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( 3 )
1. Sensation and Reponses 5 - 15
Neuron and Nerve ImpulseTopic-1 :
Kinds of Nervous SystemTopic-2 :
Reflex Action, Diseases Affecting Nervous SystemTopic-3 :
2. Windows of Knowledge 16 - 25
EyeTopic-1 :
Topic-2 : Ear
Taste, Smell and TouchTopic-3 :
3. Chemical Messages for Homeostasis 26 - 40
Chemical Co-ordination in AnimalsTopic-1 :
Pheromones and Plant HormonesTopic-2 :
4. Keeping Diseases Away 41 - 54
Common Diseases, Causes and SymptomsTopic-1 :
Bad Habits & Diseases, Genetic DiseasesTopic-2 :
Plant DiseasesTopic-3 :
5. Soldiers of Defense 55 - 69
Topic-1 : The Skin Defense
Blood - A Defense Mechanism and Immune SystemTopic-2 :
Methods of TreatmentTopic-3 :
Topic-4 : Defense Mechanism in Plants
6. Unravelling Genetic Mysteries 70 - 80
Mendels Law of GeneticsTopic-1 :
Chromosomes, Sex Determination and Structure of DNATopic-2 :
7. Genetics for the Future 81 - 86
8. The Paths Traversed by Life 87 - 96
Topic-1 : Origin of Life on Earth
Evolutionary EvidencesTopic-2 :
CONTENTS
( 4 )
Malcolm Forbes said “Education's purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one”
and this is something which is always followed by Government of Kerala, Department of Education,
whether through their education system framework or recent enhancement in their curriculum. The
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and can improve their problem solving and thinking skills.
This book is strictly as per the latest SCERT Kerala Textbook, introduced by SSLC Board in
2016. It follows the latest syllabus prescribed by the board. It contains all types of questions like
Textbook Questions, VSA Questions (Very Short Answer), SA Questions (Short Answer), MCQs
(Multiple Choice Questions) and LA Questions (Long Answer). A synopsis is given for every chapter
which contains important points from that chapter. Each chapter has high quality figures wherever
required for better, fast and clear understanding.
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which are developed by 'OSWAAL Expert Panel' which ensures success in examination. The Question
Bank is arranged ‘Topic-Wise’ where each topic from every chapter is explained in detail. High quality
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Why Topic Wise Question Banks Are A Better Choice than Previous Year’s Papers ?
Question Banks Previous Years’ Papers
1. Chapter-wise and Topic –wise presentation
in Question Banks facilitates systematic
study.
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students throughout the year as well as at
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specifications by the Board.
1. Year Wise presentation restricts
methodical flow of learning.
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changed and hence fail to be adept with
the latest Board specifications
–Publisher
PREFACE
SENSATION AND REPONSES
SYLLABUS� Neuron, Generation of Impulses, Synapse, Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System,
Diseases affecting Nervous System.
TOPIC-1
Neuron and Nerve Impulse
QUICK REVIEW
� The nervous system controls and co-ordinates the functions of the body.
� Brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors constitute the nervous system.
� A neuron, the basic unit of the nervous system, has three important parts : cyton or cell body, axon and dendron.
� A fixed number of neuron is present in human being when he is born. This number is constant during his lifetime.
� Cyton or cell body conducts impulses. � Axon conducts impulses from cell body to other neurons. � Dendrons are cytoplasmic growth arising from cell body. � Dendrites are branches of the dendron and axonites are the branches of axon. � Nerves are of three types :
z Sensory nerves z Motor nerves z Mixed nerves � Never impulse : It is the information in the form of chemical and electrical signals passing through neurons.
These impulses are carried by dendrites towards the cell body. � Neuromuscular function : It is the point where a muscle fibre comes in contact with a motor neuron carrying
nerve impulses from the central nervous system. The impulses travel from the neuron to the muscle fibre by means of a neurotransmitter in the same way as the transmission of impulses across a synapse between two neurons.
� Synapse : It is the junction between two adjacent neurons or nerve cells i.e., between the axon ending of one and the dendrites of the next.
� Transmission of nerve impulse : The information acquired at the end of the dendritic tip of a neuron sets off a chemical reaction which creates an electrical impulse. This impulse travel from the dendrite to the cyton along the axon to its end. At the end of the axon, the electrical impulse sets off the release of some chemicals, which cross the synapse and start a similar electrical impulse in a dendrite of the next neuron. In this way nerve impulse travel in the body.
TOPIC - 1Neuron and Nerve Impulse .... P. 5
TOPIC - 2Kinds of Nervous System .... P. 9
TOPIC - 3Reflex Action, Diseases Affecting Nervous System .... P. 13
CHAPTER
1
6 ] Oswaal Kerala SSLC Question Bank, BIOLOGY, Class – X
KNOW THE TERMS
� Nervous system : The system that controls and co-ordinates the functions of the body. � Neuron : The basic unit of the nervous system. � Cyton : Cell body of a neuron. � Myelin sheath : A glistening white-coloured sheath that provides nutrients and protection to the nerve cells and
enhances the transmission of nerve impulses by acting as an insulator. � Schwann cells : Cells with definite nucleus and their cytoplasm is filled with a fatty material. Myelin sheath is
made up of Schwann cells. � Synaptic knob : The swollen tip of an axonite. � Nerve : A group of nerve fibres or axons covered by connective tissue. � Sensory nerves : Nerves composed of nerve fibres carrying impulses from the sense organs to the brain and
spinal cord. � Motor nerves : Nerves consisting of nerve fibres that transmit messages from the brain and spinal cord to different
organs and muscles. � Mixed nerves : Nerves composed of both sensory and motor nerve fibres. � Nerve ganglion : A cluster of cell bodies found in certain nerves which appears like a tiny globular swelling. � Receptors : Capable of receiving stimuli from within the body and external environment. They are located in
sense organs and in other different organs. � Stimuli : Factors that can produce response in organisms are stimuli. � Impulse : The flow of electric charge resulting from variations in equilibrium. � Response : Changes that take place in the body when impulses reach the brain or the spinal cord through nerves. � Synapse : The junction between two neurons. Impulses transmitted from one neuron to another pass through
the synapse.
FLOWCHART
From sense organsto brain/spinal
cord
From brain/spinalcord to organs and
muscles
Composed of bothsensory andmotor fibres
Nerves
MotorSensory Mixed
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)
Q. 1. Mention the main part of a neuron. [TBQ] Ans. The main part of neuron are : (i) Cyton (ii) Axon (iii) Dendron (1) Q. 3. How is myelin sheath formed ? [TBQ] Ans. Schwann cells, a part of nervous tissues, repeatedly
encircle the axons to form the myelin sheath. (1) Q. 4. Mention the charge present on either side of the
plasma membrane in a resting state. [TBQ] Ans. Outer surface positively charged and inner surface
negatively charged. (1)
Q. 4. Find out the relationship between the pair of words and fill up the blanks:
Cranial nerve : Communication from brain to organ
………… : Communication from spinal cord to organ.
Ans. Spinal nerve. (1) Q. 5. Find the odd one. Write down the common features
of others. Dendrite, Dendron, Axon, Nephron Ans. Nephron; the others are part of a neuron. (1)
SENSATION AND REPONSES [ 7
Q. 6. Find out from the picture the part through which impulses travel out of the nerve cell.
Ans. C. (1) Q. 7. Fill in the blanks : (i) The factors that can produce response in
organism are ……… (ii) Optic nerve is an example of ………
Ans. (i) Stimuli (ii) Sensory nerve (½+½) Q. 8. What is known as ganglion ? Ans. Ganglion is a group of cell bodies enveloped by a
membrane. Numerous ganglia are seen near the brain at the root of cranial nerves and on either side of the vertebral column. (1)
Q. 9. Name two tissues which provide control and co-ordination in animals.
Ans. Nervous tissues and muscular tissues (½+½) Q. 10. Which part of the neuron acquire information ? Ans. Dendrite. (1) Q. 11. Name the largest cell present in the human body. Ans. Neuron. Q. 12. Which part of the neuron travels information as
electric impulse ? Ans. Axon. (1)
Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each
Q. 1. Correct the mistakes, if any, in the flowchart and redraw. [TBQ]
Ans.
Q. 2. Examine the diagram and label the parts correctly.
Ans. (A) Axon, (B) Dendron, (C) Axonite, (D) Dendrite. (½×4) Q. 3. Mention the function of myelin sheath. [TBQ] Ans. The major function of the myelin sheath are to provide nutrients and oxygen to the axon, accelerates impulses,
act as an electric insulator and protect the axon from external shocks. (2) Q. 4. Mention the change in the distribution of ions on both sides of the plasma membrane when it gets stimulated.
[TBQ] Ans. During stimulation, the outer surface becomes negatively charged while the inner surface becomes positively
charged. (2) Q. 5. Find out the odd one and identify the common features of others : (i) Dendrite, acetyl choline, axon, synaptic knob, (ii) Pelvis, pyramid, neuron, nephron. Ans. (i) Acetyl choline : It is a neurotransmitter whereas other are the parts of neuron. (ii) Neuron : It is a nerve cell whereas others are the parts of kidney (1+1) Q. 6. “Receptors are modified neurons.” Justify the statement with examples of receptors in different sense organs. Ans. Photo receptors, sound receptors, taste receptors, olfactory receptors, any recepta on the skin. (1×2) Q. 7. Name the two examples of neurotransmitters. Ans. Acetylcholine and Dopamine (1+1) Q. 8. Why nerve impulses pass through one direction only ? Ans. Nerve impulses pass from synaptic-knob to the tip of the dendrites. Acetylcholine is related in the synaptic knob.
Acetylcholine produces impulses at the tip of the dendrites. But the dendrite do not produce acetylcholine. So, impulses always pass through one direction only. (2)
Q. 9. Write the main functions of the following : (i) Sensory neuron, (ii) Motor neuron. Ans. (i) Sensory neuron pass information from receptors to brain. (ii) Motor neuron transmit information from brain or spinal cord to effector organ. (1+1) Q. 10. What happens at the synapse between two neurons ? Ans. When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end of one neuron it releases certain chemical substances that cross
the synapse and move towards the dendrite end of next neuron, generating another electrical signal. (2)
8 ] Oswaal Kerala SSLC Question Bank, BIOLOGY, Class – X
Short Answer Type Questions-II (3 marks each)
Q. 1. How are impulses transmitted through neurons ? [TBQ]
Ans. Impulses are the messages conducted through nerves. These impulses transmit in the form of electric charges. Impulses are generated when stimuli evoke changes in polarity in the plasma membrane of receptors, the modified neurons. The difference in the distribution of ions help to maintain positive charge on the outer surface and negative charge inside the plasma membrane of the neuron. When stimulated, the ionic equilibrium in the particular part changes. As a result, polarity changes and the outer surface becomes negatively charged while inner surface becomes positively charged. This change does not persist long. It regains its original state. (3)
Q. 2. (i) What is a synapse ? (ii) Mention the significance of neurotransmitter. (iii) How impulse is transmitted through synapse ?
[TBQ] Ans. (i) Synapse is the junction between two neurons
or a neuron and a muscle cell or a neuron and a glandular cell.
(ii) The neurotransmitter which is released in the synaptic cleft stimulates the adjacent dendrite and new electric impulses are formed.
(iii) Electrical impulse travels from the dendrite to the cyton along the axon to its end. At the end of axon across the synapse, it releases a chemical named neurotransmitter which allows impulses to pass neurons to other cell such as muscle cells or glands. (1+1+1)
Q. 3. How are nerves categorized based on their functions ?
Ans. On the basis of their functions, the nerves are categorized as afferent nerves and efferent nerves.
Afferent nerves carry impulses from the sensory organs to the brain. Efferent nerves carry impulses from the brain to the sensory organs. (1+2)
Q. 4. What is meant by co-ordination in living organisms ? Why is there a need for co-ordination in living organisms ?
Ans. (i) The orderly regulation of the various activities in various organ systems for meticulous functioning of an organism is called co-ordination.
(ii) Co-ordination helps an organism to respond to various stimuli in its surrounding and also brings about proper growth and development in the organism.
(iii) In order to maintain the steady state by different systems of an organism for optimal functioning, perfect co-ordination is needed. (1+1+1)
Q. 5. Draw a well labelled diagram of a neuron. Ans.
Nucleus
Cell body [Cyton]
Nerveending
(3)
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)
Q. 1. Mention any four functions of the nervous system. Ans. (i) It regulates involuntary actions. (ii) It controls and co-ordinates voluntary muscular activities. (iii) It keep us informed about the outside world through the sense organs. (iv) It enable us to think, reason and remember. (v) It controls all the reflex actions in our body, thus protecting it from any harm. (Any four) (1+1+1+1) Q. 2. Mention the peculiarities of different part of a neuron and their functions. [TBQ]
Ans. Parts of neuron Peculiarities Functions
(i) Cell body Central part of neuron contains nucleus and cytoplasm.
Changes stimulus to impulses.
(ii) Axon Longest filament from the cell body. Carries impulses from the cell body to outside.
(iii) Dendron Part projecting out from the cell body. Carries impulses from dendrites to the cell body.
(iv) Axonite Terminal branches of axon. Carries impulses to the synaptic knob.
(1+1+1+1)
SENSATION AND REPONSES [ 9
Q. 3. Explain the structure of a neuron. Ans. The neuron has three main parts : cell body,
dendron, axon. Cell Body : It contains a well defined nucleus,
surrounded by granular cytoplasm. Dendron : These are branched cytoplasmic
projections of the cell body. They reach the finest part of the body and conduct nerve impulses to the cyton.
Axon : It is a long process from the cell body. In most neurons, it is surrounded by a white insulating sheath called neurolemma. The myelin sheath shows gaps throughout the length, whih are called Nodes of Ranvier. Axon terminals are closely placed near the dendrites of another one or more neurons but are not connected. Such gaps in between are called synaptic cleft.
TOPIC-2
Kinds of Nervous System
QUICK REVIEW
� There are three kinds of nervous system : (i) Central nervous system (ii) Peripheral nervous system (iii) Autonomic nervous system. � Central nervous system consist of brain and spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system consist of cranial and spinal
nerves. Autonomic nervous system consist of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. � The brain is the most complex organ in the human body, and is the centre of all the peculiar characteristics which
makes man unique. � The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which is formed from the blood is reabsorbed into it. � CSF helps to provide nutrients and oxygen to the tissues in the brain, ensures the protection of the brain. CSF is
also contained in the cerebral ventricles, the cavities in the brain. � The cerebrum is the centre of qualities like intelligence, memory, thought and imagination. Senses like sight,
hearing and taste are made possible by this part. � The cerebrum controls all voluntary movements. � The cerebrum has two parts :
z Grey matter z White matter � The cerebellum maintains the equilibrium of the body by coordinating muscular activities. � Medulla oblongata controls involuntary actions like breathing, heartbeat, vomiting, sneezing, coughing and
contraction of blood vessels. � In the medulla oblongata and spinal cord, white matter is seen outside and grey matter inside. � The thalamus seen at the interior of the brain is the relay station of impulses to and from the cerebrum. � At the base of the thalamus is the hypothalamus which plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis. � Spinal cord is a cylindrical structure and a part of the CNS. It is made up of nerves which supply information to
think. It begins in continuation with medulla oblongata and extends downwards. It is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column. A total of thirty one pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.
� Peripheral Nervous System constitute the cranial and spinal nerves along with their branches. (i) Cranial nerves arise from the brain and spread throughout the head.
• There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. (ii) Spinal Nerves arise from the spinal cord along most of its length and spread throughout the body.
• There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves – eight in the neck region, twelve in chest region, five in abdominal region, five in hip region and one the coccyx region. Coccyx is the last bone of the vertebral column.
� Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) mean ‘self governing nervous system’. • Autonomic nervous system is called visceral nervous system. • It lies outside and parallel to CNS. • ANS consists of a pair of chain of nerves and ganglia found on both sides of the vertebral to CNS. • The autonomic nervous system can be classified anatomically and functionally into sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system.
10 ] Oswaal Kerala SSLC Question Bank, BIOLOGY, Class – X
KNOW THE TERMS
� Brain : The most complex organ and control centre of the body. � Skull : The hard case that protects the brain. � Meninges : The three layered covering of the brain. � Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) : The fluid that fills between the inner layers of the brain, and provides oxygen,
nutrients and protection to the brain. � Cerebrum : The largest part of the brain. � Grey matter : The outer part of the cerebrum that is grey coloured due to the absence of myelin. � White matter : The interior of the cerebrum that has nerve fibres covered with white coloured myelin. � Cerebellum : The part that lies below the cerebrum and the second largest part of the brain. � Medulla oblongata : The stem-like part seen close to the cerebellum below the cerebrum. � Thalamus : The relay station of impulses to and from the cerebrum in the interior of the brain. � Hypothalamus : The part at the base of the thalamus which plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis.
FLOWCHARTS
ParietalLobe
CerebrumOlfactory
lobesCerebellum Pons Medulla
FrontalLobe
TemporalLobe
OccipitalLobe
SpinalCordBrain
SpinalNerves
CranialNerves
ParasympatheticSympathetic
Nervous System
Central NervousSystem (CNS)
Peripheral NervousSystem (PNS)
Autonomic NervousSystem (ANS)
Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain
Three-layeredcovering
Gray matterCoordinates
muscularactivities
Controlsinvoluntary
actions
Relaysimpulses
Maintainshomeostasis
Meninges Cerebrum CerebellumMedulla
oblongata Thalamus Hypothalamus
Brain
White matter
SENSATION AND REPONSES [ 11
Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)
Q. 1. What is the role of brain in providing sensory experience? [TBQ]
Ans. Cerebrum in the brain provides sensory experiences. (1)
Q. 2. Which part of the brain enabled Raju to draw the scenery? [TBQ]
Ans. Cerebrum. (1) Q. 3. Inverted image is formed on the retina. But we do
not see the image like that. Why ? [TBQ] Ans. Cerebrum coordinates both the images to make
the inverted image as erect. Cerebrum gives the experience of vision. (1)
Q. 4. The part of the brain which helps to maintain body balance is ………
(a) Cerebrum (b) Cerebellum (c) Medulla oblongata (d) Thalamus [TBQ] Ans. (b) Cerebellum. (1) Q. 5. Find out the relationship between the pair of
words and fill up the blanks : Relay of impulse : thalamus ……………………… : hypothalamus Ans. Centre of hunger, thirst and maintenance of
homeostasis. Q. 6. Find out the word pair relation and fill in the
blanks. Eye – Vision Cerebellum – ………… Ans. Balance. (1) Q. 7. Find out the word pair relation and fill in the blanks. Cerebrum – Thought Cerebellum – ………… Ans. Coordination of muscular activity. (1)
Q. 8. Which part of the brain maintains posture and equilibrium of the body ?
Ans. Cerebellum. (1) Q. 9. Name the two components of peripheral nervous
system. Ans. The two components of peripheral nervous system
are : (i) Cranial nerves, (ii) Spinal nerves. (½+½) Q. 10. Fill in the blanks : (i) Cavities present on the different parts of the
brain is ……… (ii) Long cavity present in the spinal cord is
…..…… Ans. (i) Ventricles, (ii) Central canal (½+½) Q. 11. What is short term memory ? Ans. Short term memory lasts only for 30 seconds e.g.,
remember a phone number and dial it and then it vanishes from memory. (1)
Q. 12. What is the function of the cerebrospinal fluid ? Ans. The cerebrospinal fluid keeps the central nervous
system well nourished and also protects it by absorbing mechanical shock. (1)
Q. 13. Find the odd one : Dorsal root, ventral root, central canal, cerebrum Ans. Cerebrum : This is a part of brain. Others are parts
of spinal cord. (1) Q. 14. Find out the relation and fill up the blanks : (i) Equilibrium of the body : Cerebellum ::
Homeostasis : ……… (ii) Corpus callosum : Cerebrum :: ……… : Cerebellum Ans. (i) Hypothalamus (ii) Pons (½+½) Q. 15. What is meningitis ? Ans. Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges, the
covering of the brain. (1)
Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)
Q. 1. (i) How does protection of the brain takes place ? (ii) What helps in the nourishment of brain ?
[TBQ] Ans. (i) The brain is protected inside a hard skull. It
is covered by the meninges, a three-layered membrane, named duramater, arachnoid and piamater.
(ii) Cerebrospinal fluid is filled within the inner membranes of meninges and the ventricles of the brain which provide nutrients and oxygen to the tissues of the brain, regulate the pressure inside the brain and protect the brain from injuries. (1+1)
Q. 2. (i) How is the spinal cord protected ? (ii) How does the dorsal root differ from ventral
root ? [TBQ] Ans. (i) Spinal cord is protected inside the vertebral
column and is covered by meninges. (ii) Sensory impulses reach the spinal cord
through the dorsal root and motor impulses go
out of the spinal cord through the ventral root. (1+1)
Q. 3. Mention the major functions of the spinal cord. [TBQ]
Ans. Function of spinal cord : (i) Spinal cord is the main centre of reflex action. (ii) It is concerned with the conduction of nerve
impulses to and from the brain. (1+1) Q. 4. What is the significance of the part just below the
thalamus. [TBQ] Ans. Hypothalamus is located below the thalamus at the
base of the brain. It control the pattern of sleep and stress, regulates hormonal secretions of pituitary gland which in turn controls various endocrine glands. It controls food intake, thirst and body temperature (thermoregulation). (2)
Q. 5. Why an organism require system of control and coordination?
Ans. A living being does not live in isolation. It has to
12 ] Oswaal Kerala SSLC Question Bank, BIOLOGY, Class – X
constantly interact with its external environment and has to respond properly for its survival. Thus, the control and coordination is required in multicellular animals where body is complex. (2)
Q. 6. Name the part of the brain that performs the following functions :
(i) Maintaining the posture and balance of the body,
(ii) Regulation of blood pressure, (iii) Sensation of hunger or feeling full, (iv) Seeing. Ans. (i) Hind brain (ii) Hind brain (iii) Fore brain (iv) Fore brain (½+½+½+½) Q. 7. What are the functions of medulla oblongata ? Ans. Medulla oblongata controls heartbeat, breathing,
contraction of blood vessels, gastro intestinal movements, vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and other involuntary activities. (2)
Q. 8. How does the cerebrum differ from the cerebellum in structure ?
Ans. Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. Its surface is highly convoluted. It is divided into left and right hemispheres. Cerebellum is just behind the cerebrum. It has two lobes. Longitudinal grooves are seen on the surface in place of convolutions. (2)
Q. 9. What are the function of cerebrum ? Ans. Cerebrum controls all voluntary activities. It is the
centre of consciousness, thought, imagination, memory, analytical thinking etc. It gives awareness of vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, heat, etc. (2)
Q. 10. Name the part of brain which controls : (i) Voluntary action (ii) Involuntary action Ans. (i) Voluntary action : cerebellum. (ii) Involuntary action : medulla. (1+1) Q. 11. Taking the example of heart beat, justify the
antagonistic action of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nerves.
Ans. Sympathetic system increases contraction and rhythm and parasympathetic system decreases con- traction and rhythm with respect to heart beat. (2)
Q. 12. What is the significance of the peripheral nervous system ? Name the components of this nervous system and distinguish between the origin of the two ?
Ans. The communication between the central nervous system and the other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are its main components. Cranial nerves arise from the brain; spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord. (2)
Long Answer Type Questions (4 marks each)
Q. 1. Redraw the picture and answer the following questions.
(a) Identify and label the parts according to the functions given below:
(i) The part which maintains balance and equilibrium of the body
(ii) The part which controls the heartbeat. (iii) The part which controls voluntary activities. (b) Write one more function for each of the three
identified parts. Ans. (a)
(1)
(b) (i) Cerebellum : coordinates muscular-activities
(ii) Medulla oblongata : controls breathing (iii) Cerebrum : centre of intelligence (3) Q. 2. Hypothalamus has an important role in
maintaining homeostasis. Analyse this statement and note down 4 ideas to justify your views.
Ans. • Hypothalamus controls the activity of the pituitary gland.
• This enables the nervous and endocrine system to act harmoniously to maintain homeostasis. The body overcomes changes in the external or internal environment by controlling and coordinating physiological activities accordingly. Nervous responses are quick while hormonal responses are slow. Thus, a response to any external change remains for a longer duration.
• The autonomic nervous system controls the activity of the adrenal gland which is responsible for the fight and flight mechanism. The secretions of the adrenal gland are controlled by the ACTH which is secreted by the pituitary gland.
• The secretion of the pituitary gland in turn is controlled by the hypothalamus. Hence, the hypothalamus has an important role in maintaining homeostasis. (1 mark each) (1×4)
SENSATION AND REPONSES [ 13
Q. 3. Which are the different parts of human nervous system ? Ans. The human nervous system can be divided into : (i) The central nervous system (CNS) : It comprises of the brain and spinal cord and regulation of all activities
of the body. (ii) The peripheral nervous system (PNS) : It include all the nerves. The nerves form a network and spread
throughout the body. They are instrumental in connecting all parts of the body to the central nervous system. (iii) The autonomic nervous system (ANS) : It comprises of all the nerves present in the involuntary organs like
heart, stomach, lungs etc. (iv) On the basis of their function, the nerves are categorized as afferent and efferent nerves. The nerves are
composed of neurons and neuroglia. The neuron are specialized cells capable of creating and transmitting electrochemical impulses. The neuroglial cells are supportive cells which assist the neuron in their function. (4)
TOPIC-3
Reflex Action, Diseases Affecting Nervous System
QUICK REVIEW
� Reflex Action : It is defined as an unconscious, automatic and involuntary response of effectors, i.e., muscles and glands, to a stimulus, which is monitored through the spinal cord.
� Mechanism of Reflex Action : It involves the following steps : (i) Receptor organ like skin perceives the stimulus and activates a sensory nerve impulse. (ii) Sensory organ carries message in the form of sensory impulse to the spinal cord. (iii) The spinal cord acts as modulator. The neurons of spinal cord transmit the sensory nerve impulse to motor
neuron. (iv) Motor nerve conducts these impulses to the effectors like leg muscles which responds by pulling back the
organ away from the harmful stimulus. � Advantages of Reflex Action (i) It enables the body to give quick responses to harmful stimuli and thus protects our body. (ii) It minimises the overloading of brain. � Reflex Arc : It is the pathway taken by the nerve impulses and responses in a reflex action, i.e., from the receptor
organs like skin to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the effector organs like muscles.
Spinal cord(CNS)
Message toBrain
Relayneuron
Effector = Muscle in arm
Motornueron
Sensory neuron
Receptors = Heat/Painreceptors in skin
Reflex arc
Disease Causes Symptoms
Alzheimer’s Accumulation of an insoluble protein in the neural tissues of the brain. Neurons get destroyed.
Loss of memory, inability to recognize friends and relatives, inability to do routine works.
Parkinsons Destruction of specialised ganglions in the brain. production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter reduces.
Loss of body balance, irregular movement of muscles, shivering of the body, profuse salivation.
Epilepsy Continuous and irregular flow of electric charges in the brain.
Epilesy due to continuous muscular contraction, forthy discharge from the mouth, cleaning of the teeth following which the patient falls unconscious.
14 ] Oswaal Kerala SSLC Question Bank, BIOLOGY, Class – X
KNOW THE TERMS
� Reflex action : Any sudden action in response to some happening in the environment, without thinking about it or without falling in control of our reactions in called reflex action.
� Voluntary movements : Movements which are under our control are called voluntary movements. Voluntary movement require thinking.
� Involuntary movements : Movements which are not under our control are called involuntary movements. Involuntary movements do not require thinking.
FLOWCHART
REFLEX ARC
Hot Plate
(Stimulus)
Receptors
(like skin)
Sensoryneurons
Spinal Cord
Response Effectors
(like skin) Motor neurons
Reflex Arc
Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)
Q. 1. Identify the relation and fill in the blanks : (i) Irregular flow of charge in the brain : Epilepsy Decreased production of dopamine : ……… [TBQ] Ans. Parkinsons. (1) Q. 2. What is interneuron? Ans. The neuron that connect the sensory neuron and
the motor neuron. It generates quick responses according to the sensory impulse. (1)
Q. 3. What is a reflex action ? Ans. Reflex action is defined as an unconscious and
involuntary responses of effector to a stimulus. (1) Q. 4. Give example of involuntary action. Ans. Beating of heart, salivation in the mouth on chewing
tasty food. (1) Q. 5. What is known as reflex arc ? Ans. The reflex arc is the pathway through which
impulses travel during reflex action. (1)
Short Answer Type Questions (2 marks each)
Q. 1. Which is related to Alzheimer disease from those given below ? What is the chief symptom of the disease?
(a) Degeneration of specific ganglion, (b) Accumulation of an insoluble plaque in
nervous tissue, (c) Irregularity in the electric impulse in the
brain. Ans. (b) Accumulation of an insoluble plaque in
nervous tissue. Symptoms : Loss of memory, inability to recognize friends and relatives, inability to do routine works. (1+1)
Q. 2. Define reflex action. Give one example. Show with the help of a flow diagram the path of the reflex action.
Ans. Reflex action in a sudden action in response to something in the environment.
e.g., pulling out hand from the flame if accidently touched.
The path of the reflex action is as follows : Receptors → sensory neuron → spinal cord →
motor neuron → Effector. (1+1) Q. 3. In the given diagram of reflex arc : Name the parts labelled A, B, C, D and E
Ans. (a) A – receptor (½) B – Sensory neuron / nerve (½) C – relay neuron / interneuron (½) D – motor neuron / nerve (½) E – effector (½)
Oswaal Kerala SSLC Question Bank ForClass 10 Biology With CompleteSolutions For 2017 Examination
Publisher : Oswaal Books ISBN : 9789386177537 Author : Panel Of Experts
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