fbfx¿df klg ;xdlt sfod e} oyf{ytf rf8} g} ;fj{hlgs x'g] s'/fdf;j}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo x'g ;S5 .fftyflk ljutdf k|of]u ul/Psf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4ltdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf ;fy}hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf] efjgf cg'?k ljleGg hfthflt wd{ ;Dk|bfo, dlxnf lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf blnt ;d]t c6\g ;Sg];dfj]zL k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ clgjfo{ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf @)% lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df @)% ;b:osf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'g] tyf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cGt{ut k'/} /fi6«nfO{ Pp6}jx' ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qsf] ?k dfgL @)$ hgf ;b:o /xg] jGb ;"rL k|0ffnL k|of]u u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:olgjf{rgsf] nflu ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfpg] elgP tfklg To; leq sltko c:ki6tfsf ljifox¿ 5g\ h;sf]lgSof}{n sfg"gL ?kdf x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .ljZj ;Gbe{;fwf/0ftof ;/sf/df /x]sf] kf6L{n] h'g k|0ffnLaf6 p ;/sf/df /xb} cfPsf]5, Tof]k|0ffnLnfO{ 5f]8\g grfxg] k|j[lQ /xG5 g} . lgjf{rg ;DjGwL ljlwsf sf/0f k|fKt dt ;+Vof ;dfgeP tfklg lhTg] l;6 ;+Vof km/s km/s x'g] s'/fsf] r]tgfdf j[l4 ePsf sf/0f /fhg}lts Ph]G8fdfTolt dxTj gkfPsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLn] ;g\ !(() lt/ /fhg}lts Ph]G8fsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dfj]zePsf] kfOG5 .k|To]s k|0ffnLsf cf–cfˆg} u'0f bf]if /x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo d'2f eg]sf]] k|efjsf/L / pQ/bfoL;/sf/sf nflu a9Ldt jx'dt k|0ffnL jf :jR5tf, lgikIftf, ;fgf kf6L{ / ;fdflhs;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] s'g p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflus'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cBfkL ljjfb /x]sf] 5 .ljutdf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL :yfoL k|hftflGqs ;+:yfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ kl5Nnf] bzslt/ cfP/ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/sf] d' 2fnfO{ lnP/ ;/sf/ s} j}wtfsf ;DaGwdf r'gf}tL b]lvPsf]5 . j]nfotdf sGh/e]l6e kf6L{ jfx]s c?n] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL jfx]ssf]

106

k|0ffnLdf hfg' kg]{ ts{ /fv]sf lyP . Go"lhn}08n] em08} %) jif{ b]lv nfu" u/]sf]] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrtx'g] k|0ffnLaf6 ;g !((^ ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLdf Shift u/]sf] lyof] .. ;x ;lrj, lgjf{rg cfof]u .72O6nLn] nfdf] ;do;Dd ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL ckgfO cfPsf]df nfdf] jfbljjfb /5nkmn kl5 Mixed System ckgfPsf] 5 .kl5Nnf] bzs lt/} dWo k"j{ o'/f]kb]lv cd]l/sf Plzof / clk|msfsf sltko gj k|hftflGqsd'n'sdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] d'2fn] dxTj kfof], oL /fi6«x¿df rsf]{ jfbljjfb kl5 cGo ;+j}wflgsd'2fx¿df hfg' cufl8 lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdlt eof] . h:tf] OSj]8/, x+u]/L,/l;of, tfOjfg ;d]tsf b]zx¿n] jx'dt÷a9Ldt k|0ffnL tyf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf kmfObfnfO{;dflxt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf;df ldl>t k|0ffnL nfu" u/]sf lyP .tLg;o jif{sf] pklgj]zafb tyf rf/ bzs nfdf] /+ue] b sf] cGt ub}{ åGb Joj:yfkg tyf;dfj]zLs/0f sf nflu !(($ df blIf0f clk|msfdf ePsf] ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjlgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df ;DkGg lgjf{rg ljZjs} nflu pbfx/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . b]znfO{ /fi6«JofkLax' ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q -$)) ;b:o /x]sf]_ sfod u/L, :yfg ljt/0fsf nflu 8'k sf]6f / clwsz]if lalw nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] . lgjf{rgdf hfg' k"j{ ljleGg dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx¿df cfd ;xdlt sfodul/Psf] lyof] .g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sgg]kfndf k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgdf jl9dt÷jx'dtk|0ffnL cGt/utsf] klxnf] x' g] lgjf{lrt x'g] (First Past the Post System) tyf /fli6«o;efsf] ;b:odWo] k|ltlglw;ef ;b:ox¿ dWo] dgf]lgt afx]s cGosf] Psn ;+qmdl0fodt k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/dflgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf ckgfO{ Psf] lyof] .g]kfndf k|hftGqsf]] k'g:yf{ kgf kl5 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& nfu" ePkl5 # j6f;+;bLo lgjf{rg ;DkGg e} ;s]sf 5g\ / klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnL åf/f @)$* df ;DkGg

107

lgjf{rgdf s'n dtsf] #^=&%Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf !!) hgf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrtePsf lyP, /f=k|=kf=-yfkf_ n] s'n dtsf] %=#*Ü dt k|fKt u/] klg hDdf ! hgf dfq ;b:olgjf{lrt ePsf lyP . To;} u/L @)%! sf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf #)=*%Ü dt k|fKt u/L g]=s=kf=-Pdfn]_ sf ** hgf ;b:o ljhoL ePsf lyP eg] ##=#%Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf *#hgf tyf )=(*Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]=d=ls=kf= n] $ hgf pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljhoL u/fpg ;kmn ePsf]lyof] . To;} u/L @)%^ sf] lgjf{rgdf #^=!$Ü dt k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf !!! ;b:olgjf{lrt ePsf, !=#&Ü dt k|fKt ug]{ /fli6«o hgdf]rf{ n] % hgf ;b:o lgjf{lrt ePsf lyP eg]^=#*Ü dt k|fKt ug]{ g]=s=kf=-dfn]_ af6 s'g} klg pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g ;s]gg\ .;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ v;]sf] dtsf] #Ü dt Nofpg]nfO{ /fli6«o bnsf] dfGotf lbg] t/;+;bdf Ps hgf klg k|ltlglw ljhoL x'g g;Sg] tyf /fli6«o bnsf] dfGotf gkfpg] t/ ;+;bdf/fd|f] k|ltlglwTj x'g] ca:yf b]lvof] . o;/L ljutdf k|of]u ul/Psf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4ltdfb]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf ;fy} hgcfGbf]ng–II sf] efjgf cg'?k ljleGg hfthflt wd{ ;Dk|bfo,dlxnf lk5l8Psf ju{ tyf blnt ;d]t c6\g ;Sg] ;dfj]zL k|0ffnLsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ kg]{df ;a}/fhg}lts bnx¿sf] Ps dt /x]sf] kfO{of] .73;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu ldl>t k|0ffnL;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu s'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnL pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;Gbe{dfxfn} ljleGg /fhg}lts bnx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sldl6nfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf];Gbe{df k|:t' t u/]sf ;'emfjx¿ tyf ljleGg kq klqsfdf ljåfg ju{ åf/f JoQm ePsf ljrf/sf]cfwf/df /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] ;xdltaf6 to ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nfluldl>t k|0ffnL nfu" ug'{ kg]{df ljjfb /x]g . t;y{ of] k|0ffnLsf af/]df 5f]6f] hfgsf/L lbg' ;fGble{sg} x'G5 .ldl>t k|0ffnL (Mixed System)

108

ldl>t k|0ffnL gfd}af6 klg k|rlnt lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]k|0ffnL eGg] j'lemG5 . o; cGtu{t a9Ldt÷ax'dt lgjf{rg k|0ffnL -jf cGo_ / ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿nfO{ clwstd tyf bf]ifx¿nfO{ Go"g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] x'G5 .dtbftfx¿n] b'j} k|0ffnL cGt/ut dtbfg ub{5g\ . o; k|0ffnL cutu{t b'O{ k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]sf]kfOG5 .klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] (First Past the Post System)o; k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;j} eGbf a9L dt -Vote_ Nofpg] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g] k|lqmof xf] .Ps lgjf{rg If]qjf6 Ps dfq :yfgsf nflu lgjf{rg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf of] k|0ffnL j9L k|of]u ePsf]b]lvG5 . k|To]s kbsf nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ hlt ;'s} x'g ;S5g\ t/ dtbftfn]pDd]bjf/ dWo] cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] Pshgf dfq pDd]bjf/nfO{ dtbfg u5{g / dtbfgdf ;j} eGbf a9Ldt k|fKt ug{] pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0fnL g} klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] -First Past the PostSystem_ xf] . of] k|0ffnL g]kfn, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ef/t, j+unfb]z, jdf{ cflb b]zn] k|of]u u/]sf5g\ .of] k|0ffnL k|of]u ug{ ;/n, ;+ul7t ljkIfL bnsf] :yfkgf, hfltut / If]qut ?kdf ;'b[9/x]sf] bnsf] pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g]] ;+efjgf a9L x'G5 . bnsf] cfwf/df eGbf klg pDd]bjf/sf]JolQmut d"Nof+sg ul/g] cflb o;sf u'0f x'g\ eg] ;fgf ;fgf bnsf] k|ltlglwTj x'gaf6 /f]Sg],cNk;+Vos hflt ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj x'gaf6 alGrt ug{ ;Sg], Jofks ?kdf :jLsfo{ x'g]pDd]bjf/n] a9Ldt k|fKt ug]{ k|j[lQn] ubf{ dlxnf ljhoL x'g] ;+efjgf sd x'g] h:tf gs/fTdswf/0ff o; k|0ffnLsf] ljkIfdf /x]sf kfOG5 .;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL (Proportional Representation System)s'g} bnn] lgjf{rgdf k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] lx:;fsf] cg'kft j/fj/sf] :yfgdf lgjf{lrt x'g]k|0ffnL ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL xf] . o; k|0ffnL Ps eGbf j9L :yfg x'g] lgjf{rg If]qdf dfq

109

nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps dfq :yfg ePsf] cj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts tl/sfaf6 :yfg ljefhg ug{ldNb}g ctM To:tf] cj:yfdf of] k|0ffnL nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . of] k|0ffnLdf dtbftfnfO{ /fhg}lts bn jfpd]b/jf/ b'j}nfO{ 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . of] k|0ffnL k|ltlglwd"ns ljwflosf :yfkgfug{ ;xof]u l;4 ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglwTj k|fKt ug{sf nflu dtsf] Go"gtd ;Ldf tf]lsPsf] x'G5 /Go"gtd ;Ldf;Dd dt k|fKt ug]{ ;–;fgf bnx¿n] klg k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftdf cfˆgf tkm{ af674ljwflosfdf k|ltlglw k7fpg ;Ifd x'G5g\ . o:tf] Go"gtd ;Ldf ljleGg b]zdf km/s km/stf]lsPsf] 5 . h:tf] Oh/fOndf o:tf] l;df !=%Ü hd{gLdf %Ü 5 eg] 6sL{df !)Ü 5 .;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL (List Proportional Representation System)ax' ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf k|To]s bnn] cfˆgf] bnsf] tkm{af6 p7fOPsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf];"rL k]z ub{5g\ . pDd]bjf/sf] cfwf/df eGbf klg dtbftfx¿n] bnnfO{ dt lbG5g\ bnn] k|fKtu/]sf] s'n dtsf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df :yfg lgwf{/0f ul/G5 / ;"rLdf /x]sf k|fyldstfsf] qmdcg';f/sf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt 3f]lift ul/G5 .dtu0fgf u/L ;s] kl5 :yfgsf] jfF8kmfF8sf] nflu æpRr cf}iftÆ jf æclws z]ifÆ ljlwckgfOg] ul/G5 . k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu Go"gtd l;df tf]lsg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:tf] 6sL{df Go"gtdl;df ljGb' !)Ü k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fgf bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjsd x'g] b]lvG5 eg]Oh/fOndf k|of]u u/]sf] !=%Ü Go"gtd l;dfsf] cfwf/df ;fgfbnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;Djf]wgu/]sf] kfOG5 .;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLdf dtbftfx¿nfO{ ;"rLdf /x]sf pDd]bjf/tyf kf6L{ut cfwf/df 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg] ljsNkx¿ lbPsf] kfOG5 . pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL v'nf, jGb tyf:jtGq u/L # ljsNkx¿ k|of]udf cfPsf] kfOG5 .;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ clwsf+z d'n'sn] jGb ;"rL nfu"u/]sf 5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf dtbftfn] pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] cj;/ kfpb}gg\ bnsf] dfq 5gf]6

110

ug{ ;S5g\ . bnnfO{ k|fKt dtsf] cfwf/df jf+8kmf8 ePsf] :yfgdf bnsf g]tfx¿n] k"j{ lgwf{/0fu/]sf] ;"rL cg';f/sf] k|fyldstf qmdsf pDd]bjf/ lgjf{lrt x'G5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf ljleGg hft,hflt / lk5l8Psf ju{ / dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 . blIf0f clk|msfdf jGb ;"rLk|0ffnL k|of]u u/]sf] dtkqdf bnsf] gfd, lgjf{rg lrGx tyf bnsf] g]tfsf] t:jL/ /flvG5 t/pDd]bjf/sf] gfd ;dfj]z ul/b}g .klZrdL o"/f] kdf of] k|0ffnL k|of]u ug]{ clwsf+z d'n'sx¿n] ;"rLdf cfwfl/t k|ltlglwTjk|0ffnLdf v'nf ;"rL k|of]u ub{5g\ . o; k|0ffnLdf dtbftfnfO{ dg k/]sf] bnsf] dg k/]sf]pDd]bjf/nfO{ dt lbg] cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n] sltko pDd]bjf/x¿ nf]slk|otfsf] cfwf/dflgjf{lrt x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . o; k|0ffnLdf /fhg}lts bnaf6 sf] sf] pDd]bjf/ x'g\ eGg] ;"lr v'nf/xG5 . h;sf] cfwf/df dtbftfn] kf6L{sf] ;"lrdf ;dfj]z ePsf pDd]bjf/ dWo] 5gf]6 ug{ ;S5g\ .bnsf pDd]bjf/x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'n dtsf] cfwf/df bnn] k|fKt ug]{ :yfgsf] lgwf{/0f ub{5 .bnleq klg j9L JolQmut dt kfpg] pDd]bjf/nfO{ ljhoL÷lgjf{lrt 3f]lift ul/G5 . o;/Ldtbftfx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] dg k/]sf] pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ul/G5 . j|flhn lkmgn}08n]of] k|0ffnL k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ .ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf hlt :yfgsf] nflu dtbfg ug'{ kg]{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k|To]sdtbftfx¿n] Tolt g} dt lbg kfp5g\ . v'nf;"lr cGtu{t cfkm"nfO{ dg k/]sf] pd]bjf/x¿ Pp6}bnsf] ;"rL leqaf6 jf ljleGg bnsf] ;"rLaf6 /f]Hg] :jtGqtf dtbftfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . nShDju{tyf :jLh/n}08df :jtGq ;"rL ckgfOPsf] 5 .75ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] l;6 ;+Vof,dtnfO{ l;6df kl/0ft ug]{ k4ltsf cfwf/df @ j6f k4lt ljZjdf ckgfOPsf] kfOG5 . ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts (Mixed Member Proportional System) ;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnL (Parallel System)ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL (Mixed member Proportional System)

111

o; k|0ffnL cGtu{t s]xL kbx¿sf] lgjf{rg a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rgIf]qsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 eg] s]xL :yfgsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLsf] nflu 5'6\ofOG5 .a9Ldt÷ax'dt jf cGo k|0ffnLsf] lgjf{rg If]qsf] :yfgsf] kl/0ffdn] k}bf ug{] cldNbf] cg'kftsf]Ifltk"lt{ :j?k ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu s]xL :yfgx¿ 5'6\ofOPsf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflucNjflgofdf &!Ü a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf] klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]nfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 eg]@(Ü :yfg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnLnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L hd{gLdf qmdzM %)Ü%)Ütyf O6nLdf &%Ü / @%Ü :yfg 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 . ldl>t k|0ffnL cGtu{t s'g} bnn] /fli6«o :t/df!@ k|ltzt dt k|fKt u/]sf] 5 t/ klg j9Ldt÷jx'dt k|0ffnL cGtu{t s' g} klg lgjf{rg If]qdf;j}eGbf a9Ldt k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 Ps hgf klg k|ltlglw k7fpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf bnn];dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] :yfg dWo]af6 !@Ü ;Dd cfˆgf] pDd]bjf/ ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg;S5 .of] k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{df x+u]/L, O6nL, hd{gL, cNjflgof, jf]n]leof, d]lS;sf] Go"hLn}08 cflb5g\ .;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnL (Parallar System);dfgfGt/ k|0ffnLdf dtbftfx¿nfO{ ;"rLdf cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL / a9Ldt÷ax'dtk|0ffnL cGtu{t pDd]bjf/ tyf bn u/L b'j}nfO{ dt lbG5g\ . d'n's cg';f/ s'g} d'n'sn] bnsf] ;"rLtyf pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL Pp6} dtkqdf ;dfj]z u/L bn / pDd]bjf/ b'j}nfO{ dt lbg] Joj:yf u/]sfx'G5g h:tf] blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg, lny'cflgof, yfOn}08df a9Ldt÷ax'dtsf] nflu Pp6f /;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] :yfgsf] nflu csf]{ dtkq k|of]u ub{5g\ .of] k|0ffnL ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnL h:tf] a9Ldt÷ax'dtdf cfwfl/t lgjf{rgIf]qsf] cldNbf] cg'kft jfkt Ifltk"lt{ lbg k|of]u ug]{ ge} b'j} k|0ffnL ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf k|of]uul/G5 . of] k|0ffnLdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj tyf a9Ldt ax'dt k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug{

112

;lsg] b]lvPaf6 klg o;sf] k|of]u a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . hfkfg, blIf0f sf]/Lof, kfls:tfg, ?;,yfOn}08, c08f]/f, o'qm]g lkmlnlkG;, 6\o"lgl;of, ;]zN; cflb d'n'sx¿ ;d]t of] k|0ffnL @) b]zn]k|of]u u/]sf] ;fy} !(() kl5 a9L k|of]udf cfPsf] kfO{G5 .of] k|0ffnL cGtu{t s'n :yfg dWo] slt k|ltzt :yfg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj tyf sltk|ltzt a9Ldt÷ax'dt -jf cGo_ cGtu{tsf] k|0ffnLnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] eGg] ljifo d'n's cg';f/ km/skfOG5 . h:tf] hfkfgdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj cGtu{t #&=%Ü tyf a9Ldt÷ax'dt cGtu{t^@=%Ü :yfg 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 eg] kfls:tfgdf qmdzM @)Ü / *)Ü, ?;df qmdz %)Ü / %)Üu0ftGq sf]l/ofdf !(Ü / *!Ü :yfg ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .76of] k|0ffnLdf b'j} k|0ffnLsf u'0fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g] ePsf]n] ;–;fgf bnx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ;xhx'g] u/sf] b]lvG5 . of] k|0ffnL t'ngfTds ?kdf lgjf{rg hl6n ;fy} lgjf{rg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ubf{dtbftfdf e|d kg{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . e|d lgjf/0fsf nflu dtbftf lzIffdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .g]kfndf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;Gbe{df ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL;ft bn / g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ aLr ePsf] P]ltxfl;s ;xdlt cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:olgjf{rgsf] nflu ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfpg], @)% ;b:o xfns} Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rgIf]qaf6 klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g], cyf{t ;jeGbf a9L ef]6 Nofpg]n] lhTg] k|0ffnL tyf @)$ ;b:okf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg';f/ lgjf{lrt x'g] ;fy} /fli6«o hLjgsf dxTjk"0f{JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 ;xdltsf cfwf/df cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\af6 !^ hgf dgf]lgt x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] s'n ;+Vof $@% x'g] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 .ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts -Mixed Member Proportional System)@)% a9Ldt÷ax'dt k|0ffnL cGtu{t klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] / @)$ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjk|0ffnL cg';f/ ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{lrt x'g] ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts Mixed Member ProportionalSystem nfu" ubf{ M• @)% Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qaf6 ;aeGbf w]/} dt Nofpg]n] lhTg] k|0ffnLaf6 ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ @)% ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ul/G5 .

113

• @)$ ;b:o kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cg' ;f/ k'/} /fi6«nfO{ ax';b:oLo Ps lgjf{rg If]q sf] cfwf/df lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'ndtsf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg ;efdf x'g] k|ltlglwTjsf] cg'kft cg';f/ @)% Psn ;b:oLolgjf{rg If]qsf] Ifltk"lt{ :j?k afFsL @)$ l;6x¿ ljefhg u/L k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .bnsf] nflu dtlbg] u/L ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjnfO{ @)$ l;6sf] xsdf g]kfn/fHo e/df/fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'ndtsf] cfwf/df k|To]s /fhg}lts bnn] s] slt k|ltzt dt k|fKtu/]sf 5g\, ;f]sf] c'gkftdf ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;f] bnsf] tkm{af6 x'g] k|ltlglwTj ;+Vof lglZrt x'g] e};f] bnn] @)% af6 k"/f x'g g;s]sf] gk'u ;+Vofsf] ?kdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cGtu{tjGb ;"rLaf6 k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{ :j?k afFsL @)$ l;6x¿ ljefhg u/L k"/f x'g]b]lvG5;dfgfGt/ k|0ffnLof] k|0ffnLdf b'O{j6f lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;+u;+u} ;dfGt/ ?kdf k|of]u ul/g] ePsf]n] ;dfgfGt/k|0ffnL elgPsf] xf] . ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«nfO{ klxn]b]lv sfod ePsf Psn ;b:oLo @)% lgjf{rg If]qsfod u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k|0ffnLsf cfwf/df @)% ;b:osf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg x'g] . afFsL@)$ ;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu l;Ëf] /fi6«nfO{ Pp6} ax';b:oLo lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L/fhg}lts bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cg'kftdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/df ljhoL 3f]if0ffug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .• lgjf{rgdf efu lng] k|To]s kf6L{n] jGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df cfˆgf] kf6L{af6 pDd]bjf/ x'g]sf]k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df tof/ ePsf] ;"rL k]z ug]{ .77• dtkqdf @ j6f sf]nd agfO{ kf6L{ af6 p7fOPsf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] lgjf{rg lrGx kf6L{sf]lrGx, pDd]bjf/sf] gfd Psflt/ / csf]{ sf]nddf ljleGg /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf] gfd /kf6L{sf] lrGx /x]sf] Pp6} dtkq klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf] blIf0f sf]l/of, cNjflgof

114

cyjf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] lgjf{rg lrGx ePsf] dtkq tyf csf]{ kf6L{sf] lrGx, ePsf] 5'§}dtkq u/L k|To]s dtbftfnfO{ @ j6f 5'§f5'§} dtkq pknJw u/fO dtbfg u/fpg klg;lsg] x'G5 . cyjf @)% lgjf{rg If]qdf ;+k"0f{ bnsf pDd]bjf/x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf] s'ndtaf6 ;DalGwt bnsf pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cfwf/df ;f] bnsf] tkm{af6 s] sltk|ltzt k|ltlglwTj x'g' kg]{ xf] ;f]xL cg'kftdf l;6 ;+Vof afF8kmfF8 ug{ ;lsg] klg b]lvG5 .t/ o;f] ubf{ :jtGq pDd]bjf/n] k|fKt u/]sf] dt bnutsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] @)$ sf]k|of]hgsf nflu u0fgf ug{ ldNg] b]lvb}g .• klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4lt cg';f/ pDd]bjf/sf] lgjf{rg lrGx ePsf 5'§} dtkq tyf;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL cg' ;f/sf] kf6L{nfO{ dt lbg] u/L 5'§} dtkq u/L @ j6fdtkq x'g] ePdf dtk]l6sf klg cnu cnu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] b]lvG5 .• klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] k4lt cg';f/ a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ lgjf{lrt x'G5 eg] ;dfg'kfltsk|ltlglwTjsf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] l;6 ;+ Vof @)$ ljt/0fsf nflu ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]qsf] s'ndtsf] cfwf/df s'g s'g kf6L{n] s] slt k|ltzt dt k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ ;f]xL cg'kftdf l;6ljt/0f ul/G5 . Psn ;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qsf] Ifltk"lt{ gu/L b'j} k|0ffnLaf6 5'§f 5'§} ?kdf;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|f?k, cGt/f{li6«o cfO8LOPsf] gofF xft] k':ts, g]kfnL ;+:s/0f – @))^,hgj/L .o lgjf{rg cfof]ujf6 k|sflzt k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg kl/0ffdx¿ @)$*, @)%!, @)%^o k|hftGq lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / k|ltlglwTj, k|f=8f= lj/]Gb| ld>, g]kfn blIf0f Plzof s]Gb|, @)^)sf7df8f}+, g]kfn .o g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt sf7df8f}+, g] kfn .o æk|zf;gÆ c+s, j}zfv @)^#, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, g]kfn .o æsflGtk'/ b}lgsÆ sflGtk'/ klAns]zgsf ljleGg ldltsf k|sfzgx¿ .o æ;do /fli6«o ;fKtflxsÆ d+l;/ &, @)^#

115

o Le Dus, L, Nieoni, R.G., Norris, P, 1996, Introduction: the present and future of democraticelection.o The International IDEA Hand Book of Electoral System Design. International Institute forDemocracy and Electoral Assistance & Enabling state Program- 2005o The Fourth Paliamentary Election, A study of the Evolving democratic Process in Nepal,Kathmandu Institute for integrated Development Studies (IIDS)-2002.o Making Every Vote Count, Domestic Election Monitoring in Asia National Democratic Institutefor International Affairs, National Citizens Movement for Free Elections- Philippinss - 1996.o Election and Governance in Nepal, Edited by Lok Raj Baral - Manohar, New Delhi 2005.o www.elsevier.com/locate/electstudo www.aceproject.com78

lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL / u'gf;f]sf]Joj:yfkg M cj:yf / ;+efjgf uf]kLgfy d}gfnL .;f/f+zljutdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL tyf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf ljifonfO{ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] hgzlQmJoj:yfkgdf vf;} dxTj lbg] ul/Psf] kfOb}g . oL ljifox¿ ;fj{hlgs If]q -ljz]ift lghfdtL ;]jf_ sfcfˆgf ljifo g} xf]Ogg\, s]jn cf}Bf]lus If]qsf lgnkf]zL >ldssf ;jfnd q x'g\ eGg] kf/Dkfl/s ;f]rfOsfsf/0f klg o ljifonfO{ dxTj glbPsf] xf] . t/ aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] pQ/f4{b]lv cfPsf] pbf/jfbn]Joj:yfkgsf ;j} ;jfnx¿ rfx] tL ;fj{hlgs jf lghL If]qsf lsg gx'g, ;dfg cy{ /fVb5g\ eGg]dfGotfn] jn kfPsf]n] cj oL b'j} ljifonfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf x]l/b}g . s'g} klg lgsfosf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu;Ë7gsf ;xefuLx¿sf] ef}lts dfq xf]Og, efjgfTds ;+nUgtf k"j{zt{ xf] . ;f}bfjfhL tyf u'gf;f]Joj:yfkg ;f]sf] ;zQm dfWod xf] . oxfF oL b'O{ ljifosf] ;}4flGts hfgsf/L Pj+ g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdfo;sf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf jf/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .fL;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] pb\eje"ld cy{zf:q xf] . cy{zf:qsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ kIfx¿aLr s'g}

116

j:t'sf] :jLsfo{ d"No:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu ;f}bfafhL ul/G5 . of] k|lt:kwf{sf] ljifo ge} n]gb]gsf]ljifo xf] hxfF kIfx¿ s]xL u'dfpg] / s]xL lng] ub{5g\ . To;}n] sltko ljåfgx¿ o;nfO{ k|lt:kwf{;f3'F¥ofpg] dfWod xf] eGg ?rfp5g\ . o;y{ ;f}bfjfhLsf] Joj:yfksLo ljZn]if0fcl3 o;sf]cy{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0f pNn]v ug'{ cfjZos 5 .cy{zf:qLo b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ >ldssf] Hofnf lgwf{/0fsf nflu ;f}bfafhLsf] k|lqmofckgfOG5 . cy{zf:qL dfz{n eG5g\ "Wage are not governed by demand-price nor by supplyprices,but the whole set of course which governed demand and supply." (Marshall) . Hofnfsf]l;4fGt cg';f/ /f]huf/–/f]huf/bftf b'j}n] >dsf] d"No lgwf{/0fdf lgwf{/s e"ldsf v]Nb5g\ .>d;Ë7g gePsf] j]nf jf sd{rf/L ;d"xn] vf; cl:tTj sfod ug{ g;s]sf] ;dodfk"0f{k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df >dsf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf] cfwf/df d"No lgwf{/0f x'g] ub{5 . ToxfF ;fd"lxs;f}bfafhL ge} JolQmut txdf k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 . t/ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL JolQmut txdf ge} ;fd"lxstxdf / k"0f{k|lt:kwf{eGbf s] xL k[ys?kdf ckgfOG5 .6«]8 o'lgogsf] d'Vo sfd ;Ë7gdf ;+nUg sfdbf/sf] Hofnf j[l4 tyf sfof{j:yf ;'wf/ ug'{xf] . JolQmut txdf x'g] k|lt:kwf{sf] ;f6f] sDkgL txdf ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg j]tgdfg /sfof{j:yf sfod ug{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL cl:tTjdf cfPsf] xf] . tL;sf] bzssf] dxfg dGbLeGbfcl3sf] ;dodf o'lgogjfbsf dfWodaf6 tnadfg sfod ug'{ -a9fpg'_ x'b}g, lsgsL o;n] gfkmf. >L d}gfnL nf]s ;]jf cfof]u;+u ;Dj4 x'g' x'G5 .79s6fFp5, h;n] qmdzM nufgL, cfly{s ultljlw 36fpb} cGttM /f]huf/L klg 36fpg] x'bf of]sfdbf/x¿s} lxtljk/Lt x'G5 eGg] ul/GYof] . o;y{ cy{zf:qLx¿n] ;LdfGt pTkfbsTjsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ p;n] sDkgL txdf hlt ;LdfGt cfo -Marginal Revenue_ a9fpg of]ubg ub{5, ToltdfqHofnf e'Qmfg ul/g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf / 6«]8 o'lgogn] l;dfGt cfoeGbf a9L tnadfu ug]{ ePsf]n] Tof] /f]huf/Lsf nflu klg k|To'Tkfbs 5 eGg] ub{y] . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ ;jn 6«]8

117

o'lgogsf] pkl:yltn] ;f}bfafhL u/L tnanfO{ jf:tljs ljGb'eGbf dfly j9fFp5 h;n] j:t' tyf;]jfsf] d"No klg a9fO{ jf:tljs Hofnf 36\g hfG5 . o;y{ 6«]8 o'lgogn] Hofnfsf] cfotg -monetary wage_ t a9fp5 t/ jf:tljs Hofnf (Real wage) eg] a9fpg ;Qm}g eGg] dfGotf/flvGYof] . >d ;Ë7gsf] ;jn pkl:ylt /xbf >d ahf/df jf:tljs k|lt:kwf{ oL kl/l:yltn] x'g;Qm}g eGg] ul/GYof] M• 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Psflwsf/ -Monopoly of trade union_ x'g ;Qm5 .• Psn qm]tf -Single buyer or monopsonist_ sf] pkl:ylt x'g ;Qm5 .• /f]huf/bftfx¿sf] ;Ë7g -Employer's association_ sf] xfjL x'g ;Qm5 h;n] HofnfnfO{jf:tljs :t/eGbf tn g} sfod ub{5 .To:t} >d ;Ë7g -6«]8 o'lgog_ zlQmzfnL ePdf o;n] cNksfndf oL k|lqmofaf6 >dsf]cfk"lt{ 36fP/ Hofnf a9fpg ;Qm5 eGg] dfGotf /flvG5• j]/f]huf/nfO{ cGo pBf]u÷k|lti7fgdf hfg k|f]T;fxg u/]/ .• gj k|j]zLnfO{ ;]jf z'Ns÷n]eL nufP/ .• tflnd -Apprenticeship_ sf] cjlw a9fP/ .• cfk|jfzLnfO{ sfddf lg?T;fxg u/]/ .o;y{ cy{zf:qLx¿ >dsf] d"No lgwf{/0fdf dfu tyf cfk"lt{sf] l;4fGt h;nfO{ k"0f{k|lt:kwf{sf] l;4fGt elgG5, ckgfpg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5g\ . t/ jf:tljs ;+;f/df >dh:tf]pTkfbgsf] ;+j]bgzLn ;fwgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f l;4fGtdf h:tf] ;xh 5}g . To;} n] o;nfO{ ;Lldtk|lt:kwf{ / ;f}bfafhLsf] aLraf6 ;tst{k"j{s ckgfpg] ul/G5 . cem ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;Ë7gdfk|lt:kwf{ / ;f}bfafhL b'j}sf] l:ylt k|fo bogLo g} x'g] ub{5 .Joj:yfkgsf b[li6df ;f}bfafhL;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL Joj:yfks / sd{rf/LaLr pko'Qm ;DaGw :yfkgfsf] dfWod xf] .Joj:yfkg kIfaf6 lbOg' kg]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw gu/fObf jf ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL k|fjwfgsf] pko'Qmk|of]u gx'bf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug]{ /fd|f] ljsNksf ?kdf b]lvg k'U5 .o;y{ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ;+u7g / sd{rf/L Jojxf/nfO{ b'O{ kIfLo jftf{åf/f ;dfwfg ug]{ ;zQmk|lqmof xf] .80

118

cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf dfWodåf/f /f]huf/Lsf zt{x¿ kfng u/fpg/f]huf/bftf jf /f]huf/bftfsf] ;+Ë7g / sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7gaLr :j]R5fk"j{s jftf{ ug]{ ljifonfO{sd{rf/Lsf] clwsf/sf ?kdf lnPsf] 5 .;f}bfafhLdf /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/x¿sf] ;+u7g ;+nUg /xg] x'Fbf b'j} kIfn] ;+:yfsf] p2]Zo/ AolQmsf] cfjZostf Pj+ cl:tTjsf] ljifodf ;+oldt, cg'zfl;t / tfls{s ?kdf k|:t't x' g]ub{5g\ . lsgls ;f}bfafhLdfkm{t ;+:yf / JolQm b'j}sf] lxtnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf Nofpg] k|of; ul/G5 . b'j}kIf ;sf/fTds / :ki6 b]lvg' kb{5 . hfkfgsf] >d Joj:yfkgdf ;+:yfut g}ltstf / Jofjxfl/scfr/0f sfod ug{, k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg, /f]huf/Lsf] jftfj/0f l:y/ /fVg / u'0f:t/Lo Jofj;floshLjg sfod ug{ ;f}bfafhLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfOPsf] kfOG5 . ;f}bfafhL klg hlxn] klg ug{kfOb}g, o;sf nflu lglZrt ;do tf]slPsf] x'G5 . hfkfgdf a;Gt Ct'df dfq o;sf] k|rng 5 .rfx] h] xf]; Jofj;flos ;'/Iff / k|ult g} ;f}bfafhLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] .;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf k|d'v ;jfnx¿Joj:yfkgleq ;f}bfafhLsf lqmofsnfk ckgfpbf o;sf lglZrt ;}4flGts ;+/rgf /k|lqmof k"/f ug'{ kb{5 . h'g oL kIfdf s]lGb|t x'g] ub{5g\• ;f}bfafhLsf] Jojxf/ (Bargaining behavior)• ;f}bfafhlsf] zlQm -Bargaining power_• ;f}bfafhLsf] ljifo -Bargaining topics_• ;xdtL sfof{Gjog -Impasses in bargaining_;f}bfafhLsf] Jojxf/;f}bfafhLsf kfq Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L ;+u7g x'g . b'j}n] c;n cfzodf dfq ;f}bfafhLug'{ kb{5 . ;fdfGot c;n lgotsf] Jojxf/ oL cfwf/df b]lvG5• b'j} kfqx¿ pko'Qm ;do / :yfgdf jftf{ ug{ rfxfG5g\ eg] .• b'j} kIfx¿ sfo{;do, Ifltk"lt{, sfo{j:yf -jf Mandatory topics_ df dfq jftf{ u5{g eg] .• jftf{df Open 5g\ eg] .• jftf{sf] lgisi{fdf x:tfIf/ u/L cfk;sf] bfloTjdf jflwG5g\ eg] .• jftf{ tyf ;+ emf}tfsf bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;lsg] cj:yfdf cf}krfl/s ;"rgf lbG5g\ eg] .;}bfafhLsf] zlQm

119

;f}bfafhLsf] zlQm eg]sf] kIfx¿aLr ;xdltdf k'Ug] ;fdYo{ xf] . Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L;+u7gaLr of] ;fdYo{ 36L a9L ePdf o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ lg0f{o -;+emf}tf_ df b]lvG5 . csf]{ zJbdfeGbf of] Bargaining tactics xf] . of] b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5MDistributory Bargaining: Counterpart vf; ljifodf ;xdltdf uPg eg] 7"nf] d"No r'sfpg' k5{eGg] r'gf}tL lbg] Jojxf/ xf] of] . o; cjwf/0ff cg'?k kIfx¿ -sd{rf/L ;+u7g / Joj:yfkg_k/:k/ k|lt:kwL{ b]lvG5g\ . o;n] cGtt b'j} kIfsf] lxt;fDo l:ylt l;h{gf ub}{g .81Integrative Bargaining : of] ;d:of ;dfwfg tl/sf -Problem Solving Approach_ xf] . o;z}nLdf ;Ifd kIfx¿ ;xdltdf k'uL b'j}sf] lxt;fDo l:ylt k|fKt x'g] ub{5 .;f}bfafhLsf] ljifo;}bfjfhLsf ljifo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . -s_ lgoddf g} Joj:yf ul/Psf ljifox¿-Mandatory topics_ / -v_ 5nkmnjf6 ;dembf/Ldf k'Ug ;lsg] ljifox¿ -Permissive bargainingtopics_ . klxnf]df sfg"gn] g} oL oL ljifodf ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfOg] egL tf]lsPsf] x'G5 eg] bf];|f]dfsfg"gn] Joj:yf gu/] klg kIfx¿ Ps cfk;sf] lxtsf nflu sfo{;"rL tof/ ub{5g\ . ;f}bfafhLsfljifox¿ d"nt oL x'gMtna / Ifltk"lt{sf ljifox¿ ;do sfo{ cj:yfcfwf/e" t tna cltl/Qm ;do cjsfzcltl/Qm ;do eQf ljbf k|df]zgcjsfz Ifltk"lt{ Shift h]i7tfk|f]T;fxg Flexi time ;'/Iff k|fjwfg:jf:Yo jLdf Parental leave sfo{ gLlt÷sfo{ ljj/f0fu'gf;f] kl/zf]wg÷;u7g;xdlt sfof{GjogkIfx¿ aLr ePsf ;xdltsf] sfof{Gjog s;/L ug]{ / To;sf] c;/ s] kb{5 eGg] ljifoo;df ;dflxt x'G5 .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;f}bfafhLlghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] ljifonfO{ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] h:tf] ;xh ?kdf:jLsfl/b}g . t/ sltko k|hftflGqs d'n'sdf ;f}bfafhLnfO{ lglZrt tx / k|lqmofdf sfg"gåf/f g}

120

:jLsfl/g yflnPsf] 5 . k] zfut ;+u7gn] cfˆgf] k]zfut lxt / ;'/Iffsf nflu ;f}bfafhLsf] k|lqmofckgfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . t/ ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL / lghfdtL ;]jf, h'g of]Uotf k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5,aLr k/:k/ lj/f]wfef; b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] ljifodf tLgj6f ;}4flGts;jfnx¿df jlu{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ sfg"gn] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] ?kdf :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 .• sfg"gL ?kdf ;f}bfafhL ug'{ kg]{ ljifox¿ .• jftf{ / ;f}bfjfhLdf Kf|ltaGw nufOPsf ljifox¿ .• jftf{ / ;f}bfafhLdf k|j]z u/fpg / gu/fpg ;lsg] ljifox¿ .xfd|f] lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k]zfut ;+3df cfj4 x'g ;Sg] Aoj:yf ul/Ptf klg;f}bfafhL ;DaGwL sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf P]g tyf lodfjnL df}g /x]sf 5g\ . P]gn] lbPsf] Joj:yfljk/Lt klg laleGg k]zfut o'lgogx¿ obfsbf ;f}bfafhLsf ;Gbe{df cl:tTjdf cfpg] u/]sf 5g\82t/ u}/ lghfdtL ;]jfdf h:tf] o;n] ;+:yfut :j?k wf/0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . j]nf j]nfdf;f}bfafhLsf cf}krfl/seGbf cgf}krfl/s k|lqmofx¿ b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] ;dy{gh'6\g] cj:yfdf eg] obfsbf sd{rf/L ;+u7gn] ;f}bfafhL u/L ;]jf ;'ljwf / zt{sf ljifodf s]xLkl/0flt NofPsf] klg b]Vg kfOG5 .u'gf;f]sf] ;'g'jfO{ -Grievances handling_;+u7gn] sd{rf/Lk|lt u/]sf] cGofo / e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ / c;Gt'li6sf] cf}krfl/scleAolQm u'gf;f] xf] . Dale Yodder sf cg';f/ sd{rf/Ln] Joj:yfkgaf6 ePsf] e]befjk"0f{Aojxf/sf] lnlvt lzsfot ug'{ u'gf;f] xf] . ;+u7gdf sfdbf/ / Joj:yfkgaLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw /fVgu'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . o:tf u'gf;f]x¿ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf laleGg r/0fdfx'g ;Sb5g . h:tf] kb:yfkg, ;?jf, k'/:sf/, dgf]gog, labf, sfo{ ljj/0f, clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgcflb . u'gf;f]x¿ w]/} ;do;Dd ;'g'jfO{ gePdf o;n] ;+u7gsf] sfo{k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg{;Sg] x'Fbf o;sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] sfo{ljlw / ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ul/g] ul/G5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnojf6 xfn} hf/L ePsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{zsf, @)^# n]

121

u'gf;f]nfO{ o;/L kl/efiff u/]sf] 5æu'gf;f]Æ eGgfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ubf{ jf lbOPsf]sfo{ljj/0f jf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cg';f/ kbLo bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ jf ;+u7gsf] gLlt Pj+/0fgLlt cg';f/ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;+u7gleq zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s tgfj jf 8/ qf;pTkGg u/fpg] jf xtf]T;fxL u/fpg] u/L cfb]z, lgb]{zg jf bjfj lbg] jf lgod cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ sfo{ gug{ jfWo jgfO{ dgf]jndf x|f; x'g hfg] jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhdsf] s'g};'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g'kg]{ jf ;dfg :t/df c;dfg Joj:yf jf e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ePdf;f] af6 pTkGg c;Gt'i6L Pj+ kL/dsf{nfO{ cfˆgf] ;'k/Lj]Ifs jf pkNnf] clwsf/L ;dIflnlvt jf df}lvs¿kdf JoQm ul/g] lqmofsnfknfO{ hgfpg] 5 .Æt/ o;n] sd{rf/Lsf ;j} k|sf/sf kL/dsf{nfO{ ;d]6\b}g . sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{;Dkfbg, ;?jftyf kfl/tf]lifs Pj+ cGo ;'ljwf / cj;/ ljt/0fnfO{ o;n] cfˆgf] kl/efiffleq kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf]5}g .u'gf;f]sf ljz]iftfx¿• u'gf;f] Ps k|sf/sf] c;Gt'li6 xf], of] lnlvt / df}lvs x'g ;Sb5 .• of] ;fd"lxs jf JolQmut x'g ;S5 .• u'gf;f]sf] pTklQ ;+u7g leq jf aflx/sf] Jojxf/af6 ePsf] x'g;S5 .• u'gf;f] plrt jf cg'lrt x'g ;S5 .• u'gf;f] x'g sd{rf/L cfk"m cGofodf 5' eGg] dgf]bzfdf x'g' kb{5 .83u''gf;f]sf ;|f]tx¿Joj:yfkgn] sd{rf/L k|lt u/]sf] cg'lrt, e]befj / cGofok"0f{ Jojxf/ g} u'gf;f]sf] ;|f]t /sf/0f klg xf] . ;+u7gn] JolQmnfO{ lbg] cj;/, j[lQljsf;, Ifltk"lt{, clwsf/ / pQ/bfloTjsf]k|of]u, ;'kl/j]If0f, lgoGq0f cflbsf] sf/0faf6 u'gf;f]sf] l;h{gf x' G5 . xfd|f ;Gbe{df lghfdtL;]jfleqsf u'gf;f]sf] :j?knfO{ ;fÍ]lts ?kdf o;/L pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 t/ oL dfq u'gf;f]sf] If]qeg] xf]Ogg\u'gf;f] If]q u'gf;f] u'gf;f]sf sf/0fx¿kbf]Gglt d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLdf kIfkft – d"Nof+sg uf] Ko÷kIfkftk"0f{ x'g'

122

– ;"rs / sfdsf] tfnd]n gx'g'– a9'jf gLlt l:y/ gx'g';?jf÷kb:yfkgf ;?jf / kb:yfkgfdf u}/k|0ffnLsf] xfjL– of]Uotf, tflnd / ?lrnfO{ Wofg glbg'- Criteria kfng gug'{tna tyf ;'ljwf • d"No j[l4sf] df/• sfof{no leqsf ;'ljwfdfc;dfgtf– vf; lgsfodf eQf lbg]– vf; JolQmnfO{ eQf lbg]– tna ;'ljwfsf ;}4flGts cfwf/sf]kfng gx'g'u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf nflu j}wflgs, Joj:yksLo / a]un ;+oGqsf] pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ljlwckgfpg ;lsG5 . gLlt / sfg"g s} sf/0f l;lh{t u'gf;f] -h:tf] xfd|f] a9'jf gLlt_ nfO{ sfg"g /gLltsf] ;'wf/af6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] Joj:yfkgaf6 lgikIf / Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/ ge} l;h{gfePsf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfskLo cf}hf/sf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko cg'zf;g /cfr/0fsf ljifosf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf nflu a]un Goflos lgsfosf] cfjZostf klg kb{5 h:tf]k|zf;sLo cbfnt, k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no, ;+3Lo u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgsfo Merit SystemProtection Board cflb .u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf kmfObf• Joj:yfkgaf6 sd{rf/Lk|lt x'g] :j}lR5s lg0f{o ;'wf5{ . of] ;f+u7lgs Gofosf] ;+oGq xf] .• o;jf6 Joj:yfkgn] åGb ;+efjgfsf] tTsfn ;dfwfg x'g] ub{5 . h;n] ;f+u7lgs Iflt x'g]cj:yf g} cfpb}g .• of] ;~rf/sf] v'nf Channel xf] . v'nf ;~rf/n] sd{rf/Lsf c;Gt'li6 / sfo{gLltsf ;d:of;dfwfg x'g] ub{5g\ .• df}lnstf / l;h{gfTds v'jLn] k|>o kfp5 .g]kfndf u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ Aoj:yfg]kfnsf] sd{rf/L gLlt / sfg"gn] ;Daf]wg g} gu/]sf] ljifo u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ xf] . jf:tjdfeGg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgdf u'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkg leqaf6 pkrf/ g} ul/b}g .84

123

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] Joj:yf eP klg o;sf] ;+/rgf klg pko'Qm 5}g eg] bf];|f] o;n] ljefuLosf/jfxLsf] dfq If]qflwsf/ kfPsf] 5 . cGo k|s[ltsf c;Gt'li6 h:tf] cj;/ ljt/0fsf] c;dfgtf,;?jf, dgf]gog, labf, k'/:sf/, dlxnf zf]if0f cflbsf] pkrf/sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, sfo{ljlw /k/Dk/f klg :yflkt 5}g . Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6df o;n] k|fyldstf g} kfPsf] 5}g / o;nfO{ dxTjlbg' k5{ eGg] dgl:yltdf klg Joj:yfkg b]lvb}g . h;sf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;+u7gx¿ k|lts"n-sltko cj:yfdf tgfjk"0f{_ cj:yfdf 5g . To;}n} o;sf] k/f]If pkrf/sf ?kdf eg;'g, /fhg}ltsx:tIf]k, JolQmut d'nflxhf / rfs8Lh:tf cGo pkfo k|rngdf 5g o;n] c? u'gf;f]sf] pj{/e"ldtof/ kf/]sf] 5 . Joj:yfksLo z}nLdf ePsf] kl/jt{g, sd{rf/Lsf k]zfut ;+ u7gx¿, k|fl1s bjfj;d"xn] klg o;nfO{ ;3fpg k'u]sf 5}gg\ .lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)^@ n] ;Lldt ?kdf eP klg o;nfO{ cf}krfl/ssfo{;"rLdf r9fPsf 5 . o;n] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ M• lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] o; P]g tyf k|rlnt sfg"gn] cGoq ph'/L jf k'g/fj]bg ug{kfpg] cj:yf jfx]s of] P]g / o; cGtu{t ag]sf lgod adf]lhd k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jf,zt{, ;'ljwf / sd{rf/L;+u ;/f]sf/ /fVg] s'g} klg ljifodf cfkm"nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] 5 eGgnfu]df jf ;f] ;DjGwdf ;DjlGwt lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpbf klg sf/jfxL gePlghn] cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] dsf{ tyf u'gf;f] tf]lsPsf] lgsfodf /fVg ;Sg]• kL/dsf{ / u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{ ;DjGwL Joj:yf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]• P]g sf] bkmf %( cg';f/ ;fdfGo ;hfo kfpg] sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] clwsf/L ;dIfk'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]• ;hfo lbbf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbg' kg]{• k|:tfljt ;hfosf ;DaGwdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]ujf6 k/fdz{ lng' kg]{• ;hfo dfly k'g/fjnf]sg klg x'g ;Sg]P]gdf ePsf Joj:yfnfO{ JoVof ug]{ qmddf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] xfn} hf/L u/]sf]sd{rf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsfn] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t oL rf/ kIfdf ;+u7gn] kmfObflng ;Sg] p2]Zout cjwf/0ff /fv]sf] 5 .

124

sd{rf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^# n] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] p2]ZonfO{ oL j'bfdfpNn]v u/]sf] 5 M-!_ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfOsf] ;+oGq / k|lqmof Jojl:yt u/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgk|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut agfpg],-@_ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfof{no Pj+ sfd;+u ;DalGwt u'gf;fnfO{ ;dodf g} km5\of}{6ug]{,-#_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf c;n sfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/L ;'zf;gnfO{ clea[l4 ug]{,-$_ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ pTk|]l/t / pRr dgf]jno'Qm agfO{ u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Ifdagfpg] .85xfd|f vf; ;jfnx¿u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf ePsf Joj:yf / sfo{ lgb]{lzsfn] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;+:yfut:j?k lbP/ ;+:yf tyf sd{rf/LaLr dfgjLo ;DjGw sfod ug{df eGbf o; ;DaGwL ;jfnx¿nfO{cf}krfl/stf lbgdf g} s]lGb|t ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:tf] ls u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf rf/ ;+oGqx¿ u'gf;f]k]l6sf, ljB'tLo dfWod, sd{rf/L j}7s / gf]8n clws[t o;sf cf}krfl/s k|fjwfg dfq x'g .u'gf;f] k]l6sf sfof{nosf] zf]efsf nflu /flvG5 / of] ljz]ift ;]jfu|fxLaf6 x'g] lzsfotsf] ;Íngjfs; xf] . To:t} gf]8n clws[t klg ;+u7gsf tkm{jf6 pknAw u/fOg] ;]jfsf ljifodf pgLx¿sf]cfjfh Joj:yfkgsf nflu kmf]sn ljGb'sf ?kdf tf]lsg] sd{rf/L dfq ePsfn] p;af6 Joj:yfkgleq ;b:ox¿sf ;d:ofx¿ p;dfkm{t d'vl/t x'g} ;Qm}gg . Od]nsf] pkof]u ug{ ;Sg] :t/df sltsd{rf/L xf]nfg < ljBtLo dfWodsf] cfwf/zLnf slt lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] 5 < xfdL ;j}nfO{ yfxfePs} s'/f xf] . cfGtl/s ?kdf j}7s x'g] ;+:yfut k/Dk/f g} 5} g . s]xL hfgj'em / pbf/ sfof{nok|d'v dfq o; k|sf/sf] bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ ;Dks{ dg k/fFpb5g\ . oxf Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{pko'Qm 7fGb5' . Pp6f ;/sf/L lgsfodf k|To]s lbg xflh/L ul/;s]kl5 clws[t sd{rf/Lx¿;lrjsf] sfo{sIfdf j;]/ ljxfgLsf] lrof;fy cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn ug]{ ub{y] . of] lgoldt k/Dk/f

125

s} ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . o; k|sf/sf] 5nkmnsf] s'g} Ph]08f x'g] gu/] klg cl3Nnf] lbgePsf sfdx¿sf] ;dLIff / To; lbg ul/g] sfdsf ljifox¿ k|:t't x'g] ub{y] eg] Joj:yfkgsftkmjf6 s;}nfO{ lrQ gj'em]sf s'/fx¿ klg /fVg] ul/GYof] . t/ Pshgf JolQm ;lrj eP/ cfpg]ljQLs} cfˆgf] sfo{sIfdf ;x;lrj / s]xL cfuGt'snfO{ j:g k'Ug] ;f]kmfdfq /fvL c? s';L{x¿x6fO{lbP / lghL ;lrjnfO{ cfb]z lbP cj b]lv ;j} pk;lrj / zfvf clws[tx¿nfO{ jflx/} xflh/ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg' . ;lrjHo"sf] cfb]z kfngf eof] . To; lbgb]lv gaf]nfO{sg ;lrjHo"sf]sfo{sIfdf pk;lrj / ;f]eGbf tnsf sf] xL klg hfg 5f8] . lnlvt cfb]zsf] k|jfx dfq x'g yfNof] .of] qmdn] lg/Gt/tf kfpb} hfFbf s]xL dlxgfkl5 g} k"/} ;+u7g g]t[ Tj / ;Djfb ljxLg cj:yfdfk'Uof] . cgf}krfl/s ;DaGw / ;Djfbn] cfGtl/s ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{ slt e"ldsf v]Nb5 eGg];Dd;lrjn] x]Ssf /fv]]gg\ . of] Pp6f pbfx/0fdfq xf] . k|fotM k|zf;lgs g]tTjlng] JolQmx¿df ;De|fGtz}nLdf o;/L g} cfb]z–lgb]{ z rnfpg] ub{5g\, l;4fGtdf hlt;'s} ;xeflutfTds Joj:yfkgsf] s'/fu/] klg . h;sf sf/0f ;+u7g leqsf] u'gf;f]n] pko'Qm lgsf;dfq gkfpg] xf]Og ls tgfjsf] l:yltl;h{gf x'g] ub{5 h;n] ;+u7gsf] k|efjsfl/tfdfly 7"nf] cj/f]w t]:of{pg] u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿sf];+u7gnfO{ sd{rf/L kL/dsf{sf] j}w k|ltlglwTj ug{ lbOPsf] 5}g . u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf sfo{ljlw klg;d:of ;dfwfg tkm{ eGbf sfo{ljlwsf] cf}krfl/stfdf clNemg] vfnsf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo, dGqfno:t/ /lhNnf :t/sf u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g g} ePsf 5}gg . o;y{ sd{rf/L u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf;Gbe{df oL ;jfnx¿ :ki6 b]lvPsf 5g\ M• u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ug'{ k5{ eGg] ;/sf/n] 7fg]sf] 5}g .• sd{rf/L kL/dsf{ ;'Gbf sd{rf/L / Joj:yfkg b'j} nfeflGjt x'G5g\ eGg] Joj:yfkgn]:jLsf/]sf] 5}g .• lghfdtL ;]jfleq ;Fw} kIfkftk"0f{ Jojxf/ 5 . To;}n] u'gf;faf6 xflsdx¿ 8/fpb5g\ .• JolQmnfO{ x]/]/ gLlt sfg"g agfOG5 . AolQmsfnflu gLlt–sfg"g tf]l8Psf] klg 5 .86

126

• u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v ;+oGq eg]sf] Joj:yfkg cfkm} xf] . p;n] cg'udg, ;'kl/j]If0f,cfGtl/s j}7s / cgf}krfl/s ;/;Nnfxdf Wofg lbg] u/]s} 5}g .• k|zf;gleq u'gf;f] ;'Gg] cfˆg} ;+oGq gePsf]n] cbfnt÷nf]s;]jf cfof]uh:tf jf¡Öolgsfodf ph'/L kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .pk;+xf/Mxfd|f] k|zf;lgs Jojxf/df u'gf;f] tyf dsf{nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;Djf]wg ug]{ k|of;xfn;Dd ePsf] 5}g . u'gf;f] Joj:yfkgn] ;+u7g / sd{rf/L b'j} nfeflGjt x' G5g\ eGg] ;fdfGo;f]r ;d]t gx's]{sfn] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg s]jn k|fl1s nx8sf] ljifodfq ePsf] 5 . sd{rf/L;Ë7gx¿ klg ;+:yfut ?kdf cfjfh /fVg eGbf o;nfO{ j}olQms ?kdf lng] k|j[lQdf b]lvPsfn]o;n] cf}krfl/s ?kdf k|j]z kfpg g;s]sf] xf] . To;}n] sd{rf/Lx¿ u'gf;f]sf] lgsf;sf nfluJoj:yfkgleqsf ;+oGqeGbf dfly p7]/ cbfntL pkrf/ vf]Hg jfWo b]lvG5g\ .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L!, ltjf/L dw'lglw, u'gf;f] ;'Nemfpg] ;+oGq -d:of}bf_, @)^!@, lghfdtL sd{rf/L u' gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno, @)^##, lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, sfg"g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, @)$($, d}gfnL, uf]kLgfy, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL, n}lËs ;dtfsf] d"nk|jflxs/0fsfo{qmddf k|:t't sfo{kq, @)^@%, Managing Human Resources, Gomar-Majia, Luis R., David B, Balkia, Robert L. Cardy,Princeton Hill India, 200287

Jofj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfndfo;sf] k|of]u–k|]dk|;fb kf}8]n .;f/f+z/fHosf] ljsf;df dfgjLo ljsf;n] pRr dxTj / k|fyldstf kfPsf] tyf ljZjsf] dfgj ljsf;sf]:t/ dfkg ug]{ ;"rsfÍn] g]kfnsf] cj:yf sdhf]/ b]vfPsf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf dfgjLo ljsf;sf] If]qdf

127

pRr nufgL cfjZos kg'{ :jefljs} xf] . /fHosf] /fh:j ;+sngsf] jt{dfg cj:yf, o;sf >f]t / cfwf/,vr{ / cfDbfgL aLrsf] c;Gt'ng / hgtfsf ljsf;k|lts pn{bf cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ eljiodf nufgL a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ ca /fh:j p7fpg] / cfDbfgL ug]{ sfd cy{ dGqfno / cGtu{tsflgsfos ] dfq x'g ;Sb}g, of] /fHosf ;a} lgsfosf] sfd / lhDd]jf/L leq kg'{k5{ . g]kfnsf] a9\bf] C0fsf]ef/n] /fHo C0fsf] vfN6f]df kg]{ hf]lvd a9\b} uPsf] cj:yfn] /fHosf] cfGtl/s cfosf] dxTjnfO{ emg}a9fPsf] 5 . ljb]zL bft[ lgsfosf] b[li6df g]kfn ;w}+ k|fyldstfdf gkg]{ / ljZjsf 36gfqmdsf] ljsf;;Fu}pgLx¿sf ;xfotfsf k|fyldstf klg km]l/b} cfPsf 5g\ / eljiodf klg ToxL qmd /xg] b]lvG5 . ljZjdfef]s, /f]u, n8fO, v8]/L, clgsfn cflbsf sf/0fn] bft[ lgsfosf ;xfotf /0fgLlt km]l/g] x'gfn] /fHon]cfTdlge{/tfsf] af6f] lng' lbuf] >f]t;fwgs ] hf]xf] / ljsf;sf] Ps dfq pkfo xf] . s/ /fh jsf cfwf/;fF3'l/Ps ] / o; If]qaf6 cfzftLt /fh:j a9fpg ;lsg] ;+efjgf Go"g x'Fb} uPsf] ;Gbe{df u}/s/ /fh:jsjt{dfg >f]taf6 dfq xf]Og, cfosf gofF ;Defjgf vf]hL /fHosf] 9's'6L bx|f] agfO{ cfd lgd'vf hgtfsf]pGglt / ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbb} ;d'Ggt g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/ Joj;flos x'g}kb{5 . Joj;flos;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" u/L /fHosf]if bl/nf] agfpg ;s] hgtfsf ljsf;sf cfsf+Iff k"/f ug{ sGh':ofOug{ gkg]{ / …x'Fbf vfg]Ú hgtf klg …x'g] vfg]Ú eO{ /fHodf b]lvg] c;Gt'li6 / åGåsf] klg lg/fs/0f x'g]ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 .fff :f fk[i7e"ldk|frLg sfndf /fHosf] d'Vo sfd b] zdf zflGt ;'/Iff sfod ug'{, Gofo Joj:yf ug'{ tyf/fHonfO{ ljb]zL cfqmd0faf6 arfpg' lyof] . o;afx]ssf sfo{x¿ /fHosf] vf;} k|fyldstf leqkb}{gy] . To;}n] tTsfnLg /fHox¿ k'ln; /fHo -Police State_ sf] ?kdf /x]sf lyP . /fHosf sfd yf]/}

128

x'g] ljlQs} cfDbfgL klg sd eP k'Ug] x'gfn] Tolta]nfsf zf:qLo cy{zf:qLx¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ sd vr{ug{ tyf sd s/ nufpg ;'emfj lbGy] . logLx¿n] s/nfO{ afnLgfnL gi6 kfg]{ cl;gfsf] ?kdflnPsf lyP, cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] ;~rfngsf] nflu ;/sf/eGbf lghL If]q a9L ;jn x'g] x'gfn];/sf/n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf s' g} x:tIf]k ug'{x'b}g eg]/ Laissez Faire Policy sf] jsfnt ub{y] .t/ ;g\ !(@( sf] ljZjJofkL cfly{s dGbLn] ;/sf/n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf x:tIf]t ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{dfGotf lbof] . lslG;og y]p/Ln] ljZj cy{tGqdf gofF df]8 Nofof] . cf};t dfudf sdL cfpgfn]cfly{s dGbLsf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] x'gfn] k|efjsf/L dfu l;h{ gfsf] nflu ;/sf/n] cy{tGqdf x:tIf]k. pk;lrj, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u88ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/ cfkm}n] Joo u/L o:tf] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] ;/sf/n] cfkm" n] ug]{ cfo / Joon]cy{tGqdf ;Gt'ng tyf :j:Yotf sfod ug{ ;S5 eGg] lslG;og dfGotfn] ;Gt'lnt ah]6, Go"g;/sf/L vr{ / cx:tIf]knfO{ 7f8} r'gf}tL lbof] . pgLkl5sf cy{zf:qLx¿n] klg o;nfO{ :jLsf/] .;/sf/ hgtfsf] cleefjs xf] . ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd hgtfsf] lhp wgsf] ;'/Iff ug'{ xf] .olt dfq xf]Og, ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] ljsf;k|ltsf OR5f cfsf+IffnfO{ kl/k"lt{ ug'{kb{5 . PSsfO;f}+ztfJbLdf dfgjnfO{ ;j{:j dfGb} dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ ljsf;sf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . ;du|hgtfsf] sNof0f, ;fdflhs Gofosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;a}nfO{ x'g] vfg] cfbz{ dflg;agfpg] cleofgsf ;fy ;+;f/sf ;a} b]z nfluk/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg o;tkm{ ;/sf/k|oTgzLn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsf;, hgsNof0f h:tf dfGotfx¿nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ klg kof{Kt>f]t / ;fwgsf] hf]xf] ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf] nflu PSnf] cy{ dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljefux¿n] dfq/fh:j ;+sng ug]{ Wo]o /fv]/ k'Ub}g . o;sf] nflu ;/sf/sf ;du| c+ux¿sf] k|oTg cfjZos x'G5 .To;}n] ;/sf/n] cfˆgf lqmofsnfknfO{ Joj;flos agfpb} n}hfg kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .s] xf] pBdL tyf Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff <

129

;/sf/sf ;a} lqmofsnfk ;]jfd'vL x'g'kb{5 eGg] k/Dk/fut dfGotf ca k'/fgf] e};s]sf] 5 .;+;f/df l;Q}df xfjf klg kfOb}g, o;sf] nflu klg z'Ns ltg'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf ljsf; x'b} uPsf] 5 .;/sf/sf ;a} c+ u tyf lgsfon] cfo cfh{gsf ;Dej pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ub}{ /fh:jdf of]ubfg ug'{tyf cfˆgf j:t' tyf ;]jfk|jfxdf plrt z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L cfo cfh{gsf] pRr ;DefjgfnfO{ ;Dejt'Nofpg] cjwf/0ff g} Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff xf] . cyf{ t\ Pp6f gfkmf ug{ :yflkt Joj;flosk|lti7fgn] em} gfkmf jf cfo cfh{gsf] ;f]r /fvL cfˆgf] lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{ Joj;flos;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff xf] .;+;f/sf b]zx¿sf] cj:yfkl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zx¿n] Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ftub}{ uPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/ ;]jfd'vL dfq eP/ k'Ub}g, cfd lgd'vf hgtfsf] lxt / sNof0fsf]nflu vr{ ug{ klg ;/sf/sf c+ux¿n] Joj;flos ;f]r /fVg}kg]{ x'G5 . oxL jf:tljstfnfO{ x[bo+udu/L ljZjsf w]/} b]zn] cfˆgf] cfocfh{gnfO{ pRr dxTj k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . lj4fg DavidOsborne / Ted Gaebler n] cfˆgf] k':ts Reinventing Government df eg]sf 5g\– In mostgovernment few people outside of the Finance and Revenue Departments ever think aboutrevenues. No one think about profit.1 cd]l/sL ;Gbe{df n]v]sf] k':ts k9\bf o:tf] nfU5 lscd]l/sfh:tf] ljsf;sf] r'nLdf k'u]sf] b]zdf klg ;/sf/ clwsf+z If]qdf Joj;flos x'g ;s]sf]b]lvb}g tfklg cfocfh{gsf gofF pkfox¿ ckgfpg] / vr{sf] ldtJolotf / pTkfbgzLntftkm{kof{Kt ;f]r eg] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . n]vsåon] eg]h:t} g]kfndf cfocfh{g ug]{ d'Vo sfd cy{dGqfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfosf] dfq xf] eGg] ;f]r /fHosf cGo lgsfon] kfn]sf] b]lvG5 . ljleGg;df/f]xdf ;/sf/sf pRr clwsf/Lx¿n] af/Daf/ eGg] u/]sf] ;'lgG5 – …cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 g}1 Reinventing Government Page 19689lbb}gÚ . cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 lbg] s'/f x/fe/f 3gf h+undf uP/ ?vsf kft l6k]/ lbPh:tf] ;lhnf]

130

x'b}g . Pp6f ul/a lgd'vfn] cfˆgf] cfDbfgL / vr{df tfnd]n ldnfpg hlt ufx|f] x'G5, Tof] eGbfa9L ufx|f] ;fx|f] cj:yf cy{ dGqfnon] em]Ng'kb{5 . cy{n] ah]6 lbPg jf lbb}g eGg] lhDd]jf/kbflwsf/Lx¿n] klg /fHosf cfo>f]t a9fpg / /fh:j ;+sng ug{ tyf To:tf cfo>f]t a9fpg]gLlt to ug{ d}n] slt k|of; u/]sf] 5' eg]/ ;f]Rg' klg TolQs} h?/L 5 . ta dfq /fHosf]if bx|f] e}cy{n] dfu]hlt k};f lbg ;S5 . /fHosf]if bx|f] ePdf w]/} /sd vr{ ug]{ kbflwsf/Ln] k'/:sf/ kfpg]lbg cfpg] 5 . cy{ dGqfnon] hglxtdf a9L /sd vr{ ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] gLlt lng'kg]{ lbg klgcfpg]5g\ .;g\ !(*$ df Sofg8fsf] dlG6«ondf ePsf] cf]nlDks v]ndf ! cj{ cd]l/sL 8n/ ToxfFsfhgtfn] C0f af]s]sf 5g\ . t/ To;kl5 ePsf] cd]l/sfsf] n;PGhn; cf]nlDksdf cd]l/sgx¿n] @@s/f]8 %) nfv 8n/ gfkmf u/] . o;sf] nflu pgLx¿n] Corporate Sponsors vf]h], tyf :jo+;]jslgo'Qm u/] . t/ Sofg]l8ogx¿df To;f] ug{ a'l4 cfPg . kmntM To;sf] C0f clxn];Dd ltl//x]sf 5g\ .2/fHosf ;du| lqmofsnfkdf gfkmfd'vL b[li6sf]0f j]nfot, ci6«]lnof, Sofg8f, Go"lhn}08 cflbb]zn] klg /fv]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿df j]nfot, ci6«]lnof h:tf b]zx¿n] b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{sltko hgzlQm cfkm"n] pTkfbg ug{ eGbf aflx/af6 Nofpg ;:tf] kg]{ egL ;f]xL cg';f/sf gLltckgfO cfPsf] klg kfOG5 .g]kfndf Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZostfkl5Nnf jif{x¿df ljZjdf dfgjLo ljsf;n] pRr k|fyldstf kfpg] u/]sf] 5 . bft[ lgsfon]klg dfgjLo ljsf;sf If]qdf cfˆgf ;xfotfnfO{ s]lGb|t ug]{ tkm{ nfu]sf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndfgjf}+ of]hgfsf] z'?cft;Fu} dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf]] 5 . kl5Nnf jif{x¿dflzIff If]qdf ePsf] lj:tf/, ;fIf/tf, :jtGq k|];, hgtfnfO{ r]tgzLn agfpg] ;/sf/sf sfo{x¿ tyf/fli6« o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf lqmofsnfk, b"/;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdfePsf] tLj| lj:tf/sf] sf/0fn] hgtfsf] r] tgfsf] :t/ lgs} a9]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ klg ;/sf/ pk/

131

ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk tLj|?kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . ca lxhf]sf]h:tf] 6fn6'n] ljsf;, cfZjf;g / em'7sf] ljsf;] v]tLn] hgtfnfO{ em'Sofpg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g .cjsf] ljsf; eg]sf] hfu?s hgtfnfO{ lrQ a'emfpg ;Sg] vfnsf] bl/nf] ljsf; xf] . o;sf] nflukof{Kt >f]t ;fwgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g ljBdfg >f]taf6 dfq h'6fpg ;Dej b]lvb}g .g]kfndf @)^).^! df ul/Psf] g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{df #! k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . @)%@.%# df ul/Psf] hLjg:t/ ;e]{df $@ k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg/x]sf] b]lvPsf] lyof] . cem} klg olt 7"nf] hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ Pp6f ;Eo;dfhdf ;'xfpg] s'/f xf]Og . emg\ dfgjLo ljsf;nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbOb} cfPsf] jt{dfg;Gbe{nfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ o;tkm{ /fHosf] 7"nf] nufgL / k|oTg h?/L b]lvG5 .2 Reinventing Government, Page No. 19690dfgjLo ljsf; pRr k|fyldstfsf] If]q xf] . o;tkm{ kof{Kt nufgL ePg eg] o:tf] pRrk|fyldstfsf] If]qsf] nIo cg';f/sf] k|ult ug{ ;Dej b]lvb}g . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL h:tfIf]qdf kof{Kt nufgL lagf dfgjLo ljsf;sf] nIo xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu cfGtl/s>f]taf6 kof{Kt >f]t h'6fpg h?/L 5 . ljb]zL ;xfotf lbuf] >f]t x'g ;Sb}g . bft[ lgsfosfk|fyldstf km]l/g ;S5g\, ljZjdf gofF gofF /fi6«x¿ bft[ lgsfosf] k|fyldstfdf kb}{ uPsf klgb]lvPsf 5g\ . o'4, cfGtl/s åGå, ef]sd/L, /f]usf] dxfdf/Ln] cfqmfGt kf/]sf d'n'sx¿ clxn]k|fyldstfdf k/]sf b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;}n] cfGtl/s >f]t dfq lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/ x'g ;S5 .o;nfO{ a9fpg Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] d2t ub{5 .g]kfnsf] ljut jif{x¿sf] ljQLo ljZn]if0f ubf{ /fh:jsf] cfwf/ ;fFu'/f] / sdhf]/ b]lvPsf]dx;'; x'G5 . /fh:jn] rfn' vr{nfO{ klg wfGg g;Sg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . /fh:j jrt 36\b}uPsf] tyf rfn' vr{df pNn]Vo a[l4n] /fHosf]ifdf rfk a9\b} uPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ljutdf lnPsf]

132

C0fsf] ;fFjf / To;sf] Jofh ltg{ klg df]6f] /sd vr{ ug{ kl//x]sf] 5 . k|To]s gofF ;/sf/n]cfˆgf] ;kmntf ljb]zL ;xof]usf] /fzLsf] kl/df0fsf] a9f]Q/LnfO{ dfGg] / ljb]zL ;xfotfsf] c+zdfcg'bfgeGbf C0fsf] c+z 7"nf] x'gfn] cfufdL lbgdf o:tf] /sd a9\b} hfg] lglZrt 5 . o:tf];+j]bgzLn 38Ldf Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ l9nfO ug{ gx'g] b]lvG5 .csf]{ s'/f /fHosf] cfo ;+sng ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{ dfWod aGg 5f]l8;s]sf] 5 .wgLnfO{ pRr b/n] s/ nufpg] / ul/anfO{ 5'6 lbg] gLlt klg k'/fgf] e};Sof] . s/sf b/ a9fP//fh:j p7fpg] ;f]r xfnsf lbgdf k'/fgf] ePsf] 5 . pRr b/sf s/n] s/ r'xfj6nfO{ pRragfpg'sf] ;fy} j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ xtf]T;flxt agfpF5 . To;}n] xfnsf jif{df vr{sf] dfWodaf6;fdflhs Gofosf] dfGotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 eGg] wf/0ff alnof] x'b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] nfluljkGg ju{ tyf ;d'bfo, cfbLjf;L, hghflt, afnaflnsf, dlxnf, czQm, ckfË tyf clwsf+zlgd'vfsf] a;f]af;sf] s]Gb| /x]sf] u|fdL0f If]qdf kof{Kt nufgLsf] cfjZostf 5 . Joj;flos;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 a9L >f]tsf] hf]xf] ug{ ;lsg] / Tof] /fHosf o:tfk|fyldstfsf If]qdf vr{ ug{ ;lsG5 .;]jf z'Nssf b'O6f dxTjk"0f{ kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ . ;j{k|yd t o;n] /fHosf] /fh:j a9fpF5 .oltdfq geO{ o;n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfx pk/ cgfjZos bjfj kg{ lbb}g . rfx] ljZjljBfnosf]k/LIffsf] kmf/d eg{ xf];\, rfx] s'g} ;/sf/L sfof{nodf s'g} ;]jf lng lgj]bg jf b/vf:t eg]{cj:yfdf xf];\, Tof] kmf/fd l;Q}df kfOg] ePdf Pp6}n] Pp6f 7]nL;Dd klg af]s]/ n}hfG5g\ t/To;df s]xL z'Ns ltg{ kg]{ ePdf cfkm"nfO{ rfx]hlt dfq n}hfG5g\ . of] g]kfndf xfdLn] b]v] ef]u]sf]s'/f xf] . To;}n] /fh:j a9fpg] b[li6sf]0fn] dfq geO{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpgklg ;]jf z'Nssf] dxTj 5 .;/sf/sf lqmofsnfknfO{ # efudf af8\g' h?/L 5 .-s_ gfkmf ug]{ If]q-v_ g gfkmf g 3f6f ug]{ If]q

133

-u_ ;]jfsf] wf/0ff /fvL ;~rfng ul/g] If]q91;/sf/n] ;]jfsf] wf/0ff g} /fVg' kb}{g eGg] xf]Og . ;/sf/sf ;a} lqmofsnfk Joj;flos jfgfkmfd'vL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] ;/sf/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ pko'{Qmfg' ;f/ ljefhg u/L s'g If]qnfO{;]jfd"ns 9+un] ;~rfng ug]{ xf], s'g If]qnfO{ ;fdfGo gfkmfd'vL eP/ rnfpg] xf] / s'gnfO{ pRrgfkmfd'vL eP/ rnfpg] xf], To;sf] olsg ug'{kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, dl§t]n, UofF; h:tfcTofjZos / ;fdfGo lgd'vf hgtfsf] lbg b}lgsL;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿df ;]jfd'vLb[li6sf]0f /fVg} kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfgn] laqmL ug]{ b"wnfO{ g gfkmf g 3f6f x'g]u/L ;~rfng ug'{k5{ / ;f] xL ;+:yfgsf /;j/L, k]8f, l3p h:tf j:t'x¿ gfkmf ug]{ j:t'sf] ?kdflnO{ d"No klg cln pRr sfod ug{' pko'Qm x'G5 .;/sf/nfO{ pBdL tyf Joj;flos s;/L agfpg] <-s_ u}/s/ /fh:jsf b/x¿ x]/km]/ u/]/ tyf gofF If]q vf]hL z'Ns nufP/ M– /fHosf]ifnfO{ bl/nf]agfpg ;/sf/sf k|of;x¿ gePsf eg] xf]Ogg\ . o:t} k|of; :j?k ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] k|jfxug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfdf z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L c;'n pk/ u/L cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] k|of] u ;+;f/sfclwsf+z b]zn] u/]sf 5g\ . j:t' tyf ;]jfdf nufOPsf z'Nsx¿sf] b/ ;dofg's"n x'g] u/Lkl/jt{g ug'{kb{5 . g]kfndf b/ kl/jt{gsf kof{Kt u'~hfO;x¿ 5g\ . t;y{ o;tkm{ Wofglbb} nfut kIfnfO{ ;d]t dgg ub}{ o:tf s/sf b/x¿df ;dofg's"n x]/km]/ ug{ ;s]df/fHosf]ifdf o; If]qaf6 yk /fh:j of]ubfg k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .o;sf] cnfjf ;/sf/n] gofF If]q vf]hL z'Ns nufpg ;Sg'kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cfkm"n] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/z u/]sf /fhkq cg+lst tyf lgDg:t/df kfFr;o ?k}of / clws[t :t/df Ps xhf/ ?k}of z'Ns nufPdf s]xL /fh:j a9\g hfG5 .-v_ ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf klqsfdf lj1fkg lbP/ M– ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo tyf sfof{nox¿n]ljleGg yl/sf klqsf, a'n]l6gx¿ lgsfln/x]sf 5g\ . t/ lj1fkg k|sflzt u/L cfo cfh{g

134

ug]{ ;f]r To:tf lgsfon] /fv]sf] kfOb}g . cem pb]snfUbf] kIf s] 5 eg] To:tf k|sfzgx¿l;Q}df afF8L nfut;Dd p7fpg] ;f]r klg 5}g . lghL If]qaf6 k|sfzg x'g] o:t} vfnsf kqklqsfdf lj1fkg lbO{ dgUo] gfkmf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ t/ ;/sf/sf lgsfosf] o:tf] cj:yf5 . To;}n] o; If]qaf6 klg /fh:j c;'n ug]{ tkm{ ;/sf/L ;f]r x'g' h?/L 5 .-u_ zx/L If]qsf] kmf]xf]/nfO{ dn agfO{ laqmL u/]/ M– kmf]xf]/nfO{ df]xf]/df kl/0ft u/]/ klg;/sf/n] cfh{g ug{ ;S5 . ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf o:tf] ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] nflu lghLIf]q;Fu ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsG5 .-3_ ljz]if ;'ljwfo'Qm sf/fuf/ agfO{ tyf sf/fuf/df ljz]if sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L z'Ns c;'nu/]/ M– b08lxgtfsf] cGTo ug]{ sfo{df sf/fuf/sf] pRr dxTj 5 . sf/fuf/ oftgfu[xxf]Ogg\, ;'wf/ u[x x'g\ eGg] dfGotfn] a9jf kfO/x]sf] jt{dfg ljZj ;Gbe{df s}bL÷aGbLnfO{/f0ff zf;gsfndf h:tf] ;fF3'/f sf]7fdf rf}v'¥ofP/ /fVg] k|Zg} cfpb}g . cemdfgjflwsf/k|lt a9\bf] rf;f]n] o;f] ug{ g} lbb}g . t;y{ sf/fuf/nfO{ ;'wf/ u[xsf] ?kdfljsf; ub}{ s}bL÷aGbL pk/ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] .ljBdfg sfg"gn] h]n kg]{nfO{ a:gsf] nflu plrt k|jGw, cf]5\ofg, nufpg] n'uf /vfgkfgsf] Joj:yf ;/sf/n] cfˆg} vr{df ldnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] s8fOsf92;fy kl/kfngf ubf{ h]n kg]{x¿sf] ;+Vof klg a9\b} hfG5 . o;sf] nflu cd]l/sfnfO{pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . s}bL÷aGbL ;+Vof a9\g] ljlQs} ;/sf/sf] vr{ klg ;f]xLcg'kftdf a9\g hfG5 . clg o;df klg z'? e}xfN5 – cy{n] k};} lbb}g . o;sf] nflusf/fuf/ cfTdlge{/ agfpgtkm{ klg /fHon] ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 . ;/sf/n] ljz]if ;'ljwf ePsf]5'§} sf/fuf/ agfO{ jf sf/fuf/df ljz]if ;'ljwfo'Qm sf]7fsf] Joj:yf u/L To:tf sf]7fdfz'Ns lnO{ /fh:j a9fpg ;lsG5 . o;af6 sf/fuf/sf] ;du| vr{sf] hf]xf] ug{ ;lsG5 .-ª_ bf]xf]/f] dfu{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL -Double Track Management System_ df hf]8

135

lbP/ M– ;/sf/sf kmd{x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4 u/L ;/sf/L nufgLsf] pRrk|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ bf]xf]/f] dfu{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] pRr dxTj 5 . ;/sf/sf nIocg';f/sf lgoldt sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cnfjf cGo sfo{qmd ;+~rfng u/]/ tyf cltl/QmpTkfbg u/L cflh{t cfosf] lglZrt k|ltzt ;/sf/L /fh:jsf] ?kdf bflvnf u/L afFsL/sd kmd{sf] ef}lts ;'wf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxgsf] ?kdf lbg] k2lt bf]xf]/f] dfu{Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL xf] . o;af6 sfdk|lt sd{rf/L a9L pTk|]l/t x'g'sf ;fy} ;/sf/nfO{ klg/fh:j k|fKt x'g] / ;/sf/L kmd{sf] ef}lts ;'wf/ klg x'G5 . of] cjwf/0ff jif{ @)^).^! sf]ah]6 jStJo dfkm{t ;/sf/sf s]xL s[lif kmfd{x¿df k|of]u ug]{ elgPsf] lyof] . of]cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj:tfl/t ?kdf nfu" ug{ ;s] /fh:j k|fKt x'g'sf] ;fy} ;/sf/nfO{ kg]{ bfloTj36\g ;d]t hfg] b]lvG5 .-r_ gu/kflnsf If]qdf cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng u/]/ M– b]zdf zx/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof tLj| ultdfcufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] ult;Fu} zx/Ls/0fdf klg a[l4 x'g' :jefljs} xf] . ;+;f/sfb]zx¿nfO{ lgofNbf klg oxL k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ g;s] zx/cJojl:yt e} a:g nfos x'b}g . To;}n] gu/If]qdf Jojl:yt cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{sfo{nfO{ ;/sf/n] a9fjf lbg}kb{5 . cem eGg] xf] eg] ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿n] o:tfgu/If]qdf Jojl:yt 9+un] cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;s] ;/sf/L cfDbfgLdf a[l4 x'g'sf;fy} Jojl:yt zx/Ls/0fdf an k'Ug hfG5 .-5_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] b[li6sf]0fn] a9L rNtLsf 7fpFx¿df lj1fkgsf nflu :yfg -Space_laqmL u/]/ M– cfGtl/s tyf jfXo p8fgsf ljdfg:ynx¿, ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf] nflua9L rfk kg]{ sfof{nox¿ h:t} M lhNnf k|zf;g, lhNnf k|x/L, dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿, x'nfssfof{nox¿, lzIff sfof{no, g]kfn 6]lnsd, ljB't k|flws/0f, vfg]kfgL, /fh:j sfof{no

136

cflb lgsfox¿sf ;]jfk|jfx ug]{ 7fpFx¿df lj1fkgsf] nflu :yfg pknJw u/fP/ klg/fHon] cfo cfh{g ug{ ;S5 . o;tkm{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g .-h_ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/df z'Ns nufP/ M– ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ /fHosf d"Nojfg ;DklQ x'g\ .o:tf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{ df]6f] /sd nufgL ug'{kb{5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/sf] cfo' k'u]kl5 k'gMlgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . slxn]sfFxL t b}jLk|sf]k jf cGo sf/0fn] cufj} klg k'gM lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g hfG5 . gofF gofF k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;df h'l6/x]sf] a]nf o:tf k" jf{wf/dfnufgL ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ /sdsf] cefj x'g hfG5 . To;}n] o:tf k"jf{wf/af6 k|bfg x'g] ;]jfdfpko'Qm z'Ns nufO{ ltgsf] lgoldt dd{t ;'wf/ tyf k'gM lgdf{0fdf /sd h'6fpg ;lsG5 .o;af6 /fHosf]if bl/nf] aGb5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/x¿df /fhdfu{, ;'?ªdfu{, k'n, cfsf;] k'n,:yfgLo:t/sf k'n tyf ;8sx¿, ljdfg:yn, cflb kb{5g\ .93-em_ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] Joj;flos k|of]u u/]/ M– ;/sf/L ;DklQsf] Joj;flos k|of]u u/Lkof{Kt dfqfdf cfo cfh{g ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgf eP klg ;/sf/sf] Wofg o;tkm{k'Ug g;s]sf] sf/0f o;af6 cfzftLt?kdf kmfObf lng ;lsPsf] 5}g . Psflt/ ;/sf/n]dx+uf] ef8f lt/]/ cfˆgf sfof{nox¿ ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ Joj;flos dxTjePsf ejg tyf hUuf hdLgx¿ k|of]hglaxLg ePsf 5g\ . sd{rf/L ;~rosf]ifn];'Gwf/fdf sf7df08f}+ dn h:tf] ljzfn Joj;flos ejgsf] lgdf{0f u/L kof{Kt cfDbfgL ug{;Sof] . ;Fu}sf] uf]Zjf/f x'nfs sfof{nosf] kl/;/ h'g g]kfns} cToGt pko'Qm Joj;floss]Gb| aGg] x}l;ot /fV5, df ;/sf/n] Joj;flos 9+uaf6 cfDbfgL ug]{ ;f]r;Dd kfn]sf]b]lvb}g . x'nfs ;]jf t ljzfn dxnsf] kfFrf} tNnfdf /fVg klg ;lsG5 hxfF hgtfnfO{lnˆ6af6 ;'ljwf lbg ;lsG5 . o:tf Joj;flos dxTjsf 7fpF g]kfndf slt 5g\ slt .o:tf 7fpFx¿sf] Joj;flos k|of]un] /fHosf] cfo>f]t bl/nf]] x'g ;S5 . olt dfq xf]Og,

137

o:tf cGo If]qx¿ klg 5g\ h;sf] Joj;flos b[li6sf]0fn] pRr dxTj 5 . oL ;a} If]qsf]Joj;flos kmfObf lng pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt agfO{ o;tkm{ kfOnf rfNg cj]/ ug'{ x'b}g .-`_ x'nfs ;]jf ljefuaf6 xfn k|bfg ul/cfPsf ;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jf k|jfx ug{ nufP/ M–jblnbf] kl/l:ylt, cfjZostf, gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / Joj;flos ;f]rsf]cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"t{ ?k lbg kg]{ jfWofTds kl/l:ylt ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L x'nfs ;]jfn]cfkm"n] k|bfg ul/cfPsf ;]jfdf ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g ug{ h?/L 5 . gofF gofF k|ljlw /k2ltsf] k|of]un] ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg d2t k'U5 . ;fy} xfn lghLIf]qn] k'¥ofpb} cfPsf;]jfx¿ / ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lsg] gofF ;DefJo If]qx¿ vf]hL x'nfs ;]jfn] cfkm"nfO{cfw'lgsL/s0f u/L k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;dofg's"n agfpg' h?/L 5 . o;af6 /fHosf]if alnof]x'g'sf] ;fy} x' nfs ;]jf Pp6f cfsif{s ;]jfsf] ?kdf /xg klg ;Sb5 . x'nfs ;]jf ljefusf]b]ze/ km}lnPsf] ;+u7gfTds hfnf]n] o:tf ljljw ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;lhnf] x'g] b]lvG5 .-6_ ;fj{hlgs kfls{ªdf z'Ns nufP/ M– a9\bf] zx/Ls/0f;Fu} ;jf/L ;fwgsf] tLa| a[l4 e}/x]sf]5 . o;n] zx/L If]qdf cJojl:yt kfls{ªsf] rsf]{ ;d:of ;d]t b]lvO{ 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf;d]t cˆ6]/f] kl//x]sf] 5 . ctM ;/sf/n] -:yfgLo lgsfon] ;d]t_ ;fj{hlgs :yfgx¿dfJojl:yt kfls{ª ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO{ cfo cfh{g klg ug{ ;lsG5 / o;af6 6«flkmsJoj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;'udtf cfpF5 .-7_ ;/sf/L au}rfsf] km"n laqmL u/]/ M– ;/sf/sf lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] sDkfp08 kl/;/dfkm"nx¿ nufpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . au}rfsf] x]/rfxsf] nflu au}r]nfO{ vr{ klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .t/ o:tf lgsfox¿n] Tof] km"naf6 Ps ?lkof sdfpg] ;Ddsf] ;f]r eg] /fv]sf] kfOb}g .km"nsf] laqmLaf6 kof{Kt /fh:j t gcfpg klg ;S5, t/ Joj;flos ;f]rsf] ljsf;dfo;n] pRr dxTj /fVb5 . ;/sf/L lgsfosf au}rfsf] km"n laqmLaf6 s]xL dfqfdf eP klg

138

/fh:j k|fKt eP s]xL au}r]nfO{ tnj ;'ljwf lbg k'Ub5 . To;}n] o;tkm{ ;/sf/n] t'?GtWofg lbg' h?/L 5 .-8_ jghGo pTkfbg M–k|fs[lts >f]t dWo] /fHosf] cfo cfh{gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] jg ;Dkbfsf] pRrdxTj 5 . xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg eGg] plQm g} 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf tyf sdhf]/;/sf/ ePsf] df}sf 5f]kL ljutdf Jofks jg kmF8fgL e} of] plQm g} g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df94pko'Qm gx'g] xf] ls eGg] klg nfU5 . jg ;+/If0fsf] ;Gbe{df k|zf;goGq lkmtnf] ;fljtePsf] 5 . cfhef]ln ;d]t Jofks jg kmF8fgLsf] 36gfx¿ 5fkfx¿df lbg}lkR5] cfOg}/x]sf5g\ . t/ ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;kmntfn] g]kfnsf gfËf 8fF8fx¿ km]l/ el/Psf 5g\ . g]kfnsf];Gbe{df jg ;+/If0fdf hgtfsf] an ct'ngLo b]lvof] . hgtfn] hf]ufPsf jg x]bf{ t o:tf]nfU5, jg hf]ufpg] ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ b"wsf] ;fFrL lj/fnf] t ePsf 5}gg\ < o;f] eg]/ jg;+/If0fdf ;a} ;/sf/L k|ofzM lg:kmn 5g\ eGg vf]lhPsf] klg xf]Og, t/ 5fkfx¿df jgkmF8fgLdf ;/sf/sf sd{rf/Lsf] ldn]dtf] ;d]t ePsf] oqtq pNn]v u/]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ x]bf{of] kf6f]nfO{ gx]/L /xg eg] ;lsb}g .oxfFg]/ eGg vf]lhPsf] s] xf] eg] jg ;w} ;+/If0f dfq ug]{ / To;sf] Joj;floskmfObf lnb} glng] eGg] xf]Og . jgsf] lbuf]kgfdf k|lts"n c;/ gkf/L o;af6 /fHon] dgUo]cfo cfh{g ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . o;tkm{ xfdL slt ;kmn ePsf 5f}, of] eg] Jofks ljZn]if0f /d"NofÍgsf] ljifoj:t' jg]sf] 5 . nfdf /fhdfu{sf] ofqfsf qmddf ;'s]sf ?v s'lxP/ emg{nflu ;s]sf / sf6]/ y'k|fPsf ?vx¿ klg To;} s'x]/ hfg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] b]Vbf nfUb5o;af6 /fHon] kof{Kt dfqfdf cfDbfgL ug]{ ;f]r /fv]sf] 5}g . kl/kSj ?vx¿sf] cfly{sdxTj x'g] s'/fnfO{ s;}n] gsfg{ ;Sb}g . gofF lj?jfn] logsf] k|lt:yfkg u/L logLx¿af6cfly{s kmfObf lng} kb{5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;du| jg k|zf;gn] jgaf6 s;/L a9L eGbf a9L

139

cfly{s kmfObf lng ;lsG5, uxg cWoog / cg';Gwfg u/L cgfjZos emf8L / af]6lj?jfx6fpg' h?/L 5 . cfly{s kmfObf eg]/ o;sf] jftfj/0fLo kIf / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kIfnfO{ljNs'n} j]jf:tf ug]{ elgPsf] eg] xf]Og . o;tkm{ klg ;Gt'lnt 9+un] ;f]Rg' h?/L 5 .-9_ hl8a"6L M– h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfn lgs} ;DkGg dflgG5 . dfgj :jf:Yosf]nflu ckl/xfo{ hl8a'6Lsf] cfly{s dxTj pRr 5 . g]kfnsf] pRr lxdfnL If]qb]lv t/fO{sf];dyn e"efu;Dd k|fs[lts ?kdf cg]sf}+ hl8a'6Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . cem eGg] xf] eg] g]kfnsf]lxdfnL If]q t hl8a"6Lsf] nflu k|l;4 g} 5 . oxfFsf ofrf{u'Daf, kfFrcf}n], h6fd;L, lkKknf,dlh7f], nf]7;Nnf], ;t'jf, ;k{uGwf, ;'uGwsf]lsnf, ;'uGwjfn cflbn] el/k"0f{ g]kfnsfhl8a"6Lsf] Joj;flos dxTj a'emL ;f]xL cg';f/ To;sf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / laqmL ug{;s] o;af6 dgUo] /fh:j k|fKt x'g ;S5 . xfn hl8a"6Lsf] /fh:j /fHonfO{ gu0odfqfdfk|fKt e}/x]sf] 5 . o;tkm{ ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .-0f_ BOOT df hf]8 lbP/M– jgfp, ;+rfng u/, :jfldTj n]p / cGTodf :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/-Build, Operate, Owneship and Tranfer- BOOT_ eGg] dfGotfn] cfhef]ln ljZje/ dfGotfkfpb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . BOOT ;DaGwL sfg"g g]kfnn] klg jgfPsf] xf] . t/ /fhgLltscl:y/tf, ;'/Iff, tyf eljiob|i6tf -Predictability_ h:tf nufgLsf] nflu geO{ gx'g] kIfdfg]kfn sdhf]/ x'gfn] BOOT ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff g] kfndf ;kmn x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . b]zdfzflGtsf ls/0f em'lNsg yfn]sf] cj:yfdf o;af6 x'g] kmfObfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k"jf{wf/lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf BOOT gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . BOOT af6 b]znfO{w]/} kmfObf x'G5 . ;/sf/sf] Psk};f klg nufgL gk/L 7"nf /fhdfu{, ;'?ª dfu{, k'n, cfsf;]k'n, /f] kj], 6«lnj;, s]j'nsf/, ljB't u[x, ljdfg:yn, 7"nf 7"nf sf]N8:6f]/] h h:tf ljleGglsl;dsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 . o;af6 /fHon] k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf s/ tyf95

140

ljleGg z'Ns c;'n u/L /fHosf]if alnof] agfpg ;S5 . /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gfx'G5g\ . lglZrt ;dofjlw kl5 o:tf] k"jf{wf/ /fHonfO{ x:tfGt/0f x'G5 . o;af6nufgLstf{n] klg gfkmf sdfpg ;S5g\ / /fHo klg nfeflGjt x'g ;S5 . To;}n] clxn]sf]cfjZostf BOOT gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog xf], o;tkm{ pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{xf] / Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff sfof{Gjog u/L ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg]{ jftfj/0f agfpg'klg xf] .-t_ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/]/ M– cfDbfgLsf] s]xL lx:;f ;DalGwt sd{rf/L jf lgsfonfO{ Incentivesf] ?kdf lbP/ gfkmfd'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . gfkmf s] sf] nflu ug,]{ /ftlbgs] sf] nflu v6\g] < o;sf] hjfkm Incentive n] dfq lbg ;S5 . gfkmf u/]sf] s]xLlx:;faf6 s]xL Incentive sf] ?kdf lbg' Gofof]lrt x'G5 . o;n] c? gfkmf ug]{ ;f]rnfO{a9fjf lbG5 .-y_ Joj:yfksnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ b]p -Let the Manager Manage_ sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" u/]/M– g]kfnsf ;/sf/L kmd{ tyf ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf k|lti7fgx¿sf] cwf]ultsf] Pp6f d'Vosf/0f Joj:yfkgdf :jfoQtf x'g g;Sg' xf] . kmd{÷k|lti7fgsf] Joj:yfksnfO{ ljleGglsl;dn] lgoGq0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;DalGwt P]g, cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL tyf cGotl/sfn] Joj:yfks -Manager_ sf xft afFlwPsf x'G5g\ . p;n] :jtGq lg0f{o ug{ ;Sb}g .ef}lts pTkfbg, hl8t Ifdtf pkof]u, gfkmf, ;DklQsf] 6g{cf]e/, nufgLsf] k|ltkmn,sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] pTkfbsTj, sRrf kbfy{sf] k|ltnJwL b/ cflbsf cfwf/df p;sf]d"Nof+sgsf] ;§f p;n] slt P]g, lgod kfngf u/]sf] 5 eg]/ ul/G5 . uNtL gug'{ dfq;kmn Dofg]h/ x'g' pko'Qm xf] t < sbflk xf]Og . d'Vo s'/f kmd{÷k|lti7fgsf] pTkfbg /pTkfbsTj a9fpg' tyf /fHon] nlIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ xf] .-b_ tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf rfF8f] ;]jfk|jfx ubf{ cltl/Qm ;]jf z'Ns lnP/ M– ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n]

141

cfˆgf] ;]jfk|jfxsf] qmddf gful/s j8fkq hf/L u/L ;]jf k' ¥ofpb} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf]k|sf/sf] ;] jf olt ;do -xKtf, lbg, 306f_ leq k|bfg ul/g] eg]/ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf klgx'G5g\ . t/ ;]jfu|fxLx¿ Tof] tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf cufj} ;]jf lng cft'/ e} ljleGg eg;'gnufpg] ;d]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . csf]{tkm{ o:tf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg] qmddf cfly{s n]gb]g ;d]t x'g]u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . oL b'a} k|sf/sf ljs[ltx¿nfO{ x6fpg tf]lsPsf] ;docufj} ;]jf k|bfgubf{ cltl/Qm ;]jfz'Ns lng] k2ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ h?/L 5 . o;af6 /fHosf]ifdf of]ubfgk'Ug'sf] ;fy} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxdf rf8f] sfd u/fpg cgfjZos rfk kg]{ s'/fdf klg sdLcfpF5 .-w_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿df ;'wf/ u/]/ M– ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg /fHosf af]em dfq xf]Ogg\, logLx¿b'x'gf ufO{ klg x'g\ . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] ljQLo sfo{s'zntf tyf Joj:yfkgdf r':ttfNofpg ;s] o;af6 j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lo cfk"lt{ ;xh x'g'sf] ;fy} /fHonfO{ kof{Kt/fh:j ;d]t k|fKt x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg lghLs/0f u/]/ dfq /fHo nfeflGjt x'g] xf]Og .lghLs/0f ;fwg xf], ;fWo xf]Og . ;fWo t hglxt / /fHosf] ;jf]{kl/ ljsf; xf] . afF;af/L5fnf h'Qf sf/vfgf lghLs/0f ubf{ ;/sf/nfO{ k'ugk'u # s/f]8 ?k}of dfq k|fKt ePsf] 5 .oxfFg]/ ;/sf/L If]q eGbf lghLIf]q pBf]u ;~rfngdf a9L bIf ePsf]n] pTkfbg a9\g],96/f]huf/L a9\g] tyf /fh:jdf ;d]t of]ubfg k'Ug] ;/sf/L ljZn]if0f vf]qmf] ;fljt eof] .sf/vfgf jf:tjd} /fd|/L ;~rfng ug{ ;s]sf] eP # s/f]8 ?k} of t Ps jif{df /fh:j lbg;SYof] . To;}n] k|lti7fgsf] d'Vo kIf eg]sf] Joj:yfkg ;'wf/ xf] . o;f] ug{ ;s] ;fj{hlgsk|lti7fgx¿ pRr k|ltkmn lbg ;Ifd e} Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff ;fsf/ x'g hfg]b]lvG5 .-g_ vr{ ug]{ If]qsf] plrt klxrfg / To;sf] k|fyldsLs/0f M– /fHosf] >f]tsf] plrt 9+un]

142

nufgL u/L pRr k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ tyf /fHon] nlIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{' Hofb} dxTjk"0f{s'/f xf] . ;+;f/sf b]zx¿sf] cj:yf x]bf{ o;tkm{ Hofb} sd b]zdfq ;kmn ePsf] kfOPnf .plrt If]qdf /sd vr{ u/L k|ltkmn k|fKt ug'{ klg k};f art u/] ;/x x'G5 . csf]{ s'/fd"ne"t ;d:of xn ug{ /sd vr{ gu/L To;}sf] pkh ;fgf] ;d:of xn ug{ /sd vr{ u/]/s]xL kmfObf x'b}g . 3/df pd|]sf] kfgLsf] d"nn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f 3/leq hDdfePsf] kfgL kmfn]/ x'b}g, g t d"nsf] d'vdf sk8fsf] a'hf] nufP/ g} x'G5 . o;sf] nflud'nsf] d'xfg kQf nufP/ dfq lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ k'ln; rf}sL /k|x/L ;+Vof yk]/ dfq x'b}g, ck/fw a9\g] / x's{g] sf/0fsf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] lg/f]wfTdspkfo ckgfpg' kb{5 . ;/sf/sf] nufgL klg o;tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 . o;nfO{Reinventing Government df David Osborne / Ted Gaebler n] cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] vr{ug]{ tf}/tl/sfsf] cfnf]rgf ub}{ eg]sf 5g\– The government ignores minor expense ofhealth care for pregnant women but pay the massive expenses of premature babies.3cd]l/sL h:tf k|To]s k};fsf] pRr k|ltkmn vf]Hg] b]zdf t vr{sf] k|fyldsLs/0fdf k|z:t;d:of 5g\ eg] g]kfnh:tf] b]zsf] cj:yf s:tf] xf]nf < xfdL ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;S5f}+ .u|fdL0f If]qsf] le/fnf] hldgdf kfvf] vf];|]/ ag]sf 3/x¿ klx/f]df lrKn]]6L v]Nb}af9L;Fu} gbLdf ldl;G5g\ . ;of}+ hgtfsf] larNnL x'G5 . ;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lnfvf}+sf] ef8fsf] x]lnsK6/ r9]/ d[tssf afRg ;kmn cfkmGtnfO{ @÷$ xhf/ /fxt afF8]/kms{G5g\ . hgtf r]tgzLn gePsf / ul/aLsf sf/0fn] kfvf] vf];|]/ 3/ agfpg] cj:yfcfPsf] x'g ;S5 . ;/sf/n] ToxfF laB't, vfg]kfgL, ;8s, ljBfno, :jf:Yo rf}sL k'¥ofpghf]8 klg lbG5 t/ ToxfF j:tL j:g of] Uo lyof] jf lyPg eg]/ ;f]r;Dd klg /fVb}g .u|fdL0f If]qsf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf o:tf] xr'jf vfnsf] ljsf;n] clxn] klg a9fjf kfO g}

143

/x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qsf] j:tLsf] PsLs/0f / To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gu/Lsg u|fdL0fk"jf{wf/df nufgL ug'{ afn'jfdf kfgL xfn];/x xf] . o;af6 Psflt/ k"jf{wf/df nufgL dx+uf]x'g hfG5 eg] csf]{lt/ k|fs[lts k|sf] ksf sf/0f k"jf{wf/sf] s'g} cf}lrTo /xb}g . hgtf ;w}hf]lvddf afRg' kg]{ cj:yf /xg]5 .!@ s/f]8 vr]{/ tof/ u/]sf] lrtjgsf] df8L If]q hf]8\g] /fKtL k'n jGohGt' ;+/If0f/ jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fsf] nflu eg]/ ;~rfngdf /f]]s nufOG5, lgdf{0fk"j{ To:tf kIfdflyj]jf:tf ul/G5 . ljsf;sf o:tf xr'jf k|j[lQn] ;/sf/L ;fwgsf] ckJoo dfq ub{5 .3 Reinventing Government Page No. 20697/fli6«o dxTjsf ;8s lgdf{0fsf] k|fyldsLs/0fdf ;/sf/ sdhf]/ k|tLt x'G5 .ljsf; g]tfd'vL ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]tf alnof ePsf lhNnfsf sltko ;8s u|fa] naf6 lkraGg s/f]8f} ah]6 ljlgof]hg x'G5, ;b/d'sfddf sRrL af6f];Dd gk'u]sf] lhNnf ;8slgdf{0fdf sd k|fyldstfdf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf] gx'bf] xf] t ;'v]{t–h'Dnf ;8s l;+uf]s0ff{nLaf;Lsf] ;kgf dfq lsg x'GYof] < To;}n] ljsf;sf] plrt k|fyldsLs/0f /fHosf]ljsf;sf] nflu cxd\ ;jfn xf] . t;y{ o;tkm{ a]n}df Wofg k'¥ofpg ;lsPg eg] Tof] b]zsf]nflu b'ef{Uo x'g]5 .-k_ Enterprise Fund cyjf Innovative Fund sf] Joj:yf M– Enterprise Fund tyfInnovation Fund n] Joj:yfksnfO{ /fHosf]if a9fpg k|]l/t ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxsf]If]qdf xf];\ jf ;/sf/sf cGo s'g} lqmofsnfkdf, ToxfF l;h{gzLntf -Innovation_cTofjZos x'G5 . gofF gofF j:t'sf] cfljisf/ gePsf] eP ;+;f/ ljsf;sf] r'nLdf oltdfly k'Ug] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}gYof] . lghL If]qdf t Innovation n] Benefit lbG5 . t/;/sf/L If]qdf To:tf l;h{gzLn jf cfljisf/snfO{ s] k|fKt x'G5 < kmut ckh; dfq <of] kIf lgs} ;f]rgLo 5 . plrt ;Nnfx lbPs} cfwf/df sd{rf/L cfkm"eGbf a9L hfGg] x'g]eg]/ xflsdn] ;?jf u/]sf w]/} pbfx/0f g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf kfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf

144

Innovation s;/L ug]{ < o;tkm{ ljNs'n} j]jf:tf u/]/ klg cjsf] k|zf;g rNg g;Sg] k|i6}5 . cjsf] k|zf;gdf Innovative x'g} kb{5 . o;sf] nflu k/Dk/fut ;f]rdf kl/jt{gNofpg' h?/L 5 . l;h{gzLn s'/fx¿sf] nflu nufgL ug'{kb{5 . g]kfndf o:tf sfo{dfah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ rng 5}g . csf]{tkm{ Joj:yfksn] cfkm"n] b]v]sf] gfkmfd'vL If]qdf gofFJoj;flos lqmofsnfk ug{ klg sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . tj dfq ;/sf/ a9LJoj;flos x'g ;S5 .-km_ ljljw M– ;]jfu|fxL -Customers_ x¿n] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ k]z ug]{ b/vf:t kmf/fdsf] s'g} 5]pdflj1fkg ug]{ ;fgf] :yfg -Space_ Joj;foLx¿nfO{ lbO{ lgM z'Ns?kdf To:tf b/vf:t tyflgj]bg kmf/fdx¿ 5fKg ;lsG5 . o;af6 ;/sf/sf] 5kfO vr{ art x'g'sf ;fy} kmf/fdlaqmLdf z'Ns lgwf{/0f u/L cfo cfh{g ug{ klg ;lsG5 . ;/sf/sf kl/jxgsf ;fwgdfklg lj1fkg lbO{ cfocfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 .o;sf j]kmfObfx¿/fHosf] cfo>f]t a9fO{ ljsf;sf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn]d2t k'¥ofP klg o;n] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn] j:t' tyf ;]jf k|fKt ubf{ ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsn] pgLx¿nfO{ a9Ldsf{df kfg]{ b]lvG5 . ;/sf/ lgd'vfsf] lxtsf] nflu xf] ls gfkmf sdfpg] dfq xf] < eGg] ;jfncufl8 cfpg klg ;S5 . o;sf] cnfjf ul/a hgtfsf] afx'Notf ePsf] b]zdf gfkmfsf] ;f]r dfq/fvL ul/Psf sfo{x¿ ltgLx¿sf] nflu slQsf] lxtsf/L xf] nfg\ < ;f]rgLo ljifo 5 . k|To]s j:t' tyf;]jf lng z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ jfWofTds Joj:yfn] logLx¿ rsf]{ df/df kb{5g\ . s] lgd'vf hgtfn] pkef]uug]{ dl§t]n, UofF;, b"w cflb j:t'df gfkmfsf] dfq ;f]r /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 t < sbflk x'b}g . ;/sf/n]ldg/n jf6/sf sf/vfgf vf]n]/ /fh:j lnP/ dfq x'b}g, lgd'vfn] vfg] kfgLsf d'xfg ;+ /If0f / ;kmfug{ nufgL ug'{kb{5 . tjdfq Joj;flos ;/sf/sf] pkfb]otf /xG5 .98lgisif{ljZjJofkLs/0f, j:t' tyf ;]jfk|jfxdf nfut, u'0f:t/ / To;sf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf

145

ljZj;gLotfsf ;Gbe{df hgtfsf] a9\bf] rf;f]n] ubf{ cjsf] /fHo k/Dk/fut 9+un] rNg g;Sg]:ki6 e};s]sf] 5 . cjsf] ;/sf/n] lglikmqmLk"0f{ 9+un] vr{ ug] { t/ To;sf] pknJwL gvf]Hg] /cfocfh{g kl§ laNs'n} Wofg glbg] cj:yfaf6 d'Qm e} k|To] s k};fsf] pknlJw vf]Hgtkm{ nfUg'h?/L 5 . Pp6f lgsfon] /fh:j ;+sng u/]/ /fHosf ;a} lgsfo / sfo{sf] ;du| vr{ wfGg;lsb}g . 3/sf] d' nLn] sdfpg] / 3/sf c? hxfgn] a;L a;L vfg] g] kfnL k|rngdf xfnsflbgx¿df kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . k| To]s JolQmn] ;Sbf] cfo cfh{g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] dfGotfljsf; x' b} uPsf] 5 . To;} u/L ;/sf/sf ;a} c+ux¿n] klg /fHosf] cfo a9fpg lhDd]jf/L lng]/ bfloTj af]w ug]{ a]nf cfO;s]sf] 5 . cfo cfh{gsf gofF If] qx¿sf] klxrfg ub}{ /fHoaf6k|bfg x'g] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] plrt z' Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ df ;/sf/n] ca ljnDa ug' {x'b}g .PSsfO;f}+ ztfJbLsf] ;/sf/ pBdL ;/sf/ xf], Joj;flos ;f]rsf] ljsf;af6 dfq /fHosflqmofsnfkdf k|efjsfl/tf cfpg] jftfj/0f aGb5 . t/ Pp6f s] s' /f kSsf xf] eg] /fHoJoj;flos ;/sf/sf] ?kdf cfDbfgL dfq ug] { eGg] t/ lgd'vf hgtfsf] lxttkm{ laNs'n} Wofgglbg] xf] eg] To;n] /fHosf] b'b{zf dfq lgDTofpFg]5 . To;sf/0f Joj;flos ;/sf/ t cfjZos5, t/ lgd'vfsf] lxt / ;du| ljsf;sf] zt{ df dfq . h] xf];\ , /fHosf] cfo>f]tsf] cefjv8\ls/x] sf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zsf] nflu ljsf;k|ltsf hgcfsf+ Iff k"/f ug{ Joj;flos ;/sf/sf]cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjog kIf cToGt dxTjsf] x'g] s' /fdf b'O{ dt x'g] 5} g .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L!= Osborne David and Ted Gaebler, (1992), Reinventing Government, Prentice Hall,New Delhi, 110001.@= sfsL{, dx]zs'df/, 8f= xl/j+z emf, ;fj{hlgs ljQzf:q, /Tg k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L,sf7df08f}+ .#= lji6, afnuf]ljGb, -@)%(_, ;fj{hlgs ljQM l;4fGt / Jojxf/, k}/jL k|sfzg, sf7df08f}+ .$= v8\sf, ?k, -@)^!_, g]kfnsf] s/ k|0ffnL, ;femf k|sfzg, k'Nrf]s .

146

%= g]kfn dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, @))$, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{ qmd, g]kfn .^= Paudel, Prem Prasad, (2063), An Analytical Study on Non-tax Revenue, thesissubmitted to Public Administration Campus, Jamal Kathmandu.&= Reinventing Government for the Twenty-First Century, Kumarian Press Inc. U.S.A.*= g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;e]{, @)^).^!, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, yfkfynL, sf7df08f}+ .(= ah]6 jQmJo @)^).^!, cy{ dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df08f}+ .99

dfgj clwsf/, ljsf; / /fi6« ;+3Lo ;+/rgf 6]sgf/ o0f s'Fj/ f .;f/f+zdfgj clwsf/ d"ntM dgjLo d"No / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt 5 . o;n] dflg;sf cGt/lglxt rfxgf/ ;DefjgfnfO{ phfu/ u/L tL rfxgf k"/f ug{] pkfosf] vf]hL ub{5 . To;}n] dfgj clwsf/ / ljsf; Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s x'g . Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u dfq ug]{ ge} Pssf] cefjdf csf]{sf] cl:tTj klg ;Í6dfkb{5 . h;/L dfgj rfxgf / OR5f lg/Gt/ kl/jt{gdf /xG5g\, dfgj clwsf/sf] :j?k / cfofd klgkl/jt{gzLn 5 . ljs ; / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;+:yfut u/fpg /fi6« ;+3Lo k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't n]v dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] ljsf;qmd / /fi6« ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] dfgjclwsf/ k|j4{gdf v]n]sf] e"ldsfsf] ljZn]if0ffTds k|:t'tL xf] .f!= cy{ / cjwf/0ff Mdfgj clwsf/ eg]sf] dflg;sf cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿ x'g\, h;sf] cefjdf dflg;n] k"0f{tfk|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . g};lu{s clwsf/, k|fs[lts clwsf/, d'ne"t clwsf/ h'g;'s} gfdfs/0f u/] tfklgs]Gb|Lo ?kdf dfgjLo d"No / dof{bf;Fu cGt/lglxt clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . cyf{t\ dfgjnfO{clwsf/leq /x]/ hLjg ofkg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/x¿sf] ;++ufnf] g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/ /fHo jf zlQmsf] lg/+s'ztf jf c/fhstfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ clx+;fTds ;+oGq xf] . of] Pp6fg}lts Pj+ ;To jf Gofosf] cfjfh xf] . ;fy} of] zlQmljxLg, blnt, kLl8t, c;xfo tyf lk5l8Psf

147

ju{sf] cfjfh klg xf] . ;du|df of] Ps kLl8t pGd'v cjwf/0ff xf] / ;Eo ;dfhsf] klxrfg ug]{s;L klg .o;/L dfgj clwsf/ dfgj dfqsf] g};{lus Pj+ cjlzi6 clwsf/ ePsf]n] oL clwsf/x¿dfgj eP/ hGd lngf;fy p;nfO{ k|fs[lts ?kdf g} k|fKt x'G5g\ . o:tf k|fs[lts clwsf/x¿nfO{;+lxtfj4 u/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePsf] cfh %* cf}+ jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 .k|yd tyf låtLo ljZj o'4sf] ljlelifsfaf6 cfqmfGt ag]sf] ljZjsf dfgj hftLsf] k|fs[ltsclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/L dfgj dfgjsf] jLrdf hfthflt, ln+ u, j0f{, efiff jf wd{ cflbsf cfwf/dfx'g] ;+k"0f{ lsl;dsf e]befjx¿sf] cGTo u/L ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, Gofo / zflGtsf] cfwf/df eo /cefj/lxt ;Dj[4 ljZj ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kljq p2]Zoaf6 ;g\ !($* l8;]Da/ !) sf lbg ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] xf] . of] 3f]if0ffkq hf/LePkl5 dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] k| efjsf/L ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf nflu o;} 3f]if0ffkqsf]d"ne"t dfGotf Pj+ l;4fGtx¿df cfwfl/t /x]/ ljZj ;d'bfon] ljz]if kxnx¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t;y{dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf of] 3f]if0ffkq Pp6f sf]z] 9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] 5 .dfgjnfO{ dfgj eP/ afFRgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd / cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿sf];dli6ut ?k g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] . oL clwsf/x¿nfO{ kfFrj6f ljz]iftfx¿ hgfpg] zJbåf/f. lhNnf Gofoflwz, d'u' lhNnf cbfnt .100;Daf]wg ul/G5 . h:t}M != ;j{dfGo clwsf/ (Universal Rights), @= hGdl;4 clwsf/ (InherentRights), #= g};lu{s clwsf/ (Natural Rihgts), $= cljefHo clwsf/ (Indivisible Rights)%= ckl/xfo{ clwsf/ (Inalienable Rights) .dfgj clwsf/n] dfgjnfO{ dof{lbt hLjgofkgsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpFb5 . elgG5, oLclwsf/x¿sf] cefjdf dfgj cl:tTjsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsb}g . dfgj clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] s'g} Pp6fclwsf/ geP/ ljleGg clwsf/x¿sf] ;dli6ut ?k xf] . of] clwsf/ slxNo} klg z"Go cj:yfdf

148

/xg ;Qm}g . o;nfO{ k|fs[lts clwsf/, df}lns clwsf/ jf g};lu{s clwsf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt tTjx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ dfq o;sf] dxTj af]w ug{;lsG5 . xfd|f] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]gn]4 dfgj clwsf/ eGgfn] JolQmsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf,;dfgtf / dof{bf;+u ;DalGwt ;+ljwfg tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gåf/f k|bfg ulPsf clwsf/ tyfg]kfn kIf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;+emf}tfdf lglxt clwsf/ ;Demg' k5{egL kl/efiff u]/]sf] 5 . o;/L dfgj clwsf/sf] ax'cfoflds / km/flsnf] If]q ePsf] kfO{G5 .cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] If]qdf dfgj clwsf/sf] k|s[lt / e"ldsfsf] af/]df ;w} z+sf JoQm ug]{ul/G5 . o; clwsf/sf d'VotM kfFr cf]6f k|s[lt lgwf{l/t ePsf] kfOG5 cfh;Ddsf] cEof;nfO{dgg ubf{ . tL x'g\M!= dfgj clwsf/sf] u'0f eg]s} hGdl;4 (Inherent) x'G5 .@= oL clwsf/ clGtd sfg"gL c:q jf uGtAo (Final Legal Resort) x'g\ . olb s'g} klg sfg"gLpkrf/sf] pknAwtf 5}g eg] o;sf] bfjL ug{ ;lsG5 .# ;fdfGo cj:yf 5 eg] dfq bfjL ug{ ;+ej x'G5 . c;fdfGo cj:yfdf bfjL ug{ ;lsb}g .$= dfgj clwsf/ dfly vtf/fsf] l:ylt ljBdfg ePdf jf ;f] pNn+3g ePsf] l:yltdf bfjLnfUb5 .%= pkrf/sf] k|s[ltsf] lx;fan] /fHo jf ;+3Lo cbfnt jf cGt/f{li6«o pkrf/ k|0ffnLdf hfg;lsG5 . /, sfg"gL clwsf/sf] ?kdf pkrf/sf] dfu ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} ;+j}wflgsclwsf/sf] ?kdf pkrf/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .dfgj clwsf/sf] k|s[lt s]xL ljjfbf:kb aGg'sf sf/0fx¿ klg 5g\ . tL sf/0fx¿ x'g\ M-!= clwsf/ eGg] zAbsf] kl/efiff g} ljjfb d'Qm 5}g . h:tf] ls s'g} clwsf/ tTsfn nfu" ug'{kg]{ jfWofTds cj:yfsf 5g\ . h:t} gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/f{li6«ok|lt1fkq, !(^^ df pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿ . 5@= s'g} clwsf/x¿ /fHosf] Ifdtf / ;fwg >f]tsf] k|fr'o{tf cg'?k qmdzM nfu' ub}{ hfg' kg]{

149

lsl;dsf 5g\ . h:t} cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DalGw k|lt1fkq, !(^^df pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿ .64 g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#, bkmf @ (r)5 ICCPR, Art 2101#= cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn3+gnfO{ /f]Sg] s'g} cg'zf:tL (sanction) 5}g ./fHosf] sfg"g h:t} cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gn] k|efjsf/L cg'zf:tL k|Tofe"lt ug{ c;dy{ ePsf]n]dfgj clwsf/sf] k|s[lt cGttM sdhf]/ l:yltdf 5 eGg ;lsG5 .$= of] clwsf/ dflg;sf] g}ltstf / dof{bf;+u 3lgi7 ?kdf ;DalGwt clwsf/ xf] . sfg"gLclwsf/ g}lts clwsf/ eGbf a9L lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . g}lts clwsf/nfO{ ;fk]Iftfdf x]g'{ kg]{x'Fbf nfu" u/fpg ax't} sl7g x'G5 .%= hf]g nsn] ;qf}+ ztfAbLdf ;fdflhs ;+emf}tf cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/nfO{ s;}n] vf]:gg;Sg] hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;f+klQs clwsf/sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fP . t/ Jojxf/df To;sf]pNn3+g eO{ g} /x]sf] kfOG5 .^= g}lts clwsf/nfO{ sfg"gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'Fb}g . sfg"gL clwsf/ h;nfO{ Positive Rightsklg elgG5, ;f] Jojxf/tM dfgj clwsf/ eGbf zlQmzfnL x'G5 .&= Jojxf/jfb (Positivism) n] /fHosf] clwsf/sf] jsfnt ub{5 . o;jf6 sfg"g k|0ffnLleq;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf cGtu{t lgM;[t clwsf/x¿sf] af/]df hf]8 lbOPsf] x'G5 . Tof] aflx/ kg]{g}lts dfgjLo d"No;+u ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ 5fofFdf kg{ hfG5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ To:t}vfn] ;d:ofdf clNemPsf] kfOG5 .dfgj clwsf/ cGtu{t ljleGg cf7 k|sf/sf cGt/lglxt d"Nox¿ /xg] ub{5g\ . tL x'g\M- !=cfb/ ;DaGwL dfu (Honour) @= zlQm (Power) #= 1fgbLk (Enlightment)$= sNof0f (Wellbeing) %= :jf:Yo (Health) ^= ;Lk (Skill) &= ddtf (Affection) / *= ;bfrf/ .t/ oL d"No / ltgsf] nf]stflGqs ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf 5}g . dfgj clwsf/sf] pkfudn]gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/df hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] zf;saf6 zfl;t dflysf] zlQm l;ldt x'ghfG5 . zfl;tsf] ;xdlt jLgf dfgj d"Nosf] /Iff x'g ;Qm}g elgG5 . t/ ;dfhjfbL wf/sf

150

d'n'sx¿df gful/ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pGgtLnfO{ a9L hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . t;y{ dfgjclwsf/ Pp6f ;':ki6 af6f]df hfg cndlnPsf] k|tLt x'G5 . t];|f] ljZjn] eg] ldl>t :j?knfO{cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . ;dfgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / cfly{s, ;fdflhs clwsf/sf] ?kdf dfgjclwsf/nfO{ ckl/xfo{ dflgPsf] 5 ToxfF .@= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmdd"ntM dfgj clwsf/ dfgj hfltsf] k|fs[lts clwsf/ xf] . dfgj clwsf/nfO{ dfgjhLjgsf] cl:tTj;Fu ufFl;Psf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] jt{dfg cjwf/0ffklZrdL d'n'ssf] wfld{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts / af}l4s k/Dk/faf6 cTolws k|efljt ePsf] h:tf]b]lvG5 . t/ of] cjwf/0ff s'g} Ps lglZrt sfnv08, ;dfh, ;+:s[ lt, wd{, e"–efu / /fhgLltsdfGotf Pj+ k4ltaf6 pTkGg ePsf] xf]Og . k"jL{o :d[lt zf:qx¿df klg dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwLk|z:t cfVofgx¿ kfOG5g\ .6 ICESCR, Art 2102k|frLg o'udf /fHo Joj:yf b]lv lnP/ ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ wd{af6 ;+rflnt x'g] ub{y] . wd{leqsfg"g ;d]t kg]{ x'gfn] dfgj clwsf/ tyf st{Jo ;DaGwL ljifox¿ klg wd{åf/f g} lgb]{lzt lyP .dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] Oltxf; dfgj ;dfh hlQs} k'/fgf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf; qmdsf] Oltxf;cg]sf}+ o'usf] cg'ej, ljleGg ljåfg\x¿sf] b]g / tT;DjGwdf ePsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«ok|of;x¿sf] ljsl;t tyf ljlzi6 :j?k xf] . k|frLgsfnb]lv cGofo, cTofrf/, bdg / pTkL8gsflj?4 dflg;x¿n] u/]sf lg/Gt/ k|lt/f]w, lj›f]x tyf cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; klg dfgj clwsf/cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; xf] .JolQmsf ;j{dfGo, hGdl;4, g};lu{s, cljefHo tyf ckl/xfo{ clwsf/x¿ DofUgfsf6f{(Magna Carta), ljn ckm /fO6\; (Bill of Rights), cd]l/sL :jtGqtf cfGbf]ng, k|mfG;]nL qmflGt,?;L af]N;]les qmflGt h:tf P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdaf6 ljsl;t x'b} bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf] g/;+xf/ kl5;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ljZjzflGt Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] :yfoL ;+/If0fsf] lgldQ dfgj clwsf/nfO{

151

cfˆgf]] a8fkqdf :yfg lbPsf] xf] . dggj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ d'VotM b'O{ v08df efu nufO{x]bf{ c? a9L :ki6 x'g ;lsG5 M-s= /fi6« ;+3 (League of Nations, 1919) sf] :yfkgf cl3v= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 (United Nations, 1945) sf] :yfkgf kl5s= /fi6« ;+3 (League of Nations, 1919) sf] :yfkgf cl3Moyfy{df ;g\ !($% kl5 dfq ;lqmo / 7f]; ?kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] cfw/e"t ljifosf] ?kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] xf] . t/ o; cl3 klg dfgj ePsf]gftfn] dflg;n] g};lu{s ?kdf s]xL lglZrt, ce]B tyf df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] ef]u rng ub}{cfPsf lyP eGg] s'/f Oltxf;n] k'li6 ub{5 .;g\ !@!% sf] DoUgfsf6f{ dfgj clwsf/sf] klxnf] / clxn];Ddsf] lglj{jfb ?kdf /x]sf]clwsf/sf] b:tfj]h xf] . sfg"gsf] ;jf]{RRtf, :jtGq Gofo Joj:yf, ;+;bLo clwsf/ / hyfefjLy'g'jfsf] cdfGotf o;sf ljz]iftf lyP . ;g\ !^@* df Gofod"lt{ Edward Coke sf] kxndf hf/Lul/Psf] clwsf/kq (Petition of Rights) klg k|d'v b:tfj]h xf], h;n] gful/s :jtGqtfdf hf]8lb+b} dgf]dfgL lu/ˆtf/ ug{ gkfpg], sdg n / ts{sf] lj?4sf] sfg"g cIfDo x'g], /fhf x}g hgtf g};fj{ef}d /xg] tyf zflGtsf] ;dodf gful/sdfly ;}lgs k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf u/] sf]lyof] . To:t} ;g\ !^$) / !^$( sf] aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f P]g (Habeas Corpus Act, 1640/1649) åf/fj}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f ePdf Goflos pkrf/ cbfntaf6 kfOg] clwsf/ :yflkt ul/of] .;g\ !^** sf] uf}/jdo qmflGtsf] kmn:j?k a]nfotdf /fhf / hgtfsf] k|ltlglwaLr qm'/ /lgb{otfk"j{s oftgf lbg gkfpg], sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf, sfg"gL ;jf]{Rrtf tyf ;DklQ ;DaGwL:jtGqtf nufotsf clwsf/x¿ ;d]6]/ clwsf/ kq, (Bill of Rights, 1688) hf/L eof] . k|sfzg:jtGqtf ;DaGwL clwsf/ /Iffsf] nflu Act of Settlement, 1701 / wfld{s :jtgqtfsf] hu]gf{sf nfluToleration Act, 1689 ;d]t hf/L ul/of] .103cd]l/sL :tGqtfsf] 3f]if0ff, !&&^ n] xfdL cfTd;ft u/]/ of] s'/f eG5f}+ ls ;a} dflg;

152

;dfg ?kdf hGd]sf x'G5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ ;[li6af6 g} s]xL cpNn+3gLo lglZrt clwsf/x¿ k|bfgul/Psf] x'G5 . To;df hLjg :jtGqtf / cfgGbsf] vf]hLh:tf clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ eGg]pb\3f]ifsf;fy :jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, ;DklQ, ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ul/of] . dfgjclwsf/sf] k|mfG;]nL 3f]if0ffkq !&*( n] "All men are born and remain free, and have equalrights" eGg] pb\3f]if u/]sf] lyof] .7 cd]l/sL :jtGqtf h:t} o;n] klg hLjgsf] :jtGqtf, ;+klQsf]clwsf/, wfld{s :jtGqtf, cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf, sfg"gL ;dfgtf h:tf s'/fx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf]lyof] . ;fy} ;a} dflg; ;dfg ?kdf hlGdPsf x'G5g\ . dflg;n] ;[li6af6 g} s]xL cpNn+3gLoclwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . hLjgsf] :jtGqtf, ;/sf/ lgdf{0f / kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/, sfg"gsf]cufl8 ;dfgtf, sfg"gsf] kZrftbzL{ k|efjlj?4sf] clwsf/, ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf, u}/sfg"gLy'gflj?4sf] pkrf/ / ;DklQsf] xsh:tf clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf o;n] u/]sf] lyof] .;g\ !*!% sf] leogf s+u|];n] hgxTof /f]Sg], o'4sf] cGTo ug]{ / bf; Jofkf/h:tf] cdfgjLobdgnfO{ cj}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug]{ sfd u¥of] . ;g\ !**% sf] jln{ g ;Dd]ngn] ;f/f clk|msfe/km}lnPsf] bf; Jofkf/ / bf; k|yfnfO{ lgif]w ug]{ sfd u/]sf] lyof] . ;g !*() sf] a|;]N; ;Dd]ngn]klg bf;tf / bf; Jofkf/df k|ltaGw nufof] .lgz:qLs/0f tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] ;g\ !*(( / !()&df ePsf x]u ;Dd]ngx¿ clt g} dxTjsf 5g\ . :yfoL dWo:ytf cbfnt / dfgjtfjfbL sfg"gsf]ljsf;df o;sf] 7"nf] b]g /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(!( sf] Versallies Treaty n] o'/f]lkog gful/sx¿sf]clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdf of]ubfg lbPsf] kfO{G5 . To:t} ljZj zflGtsf] :yfkgf tyf dfgj clwsf/sf]k|efjsf/L ;+/If0fsf] nflu Ps k|efjsf/L ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf Concert of Europe sf] :yfkgfePb]lv g} dxz'; ul/Psf] lyof] .To:t} u/]/ ;g\ !(!( df :yfkgf ePsf] League of Nations n] dfgj do{fbf / cl:dtfsf]l;4fGtnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@% sf] Hague Protocol n] hLjgsf] clwsf/ (Right to

153

Life) cGtu{t o'4sf] a]nfdf gful/sx¿sf ;+/If0fnfO{ Uof/]l06 u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] k|]/0ffaf6 g} ;g\!($( sf] a|;]N; ;Dd]ngn] bf; Jofkf/nfO{ cj}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/\of] . /, ;g\ !($( af6 z'?ePsf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwsf ljleGg b:tfj]hx¿n] cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg"gsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .v= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 (United Nations, 1945) sf] :yfkgf kl5 Mo;} qmddf ljZjn] k|yd ljZjo'4 / bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] g/;+xf/sf/L sxflnnfUbf] kl/l:yta]xf]b}{ eljiodf o:tf] ;+xf/sf/L 36gf bf]xf]l/g glbg ;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :yfkgf eof] .;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqn] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{JofkL ;+/If0f / k|j{4{gnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'sf] ?kdflnPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] Ps k|d'v p2]Zosf] ?kdf hflt, ln+u, efiff jf wd{df e]befj g/fvL;a}sf] df}lns xs Pj+ dfgj clwsf/ k|lt ;Ddfgsf] efj k|f]T;flxt ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .;fy} dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{gsf nflu ljleGg ;+oGqx¿sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .7 French Declaration, 1789, Art . 1.104;g\ !($% df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] :yfkgf eP tfklg To;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg' geP/ o'4nfO{ cj}w (Delegitimating) s/f/ ug'{ ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . t/To;df s]xL cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/sf tTjx¿ lyP . h:t} dfgj cl:tTj8, cfwf/e"t clwsf/9 /dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt10 sf] pNn]vg .;g !($% df tyfslyt o'4sf ljhoL /fi6«x¿ Britain, France, USA / Russia n] o'4ck/fwLx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbg] p2]Zon] Nuremberg Trial / Tokyo Trial sf] :yfkgf u/] . oltv]/dfgj clwsf/x¿ l;dfGt /]vfdf /xg k'u]sf lyP . dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gstf{nfO{ ;hfo ug{Toltv]/ s'g} /fHo lgld{t j}w sfg"g lyPg . ;g\ !($^ df /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;efn] Nuremberg TrialnfO{ dfGotf lbof] / Nuremberg Principles 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o;af6 sfg"gL clwsf/x¿ dfgjclwsf/df ?kfGtl/t eP . o;} jif{ /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u klg aGof] . ;g !($& dfcfP/ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL pk lgof]u aGof] / o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo rflx+ cNk;+Vosx¿sf]clwsf/sf] /Iff ug'{ lyof] .

154

dfgj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf ;a}sf] ;dfg ;dembf/L x'g cToGt dxTj ePsf] s'/fnfO{x[bo+ud ub}{ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;+lxtfs/0f ug{ / tL clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL / k|efjzfnL dfGotfk|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3s} kxndf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff (Universal Declarationon Human Rights 1948 - UDHR) ;g\ !($* l8;]Da/ !) df hf/L ul/of] . UDHR df dfgjclwsf/sf k/Dk/ut l;4fGt (Customary principles) nfO{ k'gk{l/eflift ug]{ sfo{ sf ;fy} gful/styf /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿ k|Toe"t ul/of] . gful/s clwsf/tkm{ k/Dk/ut gful/s :jtGqtfkb{5g\ eg] sfg"gL clwsf/tkm{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ .;a} dflg;x¿ :jtGq / ;dfg ?kdf hlGdPsf 5g\ / oL 3f]if0ffdf pNn]v ePsfclwsf/x¿sf] pkef] u ubf{ hflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlt jf cGo ljrf/wf/f, /fli6«otf jfd"nsf] cfwf/df x]g{ / lje]b ug{ kfO{+b}g . o;} dfGotfsf] k|sfzdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL3f]if0ffkqn] ;+k"0f{ ?kdf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[ltsclwsf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .dfgj clwsf/sf] :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg ug'{ kg]{ / k|hftflGqs ;fdfhsf] g}ltstf, ;fj{hlgsJoj:yf Pj+ hglxt ;DaGwL sfo{ tyf /fi6«;+3sf] p2]Zo tyf l;4fGtsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L s'g} klgclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] tyf :jtGqtf ;dfKt ug]{ u/L AofVof ug{ gkfOg] u/L ;d]t ;f]3f]if0ffkqdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePkl5 x/]s /fi6«n] cfˆgf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf] wgu/L df}lns xs / gful/s xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf klg 5g\ . o;/L z'?df g}lts dfGotfsf] ?kdf dfq/x]sf] k|:t't 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|efj ljZjJofkL eof] / cGt/f{li6«o zflGt, ;'/Iff tyf dfgj clwsf/sf];+/If0fsf] lbzfdf o;n] dxTjk"0f{ / ;sf/fTds c;/ kf¥of] .8 UN Charter, Art. 1(3)9 Ibid, Art. 5510 Ibid, Art. 68105o; 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f * n] /fHosf] If]qflwsf/leq oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfg"gLpkrf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . hDdf #) wf/f ePsf] o; 3f]if0ffkqdf wf/f # b]lv @! ;Dd gful/s

155

tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ / @@ b]lv #) ;Dd cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;+f:s[lts clwsf/sf] pNn]vePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} wf/f @( df JolQmut tyf /fHosf] ;dfh k|ltsf] st{Jo tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;3f]if0ffkqsf] d'Vo nIo eg]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / kl/kfngf (Respect,protect / fulfill) ug'{ g} xf] .dfgj clwsf/s} ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(^* df O/fgsf] t]x/fgdf *% /fi6«x¿ ;xefuLePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;Dd]ng / ;g\ !((# df leogfdf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;Dd]ngsf]7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . pQm leogf ;Dd]ngdf "All human Rights are universal, indivisible,interdependent and interrelated" cyf{t\ ;a} dfgj clwsf/x¿ ljZjJofkL 5g\, cljefHo 5g\ /Ps csf{df cGof]Gofl>t / cGt/;DalGwt 5g\ eGb} ;f] ;Dd]ngn] leogf 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{of]hgf;d]t hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .ptf dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] ;+lxtfs/0f u/]sf dfgj clwsf/x¿nfO{dfGotf k|bfg ug{, o;sf] ;Ddfg ug{ / kfngf ug{sf] nflu kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ afWofTds x'g]cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gL lnvtsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;g\ !(^^ df b'O{k|lt1fkq (Covenant) kfl/t u¥of] . UDHR, ICCPR / ICESCR oL tLg j6f dxTjk"0f{ lnvtx¿x'g\ . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq (Declaration on Human Rights 1948 - UDHR),gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq (International Covenant on Civiland Political Rights 1966 - ICCPR) / cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwLcGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq (International Covenant on Economic, Social and cultural Rights 1966 -ICESCR) nfO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt{/fli6«o sfg"gL lnvt (InternationalBill of Human Rights) sf] ?kdf dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .jf:tjdf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|fyldstfdf cnu b[li6sf]0f cfPsf] sf/0f afWofTds;+oGqåf/f dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;efåf/f ;g\ !(^^ sf] l8;]Da/ !^

156

df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq tyf o;sf] k|yd OR5flwg cfn]v/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq kfl/t ul/Psf] xf] .dlxnf pk/sf] lje]b, hftLo lje]b, bf;Tjsf] lj?4, oftgfsf] lj?4, dflg;sf] a]rlavgsf lj?4,afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f;DaGwL cGo s}of+} ;lGw cle;lGwx¿ klg qmlds ?kdf hf/L ePsf5g\ . dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] Joj:yf, b08xLgtfsf] cGTosf nflucGt/f{li6«o kmf}hb/L cbfntsf] u7g tyf If]qLo / b'O{ kIfLo ?kdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fdfcgluGtL sfdx¿ ePsf 5g\ . ctM lzIffsf] clwsf/b]lv ljsf;sf] clwsf/;Dd, afFRg kfpg]clwsf/b]lv d[To'j/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/;Ddsf ljifox¿ cfh dfgj clwsf/sf] bfo/fleq k/]sf5g\ .ptf ;g\ !($( b]lv lzt o'4sf] z'?cft eof] . /fhg}lts ljrf/wf/fsf] ljefhg k"FlhjfbL/ ;dfhjfbL wf/df ltj| ?kdf ljeQm ePsf] x'Fbf dfgj clwsf/ klg b'O{ v]dfdf kl/eflift x'g106k'u] . ;g\ !(%@ b]lv !(^^ ;Dd ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; qmdn] o;nfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . olb/fhg}lts cfbz{ jf ljrf/ wf/fdf b'O{ wf/ -;dfhjfb / k'FhLjfb_ gb]lvPsf] eP ICCPR /ICESCR sf] 5'§f5'§} cg'jGwx¿ aGg'kg]{ csf]{ s'g} hfoh sf/0f lyPg . /fhgLltdf v]n l;4fGt(Game theory) n] ubf{ zlQm ;Gt'ngsf nflu oL b'O{ cg'jGwx¿ ag]sf x'g\ . olt ubf{ klg dfgjclwsf/sf] d'Vo cfjZostf eg] k"/f x'g ;s]g . To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f s] lyof] eg] of t ;dsfnLgdfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿ kof{Kt tj/df ;Daf]lwt x'g ;s]gg\ of ltgsf] cTofjZostf /ckl/xfo{tf (Strong necessity) b'O w|'jLo ljZj ;d'bfoåf/f dx;'; g} ul/Pg .;g\ !($* sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePkl5 dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf; qmddfb]lvPsf] csf]{ k|j[lQ eg]sf] ljifout ;lGwx¿sf] km6fkm6 lgdf{0f ul/+ b} hfg' xf] . o;af6 ljifout;+/If0f (Themewise protections) sf] nflu ;lGwx¿ lgdf{0f eP . h:tf] ls- Convention Against

157

Torture and Other Crual Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984 (CAT),Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1979(CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 (CRC), Convention on the Eliminationof all Forms of Racial Discrimination, 1965 (CERD) OToflb . o; ;dofjlwdf s]xL lglZrt;d"xut ju{x¿sf] dfgj clwsf/df Systematic and persistance violence eO{ g} /Xof] .ltgLx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]lvof] . ;g\ %) sf] bzsdf rls{b}uPsf] lzto'4 ;g\ ^) b]lv () ;Dd cfOk'Ubf Decolonization x'Fb} uPsf] / ;d"xutclwsf/jfnfx¿ dfly Systematic forms of torture, use of women and children in war h:tfljs[ltx¿ b]lvg yfn]sf] x'Fbf glZrt ju{sf] ;fd"lxs clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljwfut ;lGw,cle;lGwx¿ agfpg yflnPsf] xf] .;g\ !(*) sf] bzsjf6 !(() ts cfOk'Ubf ;fd"lxs clwsf/sf ;jfnx¿ ;+ul7t ?kdfljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . o;df cNk;+Vossf] clwsf/, zflGt, ljsf; -lbuf] ljsf;) / :jR5jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/h:tf ;fd'lxs clwsf/x¿sf] rsf]{ jsfnt x'g yfn]sf] kfO{G5 . t/ klg oL;d"xut clwsf/df s]xL sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ gb]lvPsf xf]Ogg\ . oL clwsf/nfO{ t];| f] k':tfsf] clwsf/eGg] gfdjf6 klg k'sfg]{ ul/G5 .;g\ !(() sf] z?d} lzto'4nfO{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf cGTo ul/of] . o; bzsaf6 dfgjclwsf/nfO{ 9fn agfP/ ul/g] /fhgLlt klg dTy/ eof] . ljZj g} Pp6f Ps w|'jLo ;+/rgftkm{9Nsg k'u]sf] x'Fbf dfgj clwsf/sf] kIf jf ljkIfdf z;Qm k|ltIff ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf s;}nfO{ /x]g .a? ;g\ !((@ lt/ Pp6f k|Zg dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf anjfg eP/ cfof] Tof] eg]sf] ;f+:s[lts;fk]Iftf / Plzog d"Nox¿nfO{ gh/ cGbfh u/]/ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ x]g{ ;ls+b}g eGg] xf] . Plzofsfaf3 elgg] pbLodfg /fi6«x¿ sf]l/of, hfkfg, dn]lzof, l;+ufk'/af6 g]t[Tj lnOPsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] ;f+:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb ;DaGwL o; gjLg cjwf/0ffn] ;+o' Qm /fi6« ;+3df Pp6f uxlsnf]

158

5nkmnsf] z'?cft ul/lbof] / UNO n] o;nfO{ Pp6f k|v/ ;d:ofsf] cfFvfn] x]g{yfNof] . ;fy} s] klg dfGotf :yflkt eof] eg] dfgj clwsf/nfO{ s;/L tfnd]n (Harmonise) ub}{n}hfg ;lsG5 eGg] kIfdf jlnof ts{x¿ cjZo pl7/x] . ;g\ !((# df leogf;Dd cfOk'Ubf klgdfgj clwsf/sf] Interdependency, indivisibility / Universality sf] kl/efiff ug]{ s'g} lnlvt107b:tfj]h lyPg . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f !(() ;Dd hLljt /x]sf] zLt o'4 lyof] . olb lzt o'4sf] r/d:j?k ljBdfg ge}lbPsf] eP To:tf b:tfj]hx¿ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljsf;qmddf klxn] g} tof/ e};Sby] . rfv nfUbf] s'/f t s] 5 eg] olt dxTjk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;g\ !((# df cfP/ dfqUNO n] ljZjJofkL (Universal) eg]/ dfGotf lbPsf] x]f . Plzofsf af3 eg]/ lrlgg] l;u+fk'/,dn]l;of, O08f]g]l;of, hfkfg / blIf0f sf]l/of h:tf /fi6«x¿n] eg] dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL 5}gg\,ltgnfO{ ;fk]lIfs ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 eGg] lhsL/ u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !((# df leogf ;Dd]ngsf] nflutof/L ;ldltsf] j]7s a}+ssdf a;]sf] lyof] . To; tof/L j}7sdf pko'{Qm /fi6«x¿n] Ps} :j/dfeg]sf lyP "We have some sort of Asian values. These are quite different from socalledAmerican Values". t/ klZrdf hutaf6 o; ts{sf] v08g o;/L ul/of] "Can you devide a maminto a parts ?" Never you can. t;y{ ;a} clwsf/ dfgj ePs} sf/0fjf6 kfpg] ePsf]n] To;sf]rl/q klg ljZjsf dflg;x¿df ;dfg ?kdf nfu' x'G5 elgof] .otf ;g\ !((! df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] cfof]hgfdf dfgj clwsf/sf] nflu sfo{/t ljleGgb]zsf /fli6«o ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;Dd]ng k]l/;df ePsf] lyof] . To; ;Dd]ngn] /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfsf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f af/]df lj:t[t l;2fGtx¿ k|ltkfbg u/]sf] 5 . tL dfkb08x¿k]l/; l;2fGtsf gfdaf6 k|l;4 5g\ . tL l;2fGtnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u /;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;d]t cg'df]bg u/]sf 5g\ . o;} l;4fGt cGtu{t ljleGg/fi6«x¿df /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]ux¿sf] :yfkgf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .#= ;fF:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb (Cultural Relativitism)

159

s]xL ljåfgx¿sf] ljrf/df gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/x¿n] klZrdL hutsf] ;dy{gub{5g\ . /, tL clwsf/x¿ o'/f]k]nL Oltxf; / ;fd|fHojfbsf pkh x'g\ . ;fy} gj pklgj]zjfb /klZrdL ;fF:s[ltsjfbsf bf];|f /mk x'g\ . ltgn] cGo /fi6«sf] d"No dfGotfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{ xF'bfs'g}klg /fHon] dfgj clwsf/sf] Jojxfl/s kfngf ug]{ s''/f To; /fHosf] cfˆg} ;fF:s[lts //fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] kl/k|]Ifdf x]l/g' kb{5 . t/ csf]{lt/ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{Jofkstfdf r'gf}tLlbg' eg]sf] lt clwsf/sf] cl:tTj gdfGg' xf] . ;du|df x]bf{ oxL ljkl/t b'O{ dfGotfsf] hudf;Ff:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb ;[hgf x'g k'u]sf] xf] .of] ;fF:s[lts ;fk]Iftfjfb eg]sf] Pp6f ljrf/ xf], l;4fGt xf]Og . k|To]s dfgj clwsf/sf]dxTjnfO{ ;+k"0f{ /fHon] cfˆgf] bfloTjsf] ?kdf ;dfg 9+un] u|x0f u/]/ To;nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ k'u]tfklg Jojxf/df ptfg{ c;kmn g} b]lvP . t/ cem} klg clgolGqt zlQm rnfpg] zf;sx¿sf cufl8s] elgG5 eg] Human Rights Law only barks, not bites. To;sf/0f dfgj clwsf/sf] ljifoj:t';+ucGof]oGofl>t u/]/ o;nfO{ x]g'{kg]{ eof] . d'VotM dfgj clwsf/sf] cfjZostf JolQmnfO{ kb{5 . /Tof] JolQm g} dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps dfq ljifoj:t' (Subject or benificary) x'g ;Qm5 . t/ckjfbsf] ?kdf cfTdlg0f{{osf] clwsf/ (Right to self-determination) df klg dfgj clwsf/sf]ljifo cfsli{ft x'G5 / tL gful/s ;d"xx¿ To;sf ljifoj:t' x'G5g\ . h:t}M National LiberationMovement, Foreign Occupation and Collonial Domimation sf] ;Gbe{df .108oL afx]s ;a} clwsf/x¿ cNk;+ Vox¿sf] lglDt dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . t;y{ To:tf ;d"xx¿ klgslxn]sfxL+ dfgj clwsf/sf ljifoj:t' aGb5g\ . h:t} ef/t-kfs d'lZnd cNk;+Vos, c? b]zsfd'lZnd cNk;+Vos, l;+ufk'/ / dn]l;ofsf lqmlZrog cNk;+Vos, tfdLn cNk;+Vos, s'b{ cNk;+VosOToflb . pgLx¿n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cGt{ut cfˆgf] efUo cfkm} lgwf{ /0f ug{ ;Qm5g\ . k|To]s/fHon] dfgj clwsf/sf] k| Tofe"lt, ;+/If0f, ;'lglZrt, ljsf; / k"/f ug{ jfWosf/L 5g\ .

160

dflg;sf g}lts lgisif{ x'G5g\ . dflg; lkR5] wf/0ffx¿ km/s x'G5g\ . ;]tf] /+u ePsf]n]sfnf] /+u 5'l§G5 . d"No cjwf/0f jf lgisif{ / g}lts cjwf/0ff jf lgisif{ km/s km/s s'/f x'g\ .d'lZnd eP/ x]bf{ d[To'b08 :jtM k|fdfl0fs x'G5 / of] d"No lgisif{sf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] .s;}sf wf/0ffx¿ ljZjJofkL ;To x'G5g\ . hlxn] klg g}lts d"Nox¿ :jtM k|dfl0ft x'g]vfnsf x'G5g\ . t/ d"No wf/0ffdf Pp6f s'g} ;dfh jf ju{sf] JolQm eP/ x]bf{ To; ju{sf] nflu:jtM k|fdfl0fs b]lvPklg To;sf] nflu v/fa 5 eGgnfO{ k'li6s/0f rflxGg . h:t} d'lZnd eP/ x]bf{d'To'b08 :jtM k|fdf0fLs x'G5 elgof] . t/ To;nfO{ c;n 5 eGgnfO{ k|df0f rflxG5 ls s] s]sf/0faf6 Tof] ;xL 5 < dfly eg] em} d'lZnd sfg"gdf d[To"b08 v/fj 5 eGgnfO{ s'g} k'li6 rflxGg .To:tf] gsf/fTds lqmof / sfg"g c;n 5 eGgnfO{ dfq z;Qm ts{x¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n]Cultural relativism df Pp6f :yflkt dfGotf 5 of] ls "Some moral judgements are universallyvalid. No value judgements are univeraally valid." cyf{t\ s'g} g}lts cjwf/0ffx¿ ljZjJofkL;To / dfGo 5g\ eg] s'g} d'No dfGotfx¿ To:tf 5}gg\ . t;y{ s'g} klg s'/f lg/k]If jf k"0f{ 5}g .lxGb"x¿ nf; hnfpF5g\ eg] lqmlZrogn] uf8\b5g\ . tL b'j} d"No dfGotf Culturally relateive 5g\ .g]kfndf s'df/L k|yf ;fF:s[lts ?kdf dfGo xf]nf t/ ltgsf] dfgj clesf/sf] s'/f vf]hL x'g' hfohxf] . clk|msL /fi6«df of} gf+u ljR5]b sf] k|rng cdfgjLo xf] . t;y{ ;+:s[ltsf] lg/Gt/tfnfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf] cfFvfaf6 xg'{ kb{5 .$= s] dfgj clwsf/ lg/k]If 5g\ (Are HRs absolute) ?o;nfO{ pbfx/0faf6 a'‰g ;lsG5 . oftgfsf] s'/f ubf{ Right agnist torture sf] k|Zgp7\b5 . of] Universally valid tYo xf] . wd{sf] s'/f ubf{ Right to religion sf] k|Zg p7\b5 . t/ of]ljZjJofkL gx'g ;Qm5 . t;y{ :jo+l;4 5 ls s'g} dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL k|s[ltsf 5g\ eg] s'g};fk]lIfs k|s[ltsf . t/ k'0f{tM lg/k]If eg] 5}gg\ .;f+:s[lts ;fk]Iftfsf] s'/f ubf{ ;+:s[lt s] xf] eGg] s'/f kl/eflift x'g' kb{5 . ;g\ !(#)

161

lt/sf] dfGotf s] lyof] eg] ;+:s[lt eg]sf] ;dfhsf] bjfjd"ns Jojxf/ xf] . AmericanAnthropological Association (AAA) n] u/]sf] cWoogn] o;nfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . t/ cfh h'g;'s};+:s[lt klg dfgj clwsf/ ;+u;+u} tfnd]ndf /x]/ cl3 a9\g'kg]{ cj:yfdf ljZj k'u]sf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/ lj/f]wL / cdfgjLo ;+:s[lt ca l6Sg ;Sg]jfnf 5}g .%= cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] ljlwzf:q (Basic needs jurisprudence)of] k|Zg ;w+} pl7/xG5 ls dflg;sf] cfjZostf ;+u;+u} clwsf/ klg ;+u} cl3 a9\g ;Qm5jf Ps cfk;df aflemG5 < ljleGg cWoogx¿ x]bf{ e"vd/L, clgsfnaf6 d[To' / ;/sf/L gLltsf]109k|fyldstfx¿ t'ngf u/]/ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . gful/s tyf/fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ dfq hf]8 lbg] /fi6«x¿nfO{ klg dfgj clwsf/sf] cfFvfdf v/fj /fHosf]?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ICCPR / ICESCR df gful/s, /fhg}lts Pj+ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltsclwsf/sf] Uof/]06L ul/Psf] ePtfklg Jojxf/df ICESCR sf clwsf/x¿ /fHon] sfg"g agfP/dfq hgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg], clwsf/sf] ?kdf cbfntdf bfjL ug{ gkfOg] tyf:jtM tL clwsf/ k|fKt gx'g] x'Fbf tL d'n'sx¿nfO{ klg bdgsf/L ;f]rlt/ df]x ePsf /fHo(Repressive state) elgPsf] 5 .dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf rsf]{ jsfnt ub}{ cfPsf Amnesty International / Human RightsWatch h:tf ;+:yfx¿n] klg Jojxf/df dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL /fhgLlt (HRs Politics) df g} hf]8lbg] ePsf]n] vfB, cfjf; / e'vd/Ltkm{ z;Qm cfjfh p7fPsf] kfOb}g . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /;f+:s[lts clwsf/nfO{ t juL{o clwsf/ (Class rights) sf] ?kdf klg lrq0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf hlxn]klg dflg;sf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] pNn+3g / bdg ePsf] kfOG5 . gf]j]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tfcdTo{ ;]gn] eg]sf 5g\ ls "If you don’t have freedom of speech or expression how can you tellthe society that you are in hunger?" To;sf/0f ICCPR df pNn]lvt gful/s tyf /fhgLltsclwsf/sf] pkof]uåf/f ICESCR df pNn]lvt cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts clwsf/sf] dfu ug{

162

;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gn] To:tf] dfu k"lt{ u/fpg] ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . cGt{/fli6«odfgj clwsf/ sfg"gsf] cfwf/df /fHo;+u cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f u/fpg] dfu /fVg ;lsg]ePsf] x'gfn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / dfgj clwsf/ b'j} a/fa/ x'G5g\ eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .^= dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿Mdfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL s]xL cfwf/e"t ljZj dfGotf Pj+ l;4fGtx¿ :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .tL k|d'v l;4fGtx¿ x'g\ M!= 3/]n' If]qflwsf/sf] l;4fGt@= :yfgLo pkrf/sf] ;dflKt#= clwsf/x¿sf] k|fyldstf$= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf / cljefHotf%= cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/^= ljsf;sf] clwsf/!= 3/]n' If]qflwsf/sf] l;4GtM ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] a8fkqdf o;df pNn]lvt s'g} klg s'/fn] ;+o'Qm/fi6« ;+3nfO{ s'g} /fHosf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf ljifox¿df x:tIf]k ug]{ clwsf/ lbg] 5}g . ;fy};b:ox¿nfO{ o; a8fkq adf]lhd ;dfwfgsf nflu o:tf ljifox¿ k]z ug'{ jfWo u/fpg] 5}g .t/ o; l;4fGtn] efu & cGtu{t sbdx¿ p7ffpg k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ 5}g 11 eGg] pNn]vul/Psf] 5 . ctM o; adf]lhd /fHox¿sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] st{Jo tf]lsPsf]11 UN Charter, Art 2(7)1105 . t/ Jojxf/df dfgjtfjfbL ;/f]sf/sf s'/fx¿df Ps b]zn] csf]{ b]zdf eO/x]sf] dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf ;DaGwdf j}w ?kdf cfklQ hgfpg ;Qm5 .@= :yfgLo pkrf/sf] ;dflKt M dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;j} cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo lnvtx¿dfcGt/f{li6«o ;+oGq cGtu{t sf/jfO{df hfg' k"j{ 3/]n' pkrf/sf] cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . ICCPR df k|lt1fkqsf s'g} kIf /fi6«n] ;f] k|lt1f cGtu{t csf]{ s'g} kIf/fi6«n] cfˆgf] bfloTj k'/f ul//x]sf] 5}g egL bfjL u/L lbPsf] ;'rgf k|fKt ug{ tyf ;f] pk/ljrf/ ug{ ;Sg] ;ldltsf] ;Ifdtf :jLsf/ u/]sf] s'/f o; wf/f cGtu{t s'g} klg ;dodf

163

3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sg] 5 . 3f]if0ff gu/]sf] s'g} kIf /fi6«;+u ;DalGwt s'g} ;'rgf ;ldltn] k|fKt ug{;Sg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf 5 .12#= clwsf/x¿sf] k|fyldstf M o'4 jf /fi6«nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] cGo ;fj{hlgs ;+s6sf] cj:yfdf ;d]tdfgj clwsf/sf lnvtdf :jLs[t s]xL lglZrt clwsf/x¿nfO{ lg:t]h jf Go"g ug{;ls+b}g . h:t} ICCPR sf] wf/f ! b]lv @! ;Dd pNn]lvt clwsf/x¿ h;nfO{ k|yd k':tsfclwsf/ jf gsf/fTds clwsf/ elgG5 . ctM o;df /fHonfO{ g} JolQmsf] lj?4df s]xL sfo{ug{ af6 /f]s nufOG5 . afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, oftgf, qm'/, jf cdfgjLo jf ckdfhgs Jojxf/ jf;hfo lj?4sf] clwsf/, bf;tf lj?4sf] clwsf/, y'gfdf /fVg gkfOg] clwsf/, kmf}Hbf/L Gofo;DaGwL clwsf/, sfg"gsf] cufl8 dfGotf / ljrf/ tyf ;b\ljj]ssf] :jtGqtf Pj+ wd{sf] clwsf/o;df kb{5g\ .To;kl5 ICESR sf] wf/f @! b]lv @* ;Ddsf cfly{s, ;dflhs, clwsf/ h;nfO{;sf/fTds jf ljt/0ffTds clwsf/ elgG5, / bf];|f] k':tfsf clwsf/ klg eGg] rng 5ltgLx¿ kb{5g\ . t];|f] k':tfsf] clwsf/df ;fd"lxs, kf/:kl/s ICESCR, zflGt, :jR5 jftfj/0f/ ljsf; h:tf clwsf/x¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . rf}yf]df ;fd"lxs clwsf/nfO{ 5'§} x]g]{ k|rng klg5 . ctM k|yd k':tfsf clwsf/x¿ s'g} axfgfdf klg Go"g ug{ g;lsg] 5g\ eg] c? rflx+To;/L Go"g ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/ x'g\ .$= dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkstf / cljefHotf M dfgj clwsf/sf] ;j{Jofkstfdf r'gf}tL lbg;ls+b}g . dfgj clwsf/ dflg;sf k|fs[lts tyf hGdl;4 clwsf/ x'g\ . oL ;j{Jofks /cljefHo 5g\ . UNO a8fkqsf] k|Ztfjgfdf of] tYo :jLs[t 5 . UDHR sf] wf/f ! / @ dfhflt, /+u, ln+u, efiff, wd{, cf:yf, ljrf/wf/f, pTklQ, ;DklQ jf hGdsf] cfwf/df ebefj gu/LtL clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 .13 UNO sf y'k|} 3f]if0ff / k|:tfjx¿df dfgjclwsf/sf] cljefHotf tyf ;j{Jokstf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .%= cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ M UNO lhDdf hdfgL kl/ifb cGtu{t s]xL hg ;d"xsf] clwsf/

164

;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . h'g cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt 5 . o; clwsf/ cGtu{tPstfj4 /fli6«o ;d"x jf hgtfx¿ cfˆgf] nflu /fhgLlts ;+u7gsf] rog ug]{ clwsf/ / c?12 ICCPR, 1966,Arp41, ……Art11(2)13 UDHR, Art 1,2111;d"x;+u ;DaGw lglZrt ug]{ clwsf/x¿ kb{5g\ . cfˆgf] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/sf] :j?k 5fGgkfpg] clwsf/14 o;}df kb{5 . t/ of] ;fd"lxs clwsf/ a8fkqsf] wf/f ! -@_, !!, %% / /fi6«;+3sf] ;g\ !(^) sf] k|Ztfj g+ ^@&, ICCPR / ICESCR sf] wf/f !, !(^) sf] k|Ztfj g+!%$! / !(&) sf] k|:tfj g+ @^!% ;d]t o; clwsf/;+u cfj4 5g\ .^= ljsf;sf] clwsf/ M o;df /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df rrf{ ul/G5 .dfgj hLjgsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ljgf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ lg/y{s x'g]ePsf]n] cfly{ s clwsf/x¿ k"lt{x'g cfjZos 5 . To;sf] nflu ljsf;sf] clwsf/ dxTjk"0f{ x'gcfFp5 . ;g\ !(*^ kl5 o; ljrf/wf/fn] hf]/ kqm] sf] xf] . /, !((^ df cfP/ ce]B clwsf/ag]sf] xf] .15 ljsf;sf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL 3f]if0ff, !(*^ sf] k|:tfjgf / wf/f ^ n] UDHR,ICCPR, ICESCR sf] cfwf/df ljsf;sf cfjZostfx¿ d"No+fsg ug{ k]|l/t u/]sf] 5 .16leogf ;Dd]ngsf] k|s/0f !) n] klg o;nfO{ ;dy{g ub{5 .&= dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt k|d'v /fi6« ;+3Lo c+ux¿ M dfgj clwsf/;+u d'Vo ?kdf ;DalGwt;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo k|d'v c+ux¿nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\ Ms= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a8fkqsf] cfwf/df :yflkt c+ux¿ (Charter Based Bodies)v= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ lnvtx¿ cGt{ut :yflkt c+ux¿ (Treaty BasedBodies)s= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo a8fkqsf] cfwf/df :yflkt c+ux¿ (Charter Based Bodies): o;cGtu{t lgDg c+ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ M-!= dxf;ef@= ;'/Iff kl/ifb#= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb$= lhDdfhdfgL kl/ifb

165

%= cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno^= ;lrjfno&= cGo ljlzli6s[t c+ ux¿s= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo z}lIfs j}1flgs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+u7g (UNESCO)v= z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qm (UNHCR)u= cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g (ILO)3= cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u ILC)14 I.E Resolution N.32, 130 etc, Teharam Declaration, Paragraph 2, Vimmznz Decleration, Para 1 and 415 dfgjclwsf/ jif{, !((*, /fl6|io ;ldlt g]kfnsf] clGtd k|ltj]bg, k[i7 !&, ;ldltsf] ;lrjno, sg"g tyf GofodGqfno , sf7df8f}+ .16 Art 6, UN Declaration on Right to Development, 1996112!= dxf;ef M ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf cGo c+ux¿sf] t'ngfdf dxf;ef ;a} eGbf a9L k|ltlglwd"nslgsfo xf] . o;sf lg0f{o Pj+ k|:tfjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu sfg"gL ?kdf jfWo geP klg o;sfk|:tfj Pj+ l;kmfl/;x¿df ljZj hgdt k|ltljlDjt x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] pk]Ifful//xg ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;+ej x'b}g . o;n] ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg k|:tfj Pj+ l;kmfl/zx¿u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ljZjJokL k|efj kf/]sf] klg 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($*o;sf] Ps HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . ;fy} ;g\ !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/Lu/]kl5 dxf;efn] dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt w]/} 3f]if0ff / dxf;lGwx¿ u|x0f ul/;s]sf] s'/f oxfFpNn]Vo 5 .a8fkqsf] wf/f !# n] dxf;efnfO{ cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm, cfly{s, ;dflhs, ;fF:s[lts,z}lIfs / :jf:Yo ;DaGwL If]qdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u a9fpg] tyf hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{df e]befjgu/L ;a}nfO{ dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtf k|fKt u/fpg ;xfotf ug]{ p2]Zo ;d]tsf] nflucWoog ug]{ tyf ;'emfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f !) adf]lhd plNnlvts'g} klg s'/fsf ;DaGwdf dxf;efn] 5nkmn / lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 .cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf cGo k|d'v c+ux¿, ;b:o /fi6«x¿ Pj+dxf;lrjaf6 dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt ljifox¿ dxf;efsf] sfo{;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug{sf] nflu

166

k|:tfj ug]{ ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . ;du|df x]bf{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwdf dx;efsf] sfo{df cfly{s tyf;fdflhs kl/ifb\n] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kg]{ u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\nfO{ lhDdf lbO{Psf]5 .dx;efn] dfgj clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt w]/} ljifox¿ cfˆgf] t];|f] ;ldltdf k7fpg] u5{ . ;f] ;ldltn];fdflhs, dfgjtfjfbL tyf ;fF:s[lts s'/fx¿ x]5{ . s]xL ljifox¿ eg] dxf;efn] d'Vo ;ldltdfgk7fO{ :jo+n] x]g]{ u/]sf] klg 5 .dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtf;+u ;DalGwt jf dfgj clwsf/sf] tTj lglxt sfo{ ug]{dxf;efsf ;xfos c+ux¿n] klg dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j4{g sfo{df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf5g\ . ;g\ !((# df leogf ;Dd]ngaf6 u|x0f ul/Psf] leogf 3f]if0ffkq tyf sfo{of]hgfdf ;a} dfgjclwsf/x¿ ljZjJofkL, cljefHo, cGt/lge{/ tyf cGt/ ;DalGwt ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 .To;df dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] k|fylds p2]Zosf ?kdf x]l/Psf] 5 eg]k|hftGq, ljsf; / dfgj clwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtf aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .To:t}, dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo pRr cfo'Qmsf] :yfkgf x'g'kg]{ dfu oxL ;Dd]ngdful/Psf] lyof] . o; pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{nosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg clxn] lgs} k|efjsf/L 5 .pRr cfo'Qmn] dfgj clwsf/sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo s]Gb| tyf cGo pko'Qmlgsfox¿sf] dfWodaf6 k/fdz{bft[ ;] jf Pj+ cGo ;xfotf pknAw u/pg], gful/s, /fhgLlts,cfly{s, ;dflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/x/sf] k|efjsf/L pkef] u k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0f ug]{, dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] cfb/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;a} ;/sf/;+usf] jftf{df ;+nUg x'g] cflb sfo{x¿ u5{g\ . To:t}:jo+ pRrfo'Qmn] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/x¿sf] k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] p2]Zon] pRrcfo'Qmsf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo k|0ffnLsf] pRr cfo'Qmsf k|ltj]bgx¿ cWoog ug{ pRr cfo'Qmn];+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿df e|d0f Pj+ e]63f6 ug]{ / ;dGjofTds s[ofsnfkx/mdf ;+nUg113ePsf] kfO{G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+efljt pNn+3g /f] Sgdf ;d]t pRr cfo'Qmn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf

167

v]Ng ;Sg] / v]Ng] u/]sf] kfO{G5 .@ ;'/Iff kl/ifb M UNO a8fkqsf] wf/f @$ cg';f/ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] k|fyldslhDd]jf/L cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg' xf] . o; sfo{ cGtu{t ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{;dfwfg tyf cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff pk/ r'gf}tL lbg] sfo{sf] k|lt/f]w ;d]t k5{g\ . ;'/Iffkl/ifb\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iff sfod /fVg jf k'gM:yflkt ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflucg'zf:tLsf] clVtof/L lbg], gfsfaGbL nufot cGo ;a} cfjZos pkfo jf ansf] k|of]u ;d]tckgfpg] x'Fbf o;sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .a8fkqsf] kl/R5]b & n] ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o zflGt tyf ;'/Iffsf] nflu ;'/Iffkl/ifb\n] ;fd"lxs tyf ank"j{s sf/afxL rnfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f @ -&_ n];+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3nfO{ s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cfGtl/s dfldnf jf 3/]n' If]qflwsf/df x:tIf]k ug{ /f]snufPsf] ePtfklg s'g} /fi6«df ePsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] Jofks Pj+ cfd pNn3+gn] cGt/f{li6«ozflGt ;' /IffnfO{ vnn k'¥ofpg] r'gf}tL lbG5 eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf To:tf] /fi6« lj?4 cfjZossf/afxL rnfpg] clwsf/ a8fkq cGt{ut ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf /fi6« ;+3Lo ;'/Iffkl/ifbsf] dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .# cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb M UNO a8fkqdf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]usf] ;DaGwdf dfgjclwsf/x¿sf] ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .17 o; kl/ifbnfO{ ;j}sfnflu dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfx¿sf] cfb/ tyf clej[l4sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .18 ;fy} kl/ifbn] ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z x'g] dxf;lGwsf] d:of}bf ug]{ / dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx¿ cfJxfg ub{5 . UNO sf ljlzi6Ls[t cËaf6 lgoldtk|ltj]bgx¿ k|fKt ub{5 .19 dxf;efn] u/]sf l;4fGt sfof{Gjog ug]{ / dxf;efdf k|ltlqmof cjut;d]tu/fpF5 . o; cGtu{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs If]qdf dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] nflu dfgj clwsf/cfof]u / dlxnfsf] x}l;ot ;DaGwL cfof]u ag]sf 5g\ .

168

$= lhDdfhdfgL kl/ifb M UNO a8fkqn] lhDdf hdfgL k|0ffnL cGtu{t klg dfgj clwsf/ /df}lns :jtGqtf ;+/If0f ug]{ ;+oGq agfPsf] 5 .20 o;df s'g} hflt, efiff, wd{, lnËdf e]befjg/fvL ;j}sf] nflu dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg, k|f]T;fxg / ljZj hg;d'bfo jLrcfk;L lge{tfnfO{ c+lusf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 . xfn of] k|0ffnL cGtu{t cd]l/sL k|zf;sLolgoGq0fdf /x]sf] k|zfGt dxf;fu/Lo låk ;d'x o;n] x]b{5 .%= cGt/f{li6«o Gofofno M dfgj clwsf/sf] JofVof ug]{ / ;f] sf] pNn+3g sfo{;+u ;DalGwt d'4fdflbg] lg0f{o Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/L ljrf/sf] dfWodaf6 cGt/f{li6«o Gofofnon] dfgj clwsf/sf] /Iff ub]{17 UN Charter (Art.55) (c)18 UN Charter, Art.6219 UN Charter, Art .6420 UN Charter, Art .76114cfPsf] 5 . a8fkqsf] wf/f %% / %^ n] /fHox¿nfO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] bfloTj ;[hgf ub{5 . ljleGgdfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] kIfx¿ aLr ;lGwdf ePsf Joj:yfsf] k|of]udf s'g} ljjfbpTkGg ePdf o; Gofofnoaf6 6'+uf] nufpg] k|fjwfg 5 .21^= ;lrjfno M of] UNO sf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo c+u xf] . ljZjdf zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg o;n] ;'/Iffkl/ifb ;+u ldn]/ sfd ub{5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] pNn+3g tyf cGo sfo{af6 ljZj zflGt e+u x'g nfu]df;lrjfnon] ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] Wofg cfs[i6 u/fO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ub{5 . o;df /fi6« ;+3 dxf;lrjsf]e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;lrjfno cGtu{t dfgj clwsf/;+u ;Da4 b'O{ cf]6f sfof{no 5g\ . !=dlxnfsf] ;Df'GgtLsf nflu dxfzfvf, Go"of]s{ / @= dfgj clwsf/ s]Gb|, h]g]ef .&= cGo ljlzli6s[t c+ux¿ M ljz]if clVtof/L geP klg dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf b]xfosfcGt/f{li6«o ;+ u7gx¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ M-! ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo z}lIfs j}1flgs tyf ;fF:s[lts ;+u7g M o;n] hflt, lnË, efiff jf wd{sf]e]befj ljgf a8fkqdf lglb{i6 dfgj clwsf/, df}lns :jtGqtf, Gofo / sfg"gL zf;gsf nflucGt/f{li6«o ;Ddfg cl3 a9fpg lzIff, lj1fg / ;fF:s[lts ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6 of]ubfgk'/\ofpFb5 .22

169

@ z/0ffyL{sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo pRrfo'Qm M dfgj clwsf/sf] k|Zg / z/0ffyL{sf ;d:ofclt g} cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ o;n] UN a8fkq / UDHR nufot ;j}cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] cfwf/df z/0ffyL{x¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;+/If0f k|bfg ub{5 .# cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g M ljZjsf >dlhjL hgtfx¿sf] ;d:of pk/ ljz]if Wofg lvrL ;j}dfgj hfltnfO{ :jtGqtf, ;Ddfg, cfly{s ;'/Iff tyf ;dfg cj;/sf cj:yx¿df ef}lts ;'v;'ljwf cjnDjg ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{ o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] .23$ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g cfof]u M UNO a8fkqsf] wf/f !# adf]lhd cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gsf] k|ultzLnljsf; / ;+lxtfs/0f ug'{, dxf;lGwx¿sf] d:of}bf ug'{, / dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gsf] ljsf;dfof]ubfg k'¥ofpg' o;sf] d'Vo sfo{ xf] .v=;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ lnvtx¿ cGt{ut :yflkt c+ux¿ (Treaty Based Bodies)!= hflto e]befjsf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on the Elimination of RacialDiscrimination)@= dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt (Human Rights Committee)#= cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on Economic,Social and Cultural Rights)$= dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on the Elimination ofdiscrimination against Women)21 UN Charter, Art. 9,28, 12, 2222 ;+u7gsf] ljwfgsf] wf/f !23 ILO ljwfgsf] Art 24, 26115%= oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldlt (Committee against Torture)^= afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt (Committee on the Rights of the Child)! hftLo e]befjsf] pGd"ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] ug]{ sfo{x¿ lgDg 5g\M- 24!= kIf/fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg u|x0f u/]sf Joj:yfksLo,Goflos, k|zf;lgs jf cGo pkfox¿ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg pk/ ljrf/ ug]{ .@= To:tf k|ltj]bgsf] hfFra'em tyf cGo hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t eO ;'emfj Pj+ l;kmfl/; k|:t'tug]{ .#= dxf;lGwsf] k|of]u ;DaGwdf kIf /fi6«x¿ aLr pTkGg ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u

170

k'¥ofpg] .$= ;ldltsf] ;Ifdtf :jLsf/ u/]sf s'g} lkl8t JolQm, ;d"x jf /fi6«af6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]pk/ ljrf/ ug]{ .@ dfgj clwsf/ ;ldlt M ICCPR sf] wf/f @* cg';f/ :yflkt o; ;ldltsf lgDg sfo{x¿ 5g\ M-25!= kIf /fi6«x¿af6 k|lt1fkqdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf clwsf/x¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ u|x0f u/]sfpkfox¿ tyf tL clwsf/sf] pkef]udf xfl;n ul/Psf] k|utL pNn]lvt b:tfj]hsf]k|f/lDes / cfjlws k|ltj]bgx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ .@= k|ltj]bgx¿ tyf cfkm"n] pko'Qm 7fg]sf wf/f $) -$_ cGtu{t ul/Psf ;fdfGo l6Kk0fLx¿kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ k7fpg] .#= ;ldltsf] ;Ifdtf :jLsf/ u/]sf kIf /fi6«x/m aLrsf] k|lt1fkqsf] k|of]u ;+u ;DalGwtljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ p2]Zon] lglZrt sfo{x¿ ug]{ .$= ljjfbdf ;+nUg kIf /fi6«x¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;b\efjk"0f{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg cfjZostf cg';f/c:yfO{ d]nldnfk cfof]u :yfkgf ug]{ .# cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL k|lt1fkqsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 .26 ;f] sfof{Gjog ug{ ckgfOPsf pkfo /tt\;DaGwdf xfl;n ul/Psf k|ult af/] k]z ePsf k|ltj]bgx¿df ljrf/ ljdz{ ul/G5 . o;n]ljleGg ;'emfj / l;kmfl/zx¿ lbP/ kl/ifbnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{df ;xof]u ub{5 . o;sf] sfof{noh]g]efdf 5 . jif{df Ps k6s a}7s a:b5 .$= dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj pGd'ng ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] dlxnf dxf;lGwsf] wf/f !& / !*df pNn]lvt dxf;lGw sfo{Gjogdf xfl;n ul/Psf k|ult pk/ ljrf/ ub{5 . cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL;DaGwL jflifs k|ltj]bg, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb cGtu{t ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z ub{5 . kIf/fi6«x¿af6 pknAw u/fOPsf k|ltj]bg / hfgsf/Lsf] d"No+fsg u/L ;'emfj / l;kmfl/zx¿ ub{5 .%= oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldlt M o; ;ldltsf sfo{x¿ lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M-24. CEARD, Aart, 825. ICCPR, Art. 40-4526. ICESCR, Art 16-21116

171

!= dxf;lGw cGtu{t k|lt1fx¿ nfu" ug{ kIf /fi6«x¿n] ckgfPsf pkfo ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgsf]cWoog ug]{ .@= s'g} kIf /fi6«sf] Onfsfdf oftgf jf Jojl:yt ?kdf Jojxf/ eO/x]sf s'/fsf] ;Gtf]ifhgsk|df0f b]vfpg] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]df ;f] sf] uf]Ko 5fgjLg ug]{ .#= kIf /fi6«x¿ aLr dxf;lGwsf] k|of]usf ;DaGwdf pTkGg ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ .$= /fi6« /fi6« aLrsf ljjfbx¿sf] d}qLk"0f{ ;dfwfgsf nflu ;b\efjk"0f{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpgcfjZostf cg';f/ c:yfoL d]nldnfk cfof]ux¿ :yflkt ug]{ .%= kLl8t JolQm jf /fi6«af6 ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / cfˆgf sfo{x¿sf] ;DaGwdf /fi6«x¿ tyfdx;;efdf jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .^= afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;ldlt M o; ;ldltn] k|ltj]bg k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 dxf;lGw cGtu{tsfbfloTjx¿ ;DaGwdf kIf /fi6«x¿af6 k|fKt k|ultsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f ub{5 . ;lGwdf :jLsf/ ul/Psfclwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf cfjlws k|ltj]bg u|x0f u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 . ;fy}dxf;efnfO{ cfjZos l;kmfl/zx¿ ub{5 .pk;+xf/o;/L dfgj clwsf/ / df}lns :jtGqtfx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|j4{g ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo;+oGqsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePsf] em08} b'O{bzs kl5 dfq gful/s tyf /fhg}lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cg'jGw, !(^^ tyf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DjGwL cg'aGw, !(^^ hf/L x'g ;s]sf] xf]] . oL b'O{ dxf;lGwsf efjgfnfO{ ;d]tcfTd;ft ub]{ tbg'?k /fHosf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg] p2]Zon] ;d"xut ljlzi6tfsfcfwf/df dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ ;DjlGw dxf;lGw, !(&( (CEDAW),oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw, !(*$ (CAT),afn clwsf/ ;DjGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( (CRC) h:tf 5'§f5'§} cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx¿ lgdf{0f u/L/fHosf] cg'df]bgsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf] lyof] . oL dfgj clwsf/ ;DjGwL k|d'v dxf;lGwx¿nfO{ k|d'v

172

5 j6f dx;lGwsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . oL dxf;lGwsf] kIf /fi6« eO;s]kl5 dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿cg'?k dfgj clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f ;Dj4{g / kl/kfngf (Respect, protect promote and fulfil)ug{sf] nflu /fHon] sfg"gL, k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos pkfox¿ cjnDjg u/L k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]bfloTj lgjf{x ug{'sf ;fy} dxf;lGwdf Joj:yf eP cg'?k cfjflws ?kdf ;DjlGwt ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo;ldltdf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{'kg]{ bfloTj k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/ ;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«ob:tfj]hx¿ rrf{ ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 u7g x'g k"j{ u7g ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g åf/f lgdf{0ful/Psf cGt/f{li6«o >d ;DjGwL dxf;lGwx¿, o'4df kfngf ug{'kg]{ lgodx¿ ;+lxtfj4 u/L tof/ul/Psf] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx¿ tyf :j]lR5s pkn]vx¿, z/0ffyL+{ ;DjGwL dxf;lGwx¿ nufotsf cGo;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3af6 hf/L ul/Psf b:tfj]hx¿, 3f]if0ffkqx¿ h:tf b:tfj]hx¿nfO{ klg plQs} dxTjsf;fy lng] ul/Psf] 5 .o;k|sf/ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ h] h;/L kl/eflift ul/P tfklg d"ne"t ?kdf dfgjLo d"No /dof{bfnfO{ s]G› ljGb' agfO{ ;f]xL dof{bfdf afFRgsf] nflu rflxg] clwsf/ g} dfgj clwsf/ xf] eGg117;lsG5 . dfgj clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ffsf] Oltxf; dfgj ;dfh hlQs} k|frLg ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf;qmdsf] Oltxf; cg]sf}+ o'usf] cg'ej, Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ngx¿, ljleGg bfz{lgs / ljåfg\x¿sf] b]gtyf tT;DjGwdf ePsf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿sf] ljsl;t / ljlzi6 :j?k g} xf] . ctMk|frLgsfn b]lv g} cGofo, cTofrf/, bdg / pTkL8gsf lj?4 dflg;x¿n] u/]sf lg/Gt/ k|lt/f]w,lj›f]x tyf cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;af6 vfl/+b} dfgj clwsf/ cfGbf]ng cfhsf] ljsl;t cj:yfdfcfOk'u]sf] xf] . ljZj zflGt / ljsf;sf] lglDt oL clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u / k|rngdf ;'lglZrttf x'g'cTofjZos 5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ M-!_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&-@_+ d'n'sL P]g, @)@)-#_ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;+u|x, k//fi6« dGqfno,

173

!((*-$_ g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"g, lk|ml8n, @)%$-%_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($*-^_ dfgj clwsf/ jif{ k':tsx¿,@))$,@))%,@))^, OG;]s, sf7df8f}+-&_ g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u P]g, @)%#-*_ dfgj clwsf/ cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @))%-(_ Developing human rights jurisprudence, volume 8, interights, 2001-!)_ Law and Justice, Soli J. Sorabjee, 2004-!!_ NK Jayakumar, International and Human Rights, 2005-!@_ J.S. Verma, The New Universe of Human Rights, 2004-!#_ Peter Uvin, Human Rights and Development, 2005-!$_ VR.Krishna Iyer, Human Rights and inhuman Wrongs, 2001-!%_ P.K.Das, International Law Documents, 2003118

nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfo{If]q / jt{dfg ck]Iff ;"o{k|;fb zdf{ .;f/f+zk|:t't n]vdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg sfof{nodf /xL nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug'{ ePsf n]vsn]nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ljleGg sfn v08df lbOPsf] clwsf/ If]q jf/] t'ngfTds ljj/0f k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5 .;fljsdf lbOPsf clwsf/df s] slt yk ul/g' kg]{ xf] / cfof]un] kbk"lt{ ;DjGwdf s] s:tf lgsfodf P]gåf/f lhDd]jf/L lbP cg';f/ cfˆgf] pkl:ylt hgfpg] u/]sf] 5 . cflb jf/]df o; n]vdf 5f]6f] lrgf/L k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} hgcfGbf]ng b'O{ kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbL aLr ePsf] ;xdlt kZrftsf]g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ s] slt clwsf/ lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . ;f] af/]df ;d]tpNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fbf k|:t't n]v sd{rf/L k|zf;g vf;u/L nf]s ;]jf cfof]u k|lt rfF;f] /fVg]sf] nflu pko'Qm7xl/g] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .ljifo k|j]z:yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf dflgg] ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] nflu lgo'Qm x'g] sd{rf/Ldf of]Uotf /bIftfsf] vfrf] ;j{q dx;'; ul/Psf] s'/f xf] . g]kfndf klg ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ ;'b[9 jgfpg cfjZos7flg of]Uo sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{df Ps :jtGq / lgikIf lgsfosf] vfFrf] dx;'; ul/b} cfPsf]

174

5 . o; qmddf ;j{k|yd g]kfn ;/sf/ j}wflgs sfg"g @))$ df sd{rf/Lsf] of]Uotf / NofsthfFra'em u/L ;/sf/df l;kmfl/z ug{ æb/vf:t kl/ifb\Æ v8f ul/g] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . /f0ffzf;gsf] clGtd ;dodf /flvPsf] of] ;bf;otf Jojxf/df kl/0ft x'g g;s] klg k|hftGqsf]:yfkgf kl5 tof/ ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] efu % df klAns ;le{;sldzg -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_ sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;} cg'?k @))* ;fn c;f/df klJns;le{; sldzgsf] :yfkgf eO{ @))* ;fn efb|df sd{rf/L egf{ ;DaGwL lj1fkg k|sfzg u/Lcfˆgf] sfd z'? u/]sf] lyof] .@))& ;fnb]lv @)$& ;fn;Ddsf ;+ljwfgdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yfcGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;a} hflu/df egf{sf] nflu hfFr ug'{klAns ;le{; sldzgsf] st{Jo tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ;fy} lghfdtL hflu/bf/sf] cg'zf;g ;DaGwLsf/jfxLsf] ljifodf / lghfdtL hflu/bf/nfO{ k/]sf] dsf{df lbPsf] ph'/L, lgj]bg ;DaGwdf klgklAns ;le{; sldzgsf] ;Nnfx lnOg] s'/f pNn]v u/]af6 sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf sldzgnfO{dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lbPsf] kfOG5 . oxL ljwfgsf cfwf/df @)!# ;fndf lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] th'{dfeO{ sd{rf/L k|zf;gdf Pp6f k4ltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] kfOG5 .la=;+= @)!% ;fn kmfNu'0f ! ut] nfu" ul/Psf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] klg nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ cem} ;'b[9 u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;+ljwfgn] Psftkm{ ;/sf/sf ;a} ;]jf jf kbdfegf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{ st{Jo nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ lgo'Qm ePsflghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf, a9'jf tyf cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/jfxLdf klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]. pk lgb]{zs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, dWodf~rn If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, sf7df8f}+ .119k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;sf] ;fy} sd{rf/Ldf k/]sf] kL/dsf{ tyf sd{rf/Ln]st{Jokfng ubf{ x'g uPsf] gf]S;fgL jf hf]lvddf k]G;g jf pkbfg s] slt lbg' kg]{ xf] ;f] lgwf{/0fug]{ sfo{df klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .

175

b]zdf k~rfotL Joj:yf k|f/De ePkl5sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( n] lghfdtL;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g agfpFbf, lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{, ;]jf kl/j{tgubf{ / /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf ;fy} of] ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/ / st{Jo ljifodf;f]xL cg';f/ x'g], lghfdtL kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/z jLgf egf{ ePsf] sd{rf/Ln]lgj[Qe/0f kfpg g;Sg], ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] cGo ;:yfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{;DaGwL lgod / To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf jf ljefuLo sf/jfxL ubf{ ckgfpg'kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ tyf lgod / ;fdfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ u/] gu/]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} >L % af6nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ ;/sf/sf] 1fkg kq ;lxt /fli6«o k~rfot ;dIf /fVg nufpg]Joj:yf o; ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] lyof] .@)$^ ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ng kl5sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df ælghfdtL;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIffx¿ ;+rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5Æ elgPsf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ jLgf :yfoL lgo'lQm gul/g] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} lghfdtL;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf, lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/jfxLubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf, lghfdtL kbdf ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L ;dosf nflu lgo'lQm ubf{pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf, Ps k|sf/sf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] lghfdtL;]jfsf] kbdf / cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k/fdz{ lng'kg]{kbdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf / s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodfnf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

176

o; ;+ljwfgn] klg Gofo ;]jf cfof] usf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ s'/fdf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g] /nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfof]us} ;b:o jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of] u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf]] 5 . o;;+ljwfgdf cfof]un] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{ / To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+;b ;dIf /fVgnufpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . o;/L ;fljsdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;dIf ePsf] clwsf/nfO{ g]kfnclw/fHosf ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] cem} l;ldt u/]sf] kfOG5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/nfO{ l;ldt ul/Psf d'Vo d'Vo a'Fbfx¿!_ @))& ;fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgdf æg]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} hflu/df egf{sf] nflu hfFrug]{Æ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g] egL tf]lsPsf] lyof] . eg] @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgdfæ;/sf/sf ;a} ;]jf jf kbdf egf{sf] lgldQ hfFr ug]{Æ st{Jo tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . t/ @)!(sf] ;+ljwfg tyf @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf ;a} ;]jf jf ;a} ;/sf/L hflu/sf] pNn]v gu/LlghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf egf{sf] nflu k/fdz{ k7fpg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf120afx]ssf cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf egf{ ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ grflxg] lsl;dn] cnu u/L xfnnf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ul/Psf] kfOG5 .@_ sd{rf/Lsf] ;?jf / a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] l;4fGtsf] ljifodf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{s'/f cl3Nnf @ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v lyof] . t/ @)!( sf] ;+ljwfg tyf @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdfPs k|sf/sf] ;]jfaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] ;]jfsf] kbdf ;?jf ubf{ cfof]usf] k/fdz{ rflxg],;fdfGo ;?jfdf cfof]un] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] l;4fGt jf k/fdz{sf] h?/t gkg]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .#_ ;/sf/L bfloTj lgjf{x ubf{ sd{rf/Laf6 Joxf]g{ k/]sf] cfly{s bfloTj ;/sf/L sf]ifaf6 k"lt{u/L lbg'kg]{ jf k"lt{ ug['{ gkg]{ xf] o; ;DaGwdf cfof]un] /fo k/fdz{ lbg] s'/f @)!% ;fnsf];+ljwfgdf pNn]v lyof] . h'g s'/f To;kl5sf ;+ljwfgx¿df x6fOPsf] kfOG5 .$_ cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngsf] l;nl;nfdf ;/sf/L sd{rf/L s'g} hf]lvddf k/L p;df zf/Ll/s jf

177

dfgl;s b'j{ntf cfPsf] sf/0f cfˆgf] kbsf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf cfOk/]dfTo:tf] sd{rf/LnfO{ k]G;g jf pkbfg s] pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ xf] / slt pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ xf]nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'/f @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . h'gs'/f To;kl5sf] ;+ljwfgx¿df x6fOPsf] kfOG5 .%_ ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL lgod / To:tf];+:yfsf] sd{rf/Ldfly ul/g] ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] af/]dfnf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng'kg]{ s'/f @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf] lyof] . h'gk|fjwfgnfO{ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] x6fOlbPaf6 ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] ;+:yfgx¿ cfˆgf]sd{rf/L egf{ ubf{ jf laefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;f]Wg' / a'‰g gkg]{ u/L:jtGq ePsf 5g\ .^_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lbPsf] k/fdz{ cg';f/ ;/sf/n] sfd gu/]df To:tf] sfd ug{ g;Sg'sfsf/0f ;lxtsf] 1fkg kq cfof]usf] aflif{s k|ltj]bg;fy ;+;b jf /fli6«o k~rfotdf k]z ug{nufpg] Joj:yf @)!% / @)!( sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ @)$& sf];+ljwfgdf ;/sf/n] To:tf] 1fkg kq lbg' gkg]{ ePsf] 5 .&_ xfn cfP/ cfof]un] lbPsf] k/fdz{ cg';f/ ;/sf/n] sfd gu/]df To;/L g;Sg'sf] sf/0fpNn]v ul/Psf] lnlvt hfgsf/L ;+;b ;dIf /fVg' gkg]{ ePsf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+;bsf];DalGwt ;ldltn] af]nfPdf df}lvs ?kdf :kli6s/0f lbg] k|rng rnfOPsf] kfOG5 .@)$& sf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb h'g lgj[Qe/0f kfpg] kb xf] To;df egf{ug{sf] nflu pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtf hfFRg k/LIff lng], sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf kl/jt{g ubf{ pko'Qmtfsf]k/LIf0f ug]{, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ul/g] ljefuLo sf/afxLdf k/fdz{ lbg], lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf k/fdz{ lbg] g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] d'Vo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ xf] .lghfdtL ;]jf afx]s cGoq sxL st} klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . lghfdtL

178

;]jfnfO{ ;+ljwfgd} kl/eflift ul/Psf 5 h; cg';f/ æ;}lgs clws[t jf hjfg / k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf];]jf jf kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jf jf kb afx]s;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jf jf kbnfO{ lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb dflgg] 5 Æ egL ;+ljwfgn] g} Ps xftn]lbPsf] clwsf/nfO{ ToxL ;+ljwfgsf] csf]{ xftn] vf]:g ;Sg] Joj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . P]g agfP/ s'g}121;]jf jf kb lghfdtL ;]jf jf kb xf]Og egL tf]Sg ;lsg] / To:tf] ;]jf jf kbsf ;DjGwdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] clwsf/nfO{ x6fpg ;lsg] k|z:t 7fpF klg @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf/flvPsf] 5 .@))& sf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg / @)!% sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sfclwsf/x¿nfO{ kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgn] s6f}tL ub}{ nu]sf] eP klg @)$& ;fn kl5 ljleGg P]gåf/f nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ klxn] lbPsf clwsf/x¿ s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|bfg u/]sf] kfO{G5 .jt{dfg cj:yfdf sfg"gåf/f nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbOPsf] yk lhDd]jf/Lg]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/ If]qnfO{ ;+s'lrtu/fPsf] eP klg jt{dfg ;+;bjf6 ljleGg sfg"g agfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ kbk"lt{sf] nflupDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug]{ ;DaGwL yk clwsf/ lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{ G5 . tL ljleGg P]gdf ePsfJoj:yf cg';f/ s'g}n] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ;j} sfo{ g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] u/L lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .o:tf P]gdf :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g tyf dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf sd{rf/L ;DjGwL P]g kb{5g\ . s'g}P]gn] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:on] ug]{ u/L kbk"lt{df nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9fO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;fy} s'g} P]g÷lgodfjnLx¿n] To:tf] kbk"lt{ ;ldltdf nf]s;]jf cfof]un] v6fPsf] k|ltlglw /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfO{G5 .;/;lt{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v gul/Psf] t/ ljleGg sfg"gåf/f kbk"lt{df nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] ;+nUgtf÷k|ltlglwTj /xg] u/L yk lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf 7fpFx¿ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

179

-s_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf jf ;b:on] kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] cWoIftf ug]{ u/L sfg"gdfJoj:yf ePsf kbk"lt{ ;ldltx¿ M–!= Gofo ;]jf cfof]u – nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf o;df /xg]@= k|x/L P]g cg';f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt#= ;z:q k|x/L P]g cg';f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt$= lqe"jg ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u%= k"jf{ ~rn ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u^= kf]v/f ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u&= g]=/f= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg P]g cg' ;f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt*= ;}lgs P]g -;+zf]wg @)^#_ cg';f/ ul7t kbk"lt{ ;ldlt-v_ b]xfodf pNn]lvt lgsfodf ljleGg sfg"g÷lgodfjnL cg';f/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usfclws[tx¿ kbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ;b:o jf k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 .!= kz'klt If]q ljsf; sf]if@= ;dfhsNof0f kl/ifb\#= dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u$= ljZj ljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u%= /]l8of] k|zf/ ;]jf ljsf; ;ldlt^= afn sNof0f ;ldlt&= g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg122*= pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\(= b'u{d If]q ljsf; ;ldlt!)= n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if!!= g]kfn 6]lnlehg!@= jg k}bfjf/ ljsf; ;ldlt!#= g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg!$= /fli6«o ljlw lj1fg k|of]uzfnf!%= j}slNks phf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|!^= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / ufpF ljsf; ;ldltx¿ .;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf /x]sf ljleGg :jzfl;t ;+:yf÷k|flws/0f÷;ldltx¿ tyf sDkgLP]g cg';f/ u7g ePsf sltko lgsfox¿n] ;d]t cfˆgf sd{rf/L egf{ / kbf]Gglt ug]{ k|of]hgsf]nflu nf]s ;] jf cfof]uaf6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf ;+:yfgn] rfx]sf] ;xof]udfkbk"lt{ ug]{ tl/sf, kbk"lt{ ;DjGwL sfo{ljlwsf] hfgsf/Lsf] ;fy} To:tf lgsfodf /x]sf] kbk"lt{;ldltdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k|ltlglw -sltko cj:yfdf ljz]if1sf ?kdf_ lgoldt jf k6s] ?kdf

180

cfdGq0f ug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfOPsf] 5 . o:tf lgsfo dWo s]xL o; k|sf/ 5g\!= g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg@= ;"rgf k|ljlw pRr :t/Lo cfof]u#= lwtf]kq ljlgdo ahf/ lnld6]8$= ;8s jf]8{ g]kfn%= g]kfn 6]lnsdg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df nf]s ;]jf cfof]ug]kfndf nfu" ePsf kl5Nnf ;+ljwfgx¿n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/df qmdzM s6f}tLub}{ nu]sf] eP klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] bIf /fi6« ;]js 5gf}6 ug]{ sfo{df lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] lgikIf/ :jR5 e"ldsfsf] sb/ ub}{ xfn cfP/ ljleGg ;+:yfg÷lgsfox¿n] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtfsf]cfjZostf dx;'; u/]sf x'g\ . nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf /x]/ lg/Gt/ sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L, ;do ;dodfdgf]lgt eO{ cfpg] kbflwsf/L tyf cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] bIf÷ljz]if1sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;n] g}hgdfg;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uk|lt ljZjf; ;[hgf ePsf] xf] . o; cy{df cfof]udf lg/Gt/ /xL sfdug]{ tL ;a} sd{rf/L / kbflwsf/LnfO{ wGojfb lbg} kg]{ x'G5 .pk/f]Qm ofjt s'/fx¿af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/df s6f}tL ug]{ tL;+ljwfgx¿ hg efjgfnfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf / ck"0f{ lyP .oxL ck"0f{tfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd eP klg ;d]6\g] hdsf]{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]u/]sf] 5 . ;fljs ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6\g g;s]sf To:tf ljifo, h'g of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /flvPsf 5g,o; k|sf/ 5g\ .wf/f !@^ pk–wf/f -%_;}lgs ;]jf, ;z:q k|x/L ;]jf jf k|x/L ;]jf jf cGo ;/sf/L ;] jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jfubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{ 5 .123wf/f !@^ pk–wf/f -^_s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g / To:tf];]jfsf kbsf] lgo'lQm a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s;]jf cfof]u;+u To:tf] ;+:yfn] k/fdz{ lng rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg] 5 .

181

;fj{hlgs ;+:yf eGgfn] krf; k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfpg] 5 .k|:tfljt cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@& pk–wf/f -!_ df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k|wfgdGqL;dIf cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 .wf/f !@& pk–wf/f -@_pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k]z ul/g] k|ltj]bgdf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm nf]s ;]jf cfof]un]jif{el/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ lnPsf] k/LIffsf] ljj/0f, ;f] k/LIffdf ptL0f{ k/LIffyL{ ;DaGwLljj/0f, ljleGg lgsfonfO{ k/fdz{ lbPsf] ljj/0f, lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/afxL / ;hfoubf{ lbPsf] k/fdz{sf] ljj/0f / k/fdz{ adf]lhd sfd eP gePsf] ljj/0f, s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf]kbsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] jf/]df k/fdz{ lbPsf]eP ;f] sf] ljj/0f / eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v ug'{ kg]{ 5 .pk/f]Qm k| fjwfgn] ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] ub} cfPsf] sfddf lghfdtL ;]jf ;DaGwL dflypNn]lvt sfo{x¿sf ;fy ;fy} lgDgfg';f/sf yk sfo{ klg ug'{ kg]{] b]lvG5 .!_ ;a} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgo'lQm / a9'jf x'Fbf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtcg';/0f ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 .@_ ;]gf, k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/Lsf] egf{df klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf clgjfo{ ?kdf/xg] Joj:yf 5 .#_ %) k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;/sf/L z]o/ jf h]yf nufgL ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsfsd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"g agfpFbf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{lng ;lsg] jgfOPsf] 5 . cyf{t ;+:yfn] rfx]df nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] k/fdz{ lbg'kb{5 .$_ To:tf ;+:yfgsf sd{rf/L egf{ / a9'jf ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ ug{ v'nf u/]sf] 5 . To:tf ;+:yfn] cfˆgf] lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] ?kdf nf]s ;]jfcfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt nfu" ug{ ;Qm5g\ .

182

%_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt cg';/0f ug{ rfxg] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] ;fdfGol;4fGt cg';f/ u/] u/]gg\ eGg] s'/f cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/g]Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .^_ s'g} ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm / a9'jf ubf{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtcg';f/ u/] gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ ul/Psf] 5 .124&_ eljiodf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] ljj/0f jflif{s ?kdf tof/u/L jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ePjf6 lghfdtL ;]jfsf];'wf/sf] nflu xfn e} /x]sf] k6s] cfof]u, ;ldlt / uf]i7Lx¿jf6 ;'emfjx¿ tof/u/L l;kmfl/z ul/+b} cfPsf] sfo{ cj nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lg/Gt/ ?kdf ul//xg' kg]{ePsf] 5 .cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf pk/f]Qm sfd st{Josf ;fy ;fy} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGosfd, st{Jo / sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/g] Joj:yf ePaf6 ;d]t k|:t't ;+ljwfgsf cg';f/sfg"g jgfP/ nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ cem} a9L lhDd]jf/L lbOg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .olt x'Fbf x'b} klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ lhDdf lbOg'kg]{ s]xL dxTjk"0f{ s'/f o; ;+ljwfgdfklg ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] ;+/Ifssf] ?kdf /x]sf] nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ sd{rf/Lsf]kL/dsf{, u'gf;f] ;'gL ;f] kL/dsf{ gf]S;fgL / hf]lvd ;DaGwdf ;/sf/n] ug'{kg]{ sfo{sf] l;kmfl/zug]{ clwsf/ lbOg'kb{5 . ;fy} cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgdf cf}NofPsf sdhf]/Lsf]af/] ;/sf/sf]lnlvt k|ltlqmof s] 5 ;f] s'/f ;d]t ;+;bdf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Pdf cfof]u cem};jn / ;'b[9 x'g d2t k'Ug] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 .gof+ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf yk lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ ug'{cfjZos 5 . cfof]usf] jt{dfg ;fwg / ;|f]taf6 pQm yk sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ sl7g kg]{ b]lvG5 .ctM cfof]usf] dfgjLo tyf ef}lts Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu ;xof]u ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ uDeL/ x'g] 5

183

eGg] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} pQm lhDd]jf/L jxg ubf{ ;d]t sfo{ ;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf / ;Dkfbgsfo{sf] lgikIftf / z'4tfdf ;d]t nf]s ;]jf cfof]u cem} v/f] pqg] 5 eGg] ;j{q ck]Iff ul/Psf]5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;+j}wflgs sfg"g – k|yd ;+:s/0f, 6f]k axfb'/ l;+x@= cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))&#= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!%$= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!(%= g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#&= g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ljleGg P]g lgodx¿ -:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf]sfof{nosf] sd{rf/L ;DjGwL P]g, ljleGg ljZj ljBfno ;DjGwL P]gx¿, ;}lgs P]g, k|x/LP]g, z;:q k|x/L P]g tyf ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿_125

nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df Go"gdlxnf l;kmfl/z M sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ k'is//fh kGt .;f/f+zs'n b/vf:tsf] cfwf/df nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] l;kmfl/zdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k'?ifsf]eGbf sd b]lvG5 . t/ lj1flkt kbdf b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] b/vf:t ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf /k'?ifsf] l;kmfl/z cg'kftdf vf; Hofb} cGt/ b]lvb}g .lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df dlxnfx¿sf] b/vf:t g} sd kg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . lzIffsf] :t/, 3/fo;LPj+ jfXo jftfj/0f Pj+ ;"rgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ dlxnf ;xeflutfdf sdL x'g uPsf] x'g;Sb5 . t;y{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ;+Vof a9fpgsf nflu :t/Lo pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{dlxnfsf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy} pko'Qm 3/fo;L Pj+ jfXo jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ tkm{ ;f]r agfOg' kb{5 .s_ k[i7e"ldM

184

bf];|f] hgcfGbf]nsf] ;kmntf kZrft g]kfn gofF o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 eGg'df cltzof]lQmgxf]nf . b]zsf] /fhgLltn] gofF df]8 lng yfn]sf] 5 . b]zdf cfO{kg]{ ;+s6nfO{ cfk;L 5nkmn /ljrf/ ljdz{af6 ;dfwfg ug]{ tkm{ ;j} kIf Ps ePsf] cfef; @)^#.!).! ut] Joj:yflksf–;+ ;bn]g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# nfO{ ;j{;Ddt cg'df]bg u/]/ k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 .;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf ;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf] nflu cfkm}+ ;+ljwfg agfpgkfpg] / eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg]cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ub}{ /fhg}lts ;xdltaf6 tof/ ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# k|ltlglw ;efsf] @)^#.!).! ut]sf] a}7saf6 hf/L ePsf] / ;f]sf] cg'df]bg ;f]xL lbg a;]sf]cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;bsf] a}7sn] u/] / gofF /fhg}lts cWofosf] z'? u/]sf] 5 .s'g} klg k|hftflGqs d'n'ssf] p2]Zo eg]sf] zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf] clwsflws;xeflutf h'6fO{ /fi6«sf] ;|f]t / ;fwgdf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] a/fa/ kxF'r k'¥ofpg' xf] . h; cg'?kb]zn] n}lËs, hfltut, wfld{s Pj+ If]qut lje]bnfO{ cGTo u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfdb]lv gLltlgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf] tx;Dd ;j}sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] ;f]r /flvg' kb{5 .o;} kl/j]znfO{ dgg u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] hgtfsf] xs ;+/If0f ug{sf]nflu efu # df df}lns xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] efu $ df pNn]lvt /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zsl;4fGt tyf gLltx¿n] tL xsx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|ltkmnsf] cg'e"tL ;DalGwt ju{nfO{ dx;';u/fpgsf nflu sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ljutsf ;+ljwfgx¿ eGbf cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#df df}lns xssf] jf/]df lj:t[t ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s/Lj %) k|ltzt hg;+Vof. pk;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u126ePsf dlxnfx¿sf] nflu of] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @) n] :ki6 ?kdf dlxnf xs ;'/lIft u/]sf]5 .s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{ cfsng ug]{ ljleGg ;"rsx¿ dWo] n}lËs ;dfgtf

185

klg Ps xf] . b]zsf] ljsf;n] ta dfq k"0f{tf kfpF5 hj ljsf;sf x/]sf If]qdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf]k|efjsf/L / ;dfg ;xeflutf /xG5 . o;} jf:tljstfnfO{ dgg u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'x¿dfb]lvPsf] dlxnf / k'?if aLrsf] lje]b x6fpg] tyf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs cflbIf]qdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ j[l4 u/L dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxdf ;dflxt u/fpg dlxnf;zlQms/0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ to ul/g' cfjZos 5 .dlxnfx¿sf] ;d:of tyf oyfy{tf;Fu k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfx¿ g} k|ToIf ?kdf kl/lrtx'g] / o:tf ;d:ofx¿ cfkm}n] ef]u]sf x'Fbf dlxnfsf] dd{nfO{ a'em]/ pgLx¿sf] lxtdf gLlt lgdf{0fug{ / o;nfO{ ;kmn sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nflu dlxnfx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] x'gfn] cj cfpg]lbgx¿df ljsf;sf dxTjk"0f{ If]qx¿ -cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, z}lIfs cflb_ dfh:t} /fHo ;~rfngsf] Ps :yfoL :tDe lghfdtL k|zf;gdf dlxnfx¿sf] pT;fxhgs;xeflutfnfO{ cTolws ?kdf k|f]T;flxt ul/g' kb{5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 k|To]s cfly{s jif{df ;/sf/n] u/]sf] dfusf] cfwf/df l/Qm ;]jf, ;d"x;+rfng ug{ jg]sf P]gdf Joj:yf eP cg';f/ v'nf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f x'g] kbk"lt{sf] nflu5'§fO{Psf kbx¿sf] kbk"lt{sf nflu ePsf] lj1fkgdf b/vf:t btf{ ug]{ s'n pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] dlxnfpDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vof slt x'G5 . / tL dlxnf pDd]bjfx¿dWo] lgwf{l/t 5gf}6 k|lqmof k"/f u/Lof]Uotfsf cfwf/df slt hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/z x'G5g\ eGg] jf/]df ;ª\If]kdfljZn]if0f ug]{ sf]lzz o; n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 . o; n]vdf ljut kfFr cfly{s jif{ -@)%*.)%( b]lv@)^@.)^#_ df ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"x, pk;d"xsf ljleGg >]0fL÷txsf kbx¿sf nflu k|fKt dfu /ltgsf] cfwf/df bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s / v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] k|ltztnfO{o; n]vdf ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] cjlwdf ljleGg tx÷>]0fLsf nflu s'n !@,)^! l/Qmkbx¿sf] kb k"lt{sf nflu cfof]udf dfusf] cfs[lt kmf/fd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . h; dWo] ljleGg

186

tx÷>]0fLsf nflu !!!# kbx¿ sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgåf/f a9'jf u/L kbk"lt{ ug{ k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] lyof] eg] afFsL !),($* kbx¿sf] bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s Pj+ v'nfk|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L cfof]uaf6 pko'Qmtf k/LIf0fsf nflu k/LIffx¿ ;+rfngul/Psf] lyof] .bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutf / v' nf k/LIffsf nflu k|sflzt ljleGg tx / >]0fLsf]lj1fkg ul/Psf kbx¿df s/Lj $,(*,#@! pDd]bjf/x¿sf] b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . h;dWo] cf};tdf!*=$# k|ltzt cyf{t\ (!,*^! dlxnf / *!=%& k|ltzt cyf{t\ $,)^,$^) k'?if pDd]bjf/x¿sf]b/vf:t k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .127ljleGg >]0fL÷txsf nflu k|fKt dfux¿ / lj1fkg÷;"rgf ePsf kbx¿sf] ljj/0f *-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_bz jif]{ j("jf, cfGtl/s Pj+v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu lj!fkgePsf kbx¿sfo{;Dkfbg d'Nof+sg j("jfsfnflu ;'rgf k|sflzt ePsf]kbx¿ cf=j=ljleGg>])fL÷txsfnflu k|fKtdfux¿ k|fljlws ck|fljlws hDdf k|fljlws ck|fljlws hDdf2058÷59 3778 2846 836 3682 65 31 962059÷60 2104 1182 632 1814 210 80 2902060÷61 1286 504 615 1119 96 71 1672061÷62 2914 1673 958 2631 197 86 2832062÷63 1979 1194 508 1702 133 144 277hDDff 12061 7399 3549 10948 701 412 1113* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df k/]sf] b/vf:t*-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_cf=j= dlxnf k'?ifb/vf:t ;+Vof k|ltzt b/vf:t ;+Vof k|ltzthDdfb/vf:t ;+Vof2058÷59 21247 17.92 97298 82.08 1185452059÷60 14624 15.46 79986 84.54 946102060÷61 13060 14.95 74280 85.05 873402061÷62 22310 20.76 85166 79.24 1074762062÷63 20620 22.82 69730 77.18 90350hDDff 91861 18.43 406460 81.57 498321

187

* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .k|To]s cfly{s jif{df x'g] b/vf:t ;+sngsf] cj:yf dflysf] tflnsfaf6 b]lvPtf klgljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ lj1fkg ePsf ;j} kbx¿ h'g cfly{s jif{ lj1fkg ePsf] xf] ;f]xL cfly{sjif{df l;kmfl/z x'g g;sL ;f] eGbf kl5sf cfly{s jif{x¿df klg l;kmfl/z ul/g] x'Fbf k|To]scf=j=df l;kmfl/z x'g] kbx¿df b/vf:t lbg] pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vof / ;f] cf=j=df b/vf:t lbg]pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vofdf km/s kg{ uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljut kfFr cfly{s jif{df ljleGg tx / >]0fLdful/Psf] l;kmfl/zdf hDdf $,#$,&@& b/vf:t k/]sf] b]lvG5 . b/vf:t lbg] dWo] &(=$# k|ltztcyf{t #,$%,@(( pDd]bjf/x¿ lnlvt k/LIffdf pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 .l;kmfl/z ePsf kbx¿df k/]sf pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;+Vof*-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_dlxnfk'?ifhDdf pDd]bjf/ dWo]lnlvt k/LIffdfcfly{s jif{pDd]bjf/;+Vof k|ltztpDd]bjf/;+Vof k|ltzthDdfpDd]bjf/pkl:yt;+Vofk|ltzt2058÷59 651 8.87 6688 91.13 7339 5597 76.262059÷60 25174 19.39 104626 80.61 129800 113939 87.782060÷61 15864 15.97 83482 84.03 99346 79786 80.312061÷62 14175 18.15 63926 81.85 78101 54912 70.312062÷63 27181 22.62 92960 77.38 120141 91065 75.80s'n 83045 19.10 351682 80.90 434727 345299 79.43* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .cfly{s jif{ @)%*÷%( df s'n #^*@ kbx¿sf] nflu lj1fkg ePsf]df #)( kbsf] dfql;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . pQm cf=j=df :jf:Yo ;]jf tkm{sf w]/} kbx¿ kf7\oqmd gjg]sf sf/0fjf6lj1fkg eP tfklg k/LIff ;+ rfng x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] sltko kbx¿ cGtjf{tf{ ldlt ;f] cf=j=cGTo lt/ /x]sf] xF'bf l;kmfl/z csf]{ cf=j=df ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cf=j=df l;kmfl/z ul/Psf kbx¿df

188

s'n &##( b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . h;dWo] *=*& k|ltzt cyf{t\ ^%! dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] / (!=!#k|ltzt cyf{t\ ^^** k'?if pDd]bjf/sf] b/vf:t k/]sf] lyof] . cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#df lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof Go"g b]lvG5 .dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ b/vf:t ;+Vof * b]lv @# k|ltzt;Dd /x]sf] b]lvG5 .cf=j 2058÷059 b]lv 2062÷063 ;Dd lj!fkg ul/Psf kbx?df k/]sfb/vf:tx?6512517415864 141752718166881046268348263926929600200004000060000800001000001200002058÷59 2059÷60 2060÷61 2061÷62 2062÷63cfly{s jif{b/vf:t ;+Vofdlxnfk'?if128129ljut % cfly{s jif{x¿df bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s / v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu !!,@@%kbx¿sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg u/L cfof]uaf6 pko'Qmtf k/LIf0fsf nflu k/LIffx¿ ;+rfngul/Psf] lyof] . h;dWo] cfly{s jif{ @)^@÷)^# sf] cGt;Dd *&!* kbx¿sf] glthf k|sfzg u/LljleGg lgsfodf :yfoL lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 .lj1fkg ePsf ljleGg kbx¿df ul/Psf] l;kmfl/zsf] ljj/0f *-cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^#_dlxnf k"?if cf=j=l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k|ltzt l;kmfl/z ;+Vof k|ltzthDdfl;kmfl/z ;+Vof2058÷59 31 10.03 278 89.97 3092059÷60 1738 46.66 1987 53.34 37252060÷61 154 9.78 1421 90.22 15752061÷62 273 18.41 1210 81.59 14832062÷63 338 18.73 1467 81.27 18052534 28.49 6363 71.51 8897* nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cf=j= @)%*.)%( b]lv @)^@.)^# sf] k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t .bz jif]{ a9'jf, cfGtl/s / v'nf k|ltof]lutfsf nflu !!,@@% kbx¿sf] k|ltzt lgwf{/0fu/L lj1fkg ul/Psf] ePtf klg ut cf=j= sf] cGt;Dddf cfof]uaf6 **(& kbdf dfq l;kmfl/zul/Psf] b]lvG5 . lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿dWo] s]xL kbx¿sf] ;f] cfly{s jif{sf] cGt;Dd l;kmfl/z

189

k|lqmof k"/f geP/ rfn' cf=j=df l;kmfl/z x'g] qmddf /x]sf 5g\ eg] sltko kbx¿df cfjZosz}lIfs of]Uotf k'u]sf pDd]bjf/x¿ gePsfn]÷cfjZos ;+Vof gk'u]/ / s]xL kbx¿df rflxg]Go"gtd ptL{0ffÍ k|fKt ug{] pDd]bjf/ geP/ klg l;kmfl/z gul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To:t} s]xL kbx¿dfcfkm" pDd]bjf/ x'g gkfPsf] eGb} ;Ddflgt cbfntdf l/6 bfo/ u/]sf]df ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] cfb]zcg';f/ k/LIff sfo{qmd :ylut ul/Psf] klg b]lvG5 . To:t} Ps cfly{s jif{df dfu u/L k7fO{Psf]dfunfO{ ;f] cfly{s jif{df k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg x'Fbf b/vf:t gk/] /, cfjZos Go"gtdk|fKtfÍ k|fKt x'g g;s]/ l;kmfl/z x'g g;]sf kbx¿ To; kl5sf cf=j= x¿df k'gM l/Qm kb sfodu/L dfu cfs[lt kmf/fd e/]/ k7fpg] / k'gM k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L lj1fkg ul/g] x'Fbf dfu ;+ Vof /l;kmfl/z ;+Vofdf cGt/ b]lvPsf] x'g ;Sb5 .cfof]uaf6 x'g] s'n l;kmfl/zdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ( b]lv !( k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/cf=j= @)%(÷^) df u|f=:jf=sf, df=l;=sf= h:tf dlxnfx¿ dfq pDd]bjf/ x'g] s]xL kbx¿sf]lj1fkg ePsfn] $^=^^ k|ltzt dlxnfx¿ l;kmfl/z ePsf] kfOof] .cfly{s jif{ 2058.59 b]lv 2062.063 ;Dd ul/Psf] l;kmfl/z3117381542733382781987142112101467050010001500200025002058÷59 2059÷60 2060÷61 2061÷62 2062÷63cfly{s jif{l;kmfl/z ;+Vofdlxnfk'?ifv_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf l;kmfl/z Go"g x'g'sf sf/0fx¿M!_ dlxnfsf] Go"g ;xeflutf Mljutsf % cfly{s jif{x¿df lj1fkg ePsf kbx¿df kg]{ s'n b/vf:tdf dlxnfx¿sf]b/vf:t * b]lv @# k|ltzt;Dd kg]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] dfq b/vf:t / l;kmfl/zsf]

190

cg'kft x]g]{ xf] eg] cf=j= x¿ @)%*÷%(, @)%(÷^), @)^)÷^!, @)^!÷^@, @)^@÷^# df qmdzMk|To]s @!, !$, !)#, %@, *) b/vf:t lbg] dlxnfx¿df ! hgf dlxnf pDd]bjf/ l;kmfl/z x'g]u/]sf 5g\ eg] k'?ifsf] xsdf tL cf=j=x¿df qmdzM @$, %@, %(, %#, ^# b/vf:t lbg] k'?ifx¿df! hgf k'?if l;kmfl/z x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . s"n l;kmfl/z / s'n b/vf:tsf] cg'kft x]g]{ xf] eg] tLcf=j=x¿df qmdz @$, #$, ^#, %@, ^^ b/vf:t lbg]df Ps l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . of] tYoaf6 s]b]vfp5 eg] s"n b/vf:t / l;kmfl/zsf] cg'kft / b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] b/vf:t / dlxnf/ k'?ifsf] l;kmfl/z cg'kft p:t} p:t} b]lvG5 .130131b/vf:t / l;kmfl/zsf] cg'kftdlxnf k"?if hDdfcfly{sjif{dlxnf l;kmfl/zdlxnf b/vf:tdlxnf l;kmfl/z/b/vf:tsf] cg"kftdlxnf l;kmfl/z/s'nb/vf:tsf] cg"kftk"?if l;kmfl/zk"?if b/vf:tk"?if b/vf:tsf] cg"kftk"?if l;kmfl/z / s'nb/vf:tsf] cg"kfts'n l;kmfl/zs'n b/vf:ts'n l;kmfl/z / s''nb/vf:tsf] cg"kft2058÷59 31 651 1M21 1M237 278 6688 1M24 1M26 309 7339 1M242059÷60 1738 25174 1M14 1M74 1987 104626 1M52 1M65 3725 129800 1M342060÷61 154 15864 1M103 1M645 1421 83482 1M59 1M70 1575 99346 1M632061÷62 273 14175 1M52 1M286 1210 63926 1M53 1M65 1483 78101 1M522062÷63 338 27181 1M80 1M355 1467 92960 1M63 1M82 1805 120141 1M66@_ pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu egf{ x'g] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof Go"g /xg' Mg]kfnsf] hg;+Vofsf] cfwf lx:;f cf]u6]sf dlxnf ju{sf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt k'?ifsf] t'ngfdfGo"g k'?if ^%=%Ü dlxnf $@=*Ü /x]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffdf ;fd]n x'gsf nflutf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ug}{ kg]{ x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n gu/]sf JolQmx¿pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sb}gg . pRr lzIffsf] nflu g]kfnsf] k'/fgf] / Jofks If]q cf]u6]sf] lqe'jg

191

ljZjljBfno / sf7df08f} ljZjljBfnodf ljutsf jif{x¿df k|df0fkq tx, :gfts tx /:gftsf]Q/ txdf dlxnf egf{ ;+Vof qmdzM cf};t sl/j #!, @&, @! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . tL dWo]egf{ eO{ aLrdf k9fO{ 5f]8\g]sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]Vo g} 5 . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf egf{ x'g]x¿ dWo]#$ k|ltztdfq ;kmn x'g] s'/f tYofÍn] b]vfp5 . h;af6 xfdL lgSof}{n ug{ ;Sb5f}+ ls pRr lzIffxfl;n u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf] :t/ k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf ;+VofTds ?kdf klg Go"g /x]sf] 5 .;dfhsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿df dlxnf / k'?if ;dfg ?kn] k|:t't x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .;fy} clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ 3/]n' lqmofsnfkdf dfq ;Lldt /xL jfXo jftfj/0f;Fu 3'nldn geO{/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . t;y{ kl5 k/]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cufl8 Nofpgsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{:t/Lo pRrlzIffsf] cj;/ lbnfpg] kxnsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 .lqe'jg ljZjljBfno / sf7df08f} ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{ eGff{sf] cj:yf *k|df)fkq tx ljBfyL{ egf{ :gfts txdf ljBfyL{ egf{ :gftsf]Q/ txdf ljBfyL{ egf{dlxnf dlxnf dlxnf cf=j=egf{ ;Vof k|ltzthDdfegf{ egf{ ;Vof k|ltzthDdfegf{ egf{ ;Vof k|ltzthDdfegf{2000÷01 19758 29.98 65902 16753 25.29 66246 2431 17.65 137702001÷02 17423 28.87 60343 16237 25.04 64836 3110 19.39 160402002÷03 19417 33.13 58604 16794 27.02 62158 3821 21.82 175132004÷05 17006 32.17 52859 17967 30.60 58712 5038 24.47 20591hDDff 73604 30.96 237708 67751 26.89 251952 14400 21.20 67914*Nepal In Educational Figuers 2006, Ministry of Education and Sports Nepal.• Nepal In Educational Figuers 2006 df g]kfnsf cGo ljZjljBfnox¿sf] $ jif{sf] ljj/0f kfpg g;s]sf]n];dfj]z ug{ ;lsPg . sf7df08f} ljZjljBfnosf] pQL0f{ k|ltzt pQm tYofÍdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5}g .132#_ cfly{s cj:yfMs'n hg;+Vofsf] #! k|ltzt -@))#÷)$_ ul/ljsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfx¿ 5f]/f–5f]/LnfO{plrt lzIff–bLIff lbg ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ . dWod:t/sf kl/jf/n] klg cfly{s sf/0fn] ubf{5f]/Lsf] k9fO{nfO{ eGbf 5f]/fsf] k9fOsf nflu Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfd|f] b]zsf clwstdhg;+Vof ufpFdf /xG5 . cfly{s bfloTjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ 5f]/fnfO{ C0f lnP/ eP klg lzIff xfl;nug{sf] nflu zx/;Dd k7fpg] / 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ ufFp s} ljBfnodf hlt sIff;Dd k9fO x'G5 Tolt

192

dfq k9fpg] To; kl5 ljx] ul/lbg] ul/Psf] kfO{G5 . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f cfly{s cj:yfn] ubf{ klgxf] . h] sf/0fn] ePtf klg pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf sd b]lvG5 .$_ cgfjZos e|dn] ubf{M/f]huf/Lsf] plrt cj;/ gx'Fbf of]Uotf / Ifdtf eGbf klg gftfjfb / s[kfjfbsf] cfwf/df/f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ ul/G5 eGg] e|dk"0f{ k|rf/ k|;f/n] lzlIft j]/f]huf/x¿ aLr nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6lnO{g] s8f k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;jn ?kdf k|:t't ug{ g;s]sf klg x'g;Sb5g\ .%_ ;fdflhs sf/0fx¿Ms_ dlxnfx¿sf] cfo cfh{g / Ifdtf clea[l4sf lqmofsnfkdf x'g] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xh?kdf :jLsfg{ lxlRsrfpg] :yflkt ;fdflhs dfGotf tyf dgf]bzfsf ;fy} k'?if k|wfg;+:sf/ / dgf]j[lQn] cem} h/f ufl8/xg' csf]{ sf/0f x'g ;Sb5 .v_ k/Dk/fut wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx x'g] ub{5 . ljjfxkZrft clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ ;Gtfg pTkfbg / kfng kf]if0fdf cNdlng' kg]{ eO{ k9fOn]vfO / JolQmTj ljsf;df pgLx¿n] kof{Kt ;do lbg g;Sg] x'bfF klg k|lt:kwf{Tdsk/LIffdf Hofb} sd dlxnf 5gf}6 x'g] u/]sf] x'g ;Sb5 .^_ dlxnfx¿sf] cfˆgf] afgL Joxf]/fsf] sf/0fMk|fo h;f] dlxnfx¿df c?df e/ kg]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . rflxg] sfo{ ug{sf]nflu klg cfz+sf lng] ;+sf]r dfGg] vfnsf x'G5g\ . cfˆgf] JolQmTj ljsf;sf nflu cfkm}n] vf]lhug]{ afgL g] kfnL dlxnfx¿ sd g} kfO{G5 . cem of] dfqf u|fdL0f dlxnfx¿df a9L /x]sf] kfO{G5 .;fy} cfkm"n] ghfg]sf] s'/fx¿ k'?if ldqx¿;+u l;Sg klg dlxnfx¿ ;+sf]r dfGb5g\ eg] cfˆgf];d:of / cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f phfu/ ug{ klg ws dfGb5g\ h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ klg dlxnfx¿kl5 k/]sf 5g\ .&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lsf] kx'Frsf] sdLMnf]s ;]jf cfof]u;Fu ;DjlGwt kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿ jflx/L lhNnfdf ;xh}

193

pknJw gx'g] / To;sf] ;+sngsf nflu k/LIffyL{x¿n] emGem6 cg'e"t ug]{ x'gfn] klg df]km;nsfdlxnf ;xeflutfdf sdL cfPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . k/LIffdf b/vf:t s;/L lbg]<, sxfF lbg]<, slxn]lbg] < h:tf k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] cefjdf 1fgsf sf/0f z}lIfs of]Uotf ePsfdlxnfx¿ klg b/vf:t lbg] cj;/af6 ljd'v ePsf x'g ;Sb5g\ .133 dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu ;/sf/n] rfn]sf] sbdM–lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ / ;xeflutf a9fpgsf nflu ;/sf/n]lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf b/vf:t lbg] pd]/ $) jif{ sfod u/]sf] 5 . ;]jf k|j]z kl5k/LIf0fsfn ;d]t ^ dlxgf ;Dddfq sfod ul/Psf]5 . a9'jfsf nflu k'?ifx¿ eGbfdlxnfx¿nfO{ Ps jif{ cufj} ;DefJo pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fO{Psf]5 . t/ o:tf ljljw ;sf/fTds Joj:yfn] klg pNn]Vo ?kdf dlxnf ;xeflutfdf j[l4ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . dlxnfx¿sf] ;xefuLtf j9fpgsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{ k/]sf] bjfjM–dlxnfx¿nfO{ lglZrt l;6 cf/If0f u/L dlxnfx¿ aLr dfq k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ ;Ifddlxnfx¿nfO{ 5gf}6 ug]{ tkm{ hf]8bf/ cfjfh pl7 /x]sf] 5 . tTsfnsf] nflu of]Joj:yf nfu" ug{ rf}tkmL{ ?kdf ;dy{g ldn]tf klg o;n] bLw{sfndf s] s:tf] c;/kfb{5 eGg] ljifodf kof{Kt ljrf/ ul/g'kb{5 .u_ ;'emfjx¿M!= dlxnf ;xeflutfdf a[l4 ug]{ Mdlxnfx¿sf] l;kmfl/z sd x'gfsf] sf/0f lj1fkg x'g] kbx¿sf] nflu b/vf:t lbg] dlxnfpDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof sdL g} xf] . b/vf:t lbg] dlxnf / l;kmfl/z x'g] dlxnfsf] cg'kft b/vf:t lbg]k'?if / l;kmfl/z x'g] k'?ifsf] cg'kftdf vf;} cGt/ ePsf] b]lvb}g . @)^@.@)^# df ul/Psf] zfvfclws[t kbsf] lj1fkgsf] k/LIffdf pkl:yt s/Lj @*!) pDd]bjf/x¿ dWo] @&( hgf dfq dlxnfpDd]]bjf/x¿ pkl:ytL /x]sf] lyof] h; dWo] $! hgfn] lnlvt k/LIffdf ;kmn eO{ cGtjf{tf{ lbPsflyP . cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt $! hgf dlxnf ;xefuL dWo] Ps hgfsf] /fh:j ;d"xdf / #^ hgfsf];fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xdf l;kmfl/z ePsf] 5 . dlxnf b/vf:t / dlxnf l;kmfl/zsf] cg'kft lng] xf]

194

eg] sl/a * hgf b/vf:t lbg] dlxnfx¿jf6 Ps hgf dlxnf l;kmfl/z ePs]f b]lvG5 . t;y{ nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgx¿df dlxnf b/vf:t ;+Vofdf a[l4 ug{ ;s]df dlxnf l;kmfl/z ;+Vofdfklg a[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .@= dlxnfx¿sf] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ b/df j[l4 ug'{ kg]{Mk"j{ k|fylds :t/df s'n egf{df $^=@ k|ltzt aflnsfx¿ x'G5g\ eg] k|fylds txdf jflnsfsf]egf{ k|ltzt $&=$ /xs]f 5 . lgDg dfWolds, dfWolds / pRr dfWolds txdf aflnsfx¿sf] egf{k|ltzt qmdzM $%=&, $%=& / $#=# /x]sf] 5 . pRr lzIff tkm{ dlxnf egf{ k|ltzt #@=& /x]sf] 5 . o;tYofÍjf6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof sd 5 . lzIffsf nflu ljleGg ;/sf/LPj+ u}/ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿jf6 Pj+ bft[ lgsfox¿jf6 nufgL ul/Ptf klg dlxnfx¿nfO{ pRr lzIff xfl;nug{ k|f]T;fxg x'g] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ tkm{ /fli6«o gLltsf] cefj b]lvG5 . k|df0f kq txdf dlxnf egf{k|ltzt s/Lj #! k|ltzt /x] sf] 5 eg] :gfts txdf of] ;+Vof s/Lj @& k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf]5 . egf{ ePsf dlxnfx¿ dWo] klg ljleGg sf/0fn] aLrdf g} k9fO{ 5f]8]/ hfg]sf] ;+Vof klg j9L g}/x]sf] 5 . jf:tljs ?kdf tL txx¿df /fd|/L ;kmn x'g] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof Hofb} Go"g /x]sf] 5 eGg'df134cTo'lQm gxf]nf . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffsf nflu b/vf:t eg{sf] nflu lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;nug'{ kb{5 . ;fdfGotM gf=;' :t/sf] nflu k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx / clws[t :t/sf nflu :gfts tx x'g'kb{5 k|fljlws kbx¿sf] xsdf klg tL kbx¿ ;+rfng ug]{ ;]jf, ;d"xsf lgodfjnLx¿n] tf]s]sf] z}lIfsof]Uotf xfl;n ug]{x¿n] dfq b/vf:t lbg kfp5g\ . tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vofk'?ifsf] bfFhf]df Go"g /x]sf] 5 . o; tYoaf6 xfdLnfO{ s] eGg ;Sb5f} eg] lghfdlt ;]jf dlxnf Go"gl;kmfl/zsf] sf/0f dlxnfx¿sf] z}lIfs cj:yf klg xf] t;y{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljleGg txsf] nflu rflxg]z}lIfs of]Uotf -pRr lzIff_ k"/f ug]{ dlxnf ;+Vof a[l4 ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfk|ltzt a[l4 u/]/ dfq cjsf lbgdf ;Gtf]if lng] cj:yf /x]g . lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf

195

a[l4 ug{sf nflu dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;'ne ?kdf u'0ffTds pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/L pRr lzIffxfl;n ug]{ dlxnfsf] ;+Vof a[l4 ug]{ tkm{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] plrt sbd rfNg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .#_ cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ Msdhf]/ kfl/jfl/s cfly{s cj:yfsf] sf/0f 5f]/f ;dfg 5f]/Ln] klg z}lIfs :t/ xfl;n ug{kfpg ;ls /x]sf 5}gg\ . ctM dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg ;'ne ?kdf lzIff xfl;n ug]{ cj:yf lbnfpgsfnflu ;/sf/n] lzIff gLltdf ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf] 5 . xfn k|fylds lzIffsf nflu dfqb]zsf] ;|f]t / ;fwg vlr{Psf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ u/L dlxnfx¿sf] pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ jftfj/0fsf];[hgf ug]{ tkm{ klg b]zn] jh]6 ljlgof]lht ug'{ kb{5 . dxuf] lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;:tf] / ;j{;'neagfpg] tkm{ ;/sf/n] ;f]r agfpg k/]sf] 5 . ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;8s oftfoftsf]ljsf; tkm{ ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] s]xL jif{sf] jh]6sf] 7"nf] c+z ljlgof]lht u/]df u|fdL0f If]qdf ljsf;sf]nx/ km}lnG5 . oftfoftsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ j}slNks /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf x'G5 . ;fy} hgtfcfkm} j}slNks cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] jf/]df ;f]Rg yfN5 . cfly{s ;DkGgtfn] ubf{ 5f]/f / 5f]/L aLr/x]sf] lje]bsf] vf8n k'l/b} hfG5 . k|ltkmn dlxnf / k' ?if aLrsf] c;dfgtfsf] ;f]rdf lj:tf/} sdLx'guO{ lzIff xfl;n ug]{ s'/fdf xfn /x]sf] lje]bsf] cGt eO{ dlxnfsf] z}lIfs :t/ a[l4 x'ghfG5 .z}lIfs :t/df a[l4 ePdf lghfdtL ;] jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf j9fpg] 9f]sf v'Ng hfG5 .$_ cgfjZos e|dsf] lgjf/0f ug]{ tkm{ hf]8 lbg' kg]{Mhg;+Vof j[l4sf] ;fy ;fy} z}lIfs j] /f]huf/Lsf] ;df:of klg a9\b} uPsf] 5 . jflif{s ?kdfpTkfbg x'g] z}lIfs j]/f]huf/x¿nfO{ ;/sf/n] /f]huf/Lsf] k|jGw ldnfpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghLIf]qdf /x]sf] s]xL :yfgx¿df of]Uotf / Ifdtf eGbf klg gftfjfb / s[kfjfbsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Lk|bfg ul/g] x'Fbf ;f]xL] e|dk"0f{ k|rf/ k|;f/n] / c:j:y k|rngsf] rk]6f ef]u]sf lzlIft j]/f]huf/x¿aLr nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 lnO{g] s8f k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdf dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;jn ?kdf

196

k|:t't ug{ g;ls c;kmn x'Fbf ;f]xL wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g uPsf]5 . t;y{ nf]s ;] jf cfof]usf] k/LIffljlw / o;n] lgikIftf sfod ug{ ckgfPsf] cfGtl/s sfo{k|lqmofsf] jf/]df Jofks ?kdf hgtf;dIf k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L hgtfnfO{ ;'–;'lrt u/fpgsf nflu ;do ;dodf sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ljBdfg sfo{k|lqmodf ;'wf/ u/fpg s] ug'{ kb{5 eGg] jf/]df hgtf/ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k|ltlqmof lnP/ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf cfof]un] cfˆgf] k/Dk/fut sfo{ljlwsfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g ug'{sf ;fy} cfˆgf] sfo{k|lqmofdf ;d]t ldNg] xb;Dd k/blz{tf sfdo /fvLhgtfsf] ljZjf; lhTg] cfwf/lznf tof/ ug]{ ;do ePsf]5 .135%_ ;dfhdf /x]sf] ;+sf]lrt dgf]efjgfsf] cGt ug]{ tkm{ sbd rfNg] Mk'?if k|wfg ;+:sf/sf] sf/0faf6 pTkGg ePsf] k'?if / dlxnf aLrsf] c;dfgtfsf] b"/L cGtug{sf nflu /fhg}lts g]t[Tj txaf6 g} cfˆgf] kl/jf/ leqsf] lje]bnfO{ cGt u/L cfkm"nfO{pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ .5f]/f ;/x 5f]/LnfO{ klg lzIffsf] ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{, 5f]/f geO{sfhlqmof rNb}g, j+z k/Dk/f aRb}g eGg] vfnsf ;fdflhs s'/Lltsf] cGt ug{sf nflu Jofks?kdf hgr]tgf clea[l4 sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ . ;fy} cfo cfh{g / Ifdtf clea[l4 lqmofsnfkdfdlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ ;xh ?kdf :jLsfg{] ;fdflhs jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ . ;fy} k/Dk/futwfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ dfGotf lj?4 l9nf] ljjfxaf6 x'g]kmfO{bfsf jf/]df hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]{ .;fy} dlxnfnfO{ l9nf] ljjfx ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljjfxeGbf cufl8cfTdlge{/ u/fpg] tkm{ ;r]t u/fpg ;s]df Psftkm{ dlxnfx¿n] z}lIfs:t/df a[l4 ug{ / /f]huf/Lk|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ eg] csf]{ tkm{ cfˆgf] ;Gtfg k|lt klg ;r]t /xG5g\ .^_ dlxnfx¿sf] cfˆgf] afgL ;'wf/ x'g' cfjZos MlghfdtL ;]jf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu ;j{k|yd t dlxnfx¿sf] cfˆg} k|of; / k|ltj4tfsf] vfFrf] 5g}, ;fy} 3/kl/jf/sf] ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO{ / ;xof]usf] emg} a9L cfjZostf 5 . k|fo g]kfnL dlxnfx¿

197

k'?if k|lt k"0f{ ?kdf lge{/ x'g rfxG5g\ . o; sf/0fn] ubf{ pgLx¿ kl5 k/]sf 5g\ . hlt lzlIft dlxnfeP klg p;sf] leqL dgn] n'Kt ?kdf s]xL g s]xL xbdf k'?ifjf6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIffjf/]df cfkm}n] vf]lh u/]/ nugzLn eP/ k|of; ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof Go"g /x]sf]5 . ;fy} cfkm"n] ghfg]sf] s'/f c? -k'?if ;fyLx¿_ ;+u ;f]Wg lxlRsrfpg] afgL dlxnfx¿df kfO{G5 .dlxnfx¿sf] o:tf] k|j[ltdf ;'wf/ x'g uPdf klg dlxnf ;xeflutfdf a[l4 x'g hfG5 .&_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o;fdu|L ;j{;'ne kfl/g' kg]{Mnf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmd, ;"rgfx¿ / k/LIff k|0ffnLnfO{ zx/L If]qdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvLb'u{d If]q;Dd k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ tkm{ cfof]un] Wofg k' ¥ofpg' cfjZos 5 . xfn cfof]usf]sfof{nox¿af6 dfq o:tf ;"rgfx¿ pknJw x'g] . cfof]usf] b/vf:t kmf/fd ;j{;'ne ?kdf pknJwgx'g] b/vf:t kmf/fd lsGg / b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L cfof] usf sfof{nox¿df a'emfpg' kg]{ ;fy}k/LIffsf] xsdf clws[t :t/sf] k/LIffx¿ k|foM h;f] ;j} s]Gb|Lo sfof{ noaf6 sf7df08f}df ;+rfngx'g], /fhkq cg+lstsf] k/LIffx¿sf nflu klg cfof]usf] sfof{no ePsf] :yfg (Location) df k'Ug' kg]{cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ k|ydtM b/vf:t kmf/d eg]{ s'/fdf g} dlxnfx¿sf] kx'Fr sd x'g hfG5 .bf];|f] k/LIff lbg cfof]usf] sfof{no /x]sf] :yfg (Location) df uP/ a:g] ;d:ofaf6 klg b/vf:te/]/ klg dlxnfx¿sf] k/LIffdf pkl:ylt Go"g /xg hfG5 . t];|f] clws[t txsf] k/LIff k|foMsf7df08f}df dfq x'g] ePaf6 b'u{d :yfgsf of]Uotf k'u]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ csf]{ ;d:of kg{ uPsf]x'G5 . t;y{ cfof]un] cfˆgf] kx'Fr b' u{d If]q;Dd k'¥ofpg] u/L cfˆgf] ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug'{ cfjZosePsf] 5 . ;fy} s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] sf7df08f} s]lGb|t k/LIff ;+rfng kl/kf6Lsf] cGt u/L If]qLo /c~rn :t/df ljs]lGb|t ubf{ s]xL xb;Dd dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf a[l4df ;xof] u k'¥ofpF5 . olblghfdtL ;]jfdf ;j{;'ne, Jofks ;xeflutf agfpg] / n's]/ /x]sf ;Ifd / bIf JolQmnfO{ leqfpg]136xf] eg] cfof]usf] xfnsf] k/LIff ;+rfng ug]{ k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g u/L lhNnf :t/;Dd k/LIff lng]

198

;+oGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ / b/vf:t ;+sngsf] xsdf x'nfs ;]jf ljefu;+u ;xsfo{ u/L x'nfssf] b]z e/LJofKt ;+oGqaf6 b/vf:t kmf/fd laqmL ljt/0f ug]{ / b/vf:t ;+ sng ug{] Joj:yf x'g ;s]dfcfof]uaf6 x'g] lj1fkgx¿df dlxnf nufot ;j} ju{sf] ;xeflutf Jofks ?kdf x'g ;Sb5 .*_ ljz]if tof/L sIffx¿ sf7df08f} s]lGb|t g/fvL b'u{d If]qx¿df ;d]t ;~rfng ug]{ Mdlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] @)%# ;fnb]lv zfvf clws[t :t/dfk/LIff lbg] dlxnf k/LIffyL{sf] nflu ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 dlxnfx¿sf] l;kmfl/z;Vofdf a[l4 ePsf] cg'e"t ul/Psf] 5 . @)^@.@)^# df ul/Psf] zfvf clws[t kbsf] lj1fkgsf]k/LIffdf pkl:yt sl/a @*!) pDd]bjf/x¿dWo] @&( hgf dfq dlxnf pDd]]bjf/ /x]sf lyPh;dWo] $! hgfn] lnlvt k/LIffdf ;kmn eO{ cGt{jftf{ lbPsf lyP . cGtjf{tf{df pkl:yt $!hgf dlxnf ;xefuL dWo] Ps hgf /fh:j ;d"xdf / #^ hgf ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;d"xdf l;kmfl/zePdf 5g\ . ;kmn dlxnf pDd]bjf/x¿ dWo] clwsf+z ;f] tof/L sIffdf ;xefuL ePsf lyP . of]tYoaf6 dlxnfnfO{ cf/If0f xf]O{g ;Ifd x'g] jftfj/0f / cj;/ lbO{g' kg]{ vfrf] /x]sf] s'/f :ki6x'G5 . t;y{ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnon] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] zfvf clws[t:t/sf] k/LIffsf] tof/L sIff cGo kb / :t/sf nflu klg / sf7df08f} aflx/ ;d]t k|efjsf/L?kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsPdf To:tf] sfo{qmdn] s]Gb|df eGbf pkTosf aflx/ cem pNn]vgLo k|efjkfg]{ ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 .(_ cGo M;/sf/n] ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;ef ;Dd]ngdf dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / ljsf;sf ;DaGwdf;xeflutf / k|ltj4tf hfx]/ u/] cg'?k sfo{?kdf klg o;nfO{ ptfg'{ kg]{ ;do cfO{ ;s]sf] 5 .lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutf s]xL dfqfdf a[l4 u/]/ dfq ;dosf] dfu k"0f{ ?kdf k"/f ePsf] eGg;lsb}g . gLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjgsf] txdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf a[l4 u/fpg] tkm{ s;}sf] b'O{ dt

199

x'g ;Sb}g . ;+/If0fsf] kxF'r u|fdL0f If]qdf cGwljZjf;sf] 3]/f leq jfFlwPsf dlxnf;Dd k'Ug ;Sb5 ls;Sb}g o; tkm{ klg gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ ;hu x'g kg]{ cj:yf 5 . zx/L If]qdf a;]sf ;Lldt dlxnfn]dfq of] ;+/If0fsf] kmfO{bf p7fpg] xf] eg] t pgLx¿sf] nflu t ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf g} 5}g eg] klgx'G5 .s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfv]6sf] xfQLn] 3]/]/ lzsf/ ug{ nufP/ cfv]l6s agfpg vf]Hbf p jf:tljs?kdf cfv]l6s aGg ;Sb}g . lsgls p;df v'Nnf hËndf cfv]6nfO{ lgzfgf ;fWg] ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf;ePsf] x'g ;Sb}g . Ps lglZrt ;dosf] nflu elgPtf 3]/]/ ;lhn} lzsf/ ug]{ afgL nfu] kl5 p ;w};f]xL jftfj/0f vf]Hb5, hf]lvd p7fpg rfxb}g . p;sf] hf]lvd p7fpg] Ifdtfdf g} x|f; cfp5 .kmn:j?k p cfv]l6s jGg'sf] ;§f j]sfDdf jGg hfG5 . To:t} bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fn] ljrf/ ug]{ xf] eg]cf/If0fn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljs[ltsf] ljhf/f]k0f x'G5 . dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ;+VofTds ?kdf j[l4 x'ghfnf t/ u'0f:t/Lotf / ;Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu eg] z+sf g} /xG5 . cf/If0fsf] Joj:yfn] dlxnfx¿lghfdtL ;]jfdf leqfpg] qmddf cGo hghflt, blnt, cGo lk5l8Psf ju{x¿nfO{ ;d]t ;]jfdfleqfpgsf nflu tL kIfnfO{ ;d]t /fHon] ;+/If0f lbgsf nflu yk bjfa kg{ hfg] cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 .kl/0ftL /fHo ;+rfngsf] ;+oGq -lghfdtL ;]jf_ g} dlxnf nufot cGo hghflt, blnt, cGo lk5l8Psfju{x¿nfO{ cf/If0f u/L dlxnf / cGo ju{nfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] gfddf cem} c;Ifd / cof]Uo hdftn] el/g]cj:yf cfpF5 . cGtt ;dorqmn] lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljrngsf] cj:yf k}bf x'G5 .137t;y{ cf/If0fsf] dfWodaf6 dlxnf nufot cGo hghflt, blnt, cGo lk5l8Psfju{x¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;xeflutf a9fpg' eGbf tL ju{nfO{ lghfdtL ;] jf k|j]z ug{ ;IfdagfP/ -u'0f:tl/o pRr z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{, cfof]usf] k/LIffsf] nflutof/L sIff ;+rfng cflbaf6_ ;xeflutf a9fpg] tkm{ ;/sf/n] gLlt to ug'{kb{5 .dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / ;xeflutfnfO{ l;4fGt, efif0f / uf]i7Ldf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL sfo{?kdf ptfg'{ k/]sf] 5 .ª_ lgis{ifM

200

lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf l;kmfl/zsf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf Go"g x'g'sf] sf/0f nf]s ;]jfcfof]ujf6 lj1fkg x'g] kbx¿df b/vf:t lbg] dlxnfx¿sf] ;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf sd x'g' xf] . o;/Ldlxnfx¿sf] b/vf:t ;+Vof sd x'g'sf] sf/0f klxnf], lgwf{l/t z}lIfs of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf dlxnfx¿sf];+Vof sld x'gfn] klg b/vf:t sd kg{ uPsf] x'g ;Sb5 . bf];|f], cfof]usf] k/LIff k|0ffnL ;DaGwdfcgle1tfsf] sf/0fn] klg s]xL dfqdf dlxnf ;xeflutf sd ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . t];|f] ;fdflhskl/j]zsf] sf/0fn] klg dlxnfx¿ v'n]/ k|lt:kwf{df pqg] jftfj/0f gag]sf] x'g ;Sb5 .xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ kb cf/If0f u/]/ ;+Vofdf j[l4 ug]{ eGg] tkm{ n}lËs;jfn;+u ;DalGwt ;+3–;+:yfx¿ nufot pRrkb:y JolQmx¿sf] cfjfh /x]sf] 5 . t/ cf/If0faf6kg]{ bL3{sfnLg k|efjsf] /fd|f];+u cWoog gu/L ;:tf] nf]slk|otf sdfpgsf nflu xtktdf lg0f{oug'{ j'l4dQf 7xl/b}g .jt{dfg cj:yfdf nf]s ;] jf cfof]un] sd{rf/L 5gf}6 k|lqmof ;~rfng of]Uotf -d]l/6_k|0ffnLnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . of] k|0ffnLnfO{ 5gf}6sf] Ps pTs[i6 k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf lnO{G5 . cfof]uof]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] k|of]ustf{, ;+/Ifs / k|j4{s ePsf]n] of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] kof{ojfrL ;d]t aGg k'u]sf]5 . sd{rf/L 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf of]Uotf k|0ffnL / cf/If0f k|0ffnL Ps csf{df k/:k/ d]n vfb} gg\ .cf/If0f k|0ffnL of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] ljkl/t b]lvG5 .g]kfnsf] sd{rf/L 5gf}6 ug]{ k|s[ofdf cf/If0f gLlt ;dfj]z ug'{ lj/fdLnfO{ Ps k|sf/sf]/f]u 5 Tof] klxrfg gul/ csf]{ cf}iflw lbP/ /f]u lgbfg ug{ vf]Hg' ;dfg x'g hfg]5 . dlxnfx¿l;kmfl/z x'g g;Sg'sf] jf:tljs sf/0f g7DofO{ ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf nflu cf/If0f u/]/ k|f]T;fxglbPdf dlxnf ju{sf] k|ltof]lutfdf ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfdf x|f; x'g hfg] ;fy} cGo ju{ -hghftL,blnt cflb_ n] ;d]t cf/If0fsf] nflu bfjfj lbg] ;f] cg'?k ;j}nfO{ cf/If0f lbb} hfg] xf] eg]lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem} c;Ifd / cof]Uo eO{ k'/} lghfdtL ;]jfsf] Ifdtfdf g} k|Zg lrGx v8f x'g

201

;Sb5 . t;y{ cf/If0fsf] abnf dlxnfx¿ / cGo ju{x¿sf] z}lIfs :t/ a[l4 ug]{ tkm{ hf]8 lbg'sf];fy} cfof]usf] k/LIffsf] tof/Lsf] nflu k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{, tYox¿ ;+sng ug]{ tl/sf, n]vg z}lncflbsf] jf/]df b]zsf] b'u{d :yfg;Dd sIffx¿ ;+rfng u/]/ ;Ifd jgfpg] tkm{ ;f]lrg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bgx¿ – cf=j= @)%*, @)%(, @)^), @)^!, @)^@ . Nepal In Educational Figures 2006, Mininistry of Education and Sports. Nepal In Figures 2006, Central Bureau of Statistices . k|zf;g k"0ff{Í @% / sfdfbsf %, !!, !$ c+s .138

kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df zf;gsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{lbzfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] bfloTj–af;'b]j zdf{ .;f/f+zg]kfnsf] zf;g k|0ffnL clxn] Pp6f hl6n df]8df plePsf] 5 . zf;g k4ltnfO{ gofF ?kdf /z}nLdf cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 eGg] ax;x¿ rln/x]sf 5g\ . "To Serve the People" eGg] p2]Zon] :yflktlghfdtL k|zf;gsf] :j?k, ;+/rgf sfo{z}nL / Jojxf/df cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g'kb{5 eGg] cfjfhx¿ g]kfnsf]s'gf s'gfaf6 u'GhL /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u h:tf] ;+j}wflgs cËsf] :j?k, ;+/rgfagf]6 dfq} geP/ o;s ] Joj:yfkgsf x/]s kIfdf 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug'{ klg ;fGble{s g} b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgsk|zf;gnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQmsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfo nf]s ;]jf cfof]u lghfdtL k|zf;gsf]w/f]x/ dfq} xf]Og ls cfd g]kfnL hf] ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ rfxG5g\ pgLx¿sf] cf:yf / ljZjf;sf]s]Gb|ljGb' klg xf] . cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} of] ;+:yfn] ;/sf/sf] dfu cg'?ksf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflupko'Qm pDd]bjf/ klxrfg u/L 5gf}6 ug]{ sfddf lgikIf Pj+ t6:y e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 eGg]cleJolQm hgdfg;df kfO{G5 .f

202

ljleGg ;]jf ;d"x / pk;d"xdf 5l/Psf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljlzli6s/0f Pj+ cfw'lglss/0fug]{ k|lqmofdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg /xG5 . lxhf]sf lbgx¿df ;Ddflgt k]zfsf]?kdf /x]sf] ;/sf/L ;]jf clxn] Hofb} g} sdhf]/ cj:yfaf6 u'h|L/x]sf] 5 . cfd gful/sx¿sf]Image df sd{rf/L eg]sf k};f lnP/, b'Mv emGem6 jf x}/fgL lbP/ ;s];Dd l9nf;':tL u/L Hofb}7"nf] cg'go ljgo u/]kl5 dfq} lg0f{o ug]{ / sfd ;DkGg ul/lbg] ;/sf/L zf;sx¿ x'g\ eGg]dfgl;stf /x]sf] 5 . :jo+ sd{rf/Lx¿ s} lbdfudf klg ;/sf/L ;]jf d"ntM k};f sdfpg], OHhtsdfpg] / Power exercise ug]{ ;]jf xf] eGg] e|d /x]sf] 5 . b'O{, rf/ /fhgLlt1 b'O{, rf/ ;dfhdf7fn' elgg] Elites x¿ / s]xL gful/s ;dfhsf JolQmTj / kqsf/;+u ;f7ufF7 u/]kl5 cfˆgf] j[lQljsf; / hflu/sf] hf]xf] ug{ ;lsg] dfu{ k|z:t x'g ;Sb5 eGg] s'/fdf w]/} h;f] ;fj{hlgszf;sx¿ lj:j:t /x]sf 5g\ / o:t} af6f] k5\ofpFbf ;kmntf xfl;n ePsf k|z:t} pbfx/0fx¿ klg5g\ . ;/sf/L ;]jfnfO{ k]zfsf] ?kdf cjnDag u/L hflu/df lqmofzLn /x]sf lghfdtLk|zf;sx¿nfO{ j[lQ ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 pTk|]l/t u/L /fi6« lgdf{0fdf lqmofzLn agfpgsf nflu;/sf/sf] dfq} ge} nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] klg ;lqmotf cfjZos 5 . t/ nf]s ;]jf klg o:tf36gfqmd Pj+ Attitute / Style nfO{ gtd:ts eP/ ;'Gg] / Realise u/]/ a:g] t/ s]xL gaf]Ng] d'sbz{s eP/ a:g] u/]sf] kfO{ G5 . csf]{ lt/ x/]s k6ssf ;/sf/x¿sf] klxnf] Agenda g} k|zf;g nfO{vNaNofO sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] clei6 k"/f ug]{ /x]sf] 5 . clxn];Dd s'g} /fhg}lts kf6L{n] cfufdL%) jif{sf] jf @) jif{sf] k|zf;g s:tf] x'G5 s'g uGtJodf hfG5 < s;/L k|zf;gnfO{ t6:y ;jn:yfoL / lhDd]jf/ agfpg ;lsG5 eg]/ ;fgf] eGbf ;fgf] u[xsfo{ u/]sf] klg kfOb}g . a? pN6}. k|d'v sf]if lgb]{zs, sf]if tyf n]vf lgoGq0f sfof{no, kfNkf .139;Qfdf hfgf;fy cf–cfˆgfx¿nfO{ Executive agfpg] / Joj:yfkgsf] pRrtd txdf Nofpg]u[xsfo{df dfq} tNnLg /x]sf] kfO{G5 . oL / o:t} vfnsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ljut %) jif{b]lv xfn;Dd

203

lg/Gt/ rlng} /x]sf 5g\ / k|zf;gnfO{ ;s];Dd /fhgLlts/0f ug]{ k|of;x¿ klg hf]8 tf]8n]e}/x]sf 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g t6:y x'G5 eGg] s'/f cj s]jn l;4fGtdf dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 /nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] klg lghfdtL k|zf;gnfO{ Neutral bureaucracy agfpg] s'/fnfO{ l;4fGt s}?kdf lnPsf] 5 . Jojxf/df /fhg}lts bnk|lt k"0f{ k|lta4 Pj+ To;s} eft[;+u7g / elugL ;+u7gh:t} eP/ sfd ug]{ lglZrt /fhg}lts l;4fGt af]s]/ lx8]df dfq} cfˆgf] k]zfljbtfsf] sb/ e}k'/:s[t x'g ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug]{ / k"0f{?kn] /fhgLltk|lt gtd:ts e} k|zf;g xfFSbf klgcf}nf 78\ofP/ vj/bf/L gug]{ Pj+ o:tf] x'gaf6 arfpg] / k|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltk|lt cfs[i6 x'gaf6arfpg]lt/ of] ;+:yfn] s'g} klg e"ldsf v]Ng ;s]sf] 5}g . jf/Daf/ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /lgodfjnLdf kl/jt{g u/L gofF gofF Joj:yfx¿ /fvL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Performance orientedagfpg] k|of; ul/P klg glthf ;Fw} /fhg}lts cf:yf / ljZjf;, k};f / cfˆgf] dfG5] lt/ g} s]lGb|t/x]sf] kfO{G5 . s] oL ljifox¿ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;/f]sf/ leq kb}{gg\ t < o:tf Issues x¿sfaf/]df kf/blz{tf Pj+ Jofks e08fkmf]/ gx'Fbf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] g]t[Tj klg /fhg}lts sf]6fk|0ffnLs} cfwf/df lgwf{l/t ul/g] /x]5 ls < eGg] z+sf p7\g] 7fFp /xG5 . nf]s ;]jfaf6 5gf}6ul/Psf hg;fwgnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] x]g]{ h'g gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0f 5 Tof] b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g Nofpgnf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] s'g} bfloTj /xGg ;/sf/sf] dfq} bfloTj /xG5 eGg' Polycentric lbdfusf] pkhxf] eGg ;lsG5 . æelgG5 /fhg}lts kl/jt{gnfO{ cfˆgf] uGtJodf k'¥ofpg ;fj{hlgs zf;g k|0ffnLPublic Governance System sf] klg 7"nf] xft x'G5Æ hgtf / ;/sf/ aLrsf] dWo:ystf{sf] ?kdf/xg] lghfdtL k|zf;gn] kl/jlt{t /fhg}lts 36gfqmd cg'?k cfkm"nfO{ klg lbg ;lsG5 . To;}n]lghfdtL k|zf;sx¿ ;fd' clxn] Pp6f uDeL/ k|Zg p7]sf] 5 . lgikIf t6:y, hgd'vL Pj+kl/jt{gd'vL k|zf;s eP/ cl3 a9\g] ls km]/L klg /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿ s} ;]js ag]/ kf6L{sf] em08faf]s]/ cl3 a9L cfˆgf] b'gf] ;f]em\ofpg] < hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] ;kmntf kl5 d'n's /sdL zf;g

204

Joj:yfaf6 hgtfn] vf]h]sf] Pj+ /f]h]sf] jf:tljs nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] af6f]df cu|;/ ePsf]b]lvG5 . k|zf;g leq} klg gofF gofF :j?k ;+/rgf z}nL tyf pTk|] /0fsf gofF ljifox¿ vf]hL u/LltgnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ k|of;x¿ e}/x]sf 5g\ t/ klg k|zf;g hg ck]Iff cg'?k stf hfg' kg]{ xf] eGg]af/]df :ki6tf x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ca klg of] :ki6tf k|zf;gn] lgSof}{n ug{ ;s]g eg] o;nfO{kl/jt{gd'vL k|zf;g Change oriented Administaration sf] ;+1f lbg ;lsb}g . of] s'/fnfO{k|zf;sx¿n] leq}b]lv a'‰g cjfZos 5 eg] nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] t cfufdL gofF k|zf;lgs kl/j]zdfcfjZos kg]{ Radical change sf] ;f]r ePsf Jofj;flos Pj+ hgtfk|lt k"0f{?kn] k|ltj4, sfdd'vL,cu|ufdL ;f]r ePsf k'/ftgkGyL Pj+ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/af6 ?kflGtl/t e} ;Rrf hg;]jssf] efj ePsfOdfGbf/ Pj+ 3';, e|i6frf/sf] ;+:s[ltsf s§/ lj/f]wL hg;fwg s;/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]bL3{sfnLg ;f]r, of]hgf, /0fgLlt / dfu{ lrqg} t}of/ ug'{ cfjZos 5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;fd'Gg] plAhPsf k|Zgx¿ <s] nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ab\lnFbf] g]kfnsf] tl:j/nfO{ k"/f ug]{ vfnsf hgzlQm Recruitment sfnflu 5gf}6 ug{ ;Ifd 5 t < /fHosf] ?kfGtl/t ;+/rgfnfO{ ;Ifdtfsf ;fy xfFSg ;Sg] hgzlQmsf]140hu]{gf ug{ nf]s ;]jfsf] clxn]s} ;f]r / b[li6sf]0f kof{Kt 5 t < eflj lbgdf klg clxn]s} ;+/rgfn]clxn]s} k/LIff k4lt / hfFRg] tl/sfn] nf]stflGqs/0faf6 klg cl3 al9/x]sf] g]kfnsf] zf;gk4ltsf] ;du| lrq sf]g]{ eflj hg;]jsx¿ hlGdg ;Sb5g\ t < s] nf]s ;]jfsf] g]t[Tj Pj+Joj:yfkg /fhg}lts sf]6f k|0ffnLaf6 d'Qm x'G5 t < o:tf k|Zgx¿sf af/]df Brainstorming ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tL nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cufl8 :ki6 b]lvPsf 5g\ . clxn];Ddsf] nf]s ;]jfsf] rl/q tyfsfo{z}nLnfO{ x]bf{ of] Demand Driven eGbf klg Supply Driven g} b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] g]t[Tj txdfdgf]lgt JolQmx¿ kbfl;g x'g'x'G5 . gofF ;f]r / gofF cflj:sf/ tyf gjLg ;Lk / Jojxf/sf] k|of]ueGbf klg rlncfPsf] k/Dk/f / l/t cg'?k g} nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfˆgf] e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x ub}{

205

cfO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] xf]nf ;fob nf]s ;]jfn] A-type Personality sf dflg;x¿ dfq} 5gf}6 ub}{cfO/x]sf] 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] of] ;+/rgf z}nL / :j?kn] cfd g]kfnL hgtfn] rfx]sf] /k|lt:kwf{Tds u'0ffTds Ifdtfdf ljZjf; ug]{ PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf dfu / rfxgf cg'?ksf] ;fj{hlgs;]jfsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] æhgtfsf sd{rf/Lx¿Æ 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sb}g . cfd gful/sx¿sf] sfddf;xof]u k'¥ofpg] gful/sx¿sf] /]v b]v / Care ug]{ hgtf;Fu} a;]/ pgLx¿sf] ;xofqL Pj+Followers eP/ gful/sx¿sf] ;Rrf Pj+ OdfGbf/ / jkmfbf/ eP/ sfd ug{ OR5's / k|oTgzLnhg;]js sd{rf/Lx¿ Produce ug'{ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . o;sf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] g]t[Tjlng] Joj:yfksLo ;d"x -cWoIf Pj+ ;b:o_ x¿sf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g ug'{ t k5{ g} of] eGbf klga9L nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] Total Restructuring / Re-designing ug'{ clxn]sf] cfjZostf xf] . o:tf]k'g ;+/lrt Pj+ k'gM gS;flÍt ;+:yfn] g} cfˆgf sdL sdhf]/L / b'j{n kIfsf] ;xL d"NofÍg u/LcfufdL kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] hg;fwgsf] hfFr Pj+ 5gf}6 ug]{ gofF t/ ultzLn k|lqmof / k4ltsf] lgdf{0fug{ ;Sg]5 .nf]s ;]jf cof]usf] jt{dfg 5lj -Image_nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff k|0ffnL ;fFlRrs} lgikIf 5 eGg] s'/fdf hgdfg;df bx|f] ljZjf;5 . t/ nf]s ;]jfdf kf; x'gsf nflu 3f]Sg} kb{5 < Jojxfl/s ultzLn Pj+ cfw'lgs ;do /Jojxf/ ;'xfpFbf] eGbf klg ;}4flGts tyf lj;+ultk"0f{ P]g, lgod, sfg"g lgb]{lzsf / lbUbz{g Pj+cGo /sdL s'/fx¿df Wofg lbg' kb{5 eGg] dflg;x¿sf] ;+Vof klg pNn]vgLo g} b]lvG5 . Ps}k|s[ltsf] Pp6} :j?ksf] dfq} xf]Og ls k|foh;f] p:t} z}nL / dfu{bz{gaf6 k/LIff k|0ffnL lgb]{lzt x'Fbfd'ntM ljZjljBfnoaf6 l8Knf]df jf l8u|L u/]/ hfFrlbg]x¿ eGbf lghfdtL ;]jf d} sfo{/t jf cGo;]jfsf hflu/]x¿ ptL{0f x'g ;kmn /x]sf] s'/f :jo+ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf tYofÍx¿n] b]vfpFb5g\ .o:tf] ;Fw} g} Pp6} vfnsf hgzlQm 5gf}6 x'Fb}hfFbf lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] Perfoermance df sdL

206

cfPsf] xf] ls < of] s'/fdf eg] nf]s ;]jf U-turn wf/0ff lng' cfjZos 5 . cfˆgf] Turnign PointsxfFg]/ xf] t < nf]s ;] jf cfof]un] ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L 5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lng] k/LIff,cGtjf{ tf{ / glthfdf slx+ klg k};f, gftfjfb, s[ kfjfb, cfˆgf] dfG5] jf /fhg}lts cf:yf h:tfs'/fx¿n] clxn];Dd k|j]z kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . lgZro klg olx 5ljsf sf/0f nf]s ;]jf Fair 5eGg ;lsG5 . z'4 5 eGg ;lsG5 . t/ w]/} Knowledge ePsf ljljw ljifodf hfgsf/L ePsfc+u|]hLdf bvn ePsf cfˆgf] Career df Exposure rfxg]x¿nfO{ nf]s ;]jfn] :yfg lbg ;s]sf] 5}g141eGg] ljZjf; bx|f] x'Fbf College jf University topper x¿n] nf]s ;]jfn] lng] hfFr / kf; x'g] cf};tCandidates sf] :t/ x]/]/ To;nfO{ glthf / >f]t;fwgdf t'ngf u/L ljin]if0f ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ nf]s;]jfsf] hfFr lbP/ ;/sf/L ;]jfdf nfUg] s'/faf6 k/} /fv]sf] l:ylt klg 5 .cjsf k|zf;sx¿ P]g, lgod sfg"g;+u v]Ng] eGbf klg Joj:yfkgsf gofF k|ljlwx¿,;d:of ;dfwfgsf gofF ljsNkx¿;Fu v]Ng ;Sg] x'g' cfjZos 5 . k"0f{ kf/bzL{ Pj+ x/]s Why <;Fu h'Wg ;Sg] /fli6«o ;+s6df /fi6«nfO{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sg] / ;Fw} kbLo dof{bf / UpperAdvancement eGbf klg sfdd} tlNng /xg] hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf lbgsf nflu g} k|oTg/t /xg] x'g'cfjZos 5 . o:tf hgzlQm s;/L e]6fpg ;lsG5 < Right man in right place dfq} xf]Og A wisePerson with multi character sf] dflg;x¿ vf]hL ug'{ klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] bfloTj xf] . nf]s;]jfsf] clxn]sf] Image nfO{ ab\lnFbf] kl/j]z cg'?k ?kfGtl/t ug]{ xf] eg] o;n] lgikIf, d]xgtL,nugzLn dfq} xf]Og x/]s ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg lgsfNg ;Sg] Multi Dimensional PersonalityePsf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ljZjf; lbnfpg] Public Servant sf] 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . A-type personality ePsf dfq} xf]Og Mixed Personality ePsf hg;fwgsf] 5gf}6 ug{ nf]s;]jf ;Ifd 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfpg' kb{5 . lsg kbLo efiff dfq} a'em\g] < lsg dflyNnf]txdf Hofb} 7"nf elQm b]vfP/ tNnf] txsf sd{rf/LnfO{ dfq} k]Ng hfGg] < lsg k};f jf cGo

207

kmfObfsf nflu dfq} sfd ug]{ k|zf;sx¿ Produce eP t < To;sf] vf]hL ca nf]s ;]jfn] klg ug'{cfjZos 5 .zf;gdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu nf]s ;]jfsf] :j?k;du| /fhgLlt g} t/n /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|zf;gn] klg ultzLntf b]vfpg sl7g x'G5 ./fhgLlt / k|zf;g Ps cfk;df cGofGof]l>t g} x'G5g\ . t/ :yfoL ;/sf/sf] dfGotf k|fKtk|zf;gnfO{ /fhgLltn] vNaNofpg' x'Fb}g . t/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ljin]if0f ubf{ eg] zf;gsf] v/faLsfsf/s b'j} g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . b'j}sf] cb[io ldnf]dtf]af6 g} zf;gdf ;+s6 b]lvPsf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .clxn] zf;gsf af/]df s'/f ubf{ d"ne"t ?kdf lgDg sdhf]/Lx¿ jf r'gf}tLx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . h:t} M• zf;gdf hgtfsf] ;xh} kx'Fr k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .• ;du| k|zf;g hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg eGbf klg /fHodf s]xL k|ltzt dflg;nfO{ /f]huf/LpknAw u/fpg :yflkt ePsf] xf] ls eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 .• ljsf; lgdf{0f dfq} xf]Og /fHon] hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ cfwf/e"t / cTofjZos ;]jfx¿s;/L k|jflxt ug]{ eGg] Pp6f cfd ;xdlt aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .• zf;gdf ;xeflutfsf s'/f p7]sf 5g\ t/ ;xeflutfsf gfddf klg Elites x¿n] g} kmfObflng] k|j[lQ a9]sf] 5 .• ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt 5 jf 5}g < gful/sx¿n] lgSof{}n ug{ ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .• /fHon] cfd gful/sx¿nfO{ s] s] lbG5 < s] s] lbg ;Sb}g < zf;gdf s] s'/fx¿ ;dfj]zx'G5g\ / s:tf ljifo jf s'/fx¿n] zf;gdf ;/f]sf/ /fVb}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6tf /fHon]hgtf;fd' pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 . t/ ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L hgtfn] e]6fpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .142• zf;gnfO{ hgtfsf] efiff -Language of People_ df Articulate ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] ;du|zf;gsf] tl:j/ s] xf] < sxfF q'l6x¿, Lacking x¿ 5g\ < tL ljj/0fx¿ pknAw u/fpg]/fd|f] Pj+ e/kbf]{ dfgl;stfsf] ljsf; zf;gsf] Joj:yfkgsf] txdf a:g]x¿;+u x'g;ls/x]sf]5}g .

208

zf;gdf b]lvPsf oL r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO{ nf]stflGqs k4ltsf]/fHo Joj:yf cg'?ksf] s]Gb|Lo hgzlQm klxrfg, 5gf}6 Pj+ ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug'{ kb{5/ o:tf] ug{sf nflu o;df ul/g' kg]{ ;'wf/ lgDg cg';f/ x'g] 5g\ .• nf]s ;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo lgsfo / ljleGg :jfoQ k|b]zx¿df klg Independent :jfoQhgzlQm 5gf}6 cfof]u /xg] 5g\ . oL :jfoQ lgsfox¿ k"0f{?kdf ;+;bk|lt lhDd]jf/ /xg]5g\ .• cfof]udf d'ntM dlxnf, blnt, hghflt ;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL zf;gnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{;b:o /xg] 5g\ / cWoIf / ;b:osf] 5gf}6sf] nflu ;+;bn] ljleGg If]qsf gful/s Pj+gful/s ;dfh;Fu cGtlqm{of u/L Pp6f Opinion agfpg] 5 . ;fj{hlgs 5lj v/fjePsfx¿nfO{ o; lsl;dsf] kbdf 5gf}6 ul/g] 5}g .• nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljleGg efiffdf k/LIff lng ;Sg] 5 .• nf]s ;] jf cfof]usf] k/LIff k|0ffnLdf k"0f{ kl/jt{g Nofpg kf7\oqmd kl/dfh{g, cÍdfkl/dfh{g, k/LIf0f ug]{ ljifox¿df kl/dfh{g dfq} xf]Og ca Field df ul/g]Performance sfo{ If]qdf b] vfOg] Attitude % jif{sf] sfo{ k|ult / Jojxf/nfO{ d"NofÍgu/]/ dfq} :yfoL hflu/ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L 5 . sfd;Fu dfq} xf]Og cfr/0f /sfo{z}nL Style nfO{ ;d]t ldNg] u/L Jofks cGt/lqmofsf cfwf/df kf7\oqmdsf] lgdf{0fug'{kb{5 . Fresh candidate sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ klg lnlvt dfq ge} k|of]ufTds cEof;;d]tsf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug]{ kl/kf6L agfpg' kb{5 .• nf]s ;]jf 3f]s]/ xf]Og ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ v'jL, sl7gfOx¿nfO{ kf/ nufpg ;Sg] ;Lk/ ;+s6nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] Jojxf/sf ;fy} ju{, ;dfh Pj+ /fHo Joj:yfnfO{cg'zfl;t ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ;dtfd'ns 9+un] ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] Talent / Expertise sfcfwf/df kf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfpg cfjZos 5 .• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:o pk/ dxfcleof]u k|:tfj Nofpg ;lsg] 5 . cfof]un];Dk"0f{ lgsfo -;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf_ df cfjZos hgzlQm 5gf}6 ug{ ;Sg]5 . ;fy}

209

lghL ;+:yf afx]s ljleGg ;ldlt :yfgLo lgsfo / af]8{df ;d] t nf]s ;]jfn] hgzlQmpknAw u/fpg] 5 .• nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cg' udg gful/s ;dfhaf6 x'g] / o;sf sfdx¿sf] ;fdflhshgk/LIf0f x'g] Joj:yf ;d]t ldnfOg] 5 . Public Response sf cfwf/df nf]s ;]jfn]cfˆgf lqmofsnfk / sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfng ug]{5 .143zf;gdf b]lvPsf lj;+ult / sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ck|ToIf?kn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;sx¿sf]dfWodaf6 / k|ToIf?kn] ;fj{hlgs rf;f] / ;r]ttf ;[hgf u/L zf;gsf v/faLx¿ hg;dIf k|:t'tu/L gful/s ;dfh / cGo bjfj ;d"xsf dfWodaf6 zf;gsf ljs[ltdf vj/bf/L ug{ / u/fpg o;;+:yfsf] of]ubfg /xg ;Sb5 . nf]s ;]jfsf of] :j?kaf6 zf;gsf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf/rgfTds ;xof]u k'Ug] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] bfloTjcfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL / lqmofsnfkx¿sf af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg' / nf]s ;]jfsf]af/]df hgtfn] yfxf kfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ o;sf] d'Vo bfloTj xf] . nf]s ;]jfsf]ultljlwx¿ k"0f{ Pj+ kf/bzL{ ?kn] sd{rf/Ln] g} yfxf kfpg g;ls/x] sf] cj:yfdf ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;TotYo / oyfy{ ;"rgf kfpg] Joj:yf s;/L ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 To;sf] Plsg u/L cfjZosJoj:yf ldnfpg' nf]s ;]jfsf] bfloTj xf] . ljutdf s'g} kbdf s'g} cd's JolQmsf] 5gf}6 ubf{cGtjf{ tf{sf cfwf/df dfq} ul/Psf] . s;}sf] of]Uotf cg'ej ldNg] u/L cfˆgf] rflxg] dfG5]sf] h:t}k"jf{wf/ v8f u/L kbf]Gglt ul/Psf pbfx/0fx¿ < ;/sf/n] ck]Iff u/]s} ljifodf / :jfy{df lbOPsf;dy{gx¿ < / clxn] slksf] sf]l8ª / l8sf]l8ªdf b]lvPsf uNtL / k|Zgkq hfFrdf b]lvPsfuNtLx¿ h'g klqsfdf ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ To:tf s'/fsf] ;To tYo hgtfnfO{ :ki6 kfg'{nf]s ;]jfsf] bloTjdf kb{5 .nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] d'Vo bfloTj g} hgtf / /fHon] ck]Iff u/]h:t} of]Uo, s'zn bIf, OdfGbf/hgzlQmsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ xf] . o;sf nflu cfof]un] kof{Kt dfqfdf cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L s'g / s:tf]

210

k|lqmof / ljlwdf hfFbf o:tf] glthf xfl;n x'g ;Sb5 Totfkl§ g} cfkm"nfO{ Concentrate ug'{ plrtx'G5 . lgikIf / t6:y lghfdtL ;]jfsf] k'li6 ug]{ bfloTj nf]s ;]jf cfof]udf /xG5 . ;lrjx¿sf]lgo'lQmdf o:tf] t6:ytf gb]lvPsf] s'/f af/Daf/ pl7/xFbf klg nf]s ;]jf cfof]u df}g /xg'n]bfloTjaf6 klG5Psf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm /fhg}lts sf]6f k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df x'G5 eg]lgZro klg ;?jf, kbf]Gglt Pj+ j[lQ ljsf;sf cGo cj;/df klg /fhg}lts x:tIf]k x'g hfG5 . s]cj lghfdtL ;] jfsf zt{sf jf/]df k'i6\ofFO lbFbf lgikIftf, t6:ytf, a}Btfsf] cfjZostf kb}{g / <nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] of] s'/fsf] pQ/ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . zlQm ;Gt'ng / k[ ylss/0f -Check and balance_sf] k4ltnfO{ alnof] agfpg] Wo]on] g} ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hg;fwg ;/sf/ cfkm}n] 5gf}6 gu/L:jtGq Pj+ lgikIf :jfoQ cfof]usf dfWodaf6 Source force eGbf klg Merit sf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ug]{k|rng /x]sf] 5 / olx k4ltaf6 sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ dfq} lj1 / bIf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf}6 x'g;Sb5 h;n] lgle{stfsf ;fy cfˆgf] st{Josf] lgjf{x ub{5g\ / /fHonfO{ cfˆgf] uGtJodf nfg ;xLPj+ oyfy{ ;Nnfx ;' emfj / Jojxfl/s 1fg k|bfg ug]{5g\ . To;}n] nf]s ;]jfn] cj of] s' /fsf];'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L 5 ls o;n] Meritocracy nfO{ hLjGttf lbPsf] 5 eg] nf]s ;] jfsf] 9f]sfaf6l5g]{x¿ h'g;' s} dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] Equality k/LIf0f ug]{ k|of]uzfnfdf nfu]/ k/LIf0f ubf{ klg;flRrs} cJjn bhf{sf] g} 7xl/g]5g\ . xfd|f] h:tf] cljsl;t b]z hxfF dflg;x¿ Hofb} yf]/}kfl/>ldsdf klg c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf nflu dl/d]6\g] ub{5g\ To:tf sfljn hg;fwgnfO{ Counsellingu/L nf]s ;]jfsf] hfFrdf k|f]T;flxt ug'{ nf]s ;] jfsf] bfloTj /xG5 .144:jb]z Pj+ ljb]zaf6 l8u|L xfl;n u/]/ cfPsf hg;fwgnfO{ ;d]t nf]s ;]jfsf] k/LIffsfnflu cfs{lift agfpg k|of; ug'{ nf]s ;]jfsf] bfloTj leq kb{5 . nf]s ;]jf h:tf] ;Ddflgt ;+:yfljjfbdf d'l5g' lgZro klg /fd|f] dfGg ;lsFb}g . t/ nf]s ;]jf k|lt s;}n] cfF}nf 78\ofpF5 eg]To;sf] k|ltlqmof lbg' To:tf Issues x¿sf af/]df hgdfg;df :ki6 wf/0ffx¿ k|bfg ug'{ nf]s ;]jf

211

cfof]usf] st{Jo g} xf] .xfn;fn} kq klqsfx¿df b]lvPsf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf lj;+ultx¿ eGg] zLif{sdf n]lvPsf;dfrf/x¿ h:t} Question out ug]{ u/]sf], cfkm"n] sf]lrªdf k9fPsf s'/fx¿ g} ;f]Wg] u/]sf] jfPopular x'gnfO{ lg pQ/ elGbg] u/]sf] ljleGg Incentive jf k|nf]egdf k/L sfkL hfFRg] u/]sf] <eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿ lg/fwf/ x'g\ eg] tL s'/fx¿sf] af/]df klg :ki6tf lbg' h?/L 5 . cfˆgf]:jR5tfnfO{ v/f] ptfg{sf nflu <nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] lghfdtL ;]jfdf dof{lbt, k]zfljb\ Pj+ lj1 JolQmx¿sf] k|j]z u/fO/fHonfO{ cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ;d'Ggltsf] af6f]df b|'t ultdf nUg k|zf;lgs jftfj/0f agfpgdfof]ubfg lbg ;Sb5 . t/ o;sf nflu o;sf Terms & conditions x¿ s] x'g] < k]zfut cfr/0fx¿s] x'g] < s:tf] s:tf] Jojxf/ / sfo{z}nLnfO{ jflG5t / s:tf] nfO{ cjflR5t dfGg] < :ki6dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf; ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} oL d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ ;dfhdf Dual Standard gb]lvg]lsl;dn] k|i6fpg' kb{5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf clxn] o:tf] bf]xf]/f] d"No dfGotf b]lvPsf] 5 o;nfO{ 5n{Ëkfg'{ nf]s ;]jfsf] bfloTj x'G5 .clxn]sf] ;Gbe{df s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] nf]s ;]jfn] eflj g]kfnsf] kl/jlt{t ;+/rgfdf pko'Qmx'g] hg;fwgsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu Pp6f lbuf], ;To, oyfy{ / jf:tljstfdf cfwfl/t bL3{sfnLgzf;g ;~rfngsf] b[li6sf] 0f, ;+:yfug :j?k, sfd st{Jo / hjfkmb]lxtf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ljj/0f,pTkfbgzLn Pj+ pTkfbsTjd'vL glthf k|fKt x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] ;+Vof, 7Ls dflg;nfO{ 7Ls sfd lbg]gLlt / ;a} s'/f 5n{Ë b]lvg] sfo{z}nL ePsf] k|zf;lgs :j]tkq Administrative white paper ljlwlgdf{0f u/L eflj kl/j]zdf Fit x'g ;Sg] cfGtl/s k|zf;lgs ljlw lgdf{0f ub}{ uGtJodf hfg] c7f]6;lxtsf] cfd"n ?kfGt/0fsf] glthfd'vL sfo{ljlw agfO{ cl3 a9\g] /fo ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ lbg ;Sb5/ o:tf] ;Nnfx lbg' p;sf] bfloTj klg xf] .lxhf]sf] k|zf;lgs z}nL ;+:sf/ / Jojxf/nfO{ k"0f{?kn] kl/Tofu ub}{ cfh xf]Og ls ef]lnsf]

212

g]kfnL ;dfhn] s] dfu u/]sf] 5 ;f] sf] oyfy{ lrqnfO{ Mindset df lgwf{/0f u/L hgcfGbf]ng @ n]ck]Iff u/] cg'?ksf] k|zf;lgs kl/j[Qsf] lgdf{0f u/L cl3 a9\g ;s]sf] v08df hgefjgfsf] sb/x'g] dfq} xf]Og ls cfufdL o'u ;'xfFpbf] k|zflgs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ klg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] s'/fug]{ ljsf; k|zf;gn] klg kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;fy u/L cl3 a9\g' g} k|zf;gsf] dd{ / efj xf] eGg]s'/f :jLsf/ ub{5 . h'g;' s} /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs dfgjLo ;+;fwgnfO{ Pp6f :j?k lbg] qmddf;a}eGbf klxnf] / d'Vo e"ldsf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u h:t} ;+:yfx¿sf] /xG5 of] Feelings nfO{ ulx/f];Fua'em\b} First Impression is the Last Impression eGg] pvfgnfO{ dgg ub}{ nf]s ;]jfn] cfˆgf] efljlbzfnfO{ lglb{i6 ug'{ kb{5 of] g} p;sf] bfloTj xf] eGg ;lsG5 .145

g]kfndf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] yfngL/ o;sf] pknlAw /d]z d}gfnL .;f/f+zg]kfndf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu lj=;+= @))( b]lv @)$* ;fn;Dd kfFrj6f k|zf;g ;'wf/cfof]ux¿ u7g ul/of] . tL cfof]ux¿n] lbPsf ;'emfjx¿ b"/ufdL dxTjsf eP klg k|ltj4tfsf;fysfof{Gjog x'g ;s]g . o;}u/L PlzofnL lasf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;g\ @))! sf] h"g b]lv @))@sf] l8;]Da/;Dd zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] ;+:yfut 6]jf zLif{ssf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/of] . o;k|fljlws ;xof]un] cf}+NofPsf ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} ;g\ @))@ sf] l8;]Da/b]lv zf;sLo ;'wf/sfo{qmdsf] z'? ul/Psf] xf] . of] sfo{qmd s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, :jf:Yotyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnox¿df nfu" ul/Psf] 5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] o; sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjostf{ / g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL, hgpQ/bfoL / n}+lus ;dtf cled'v agfpg' zf;sLo ;'wf/sfo{qmdsf] nIo xf] eg] pRr, km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n u/L ;'zf;gsf dfWodåf/f ul/aL lgjf/0fdf

213

;xof]u k'¥ofpg' o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . c;n zf;g ug]{ /fHosf] clGtd nIo xf] / zf;sLo ;'wf/sfo{qmd Tof] nIo k|fKt ug]{ ;fwg xf] . zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] cfˆgf] uGtJo:yfg ;lxtsf] k|:yfgljGb' klxrfg ug{ ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu s]xL;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf, gLltut / k|lqmofut ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . tL ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿zf;sLo ;'wf/sf k|d'v Ph]08fx¿ x'g\ . k|:t't n]v zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo, zf;sLo;'wf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;'zf;g k|fKt ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ePsf ;sf/fTds yfngL, sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:of/ ;'emfjx¿sf] hfgsf/L lbnfpgdf s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 .ljifo k|j]zbzf}+ of]hgfn] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ Psdfq k|d'v p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . of] p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{l;nl;nfdf rfn" of]hgfn] rf/j6f /0fgLlts :tDe cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . tL dWo] ;'zf;g Ps xf] .g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;'zf;gsf nflu JoQm u/]sf k|ltj4tfnfO{ Jojxfl/s?kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd (Government Reform Program-GRP)sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] xf] . PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] k|fljlws ;xof]udf ;g\ !((( b]lv bL3{sfnLg?kdf o; sfo{qmdn] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, k|zf;lgs, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,;fd'bflos ;+3 ;+:yf nufotsf If]qx¿df ;'wf/ ug]{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . bft[ lgsfon] o;/L;xof]u pknAw u/fpbf k|fyldstf tyf p2]Zox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . tL k|fyldstfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ –• lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/• :yfgLo zf;g ;jnLs/0f tyf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f. zfvf clws[t, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .146• ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg tyf ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ ;lxtsf] lghLs/0f;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] dfWodåf/f lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{sf];dGjo / g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo zf;g ;jnLs/0f tyf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsfnflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ dfkm{t ljsf;sf sfddf ;3fpg] Pj+ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon]

214

g]t[ TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ / ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg tyf ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ ;lxtsf]lghLs/0fsf nflu cy{ dGqfnoåf/f g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ u/L sfo{ z'? ul/Psf] 5 . zf;sLo;'wf/ sfo{qmd xfn s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+VofdGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnox¿df nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . oLdGqfnox¿af6 ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL ;+:yfut, gLltut / k|lqmofut yfngL ePsf 5g\ . tL jfx]sk|zf;g ;'wf/sf] If]qdf ePsf yk k|of;x¿ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M!= k|zf;g ;'wf/, ;'zf;g tyf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0fsf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL PlzofnLljsf; a}+ssf] ADB TA 3117 cGtu{t h"g !^, !((( af6 l8;]Dj/ @))) ;Ddsf]k|fljlws ;xof]un] ;'wf/sf] a[xt\ hu a;fNg] / eljiosf ;'wf/ ;DaGwL d'Vo If]qx¿ kQfnufpg] sfddf ;xof]ufTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] lyof] .@= PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] klxnf] k|fljlws ;xof]u kl5 ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] cl3Nnfk|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf l;kmfl/zx¿, PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ADB TA 3117 sfl;kmfl/zx¿, tyf cGo l;kmfl/zx¿df cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff kq tof/ u¥of] . d'Votof oxLcjwf/0ff kqsf] cfwf/df h"g @))! b]lv l8;]Dj/ @))@ ;Dd zf;sLo ;'wf/sf lglDt;+:yfut 6]jf (ADB TA 3622-NEP) zLif{ ssf] !* -c7f/_ dlxg] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd;~rfng ul/of] .#= PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;+rflnt o; k|fljlws ;xof]un] cf}+NofPsf ;'wf/sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ g} lg/Gt/tf lb+b} l8;]Da/ @))@ b]lv zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd z'? ul/Psf]5 . PlzofnL ljsf; a}+sn] ;/sf/nfO{ o; sfo{qmdsf nflu # s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ C0f;xof]usf] ?kdf pknAw u/fOof] .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox¿g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL, hgpQ/bfoL / n}lËs ;dtf cled'v agfpg'zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] nIfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo pRr, km/flsnf] cfly{sj[l4b/ xfl;n u/L ;'zf;gsf dfWodåf/f ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] /x]sf] 5 . o;

215

sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ .— ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg cfGtl/s Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ ,— lghfdtL ;]jfsf] bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ ,— ;a} lgsfox¿df e|i6frf/nfO{ 36fpg] / ;'zf;gnfO{ a9fjf lbg] ,— lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ;du| bIftf / pTk|]/0ff clej[l4 ug]{ Pj+— sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fpg] .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ b"|tultdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdcGtu{t ul/g] ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL gLlt / pQm sfo{qmd cGtu{ t ul/g] ;'wf/sfo{qmdx¿sf] dfu{lrq (Road Map) dlGqkl/ifbaf6 ldlt @)^!.^.& df :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . pQmdfu{lrqdf % j6f p2]Zox¿, !* j6f sfo{x¿ / &# j6f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dflji6 ePsf 5g\ o;dfu{lrqn] oL ;a} lqmofsnfkx¿ lj=;+= @)^% ;fnleq ;Dkfbg ul/;Sg] c7f]6 lnPsf] kfOG5 .;+:yfut Joj:yfzf;sLo ;'wf/sf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf o; k|sf/ 5 .Line MinistryMOAC,MOES, MOH,MOLD,MOLRMMinistry ofFinanceMinistry of GeneralAdministration (As CoordinatingMinistry)(MOGA)Change ManagenentUnits (CMUs in MOAC,MOES,MOLD, MOLRM)EfficiencyUnit(EU in MOF)Governance ReformCo- ordination Unit(GRCU in MOGA)Administrative ReformCommittee (ARC)Administrative ReformCoordination & MonitoringCommittee (ARCMC)Nepal Governmentk|zf;g ;'wf/ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ;ldlt M– of] pRr:t/Lo ;ldlt xf] . of] ;ldltdfk|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqL, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqL, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqL,

216

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqL, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqL, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqL, nf]s;]jf cfof]usfcWoIf / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf ;d]t ;b:o x'g] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;ldltsf] xfn;DdtLgj6f a}7s a;]sf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltn] k]]z u/]sf] ljifox¿sf] clGtd:jLs[lt ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} o; ;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltnfO{ k|zf;gdf ug'{ kg]{;'wf/sf ljifox¿df cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 .k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldlt M– of] ;ldlt sfo{sf/L ;ldltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqL÷/fHodGqLsf] cWoIftfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf ;lrj,lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnosf ;lrj, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf ;lrj, e"ld;'wf/ tyf147148Joj:yf dGqfnosf ;lrj, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj, sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yfdGqfnosf ;lrj, nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;lrj / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o x'g]Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfnon] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjostf{ / g]t[TjbfoLe"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltsf] jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] :jLs[lt lbg],;dGjo ug]{, cfjZos gLlt lgb]{zg / jflif{s ?kdf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] k| ult ;ldIff ug]{sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; ;ldltn] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbO{ ;+/IfsTj / dfu{lgb]{zg lbg] sfo{ ub{5 . o; ;ldltn] k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ljifox¿ tof/ u/L k]z ub{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo OsfO{ M– zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfngsf nflu ;dGjo ug{ ;fdfGok|zf;g dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo OsfO{sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] zf;sLo ;'wf/sfo{qmdsf] s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldltsf] ?kdf /xG5 . o; ;ldltdf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf]k|zf;g ;'wf/ tyf cfGtl/s Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf ;x;lrj ;+of]hssf] ?kdf /xg] / cGotLghgf pk;lrj / cfjZostf cg';f/ sd{rf/Lx¿ /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;ldltn]

217

k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;ldltdf n}hfg] ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;lrjnfO{ k|ltj] bg lbg] sfo{ub{5 . o; ;ldltn] :j]lR5s cjsfz, sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL, sd{rf/L ;DaGwL gLltx¿ / tna;'ljwfsf] nflu cWoog ub{5 .sfo{ bIftf OsfO{ M– zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu cfjZos ljQLo tyf cGo;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug{sf nflu cy{ dGqfnodf sfo{bIftf OsfO{ /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;OsfO{df cy{ dGqfnosf] ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd dxfzfvfsf] ;x;lrj ;+of]hs /xg] tyf dxfn]vflgoGqs sfo{fnosf] pk dxfn]vf lgoGqs / cy{ dGqfnosf] zfvf clws[t /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 . o; ;d]tn] cfjZostfg';f/ a}7s a:g] / cfˆgf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ ub{5 .kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg OsfO{ M– zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf s[lif tyf;xsf/L dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno, lzIff tyfv]ns'b dGqfno / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnodf kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg OsfO{sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .pQm OsfO{x¿ tL dGqfnosf Ps ;x;lrjsf] cWoIftfdf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . o;df Go"gtdtLghgf k"0f{sflng sd{rf/Lx¿ /xG5g\ . k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;dGjo tyf cg'udg ;ldlt, k|zf;g;'wf/ ;ldlt / zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo OsfO cGtu{t ;'?jft ePsf ;'wf/sf ultljlwsf] Joj:yf /;dGjo ug]{ sfo{sf nflu kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg OsfO s]Gb|ljGb' (Focal Point) sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .o; OsfO{sf] a}7s cfjZostfg';f/ a:g] ub{5 . o; OsfO{n] zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo OsfO{;Fu;dGjo u/L ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 sfo{ ug]{ ub{5 .cGo ;+/rgfx¿ M– zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpgsf] nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodfkb juL{s/0f OsfO{ , tna OsfO{, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, lzIfftyf v]ns'b dGqfno, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno / :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnox¿df n}lËsOsfO{sf] Joj:yf ufl/Psf] 5 . pQm OsfO{x¿sf] a}7s cfjZostfg';f/ a:g] ub{5 . oL OsfO{x¿n]

218

cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ult ljj/0f zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo OsfO{df k7fpg] ub{5g\ .149gLltut Joj:yfg]kfndf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ s]xL gLltut, k|lqmofut;'wf/x¿ ePsf 5g\ . tL ;'wf/x¿ ;+If]kdf o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M–• g]kfn ;/sf/n] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ul/g] ;'wf/ sfo{x¿sf] dfu{ lrq (Road Map):jLs[t u/L ;f]xL cg';f/ ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 .• g]kfn ;/sf/n] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] dfu{ lrqdf cfwfl/t eO{ zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{ qmd sfof{Gjog;DaGwL gLlt @)^! kfl/t u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf gLltx¿;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 M— Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] jgfpg egf{ tyf kbf]GgtLk|0ffnLnfO{ cem a9L sfo{;Dkfbg Ifdtfdf (Merit Based) cfwfl/t jgfpg],— lghfdtL ;]jfdf clen]v, j/j'emf/y / pQ/flwsf/Lsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;dod} l/Qmkbsf] k"lt{åf/f pQ/flwsf/LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{,— ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ / ;'zf;gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg u'gf;f]Joj:yfkg / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{nfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg],— n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f Pj+ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg],— lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tnj eQf nufotsf ;'ljwfsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{,— lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ jfl~5t cfsf/df NofO{ tnj eQf j[l4 ug]{ / Joj;flostf j[l4 ug]{ Pj+— s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns"b dGqfno / :jf:Yo tyf hg;+VofdGqfnodf sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg sf]if v8f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] .• lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os, @)^# tof/ u/L ;+;b\ ;lrjfnodfbtf{ ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ljw]osdf pNn]v ul/Psf k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ M–— g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Djt\ @)^$ a}zfv Ps ut]b]lv lghfdtL ;]jfsf] >]0fLut Joj:yfnfO{txut k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f u/L PsLs[t lghfdtL ;] jf k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ Joj:yf ;dfj]zul/Psf] 5 .

219

— g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] ;+u7gsf] sfo{ ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt ;lrj, ljefuLok|d'v tyf sfof{no k|d'vn] k|To]s lghfdtL kbsf] sfo{ ljj/0f agfO{ nfu" ug]{ / pQm kbsf]sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / of]Uotf :ki6 ?kdf lsl6Psf] x'g] tyf sd{rf/Lsf] kb:yfkg ubf{lbOg] kq;Fu} lghsf] sfo{ ljj/0f / sfo{ ljj/0f cg';f/sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ;"rsf+s;d]t pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .— lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ 7LSs cfsf/df Nofpg] dfWodsf] ?kdf :j]lR5s cjsfz k|0ffnLnfO{pkof]u u/L tf]lsPsf] cfwf/df sd{rf/Ln] :j]lR5s ?kdf cjsfz lng ;Sg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]zul/Psf], lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgfk|sfzg u/L v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kbdf aL; jif{sf nflutf]lsP adf]lhd dlxnf, hghflt, dw];L, blnt / ckfË pDd]bjf/x¿sf] aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§}150k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L dlxnfx¿sf] ;]jf k|j]zdfpd]/sf] xb nlrnf] agfO{Psf] 5 .— bL3{sfnLg tna gLltnfO{ :jrflnt 9Ën] sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{ut / ;+:yfut Joj:yfldnfOPsf] / pkef]Qmf d"No ;"rLsf] cfwf/df a[l4 ePsf] d"Nosf] k|To]s jif{ &% k|ltzt ;DddxFuL eQf k| bfg ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;/L k|bfg ul/Psf] eQf /sd z'? tna:s]nsf]@% k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L x'g uPsf] jif{df @% k|ltzt /sd tnadfgdf ;dfof]hg u/LafFsL /sd eQfsf] ?kdf lbg] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .— lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem a9L of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t jgfpg /f=k=k|yd >]0fLsf] kbdf ;d]t v'Nnfk|ltof]lutfsf] k|fjwfg sfod} /fvL cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|ltzt j[l4 ul/Psf] ;fy}Ho]i7tf / sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/df a9'jf ug]{ gofF k|fjwfg yk ul/Psf] 5 . j9'jfk|0ffnLnfO{ j}1flgs / Jojl:yt agfpg] qmddf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] cg'ej, z}lIfs of]Uotf /tflnd jfkt k|fKt ug]{ c+sx¿df ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . pRr :t/Lo Aoj:yfksLo

220

tflndnfO{ k|zf;gsf] pRrtxdf k'Ug] k"j{ zt{sf] ?kdf :yflkt u/L sfo{;Dkfbgsf]d"NofÍgnfO{ j}1flgs / j:t'ut d"NofÍg k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ sfo{;Dkfbgsf] cw{jflif{sd"NofÍg u/L To;sf cfwf/df jflif{s d"NofÍg ug]{, d"NofÍg kf/bzL{ x'g] / k[i7kf]if0f lng;lsg] Joj:yf yk ul/Psf] 5 .— lghfdtL ;]jfdf pQ/flwsf/L ;DaGwL of]hgfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;f] cjlw;Dd l/Qm x'gcfPsf kb rfn' cfly{s jif{leq l/Qm x'g] kbsf] dfusf] cfs[lt kmf/fd nf]s ;]jf cfof]udfk7fpg] ;fy} pRr txdf kb l/Qm x'g' !% lbg cufj} ;+u;u} sfd u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]5 .— lghfdtL ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ k/]sf] u' gf;f] tyf kL/dsf{ tf]lsPsf] lgsfo;dIf /fvL Joj:yfkgug]{ k|fjwfg P]gdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .— sfo{;Dkfbg kfl/tf]lifs sf]ifnfO{ P]gdf g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .— /fhkq cg+lst t[tLo / rt'y{ >]0fLsf kbx¿ qmdzM vf/]h ub}{ hfg] / >]0fL ljxLg kbx¿sf]:t/j[l4 x'g] k| fjwfg /flvPsf] 5 .— lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nox¿ :yfgLo lgsfodf x:tfGt/0f x'Fbf To:tf lhNnf:t/sf sfof{nodfsfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ sfhdf v6fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .— /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/Lx¿ h'g c~rnsf nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] xf] ;f] c+rn leqsfsfof{nox¿df slDtdf !) jif{ Joltt ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .— of] ;+zf]wg k|f/De ePkl5 lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] lgj[lQe/0f lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn;/sf/n] pkbfg tyf lgj[Qe/0f sf]if v8f ug]{5 . To:tf sd{rf/Lx¿n] dfl;s tnaaf6Go"gtd bz k|ltztsf b/n] /sd s§L u/L ;f] /sddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfl;s tnasf] bzk|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd yk u/L x'g cfpg] /sd ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .151— lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfdf 5Fb} d[To' ePdf lghsf] glhssf] xsjfnfnfO{ aLdf afkt Psnfv krf; xhf/ ?k}ofF Psd'i6 lbg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .— g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pp6f ;fjlws hLjg aLdf sf]if :yfkgf ug]{5 . k|To]s lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf]

221

dfl;s tnaaf6 b'O{ ;o ?k}ofF s§f u/L ;f] sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g]5 / Tolt g} /sd g]kfn;/sf/n] yk u/L aLdfÍ /sd Psnfv ?k}ofFsf] aL; jif]{ ;fjlws hLjg aLdf ul/lbg]5 . ;f]aLdf sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd dWo]af6 sd{rf/L ;]jf lgj[Q x'Fbf lghnfO{ aLdfÍ /sd /af]g; e'QmfgL lbOg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . aLdf afkt /sd s§f ug{ yfn]sf] @) jif{ cjlwgk'uL clgjfo{ cjsf; x'g] sd{rf/Lx¿n] kfpg] /sd ;DaGwdf :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .— sfof{no k|d'v eO{ sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhkqf+lst sd{Rff/Ljfx]s /fhkqf+lst t[lto >]0fL jf ;f]eGbfd'lgsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Ln] cfˆgf] k] zfut xslxtsf nflu /fli6«o :t/sf] lghfdtLsd{rf/Lsf] 6«]8 o'lgog u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] Pj+— lghfdtL ;]jfsf axfnjfnf sd{rf/L, cjsfz k|fKt JolQm / lghsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf]sNof0fsf nflu sNof0fsf/L sf]if :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .• lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) df 5}7f++} ;zf]wg u/L @)^@ j}zfv ! ut]af6 sf7df8f}+pkTosfdf ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿ cfOtjf/ ;d]t v'Ng] Joj:yf eO{ ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6hgtfn] k|fKt ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ a9L ;xh jgfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .• lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf, blnt / hghfltsf] ;+Vof j[l4 ug{sf nflu nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf]k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g] dlxnf, blnt / hghfltsf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ k/LIffsf]nflu tof/L sIffx¿ ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ cf=j= )^).^! df /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsfnflu d"n k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] %! hgf k|f/lDes k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] !*! hgfnfO{ //f=k=cg+ >]0fLsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu kf+r} ljsf; If]qsf $#* hgfnfO{ tof/L sIff ;+rfngul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L cf=j=@)^!÷^@ df To:tf] tof/L sIff /f=k=k|yd >]0fL / /f=k=låtLo>]0fLsf nflu %) hgf /f=k=t[tLo >]0fLsf nflu d"n k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] !)& hgf /k|f/lDes k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] @)! hgf tyf d'n'sel/sf /f=k=cg+= >]0fLsf $)# hgfnfO{tof/L sIff ;+rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . nf]s ;]jf cfof]uaf6 cf=j= @)^@÷^# df ljleGg ;]jf

222

;d"x / >]0fLsf kbx¿sf] !,*)% hgfsf] l;kmfl/z ePsf]df pQm l;kmfl/zdf !*=&# k|ltztcyf{t ##* dlxnf / *!=@& k|ltzt cyf{t\ !,$^& hgf k'?if pDd]bjf/ /x]sf lyP . nf]s ;]jfcfof]uåf/f ;~rflnt k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffx¿df cf=j= @)^!÷)^@ sf] t'ngfdf cf=j=@)^@÷^# df dlxnf l;kmfl/zsf] ;+Vof ^% n] a9L 5 . To;}u/L /fhkqf+lst t[tLo >]0fL zfvfclws[t kbsf] k|f/lDes k/LIffdf !,!^* hgf pQL0f{ ePsf]df k'?if !,)** hgf / dlxnf *)hgf /x]sf 5g\ . dflysf tYof+sx¿af6 pQm tof/L sIff k/LIffyL{ x¿sf nflu pkof]uL ePsf]k'li6 x'G5 . xfn lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] gLlt adf]lhd dlxnf, blnt, hghfltsfcnfjf dw];L / ckfË ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ gLlt yk ePsf] 5 .152lghfdtL ;]jfdf dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] ljBdfg l:ylt tnsf] rf6{df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M–l;=g+= >]0fL k'?if dlxnf hDdf k'?ifk|ltztdlxnfk|ltzthDdfk|ltzt1 /f=k=ljlzi6 >]0fL 42 0 42 100.00 00.00 00.052 /f=k= k|yd >]0fL 415 17 432 96.06 03.94 00.543 /f=k= låtLo >]0fL 1967 86 2053 95.81 04.19 02.544 /f=k= t[tLo >]0fL 5352 377 5729 93.42 06.58 07.105 /f=k=cg+= k|yd >]0fL 13469 1505 14974 89.95 10.05 18.556 /f=k=cg+= låtLo >]0fL 19669 2245 21914 89.76 10.24 27.157 /f=k=cg+=t[tLo >]0fL 5782 2438 8220 70.34 29.66 10.188 /f=k=cg+= rt'y{ >]0fL 1580 54 1634 96.70 03.30 02.029 >]0fLljxLg 24037 1568 25605 93.88 06.12 31.7210 Not Available 81 35 116 69.83 30.17 00.14hDdf 72394 8325 80719 89.69 10.31 100.00;|f]t M– lghfdtL lstfavfgf, xl/x/ejg -@)^# ;fn_ .• lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ 7LSs cfsf/df Nofpg] qmddf :j]lR5s cjsfzaf6 l/Qm ePsf @@^^ kbx¿vf/]h e};s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifbsf] ldlt @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd l/Qm

223

kbx¿dWo] /fhkq cg+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf s"n l/Qm kbx¿dWo] xfn l/Qm /x]sf / o;cf=j=df l/Qm /xg] kbx¿dWo] %)Ü l/Qm kb vf/]h ug]{ / /fhkqflÍt t[ tLo >]0fLsf] s'n l/Qmkbx¿dWo] @%Ü b/aGbL lk|mh u/L afFsL l/Qm kbx¿df dfq kbk"lt{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df l/Qmkbx¿ &,#$$ kbx¿ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L b/aGbL s6f}tL ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;fljssf]hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno ldlt @)^!÷!@÷!) sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .o;/L pQm dGqfno vf/]h ePkl5 txfFaf6 ;Dkfbg e} cfPsf] hg;+Vof / jftfj/0f ;DjGwLsfo{x¿ qmdzM :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno / jftfj/0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnodf:yfgfGt/0f u/L s'n %$ j6f b/aGbL s6f}tL ul/of] . To:t} ;fljssf] /fhkl/ifb k|ltlglw ;ef3f]if0ffkq, @)^# adf]lhd vf/]h ul/Psf]n] ToxfFsf] $( j6f b/jGbL s6f}tL u/L ljleGglgsfosf] l/Qm b/aGbLdf sd{rf/Lx¿ ldnfg ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( tyf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g -bf]:f|f] ;+zf]wg;lxt_, @)$* df ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] pQm bkmf k|f/De ePsf] ldlt-@)%(÷#÷%_ n] ^) lbgleq / x/]s cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) lbgleq cfkm" /cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] gfddf ePsf] cfDbfgL tyf ;DklQx¿ k]z ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfgx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf]5 .• g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] k]z u/]sf] cfDbfgL tyf ;DklQsf]ljj/0f ;'/lIft;fy /fVg / lgoldt cg'udg d"Nof+sgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿ tf]lsPsf] 5 .o; sfo{sf nflu lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu lghfdtL lstfavfgf, k|x/Lx¿sf nflu k|x/L153lstfavfgf, ;}lgsx¿sf nflu h+ uL c8\8f, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf nflu ;Dks{ dGqfnox¿tyf /fhg}lts JolQmx¿sf nflu k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no tf]lsPsf] 5 .s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ jf cg"lrt sfo{ u/L cl • Vtof/sf]• ug{, gful/s ;dfh;Fu

224

• ul/s a8fkq•]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .;Dk"0f{•nfu" x'g] u/L !) k|ltzt eQf lbg] Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 /fi6«;]jsx¿n]•j/0f ;lxtsf] e"ld Joj:yfkg•dfnkf]t sfof{nox¿ cGtu{tsf uf=lj=;=÷gu/kflnsfsfb'?kof]u u/]df cg';Gwfg u/L sf/AffxL ug{sf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,@)$* df lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf bf];|f] ;+zf]wg u/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf]If]qflwsf/df Jofkstf k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( hf/L u/L To; adf]lhdljz]if cbfntsf] u7g eO{ o; cbfntn] sfo{ k|f/De ul/;s]sf] 5 .e|i6frf/ lj?4 lg/Gt/ tyf k|efjsf/L?kdf hgr]tgf clej[l4cGt/lqmof ug]{ sfo{qmd th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug{, e|i6frf/hGo sfo{x¿ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflucfjZos /]vb]v u/L lgu/fgL ug]{ sfo{sf nflu lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf k|wfgdGqL tyfdlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no cGtu{t /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb||sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm s]Gb|sf] sfo{;+rfng lgb]{lzsf tof/ eO{ s]Gb|n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf cfˆgf] sfo{ ub}}{ cfPsf] 5 .g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfno, cfof]u, ;lrjfno / cGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf] gftof/ u/L k|To]s lgsfosf] k|j]zåf/df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fFl;Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{k|bfg ul/g] ;] jf / sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f, k]z ug'{kg]{ sfuhft, ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ :yfg, nfUg] ;do,lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L, cg'udg ug]{ / ph'/L ;'Gg] kbflwsf/L nufotsf ljifodf hfgsf/L k|fKtu/L kf/blz{tf sfod ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;]jfu|fxLx¿sf];'ljwfsf] nflu x]Nk 8]:s sfp06/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 .e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{df k|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fh:jcg';Gwfg ljefu nufotsf lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug• ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;do;fk]If tna ;'ljwf j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] pRr:t/Lo tna ;ldltsf]u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df @)^! df3 ! ut]b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L

225

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ;'? tna:s]nsf] @) k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd eQf :j?k k|bfg ul/Psf]lyof] . pQm eQfnfO{ @)^@ >fj0f ! ut]b]lv tnadf ;dfof]hg u/L gofF tna :s]n lgwf{/0ful/of] ./fi6«;]jsx¿nfO{ d"Noj[l4sf] cfwf/df dx+uL eQf k|bfg ug]{ gLlt cg'?k @)^# ;fn >fj0f !ut] b]lvdgf]an pRr kf/L hLjgofkg ug{ s]xL /fxt k'Ug uPsf] 5 .5l/P/ /x]sf] e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, lgodx¿nfO{ ;+sng u/L Pp6} k':tssf] ?kdf k|sfzg ug]{sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt n]v / k|ult ljultljlw k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ lbOg] ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf c? a9L l56f] 5l/tf]kgNofpgsf] nflu g]kfnleqsfj8fx¿nfO{ ef}uf]lns cjl:yltsf] cfwf/df a9Ldf % kmfF6;Dd ljefhg u/L ;f]xL cg';f/k|To]s kmfF6sf] sfo{ Pp6} sf]7faf6 /lhi6]«zg, /f]Ssf, df]7, gfd;f/L, hUuf btf{ nufot ;Dk"0f{154sfo{ x'g] Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf6 ;]jfu|fxLn] cfˆgf] sfdsf] nflusf]7f÷kmfF6÷kmfF6df wfpg' kg]{ emGem6sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 .;/sf/L vr{ s6f}tL u/L ldtJolotf sfod u/L e"ld ;DaGwL sfd Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 k|bfg ug{ldlt @)^@÷@÷! sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ !$ j6f e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nox¿ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf•] dfnkf]t•¿sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f (Teacher's Personnel Information System)•f]hgf / sfo{;Dkfbg k|f]T;fxg]lvPsf] sf/0faf6 lgj[Q•Fu sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL / ljBfno• f/Lx¿sf], :yfgLo, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L•¿ k|fKt ug{ wfpg' kg]{ cj:yfsf]sfof{nodf uflePsf] 5 .

226

k|To]s :yfoL lzIfsx¿sf] gf]s/L ljj/0f sDKo'6/df Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL cf=j= @)^!÷^@df %*,!%! :yfoL lzIfsxsDKo'6/df Jojl:yt ul/Psf]df cf=j= @)^@÷^# df klg yk !^,##@ lzIfsx¿sf] gf]s/Lljj/0f tof/ u/L sDKo'6/df k|lji6 u/L cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] dfu{lrq cg';f/ lhNnf lzIff sfof{no sf7df8f}+df sfo{;Dkfbgdfcfwfl/t Joj:yfkg of]hgf nfu" ug{sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wf/ oof]hgf tof/ u/L oxL @)^# a}zfvb]lv sfof{Gjogdf NofO{Psf] 5 .• lgj[Q lzIfsx¿n] ;fljsdf lgj[QLe/0f ln+bf k|To]s dlxgf lzIff sfof{no hfg'kg]{, s'g} lzIffsfof{nodf k]G;gsf] jh]6 /sd a9L eO{ lk|mh x'g], s'g}df jh]6 /sd sd x'g] eO{ lgj[QlzIfsx¿n] ;dodf lgj[QLe/0f e'QmfgL kfpg g;Sg] ;d:of blzIfsx¿nfO{ ;dodf g} lgj[QLe/0fsf] /sd pknAw u/fpg / lzIfsn] rfx]sf] a}+saf6lgj[QLe/0f /sd j'‰g kfpg] u/L lgj[QLe/0fsf] k§f lbg] sfd z'? eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . xfn;Dd!),$#^ hgf lzIfsn] To:tf] k§f k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .lzIfssf] lgo'lQmdf n}lu+s ;dfgtf sfod ug{ $ hgf lzIfsx¿sf] b/aGbL ePsf k|fyldsljBfnox¿df slDtdf b'O{ hgf dlxnf lzlIfsf /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnon] lghfdtL lstfavfgf; •lzIfs lstfavfgf;+u lzIfs sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnL cfj4 ul/Psf] Pj+e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfno / cGtu{tsf ljefux¿df sfo{/t sd{rljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t :yfgLo ljsf; clwsf/L, of]hgf cg'udg tyf k|zf;sLo clws[t /sfo{sf/L clws[t, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfnodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿dGqfno tyf dftfxtsf lgsfox¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿ / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno /cGtu{t lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfgul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf ;a} dxfzfvf / zfvfx¿sf] sfo{ljj/0f jgfO{tt\ tt\ dxfzfvf zfvfx¿df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fFl;Psf] 5 .;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;'ljwfnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf ;]jfu|fxL hgtfsf] 3/ cfFugdf k'¥ofpgsf nflu 3'DtL;]jfsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOof] . o;af6 hgtfn] cfˆg} ufpF 3/df g} a;]/;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] / lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dd ;]jfx

227

cGTo ePsf] 5 .155•{nosf] sfdsf/afxLaf/] ;/f]sf/jfnf Pj+ ;]jfu|fxLsf] kL/dsf{, u'gf;f]x¿•Jw u/fpg] To;sf] ;'kl/j]If0f /' kg]{ clgjfo{ Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] 5 .•]u /•/af6 sfd•d{rf/Ln] ;f] kbdf g]t[Tj•ub}{•;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^@ hf/L eO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf] sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf]5 . o;af6 sfofklxrfg u/L plrt Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 .;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 hgtfdf k'¥ofOg] ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ;'ljwf k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] lgb]{lzsf,@)^! kf/bzL{ 9+un] lgwf{l/t ;doleq ;]jf / ;'ljwfx¿ pkncg'udg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .• /fhg}lts bn ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* df P]g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] bnn] cfo, Joosf] n]vf k|rlntsfg"g adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf /fVg'kg]{ / tL ;a} /fhg}lts bnx¿sf] cfDbfgL / vr{sf] dxfn]vfk/LIfsaf6 dfGotfk|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6 k/LIf0f u/fpgpko'{Qm k|of;x¿ jfx]s b]xfosf ;'wf/sf] sfo{qmdx¿ ;d]t sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ M–;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 @)$( ;fnb]lv @)^! r}q d;fGt;Ddleq ePsf gLltutlg0f{ox¿sf] ;+ufnf]sf] ?kdf kl/kq ;+u|x, @)^@ tof/ u/L k|sfzg eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . o;af6;/sf/af6 lnO{Psf] gLltut lg0f{ox¿ ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox¿df ;';~rf/ eO{ o;sf] k|ofkfngfdf Ps?ktfsf] cfwf/df ;dfg 9+un] k|of]udf cfpg ;lhnf] x'ghfg] b]lvG5 .;]jf s/f/ lgb]{lzsf, @)%( adf]lhd ;/sf/sf ;a} lgsfox¿df Non Core Function nfO{Contracting out ug]{ / >]0fL ljxLg sd{rf/Lx¿n] ug]{ sfd ;]jf s/f/df lbO{ sfd u/fpFbf

228

;/sf/nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ?kdf yk cfly{s bfloTj gkg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf] ;fy} ;]jf s/fu/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿df Ps?ktf cfpg] b]lvG5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] ;?jf gLlt, @)^! sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 ;?jfk|0ffnL a9L Jojl:yt / kf/bzL{ x'g d2t k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbdf kb:yfkgug]{ gLlt, @)^! sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 pQm kbdf kb:yfkg ubf{ sjxg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf nufotsf ljifodf cWoog u/]kl5 dfq ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon]ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kbdf kb:yfkg ug{ ;xdlt lbg] gLlt to ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgfsf]:jLs[t c:yfoL b/aGbLdf sfhdf v6fpg] gLlt, @)^! sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 ;a} ljsf;cfof]hgfx¿df pknAw eP;Dd :yfoL lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ sfhdf v6fO{ sfd nufpg]kl/kf6Lsf] ;'?jft ePaf6 kmflhn / cltl/Qm ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf;lhnf] ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;/sf/L vr{ ldtJolotf ug]{ sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf cfPsf] 5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^@ tof/L eO{ k|sfzgdf cfPsf]5 . o;af6 /fHo ;+rfngsf] ;Gbe{df ;/sf/åf/f ckgfO{Psf Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfkx¿sf];dli6ut cg'udg / d" Nof+sgaf6 k/LIf0f u/L o;sf ;an / b'a{n kIfx¿nfO{ phfu/;'wf/sf nflu pkof]u ug]{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf lnO{g] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;fy} Joj:yfkg k/LIf0fn];/sf/L lgsfox¿nfO{ hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g k|]l/t ub{5 .;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfnoaf6 ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw, @)^@:jLs[t eO{ nfu" ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ;+u7gsf] sfo{qmd sfo{af]em, sfo{k|s[lt / pknAw156dfgj;|f]t ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f u/]/ dfq s'g} klg ;+u7gsf]k'g/;+/rgf u/L b/aGbL Plsg ul/g] Joj:yf pNn]v 5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf] u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^# n] lghfdtLsd{rf/Lx¿sf] kL/dsf{ tyf u'gf;f]sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;+:yf•ut Joj:yf eO{ sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an

229

•af6 ljleGg ;dodf a9'jf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kl/jt{g tyf•'ut / Jojl:yt agfpg], ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ ug]{, cgfjZos ;+u7g lj:tf/•• o k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 clek|]/0ff ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd (Persuasive Partnershipg]{ p2]Zon] sf7df8f}+•lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;du| ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL•fgj ;+;fwgsf] sfo{ ug{pRr x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 a9'jf ;ldltsf] sfo{ Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^# hf/L eO{ nfu"ePsf] 5 . pQm lgb]{lzsfa9'jf ;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg x'g] ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t ;?jfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ x'g;Sg] sl7gfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ / sfo{ k|lqmofdf Ps?ktf Nofpg tyf lghfdtL ;]jfsf Gofo ;]jfjfx]s cGo ;]jf ;d"xsf /fhkqf+lst sd{rf/Lx¿sf] a9'jf ;DaGwL sfd sf/afxLnfO{ cemJojl:yt ;doj4 / k|efjsf/L agfO{ a9'jf k|lqmofnfO{ ljZj;gLo / kf/bzL{ agfpg] ck]Iffug{ ;lsG5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnoaf6 ;+u7g ;+/rgf tyf b/aGbL ;[hgf lgb]{lzsf, @)^# tof/ u/Lnfu" ul/Psf] 5 . pQm lgb]{lzsf nfu" ePkl5 ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL ;[hgf Pj+ k'g/fjnf]sgsfo{nfO{ a9L j:tx'gaf6 /f]Sg] / ;a} ;d"xdf b/aGbL ;[hgfdf Ps?ktf cfpg] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 .;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfno tyf cGo ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿af6 ;]jf k|jfxdf u/]sf ;' wf/ ;DaGwLsfd sf/afxLx¿nfO{ kf/bzL{ u/fpg zf;sLo va/ kq a'n]l6g k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ul/Psf]5 .• ;fdfGo k| zf;g dGqfnoaf6 rf}dfl;s ?kdf k|zf;g klqsf k|sflzt u/L k|zf;gsf;d;fdlos ljifox¿df ;a}nfO{ ;';"lrt u/fpg] sfo{ x'Fb} cfO/x]sf] 5 .;fdfGProgramme) ;~rfng u/L z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿af6 pRrtd c+s NofO{ pQL0f{ x'g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{

230

lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|j]zsf] nflu cfslif{t ug{ / ;]jf/t /xg clek|]l/t uljZjljBfno, kf]v/f ljZjljBfno / k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnodf :gfts / :gfsf]Q/ txdfcWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿, lzIffljb / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf clws[tx¿ aLr cGt/lqmofsfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/of] . g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljljw kIfx¿sf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpgj[Qlrq tof/ u/L k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] .lghfdtL ;]jf nufot ;du| ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwL ljifodf kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqfnon] v]Ng' kg]{ e"ldsf / ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf] k'g/;+/rgf ;DjGwL cWoog k|ltj]bgk|fKt ePsf] 5 . o;af6 kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{dfljifodf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf :ki6 ePsf] 5 .;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ k'g/;+/rgf u/L ;du|df dfgj ;+;fwgsf] of]hgf, ljsf; /Joj:yfkg ug{ dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfno lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwL cWoog sfo{ ;DkGg u/L k|ltj]bgk|fKt ePsf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bg adf]lhd ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnonfO{ d157ul/g'kg]{ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / b/aGbL ;lxtsf] l:yltdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . o; ;DaGwdf;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg cGtu{t dfgj ;+;fwg of]hgf, k|flKt, ljsf;,pkof]u, pTk|]/0ff tyf ;+j4{g h:tf ljifox¿ Jojl:yt x'g] 5g\ . o;df lghfdtLlstfavfgfnfO{ sd{rf/L ;"rgf tyf lgj[QLe/0f ljefudf kl/jt{g u/L ;do;fk]If agfpg;'emfj ul/Psf] 5 .;dfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf ljB'tLo ;/sf/L sfo{ ;+rfng k|0ffnL (E-Governance) sf] k|f/Deul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 ;/sf/L sfo{ ;~rfng sDKo'6/Ls[t eO{ btf{ rnfgL, kq, l6Kk0fL k]z ug]{/ tf]s cfb]z nufot•sf sfo{x¿ sDKo'6/af6 ug{ ;lsg] 5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] sfd ljj/0f•t1, sd{rf/L, gful/s ;dfh tyf k|];•] ePsf]•• /L ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] g]6js{ tf//lxt dfWod (Virtual Private Network) åf/f ;fdfGo

231

/Psf] 5 .lghsf] ;'kl/j]Ifsn] sDKo'6/af6 x]g{ ;lsg] / s] slt cjlwdf sfdx¿ ;DkGg ul/P :ki6 x'ghfG5 . sd{rf/Lx¿n] b}lgs ?kdf u/]sf] sfdsf] /]s8{ cBfjlws x'g'sf ;fy} ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/k|ljlwdf ;a} sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;lhn} kx'Fr x'g hfg] ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . o; sfo{nfO{ cGodGqfnox¿df ;d]t k|ljlw lj:tf/ ug]{ ;f]r /x]sf] 5 .g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfly{s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t /0fgLlts ;~rf/sf] dfWodaf6 zf;sLo ;'wf/dfclej[l4 cfof]hgf (Expediting Governance Reform Through Strategic Communication) sfof{Gjogug{ nfluPsf] 5 . o;af6 zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;DaGwL /fhgLlhutnfO{ zf;sLo ;'wf/sf ljifodf hfgsf/L u/fpg], hgr]tgf a9fpg], k|lzIf0f lbg], zf;sLo ;'wf/;DaGwL j|f]lzo/ tyf a'n]l6g k|sfzg ug]{ h:tf ;'wf/sf cfwf/e"t sfo{ k|f/De x'g] 5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] ;'wf/ k|lqmofaf/] hgr]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ;'wf/ k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfh Pj+;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ nu]sf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf zf;sLo ;'wf/ ;dGjo;ldltn] :jL; k|fljlws ;xof]udf k|f]–klAnsåf/f ;+rflnt gful/s ;dfh ;xof]u cfof]hgf;Fu;xsfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 ;]jf k|jfx / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt sd{rf/Lx¿ hjfkmb]xL x'g ;lhnfcg'ej ul/of] .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f /0fgLlttof/ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dGqfnosf ;du| sfd sf/afxL n}lËs b[li6sf]0fn];+j]bgzLn x'g hfg] / ;du| lghfdtL ;]jfdf n}lËs d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;ul/Psf] 5 .• s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno,;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno / dftxtsf lgsfox¿sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf k"g/;+/rgf u/L ;+u7g /sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 7LSs cfsf/ agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .ljB'tLo sd{rfk|zf;g dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, u[x dGqfno, :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno,

232

hn>f]t dGqfno / jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnodf lj:tf/ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . o;af6 PsLs[t ;"rgfk|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 ljB'tLo ;'zf;gdf 6]jf k'Ug hfg] ck]Iff ul158•sd{rf/Lx¿sf] gLlt•Strengthening Civil Service PIS{rf/LnfO{ k'/:s[t ul/of] .•gfdf k|fKt e} /Lt] 5 ./0f gul/g',df lg/Gt/?kdf sfo{ ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd lj:tf/ gul/g',{ xtf/ ul/g',;fwgsf] cefj x'g',fo{ljj/0f / clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] cefj x'g',¿jLs[t ug]{ / ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] gx'g',lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ a9L ljZn]if0f, k|zf]wg / ax'pkof]u ug{ ;Sg]lsl;daf6 ljsf; ul/Psf]n] Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] dfWodåf/f o;n]lgdf{0fsf If]qdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; lnOPsf] 5 .lghfdtL lstfjvfgfsf] ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ ;a} dGqfno / ljefux¿df clK6sn kmfOj/sf]dfWodaf6 lj:tf/ ug{ cfly{s ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{tthrough E-governance cfof]hgf :jLs[t e} sfof{/De ePsf] 5 .• lghfdtL lstfavfgfdf /x]sf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo] Ps hgf gf=;'=sf] b/aGbL s6f}tL u/L lghn]jflif{s ?kdf kfpg] tna a/fa/sf] /sdsf] sfo{;Dkfbg kfl/tf]lifs sf]ifsf] :yfkgf u/L cf=j=@)^)÷^! / @)^!÷^@ df lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] pTs[i6 zfvf / sdlghfdtL ;]jfdf of] sfo{ gf}nf] k|of]u ePsf]n] o;af6 lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{Ifdtfclej[l4 u/L pTk|]/0ff clej[l4 ug{ dfu{ k|z:t ePsf] b]lvG5 .lghfdtL lstfavfgfsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf tyf ljB'tLo sd{rf/L ;"rgfk|0ffnLsf] g]6js{ tf//lxt dfWodsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .sd{rf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnLnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L Jojl:yt u/fpg lghfdtL lstfavf •k'u]sf] ;L6/f]nx¿ qmdzM sDKo'6/s[t ub}{ nluPsf] / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] jo}lSts ljj/0f/ b/aGbL ljj/0f cWofjlws ug]{ sfo{ ;'rf? ?kn] ;+rfng e} /x]sf

233

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf] k|d'v ;d:ofx¿• o; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fhg}lts l:y/tf gx'g',• sfo{qmdn] Jofks If]q ;d]6\g',• sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo / nIox¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s agfO{ ;/nLs• ;+:yfut ;dGjo / :jfldTjsf] sdL ePsf],• g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfnox¿• s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;'wf/ sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog geO{ lhNnf:t/df lj:tf/ ug• sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 5'§} sfo{sIf, k"0f{sfnLg hgzlQm, ;|f]t /• sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ ;lxtsf] s• sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu bIftf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmdxgePsf],• sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf] cled'vLs/0f tflnd glbOg',• sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ pRr k|fyldstf glbg' / ah]6 lgsf;f k|0ffnL ;xh gx'g',• o; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu lhNnfn] dfu]sf] ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf gx'g',• sfo{qmdsf] ah]6nfO{ dGqfnosf] l;lnËleq ;dfj]z gul/g',• sfo{qmd :• sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofkstf glbg',• ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ug]{ lg0f{o k|lqmof l9nf] x'g',• sfo{qmdsf] lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sgsf] cefj x'g',159;d:yf cfjZos x'G5 ./fhg}lts cl:y/tf ePsf]Gåsf] cGTo / /fhg}ltssfo{qmdn] ;Lldt If]q ;d]6\g'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ o;If]q ;d]6]sf] sf/0faf6 ;'wf/df ult cfpg•wf/n] /fi6« / ;dfhdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg]{•;s]g . To;}n] s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;a} lgsfox¿df nfu" ePkl5 dfq• 5'§} sfo{sIf, k"0f{sfnLg•wsf/ :ki6 ePsf] sfo{ ljj/0f tof/ u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 .•• fO{ ;do–;dodf zf;sLo•

234

f] ljsf;:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu s]xL ;'emfjx¿• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu l:y/ /fhg}lts cjg]kfndf of] sfo{qmd nfu" e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf åGåsf] cj:yf /x'Fbf ;'wf/n] ult lng ;s]g . To;}n] k|To]s ;'wf/sf nflu ål:y/tfsf] cj:yf k"j{zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .• s'g} klg ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug{ To;sfo{qmdn] ljljw k|s[ltsf sfo{ ug{ Jofks;s]g . To;}n] ;'wf/sf] Ph]08fn] lglZrt If]q ;d]6\g'kg]{ x'G5 .o; sfo{qmdsf] ;'wf/sf nflu sfo{qmdsf p2]Zo / nIox¿nfO{ Jofjxfl/s agfO{ sfo{;/nLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 . ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox¿ / nIf dxTjsf+IfL gagfO{ tTsfn};'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 . o:tf ;'lsl;dsf] x'gkb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;a} dGqfnox¿df lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{df s]xL ;Lldt lgsfox¿df dfqnfu" ePsf]n] of] sfo{qmd ;a} dGqfnox¿df lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .• o; sfo{qmdnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;j} lgsfox¿df lg/Gt/?kdf sfo{ ug]{ u/Llj:tf/ u/L To;sf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog u/]kl5 dfq lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿df sfo{qmdn}hfg'kg]{df PSsf;L lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox¿df sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ubf{ sfo{qmddfk|efjsfl/tf cfpglhNnf:t/ lj:tf/ ul/g'kb{5 .k|To]s dGqfnodf zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug{sf] nfluhgzlQm, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Joj:yf u/L k|To]s dGqfnosf] ;++u7g ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g u/Lzf;sLo ;'wf/ dxfzfvf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 . o; dxfzfvfaf6 g} zf;sLo ;'wf/sfo{qmdsf sfo{x¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg OsfO{ nufotdf sfd ug]{ ;a}sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / cltL lgsfodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ kof{Kt clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ;d]t ul/g'kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] bIftf clea[l4sf nflu 5'§};f]r ljsf; u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g'kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt ;xof]uL sd{rf/Lx¿n;'wf/ ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f tflnd k|bfg ul/g' kb{5 .

235

zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd ;+rflnt lgsfox¿ aLr ;+:yfut ;dGjo / :jfldTjsf] sdLb]lvPsf]n] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog ug{ ;+:yfut ;dGjo / :jfldTjsu/L o; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff k|bfg ug'{kb{5 .160• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnodf o;sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu 5'§} ah]6sf] ljlgof]hg ul/g'kb{5 . o; sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf•• zLif{s•n]• ]{sf] ;fy} lg0f{on] b"/ufdL dxTj /fVg]•fjx¿nfO{ tTsfn} ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsg] lsl;dsf] x'g'kb{5 .pkcledfu;s]g . Psf]q lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnLdf ug'{kg]{ ;+zf]wgsf sfo{x¿ ;DkGgg]dGqfnox¿df sfo{qmd ;+rfngsf nflu kof{Kt /sd ljlgof]hg ul/g'kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnfx¿n] dfu u/]sf] ah]6sf] ;'lglZrttf x'g'kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t dGqfnonfO{ lbg] ah]6 ;DalGwt dGqfnosf]cGtu{t ;dfj]z u/L k|To]s dGqfnosf] jflif{s l;lnªleq ;dfj]z ug]{ Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfqmd (P1) sf] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/L pRrk|fyldstf lbO{ ah]6 lgsf;f ;lhnf] ?kdf x'g] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{, ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof nfdf] ePsf]of] k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] agfO{ ;'wf/ Nofpg'kb{5 .sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofkstf lbgsf] nflu cfjZos kg

236

cfwf/lznfx¿ sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wf/ of]hgf, sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL / k|f]T;fxg of]hgftof/ u/L nfu" ul/g'kb{5 .• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf ;'wf/sf Ph]08fx¿ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nfluul/g'kg]{ lg0f{o k|lqmof l56f] 5l/tf] x'g'kb{5 . o;ePsf]n] zL3| lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofsf] yfngL ul/g'kb{5 .zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ePsf lgsfox¿df pQm sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL;zQm agfO{ To;af6 k|fKt ;'em;+xf/zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogaf6 g]kfnsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sfo{ bIftfj[l4 x'g] ck]Iff /flvPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu qmda4 ?kdf ul/g] sfo{sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/sf]{lrq tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o; dfu{lrqn] tf]lsPsf] ;do ;Ldfleq ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n ug{b]zdf ePsf] cl:y/ /fhg}lts cj:yf / åGåsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ dfu{lrqdf tf]ls;do;LdfleePgg\ e sltko gofF lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ P]g, lgodx¿ aGg ;s]gg\ . g]kfndf zf;sLo ;'wf/sfo{qmdsf] yfngL x'Fbf b]zdf cfGtl/s åGå rln/x]sf] cj:yf lyof] . o;} cjlwdf k|ltlglw ;eflj36g eO{ :yfgLo lgsfox¿df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt eof] . k|ltlglw;efsf ;b:ox¿ / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 tf]lsPsf]cjlwdf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g ;s]g o;n] ubf{ k|ltlglw ;ef b]lv :yfgLo lgsfo;Dd lgjf{lrthgk|ltlglw ljxLgtfsf] cj:yf x'g uof] . b]zdf /fhg}lts cl:y/tf / åGåsf] cj:yfn] ubf{ o;sfo{qmdn] ck]lIft ult xfl;n ug{ ;s]g . To;}n] s'g} klg ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx¿ ;'rf? ?kdf ;+rfngug{sf] nflu /fhg}lts l:y/tf / åGåsf] cGTo k"j{ zt{ xf] . oL sfo{ ;DkGg ePdf dfq ;'wf/sfsfo{qmdx¿n] ck]lIft ult lng ;Sb5 .161f ;fy} /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ug'{ ;'wf/sft}klg g]kfnsf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdn] k|zf;lgs ;'wf/df O§f yKg] sfo{sf nflusf];]9'+uf ;fljt ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%(, ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] lgdf{0f,

237

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* df bf];|f] ;+zf]wg ul/g' / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug]{lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g's;+s]tx¿ x'g\ t/ klg oL ;'wf/x¿ cfkm}+df kof{Kt eg] dfGg ;lsb}g . ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ ultlbgsf nflu zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdnfO{ lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfTd;ft u/L cfGtl/s ;|f]t /;fwgaf6 lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfng ul/g' kg]{ cfhsf] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|L• bzf}+ of]hgf - @)%(–@)^$_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno l;x+b/jf/, @)%( .• k|zf;g k"0ff{Í (*, efb| @)^!, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• k|zf;g k"0ff{Í (&, h]i7 @)^!, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• cf=j= @)^!÷^@ sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)^@ ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• ;+u7g tyf Joj:yfkg ;e]{If0f ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)^!÷@)^@, cy{ dGqfno, @)^@ .• dfgj ;+;fwg dGqfnosf] u7g ;DaGwdf sfo{bnn] k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltj]bg, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;gdGqfno .• Aoj:yfkg k/LIf0f lgb]{lzsf, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• kl/kq ;+u|x, @)^@, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• zf;sLo ;'wf/, å}dfl;s j'n]l6g, jif{ #, c+s $, c;f]h, sflt{s @)^#, k| f] klAns gful/s ;dfh ;xof]ucfof]hgf .• cf=j= @)^@÷^# sf] zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg, @)^# ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• cf=j= @)^@÷^# sf] ah]6 jQmJo, cy{ dGqfno, @)^# .• nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] ;trfnL;f}+ jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)^#, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .• ;+u7g ;+/rgf / b/aGbL ;[hgf lgb]{lzsf, @)^#, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• a9'jf ;ldltsf] sfo{ Joj:yfkg lgb]{lzsf, @)^#, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno .• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s k|ult ;dLIff, @)^# sf] nflu >L ;'/]zdfg >]i7n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]k|ult ljj/0f .• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd, @)%( sf] nflu >L bLk]Gb| ljqmd yfkfn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] k|ult ljj/0f .• zf;sLo ;'wf/ sfo{qmd / gful/s ;dfh ;xof]u cfof]hgf ,kl/rofTds k'l:tsf, k|f] klAns, gful/sinistration;dfh cfof]hgf, sf7df8f}+ .• j0ff{g'qmlds P]g ;++ufnf] -v's'nf] kq ;]jf_, ;dg k|sfzg, k'tnL;8s, sf7df8f}+ .• sfdfb, Vol. 8, No.2, Issue 16, Oct. 2005 (Ashwin 2062), Centre for AdmManagement and Development, Kathmandu.162

238

ljr'gf}tL tyf ;+efjgfx¿lzj/fd Gof}kfg] *;f/f+z MljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (World Trade Organization, WTO) ljZje/sf Jofkf/;+u ;Da4 /fi6«x¿sf]Zj Jofkf/ ;+u7g -WTO_ df g]kfnsf] ;b:otf,;femf ;+:yf xf] . eG;f/ dx;'n nufot Jofkf/sf cGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdz 36fpb} nlu ljsf;zLnd'n'sx¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/df ;xeflutfsf] lglZrttfnfO{ a9fO Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cem Jofks ub}{ n}hfg]p2]Zo ePsf] o; ;+:yfdf g]kfnn] !$& cf}+ /fi6«sf ?kdf ;b:otf k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;dfcGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ tyf nufgLsf] e"ldsf cu|0fL /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o e} ;s]sf l5d]sLd'n'sx¿ ef/t tyf rLg;+usf] Jofkf/ cGo jfXo d'n'ssf] bf+hf]df ckl/xfo{ / dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ljZjsfclwsf+z /fi6«x¿ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf / ljZjsf] s"n Jofkf/sf] () k|ltzt eGbf a9LJofkf/ oL /fi6«x¿sf aLr x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnsf] l;dfgfnfO{ 3]/]sf b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ ef/t /rLg nufot ;fs{sf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf o; ;+u7gsf];b:otfaf6 cnlUuP/ a:g' g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLltsf b[li6n] pko'St ePg . o;} b[li6sf]0fsfsf/0f g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu u/]sf] nfdf] k|of;sf kmn:j?k @$ clk|n @))$ sflbg g]kfn ljlwjt ?kdf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] xf] . lglZrt ;Ldf / lgod leq /xL ;b:o/fi6«n] cfˆgf] jhf/ ;j}sf lgldQ v'nf /fvL jhf/ kx'rsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{, cfˆgf] b]zsf pBdL tyfJofkf/Lx¿nfO{ / pTkflbt j:t'x¿nfO{ h:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ul/G5 cGo /fi6«sf pBdL, Jofkf/L tyfpTkfbgx¿nfO{ ;f] eGbf leGg Jojxf/ ug{ gkfO{g] /fli6«o Jojxf/ -National Treatment _ sf] l;4fGt leq/xg' kg]{ ePsf]n] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kZrft g]kfnsf ;fd' k|z:t r'gf}ltx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\ .

239

ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] bf+hf]df g]kfnsf] pTkfbg tyf Jofkf/ Ifdtf sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f j}b]lzs jhf/df kx'Frsl7g b]lvg'sf ;fy} :jb]zL jhf/ ;d]tdf kx'+r u'Dg ;Sg] ;+efjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy} :jb]zL pBdL tyfnufgLstf{x¿ cGt/f{li6«o pBdLx¿sf bfhf]df cfly{s tyf Jofj;flos b[li6n] sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f :jb]zLcfGtl/s cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s cj;/x¿df j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] ;+efjgf klg b]lvG5 . l5d]sL d'n's ef/tdfdfq g]kfnsf] s"n jfXo Jofkf/sf] %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L Jofkf/ lge{/ ePsf sf/0f ef/tdf g]kfnsf] Jofkf/kx'Fr k|z:t a9fpg ;lsg] ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjjf6g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf cj;/x¿ a[l4 x'g] ;+efjgf k|z:t /x]sf sf/0f ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf];b:otf g]kfnsf nflu ckl/xfo{ g} ePsf] xf] . o;sf] ;b:otf kZrft l5d]sL /fi6« tyf cGo cGt/f{li6«o If]qdfJofkf/sf nflu ;Ldf tyf cj;/sf If]qx¿ km/flsnf] ePsf] ;Gbe{df d'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a[l4 u/Lv'nf ePsf] cj;/df kx'Fr sfod ug]{ sfo{ /fi6«sf nflu clxn] 7"nf] r'gf}tL ePsf] 5 .k[i7e"ld M;g\ !(#) sf] ljZj cfly{s dGbLsf] glthf:j?k cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df pbf/Ls/0fsfsbdnfO{ ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sx¿af6 k|d'v cfly{s /0fgLltsf ?kdf :jLsfg{ yflnof] .cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ ;+u7g :yfkgfsf] ;DjGwdf ;g\ !($* df xjfgfdf ;DkGg j}7saf6 o;sf]* zfvf clws[t , nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, gf/fo0fL c~rn sfof{no, x]6f}+8f .163:y?GATT) nfO{ ;xdlt k|bf kf/ ;+ u7gsf] :yfkgfgx'bf ;Dd ljZjdf Psdfq jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ lgoldt ug] { ;+oGqsf ?kdf /Xofkgfsf] ljsf;qmddf klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{ ;g\ !($* df h]g]efdf ePsf] lyof] .o;kl5 a G f f n n t fugfeO{ Protocal df x:tfIf/ ePsf] xf] . o;kl5 g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otffkgfsf nflu j8fkq hf/L ul/of] . o; ;Dd]ngdf efulng] /fi6«x¿dWo] @# j6f /fi6«n] c:yfoL

240

kdf eG;f/ / Jofkf/ ;DjGwL ;fdfGo ;Demf}tf (General Agreement on Tariff & Trade,g u/] . of] ;Demf}tf pSt ;dob]lv ljZj Joff] . ljZj Jofkf/;+u7gsf] :yT l le g r/0 d ljleGg :yfgdf o; ;DaGwL j} 7s tyf 5 km lgold ?kd x' b}cfPsf] lyof] . o;} qmddf cf7f} + r/0fsf] jftf{ h;nfO{ p?Uj] jftf{ elgG5, ;g\ !(*^ dfdf]/Ssf]df ;' ? eO{ ;g\ !(($ df ;DkGg eof] . o; jftf{df ;xdlt ePsf ;lGwx¿sf]PsLs[ t ?kdf clGtd sfg"g -Final Act_ tof/ ul/of] ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+ u7g gfds Pscf} krfl/s ;+ :yf :yfkgf ug{ lg0f{o klg ul/of] . o; k|sf/ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgfsf]nfdf] k|of; :j?k o;sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] . xfn ljZjsf ljsl;t,ljsf;f] Gd'v clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ o;sf] ;b:o ePsf 5g\ / ljZj Jofkf/sf] gAa] k|ltzt eGbfa9L Jofkf/ o;sf ;b:o /fi6«x¿ dWo]jf6} x' g] u/]sf] 5 .g]kfn cem}klg Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v u/La /fi6«sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf ;+efJotfx¿k|z:t x'bf x'b} klg o;sf] plrt pkof]u x'g g;Sbf d' n's cfhsf] @! cf}+ ztfJbLdf cfpbf klg Pslk5l8Psf] sdhf]/ /fi6«sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . d'n's leq pknJw cfly{s ljsf;sf cj;/x¿nfO{ pkof]u{ k|z:t nufgL tyf cfw'lgs zLk / k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf h?/L ePsf] klg 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljZjcy{tGqdf b]vf k/]sf ;fdlos kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ g]kfnn] cfˆgf] kl/j] z cg'?k ;dofg's"n u|x0f gu/]sf]klg xf]Og . o;} qmddf d" ntM k|hftGqsf] k'g{ :yfkgf kl5 pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ /fli6«o gLltlgodx¿df ;dfj]z u/fpg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbb} cfPsf] xf] . lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]j}b]lzs nufgL Pj+ ;xfotf leq\ofpg] ;xh jftfj/0f jf k"jf{wf/ tof/ ug]{, eG;f/ Pj+ s/sfb/x¿nfO{ ;/n / Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg] sfo{df k|fyldstf lbb} cfPsf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(*( dfg} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu cfj]bg lbPsf] / ;f]xL jif{b]lv g} g]kfn ko{j]Ifssf ?kdf/xb} cfPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !((% kl5 ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf nflu lgwf{l/t k|lqmo adf]lhd

241

g]kfnn] ;g\ !((* df b]zsf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/ ;DaGwL lj:t[t b:tfj]h ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf k]zu/]sf] lyof] . ;] K6]Da/ !) b]lv !$, @))# df d]lS;sf]sf] sfgs'gdf ePsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]kfFrf}+ dGqL:t/Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;]K6]Da/ !! sf lbg g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf]] ;b:otf lbg]ljifodf ;xdltlng nfdf] ;do b]lv u/]sf] k|of; ;kmn ePsf] xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kl5 g]kfnsf]j}b]lzs Jofkf/sf] If]q km/flsnf] ePsf], Jofkf/df ljljwtf cfPsf], pTkfbg tyf Jofkfl/s IfdtfqmdzM a[l4 x'g] ;+efjgf /x]sf], clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«n] kfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ePsf],cfGtl/s k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf jf nufgL a[l4 ug{ ;xhtf ePsf] cflb kmfObfx¿ePsf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 .164ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zox¿ MljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] cfˆgf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] pTkflbt j:t', jhf/, kx'+r, eG;f/ b/,nufgL tyf df}lb|s Joj:yfkgdf ;/ntf nufotsf Jofkfl/s ;jfnx¿nfO{ 5nkmndf Nofpg] ub{5 .d"ntM o; ;+:yfn] ;b:otf xfl;n ug]{ ljsl;t jf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] lxt / kmfObfnfO{ dWo] gh//fv]/ cfˆgf sfo{ ug]{ u/]sf] x'G5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/df ljsl;t / sd ljsl;t/fi6«nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf Jojxf/ ug]{ k4lt g/fvL cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{gLlt klg cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . d" ntM ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M• ljsf;f]Gd'v / sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofO{ cGt/f{li6«oJofkf/df ;xefuL agfpg]• eG;f/ dx;' n nufot Jofkf/sf cGo cj/f]wx¿nfO{ qmdzM 36fpb} nlu ljsf;zLnd'n'sx¿sf] ljZj Jofkf/df ;xeflutfsf] lglZrttf a9fpg]• Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ cem Jofks ub}{ n}hfg]• ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg]• ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnLsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f Pj+ ljsf; ug]{• ljsl;t, ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg]

242

• k"0f{ /f]huf/ / pRr tyf l:y/ ultn] cfDbfgLsf] kl/df0fdf a[l4 ug]{• ljZjsf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ljj]sk"0f{ ;jf]{Qd k|of]u ubf{ jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f u/L lbuf] ljsf;ug]{ .ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] ;d]t cfly{s ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon]:yflkt ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] efjgf tyf dd{t cg'?k o;sf sfo{qmd jf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfngx'g' jt{dfg vf+rf]sf] ljifo xf] . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] a}7s tyf ;Dd]ngdf ljsl;t / ;Ifd;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ljrf/ tyf :jfy{n] a9L k|efj kfg]{ ;+:sf/ /x]sf sf/0f o; ;+u7gsf] sfo{k|ltljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf hgtfx¿sf] lj/f]w klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h'g ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ljsf;,ljZjf; tyf lj:tf/sfnflu cj/f]wsf ?kdf v8f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljjfb ;[hgf u/L ;+u7gsf]Ph]08fx¿df ;xdlt ug{ sl7g x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn] ljZj Jofkf/sf If]qdf ljjfbjf sl7gfO{ gcfpg] u/L cfˆgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . h;sf] plrtsfof{Gjogsf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿n] xf]l;of/L / ;hutf ckgfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn]ug]{ d'Vo sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\M• ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf ;DkGg eO{ ;s]sf ;Demf}tfx¿sf] / eljiodf x'g] ;Demf}tfx¿sf]sfof{Gjog ug]{• ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf Jofkf/ gLltx¿nfO{ ;d;fdlos ?kdf ;dLIff ug]{• ljZj a}+s, cGt/fli6«o d'b|fsf]if;+u ;dGjo /fvL ;b:o d'n'sx¿sf] cfly{s ;'wf/sf nfluk|oTgzLn /xg]165• låkIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo ;Demf}tf jftf{sf nflu ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] ;Demf}tf :ynsf ?kdffˆgf]kx'Fr;Ifd j tdf ;Lldt x'g] ;+efjgf klg /x]sf] x'G5 . o; l:yltdf ljZjJofkxfl;k|lt:kwf{ +u7gsf] lgoldt jf jflif{sultg]kfnnfOf Jofkfl/s

243

k"jf{ |bfg ug{nuf fpg' h?/L 5 . o;}l;n/fi6«sf] fg"g nufot /fli6«o gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f Pj+] l:ylt lyPg .uP/ a:g' g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLltsf b[li6n] pko'Qmf/df j]nfjvtdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofnfO{ ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf]sfo{ ug]{• ;b:o /fi6« aLr pTkGg ePsf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ljjfbnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s ultljlw clt ;f}ljWo k|fKtd'n'ssf] ;'ljwf -Most Favoured Nation_ df cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ / k| To]s ;b:o /fi6«n] cfly{s tyfJofkfl/s lqmofsnfkdf Pp6f /fi6«nfO{ h:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg u5{ cGo ;b:o /fi6«x¿nfO{ klg ;f]cg'?ksf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] ljsl;t d'n'ssf] bf+hf]df cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« n] ctyf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;qmLo u/fpg g;Sg] x'G5 . o; l:yltdf Jofkf/af6 k|fKt x'g] kmfObff :t/Lo pTkfbgstf{sf] xff/ ;+u7gsf] ljsf;f]Gd' v tyf cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg] p2]Zon ug{ sl7gfO{ cfpg klg ;S5g\ . To;}n] ljsf;f]Gd'v tyf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf]Tds Ifdtf a[l4 ug]{ ljz]if sfo{ of]hgf ljZj Jofkf/ ;ljlwdf cfpg' vf+rf]sf] ljifo ePsf] 5 .{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfsf] cf}lrTotf Mg]kfn ljsf;f]Gd'v jf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«df kb{5 . oxfFsf] cf}Bf]lus ty{ ltj|tf k wf/x¿ sdhf]/ /x]sf 5g\ . cfly{s tyf ;dflhs ljsf;sf] cleofgnfOgL, pTkfbg tyf Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf dhj't u/l;nfdf d"nt @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngaf6 kl/jt{g ePsf] d' n'ssf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5d"n slghLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] k|efj kf/]sf] xf] . To;kl5 qmdzM d'n's v'nf cy{tGq Pj+ pbf/ cfly{sgLltdf pGd'v ePsf]] xf] . o;af6 klg d'n's ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otftkm{ cu|;/ x'b} uPsf];+s]t ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} l5d]sL /fi6«x¿ nufot ljZjsf cGo /fi6«x¿ ;d]t v'nf cfly{s tyf

244

Jofkfl/s gLltdf cfj4 x'b} uPsf cj:yfdf g]kfn dfq o; cleofgaf6 c5'tf] /xg] cj:yf lyPg .lgDg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ klg g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf cf}lrTok"0f{ ePsf] lyof] M• ljZjsf clwsf+z /fi6«x¿ o; ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] / ljZjsf] s"n Jofkf/sf] ()k|ltzt eGbf a9L Jofkf/ oL /fi6«x¿sf aLr x'g] u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnn] cnu /x]/cfˆgf] cfly{s ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf lyPg .• blIf0f Plzof If]qdf klg g]kfn / e'6fg jfx]s ;j} /fi6«x¿ ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] l:yltdfg]kfn If]qLo ?kdf klg ;b:o g/lx /xg ;Sg• g]kfnsf b'O{ l5d]sL d'n's ef/t / rLg ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 cnlUePsf] lyPg .• g]kfn h:tf] cltsd ljsl;t Pj+ ljZj Jofkfl/s ultljlwdf sd k|efjzfnL b]zn]Jofkfl/s sf/f]j166;d:of ;dfwfg k|lqmofsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ ;b:otf h?/Llyof] .• ;+u7gdf 7"nf Pj+ ;fgf / ljsl;t Pj+ sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] clwsf/ Ps /fi6« Psdtsfyof] .¿ M• k'uL cfly{s hf]lvd 36fpg• 'lglZrt Jofkf/sf] jftfj/0f•f}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf a[l4 eO{ lgsf;L k|j4{g x'g ;Sg],cfwf/df lgwf{ l/t x'g] ePsfn] ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnh:tf] ;fgf] / sd ljsl;td'n'ssf] wf/0ffsf] klg dxTj :yflkt ug{ ;lsg] b]lvPsfn] g]kfn ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf];b:o x'g cTofjZos 7flgPsf] lyof] .cfly{s ljsf;sf kl/jlt{t 9f+rf Pj+ z}nLn] ljZjnfO{ qmdzM v'nf / pbf/ ub}{ nu]sf];Gbe{df g]kfnn] klg ljZj Jofkfl/s d~raf6 cnluP/ /xg ;Sg] cj:yf ePg . g]kfn Ps u/Latyf ljsf;sf nflu k|z:t ;+efjgf af]s]sf] /fi6« ePsf sf/0f klg ljZjsf] pbf/ / v'nf cfly{s

245

gLlt;+u cfj4 eP/ j}b]lzs nufgL Pj+ k|ljlw leq\ofpg' cTofjZos ePsf] xf] . ;fy} 7"nf tyfa[xt\ cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng u/L d'n'ssf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf ;Gbe{df b]zsf]cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLltdf pbf/ tyf v'nf k4lt ckgfpg' vf+rf] ePsf] lyof] . o; kl/k|]IodfljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf h?/L ePsf] lljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ k'Ug] kmfObfxg]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus Pj+ Jofkfl/s ljsf; sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . v'nf tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds jhf/dfg]kfnL j:t' jf ;]jfsf] :t/ sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f k|lt:klw{ gx'g klg ;S5g\, ;fy} :t/Lo / ;Ifdj:t' jf ;] jfn] jhf/ cf]u6\g ;Sg] ;+efjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;+efjgf ePtfklg cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] cfˆgf] ljsf;sf] :t/, cfly{s Pj+ Jofkfl/s cfjZostf, k|zf;sLo Pj+;+:yfut Ifdtf cg'?k k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{ ;x'lnot kfpg] cj:yf ePsf] ;fy} cfˆgf jf}l4sclwsf/ :yflkt ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsfn] kmfO{bfsf cj;/x¿ k|z:t /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} kl5 x6]/ jfk|lt:kwf{df ;xeflu gx'+bf Ifdtf a[l4 x'g] geO{ sdhf]/ /xL /xg] sf/0f k|lt:kwf{sf] d}bfgdf pq]/Ifdtf a9fpg' h?/L x'g] ePsfn] v'nf jhf/df k|j]z u/L Jofkfl/s Ifdtf jf :t/Lotf a[l4 ug{;lsg] ePsfn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfjf6 g]kfnn] cfˆgf] Ifdtf jf :t/ qmdzM a9fpb}nfg ;Sg] x'G5 . d"nt o; ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] kmfO{bf k'Ug] x'G5 M• ;+u7gsf ;b:o /fi6«x¿sf] Jofkf/ pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|efjaf6 g]kfnsf] lgof{t Jofkf/lj:tf/sf cj;/x¿df a[l4 x'g],xfnsf] ;Lldt cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df ljljlws/0f ug{ ;3fpd2t k'Ug],;+u7gsf] ;Demf} tfdf cGtlg{lxt k|fjwfgx¿af6 ;'/lIft / ;;[hgf eO{ cfly{s l:y/tf sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug],cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{x¿ lgoldt l:y/ Pj+ ;'ne ?kdf pknJwx'g ;Sg] eO{ c• cfˆgf] /fli6«o lxt cg'?k g]kfnL cy{tGqnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|0ffnL;+ u cfj4 u/fpg] cj;/ k| fKt x'g],167•

246

cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf a9L ultzLntf cfpg] ;+efjgf /x]sf],•g' kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;/sf/, nufgLstf{,. h;df ;/sf/ /cGt/f{li6«o k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgfn] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qx¿ klxrfg eO{g]kfnsf]• ;]jf If]qdf nfu" ul/g] pbf/Ls/0fn] j}b]lzs nufgLsf] cfsif{0fdf a[l4 eO{ /f]huf/L clea[l4Pj+ cfly{s a[l4b/df ;xof]u k'Ug hfg],cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s k|lt:kwf{n] g]kfnL pBf]ux¿sf] Ifdtf / pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 x'g]jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf x'g;Sg],• cltsd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf nflu k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;xof]u / ljlzi6 k|fjwfgn] g]kfnsf]cfly{s pGgltdf yk 6] jf k'Ug ;Sg] .ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]kl5 g]kfnsf nflu k|fKt x'g ;Sg] kmfObfx¿ k|z:t5g\ . t/ oL kmfObfx¿sf] k|flKt g]kfnn] cfˆgf] k|of;, nufj, bjfj, lgoldt ;Dks{, k|ltj4tfcg'?ksf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] tof/L h:tf s'/fx¿af6 g} ;+ej x'g] x'G5 . ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf jvtdfu/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿ ;doj4 ?kdf nfu" ub}{ nfg] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{ ePsfn] o;sf nflucfjZos k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ug]{ sfo{df tbf?stf NofppTkfbs, Jofkf/L, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh PSoj4 ?kdf cu|;/ x'g' kb{5Jofkf/Lju{sf] cu|;/tf a9L h?/L ePsf] 5 .ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 g]kfnn] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ r'gf}tLx¿ MljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kZrft g]kfnn] xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] pknlJw Pj+ u'dfpg' kg]{gf]S;fgLx¿sf] ;+efjgf 68\sf/f] /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf nflu ljZj ahf/ v'nf ePsf] cj:yf Psftkm{/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ ljsl;t d'n'ssf] pTkfbgn] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s jhf/ jf cj;/ x:tIf]k x'g;Sg] ;+efjgf klg /x]sf] 5 . ljsf; jf pTkfbgsf ;+efjgfx¿df j}b]lzs nufgL a[l4 u/L cfGtl/s;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u x'g ;Sg] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} pRr ;+efjgf jf d'No ePsf j:t'tyf ;]jfsf] klxrfg eO{ cGt/f{li6«o jhf/df o;n] :yfg kfpg] cj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu

247

d'n'ssf cufl8 ljljw r'gf}tLx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\, h'g lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M• cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf Ifdtf/ pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug'{ h?/L ePsf],• b]zleq laleGg ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ aLr Pj+ lghL If]q;+u k|efjsf/L Pj+ lg/Gt/ ;dGjosf]k|of; h?/L ePsf],• cfly{s gLlt tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿, k|lqmofut k|zf;sLo Joj:yf Pj+ ;+:yfut Joj:yfx¿ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] ;do tflnsf leq Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ePsf],• cGt/f{li6«o :t/df k|lt:kwf{Tds l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ g]kfnsf] pBf]u jfl0fHo If]qdf bIftf/ pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpg' kg]{ ePsf],168• eG;f/ dx;'n qmdzM sd ub}{ nfg'kg]{ ePsfn] k}7f/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] /fh:j 36\g ;Sg];+efjgf ePsfn] /fh:j 36\g glbg j}slNks pkfox¿ ckgfpg' kg]{,• d'n'snfO{ Dumping If]q x'gaf6 arfpg Antidumping ;+oGq tof/ ug'{kg]{,k|fljlws ;xfotf, Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f, a[xt • \ tyf 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿df j}b]lzs nufgL a[l4• sf If]qx¿df cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ tof/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{• fl8 a9fpg' kg]{cg'?ksf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf k|fyldstf, ;/sf/,f b]vfpg'al Barrier to Trade_Service Enquiry Point ]u jfl0fHotyf cfkul/Psf] tfsf] k|efjsf ;DjGwdf lhNnf :t/;Dd lghLIf]q;ljleGg /Lo ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL eO{ cfˆgf] egfO{ /fVg] u/]sf] 5 . o:tfk|ofqmdzM tlgrf]8;Gbe{df ;+u7gsf];b:otf kZrft g]kfnsf] cfly{s tyf jfl0fHosf If]qdf k|z:t r'gf}tL tyf ;+efjgfx¿ v8f ePsfug]{ sfo{df tbf?stf Nofpg' kg]{ ePsf],pTkfbgsf pRr ;+efjgf eP

248

k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{,jf}l4s ;Dklt ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cu• ;b:otf k|fKt ubf{sf jvt u/]sf k|ltj4tfx¿ ;doj4 ?kdf k"/f ug{ / ;f] sf nflug]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ljZj cy{tGqdf cfj4 ug]{ qmddf P]g, sfg"g tyf gLlt lgodx¿nfO{jx'kIfLo Jofkf/ k|0ffnL cg'?k kf/bzL{ Pj+ eljio k/s agfpb} nfg'kg]{ .g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/]kl5 g]kfnsf ;fd' k|z:t r'gf}lt Pj+;+efjgfx¿ v8f ePsf 5g\ . oL r'gf}tL Pj+ ;+ efjgfx¿nfO{ ;dod} ;Daf]wg ug'{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .sfg"gL Pj+ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfut ;'wf/, k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{df lj:tf/, cGt/f{li6«o jhf/dfljsf;sf ;+efJotfsf] k|rf/ k|;f/, k|ltj4tflghLIf]q, gful/s ;dfhsf] Psn b[li6sf]0f ePsf] ;f]rkq h:tf sfo{df tTsfn cu|;/th?/L ePsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf ultljlwx¿, a}7ssf k|To]s ;jfndf cfˆgf] wf/0ff k|i6kfg'{ kg]{ sfo{ klg 68\sf/f] /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+ u7g / o;sf] ;b:otfsf] kmfObf /r'gf}ltsf ;DjGwdf lghL If]q Pj+ gful/s ;dfhdf k|z:t k|rf/ k|;f/ ug'{ klg h?/L ePsf] 5 .o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ klg ePsf 5\g . lgsf;L k}7f/L -lgoGq0f_ P]g,k]6]G6 l8hfOg tyf 6\\«]8dfs{ P]g / k|ltlnkL P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg dfkm{t ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfgcg's"n jgfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg's'n SPS -Sanitary &Phyto Sanitary_ sf] nflu vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, TBT -Technic;DjGwdf g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu / sf] nflu pBf"lt{ dGqfnosf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g dxfzfvfnfO{ Enquiry Point tf]sL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / o;sf] ;b:o+usf] ;dGjodf hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf];dodf x'g] dGqL:t;x¿af6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf kl5 b]lvPsf r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cfwf/x¿of/ x'b} uPsf] 5 .M

249

ljZjsf] kl/jlt{t cfly{s tyf jfl0fHo gLlt Pj+ g]kfnsf] pbf/ tyf v'nf ljsf; gLltsfljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf g]kfnsf] nflu ;fGble{s sbd 7xl/Psf] 5 . o;1695g\cg'?k q f] Jofkf/ clea[l4sfnflu Barriers_ sf]k|of]lgjflbg'kg pNn]v eP cg';f/sf ;'ljwfx¿ jfWofTds ?kdfcltIf]q lhD /L ePsf] 5 . ;fy} pTkfbgnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo agfpg], nufgL a[l4 ub}{ nfg],hgt f ful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cu|0fL x'g'cfjk|zf;lglgjf{x u }sf] PSoj4tf /. o:tf r'gf}lt / ;+efjgfx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s kl/j]z, Ifdtf, k4lt / k|0ffnL tyf cfjZostfmdzM cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ hfg' jt{dfg /fli6«o d"n d'2f ePsf] 5 . d'n'ssjhf/ kx'+rsf] Joj:yfdf ;/nLs/0f ul/g'kg]{, cGo u}/ eG;f/ dx;' n -Non Tariffuåf/f xfd|f]h:tf d'nsx¿af6 lgof{t x'g] ;fdfgnfO{ ahf/ cj?4 gkf/L ;xof]ufTds e"ldsf{x ug'{kg]{, Ifdtf ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws Pj+ cfly{s ;xof]u pknJw u/fpg] qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tfljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] sfg"gL b:tfj]hdf ]{,sd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ pknJw u/fpg k|oTgzLn /xg' kg]{ h:tf sfo{df cGt/f{li6«o Pj+ ;/sf/Ld]jf/ / ;hu x'g' h?fn O{ cled'vLs/0f ub}{ nfg] h:tf sfo{df lghL If]q tyf gZos ePsf] 5 . ;fy} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] k|fjwfg cg'?k ljBdfg cf}Bf]lus, jfl0fHo jfs gLlt, sfg"g, k"jf{wf/df ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;/sf/n] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfg'{kg]{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ;/sf/, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, k|j'4 ju{ ;j;femf lhDd]jf/L vf+rf] ePsf] 5 . o;af6 d'n'sn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otfaf6 ck]Iff u/]sfpknlJw xfl;n x'g;Sg] tYodf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿ M! bzf+} k~r jifL{o of]hgf -@)%( b]lv @)%$_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

250

@ cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)^@.^#, cy{ dGqfno# ldld{/] cfly{s ljz]iff+ssf laleGg c+sx¿, g]kfn /fi6« a+}s$ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g / g]kfn, pBf]u, jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno% ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g;+u ;DalGwt uf]/vfkq tyf sflGtk'/ b}lgssf ljleGg n]vx¿

251