1 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products Care Products Literature Review, Treatment Technologies, Research Literature Review, Treatment Technologies, Research and Regulatory Process and Regulatory Process MWEA IPP Seminar MWEA IPP Seminar October 15, 2009 October 15, 2009 Rich Grant, P.E. Rich Grant, P.E. – Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering Brian Rice, P.E. Brian Rice, P.E. – Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering [email protected][email protected][email protected][email protected]Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Background Example Compounds Research Treatment Regulatory Process Conclusions • Initial need for data Initial need for data • Wastewater treatment plants Wastewater treatment plants Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Background • Interest • PPCP/EDC • Sources & Occurrence Example Compounds Wastewater treatment plants Wastewater treatment plants • Risk assessment / Toxicology Risk assessment / Toxicology • Increased microbial resistance to Increased microbial resistance to antibiotics antibiotics Research Treatment Regulatory Process Conclusions
Transcript
1
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care ProductsCare Products
Literature Review, Treatment Technologies, Research Literature Review, Treatment Technologies, Research and Regulatory Process and Regulatory Process
Surface/Ground Water InteractionSurface/Ground Water Interaction
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
Helena Valley Ground Water: Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, Endocrine Disruptors (PPCPs) and Microbial Indicators of Fecal Contamination
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwaterof Fecal Contamination
Kathleen (Kate) J. Miller and Joseph Meek, both of the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, 2005
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
7
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
•32 of 38 PPCP analytes detected in GW•Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 80%•Atrazine 40%
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
• High Density = 300 septic systems /mi2
• Moderate Density = 50 - 300 septic systems /mi2
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
8
• Occurrence and Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Groundwater Environments, EPA funded research by Stony Brook University, 2005
• Distribution of PPCPs
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
• Migration of PPCPs Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
• Upper drift aquifer on Long Island, New York
• 18 sampling sites
• Septic tank plume
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
• Some pharmaceuticals detected in GW from drainfield plume
• Sorption and migration
• Drainfield is not the end to
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Surface Water
Groundwater
migration of PPCPs, EDCs Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
9
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t tWastewater
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Wastewater
• Goals - halt, minimize
Contamination by Pass-Through
Biosolids Contamination
DestructionDestruction
vsvsWastewater
Pass Thru
Biosolids
Treatment
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
RemovalRemoval
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t t
Physical, BioChemicalTreatment
WWTP WWTP Sorption Removal and Pass ThroughSorption Removal and Pass Through
BiosolidsBiosolids impactimpact
Limited BiodegradationLimited Biodegradation
Wastewater
Pass Thru
Biosolids
Treatment
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
10
WHAT WORKS?
Recent Studies:
“REDUCTION OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS THROUGH CONVENTIONAL ANDADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES”Joan Oppenheimer, Roger Stephenson, Samer Adham, James DeCarolis 2007
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t tWastewater
Pass Thru
Biosolids
Treatment
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
• Six full-scale treatment facilities
• Twenty target PPCPs
• Percentage removal of each compound versus the solids retention time (SRT)
• Benchmark: SRT80%
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t tWastewater
Pass Thru
Biosolids
Treatment
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
SO… WHAT WORKS?
AWWA Research Foundation (AWWARF)
R l f EDC d Ph ti l
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t t Removal of EDCs and Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water and Reuse Treatment Processes, 2007
Wastewater
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
11
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t t
RECENT FINDINGS
-“SRT80%” not achievable for most compounds
Best biological removal performance noted with nitrification/denitrification system
Wastewater
Pass Thru
Biosolids
Treatment
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
-Microfiltration reverse osmosis (MF/RO)Optimal Removal, little/no destruction, high $
OBSERVATIONS
1) Bio-sorption
2) Advanced Oxidation
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t t 70%
80%
90%
100%
Wastewater
Pass Thru
Biosolids
Treatment
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Per
cen
t R
emo
val
Ann Arbor
Grand Rapids
•Free chlorinePharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
•Free chlorine•Ozone•Ultraviolet Disinfection•Advanced Oxidation•Activated CarbonR O i
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t t •Reverse OsmosisWastewater
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
•Free chlorine•Ozone•Ultraviolet Disinfection•Advanced Oxidation•Activated CarbonR O i
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
W t t •Reverse Osmosis•Biological Removal
Wastewater
Drinking Water
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
14
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Regulatory ProcessEndocrine Disruptor Screening Program Section 408(p) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA.
$2.85 to $6 billion to fully screen EDC chemicals
Regulatory
Process
Regulate
Manage
Future
Conclusions
EDC chemicals(University of Minnesota, 2004)
If a substance is found to have an endocrine effect on humans, FFDCA section 408(p)(6) directs the Administrator to take action under available statutory authority to ensure protection of public health.
Should We Regulate Should We Regulate a Specific Chemical?a Specific Chemical?
What is What is REALLY REALLY happening now?happening now?
“Potential Releases of Unused Medicines In Landfill Leachate”
Lial Tischler, Tischler/Kocurek, Virginia Cunningham, Doug Finan GSK, Mary Buzby, Merck & Co., Inc. Neil Parke, Eli Lilly & Co., Inc.
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Regulate
Manage
Future
Conclusions
What is What is REALLY REALLY happening now?happening now?
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Direct Disposal (Toilet/Landfill)
Regulatory
Process
Regulate
Manage
Future
Conclusions
Trash
Flush
Store
16
CONSIDER THIS QUOTE:
“Landfill disposal of unused medicines will result in much lower surface water discharges of pharmaceutical active ingredients than flushing unused medicines to sewers.”
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
WHENconsidering the 20% or so that is not excreted
Regulatory
Process
Regulate
Manage
Future
Conclusions
Landfill Disposal of Unused Medicines Gaining Momentum & Publicity
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Regulate
Manage
Future
Conclusions
PPCPs, PPCPs, EDCs, EDCs, SurvivalSurvival
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Biosolids to Biosolids to Landfill? Landfill?
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
17
Historical Historical EPA methodsEPA methods
EDCs lowEDCs low--dose activitydose activity
Pharmaceuticals& Personal CareProducts (PPCPs)
Background
Example Compounds
Research
Treatment
Regulatory
Process
Conclusions
Previous work missed EDC impacts
Ecologically, which is appropriate? “Innocent until proven guilty”
