ORIGINAL ARTICLE PHCOG J. 24 Pharmacognosy Journal | March-April 2012 | Vol 4 | Issue 28 *Address for correspondence: Mr. Sudarshan Singh, M. Pharm., Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Shree H.N.S.I.P.E.R., C/o BM Kiayda Campus, Nr. Lal Pari Lake, B/H Marketing Yard, Amargardh - Bichari, Rajkot, 360-002 (Gujarat.) India. Mobile: +9199788-19269 E-mail: [email protected]DOI: 10.5530/pj.2012.28.5 The extracts of D. melanoxylon showed signiÀcant antihyperglycemic activity as compared to standard drug. [7] The fruit is bitter, acrid; cooling, digestible, carminative, astringent to the bowels; The leaves have bad taste and smell; diuretic, carminative, laxative, styptic; good in epistaxis and night blindness; improve the eyesight; used in opthalmina, trichiasis, burns, tuberculosis gland, scabies, and old wounds. The dried Áowers are aphrodisiac, diuretic; useful in leucorrhoess, urinary discharges, inÁammation of the spleen, scabies, night blindness, and anemia; enrich the blood. The bark of the tree possesses astringent properties, and is used as decoction in diarrhoea and dyspepsia as tonic, [5] antimicrobial activity, [6] antihyperglycemic activity, [7] anti-plasmodial activities against chloroquine- sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (K1) strains of P. falciparum. [8] Buchanania lanzan spreng [Image 1b] commonly known as Char (Hindi), Charoli (Gujarati) is a tree 12-15 mt high, with straight trunk, belonging to family from Anacardiaceae. [1] The kernels contains moisture, 3.0; protien, 19.0; fat,59.0; Àbers, 3.8; carbohydrates 12.1; and minerels 3.0 g/100 gm; calcium, 279.0; phosphours, 528.0 (phytin phosphorus, 158.0); iron, 8.5; oxalic acid, 2.0; magnisum, 373.0; sodium, 10.2; potasium, 436.0; copper, 0.86; sulphur, 186.0; chorine, Pharmacognostical Studies of Seeds on Some Plants Belonging Chhattisgarh Sunil B. Bothara and Sudarshan Singh* Principal, Shri GM BILAKHIA College of Pharmacy ROFEL, Vapi, Gujarat, India. *Department of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India ABSTRACT Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb. belonging to family Ebenaceae, commonly known as Tendu in Hindi is a small tree with rather slender stem and smooth grey bark. Buchanania lanzan spreng. commonly known as Char in Hindi is a tree of 12-15 mt high, with straight trunk, belonging to family Anacardiaceae. Manilkara zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn., belonging to family sapotaceae commonly known as Chiku in Hindi is a large, evergreen, forest tree more than 30 mt in height. These three plants are easily available in the forests of Chhattisgarh used in various diseases traditionaly. The pharmacognostical studies of these plants were done by evaluating its microscopical studies, phytochemical screening, ¹OURESCENCE ANALYSIS OF EXTRACTS OF THE SEEDS WITH DIFFERENT REAGENTS AND PRESENCE OF %LEMENTAL ANALYSIS SUCH AS #(.3 AND HEAVY METALS 4HE MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES REVEALED THE SPECIµC CHARACTERS IN ALL THREE SEEDS IT HAS OBSEREVED AND IDENTIµED 0HYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS FAT AND OILS PRESENT IN EXTRACTS OF all three seeds. Flourescence analysis of Extarcts of seeds shows diffrent colours with different reagents. The above PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES WILL BE BENEµCIAL FOR PROPER IDENTIµCATION AND AUTHENTIµCATION of seeds of D. melonoxylon Roxb., B. lanzan spreng, M. zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn. Key words: Pharmacognostic study, Diospyros melonoxylon, Buchanania lanzan, Manilkara zapota INTRODUCTION Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb [Image 1a]. commonly known as Tendu in Hindi, a small tree with rather slender stem and smooth grey bark belonging to family Ebenaceae. [1] The air dried seeds contain reddish yellow oil, 6.0; unsaponiÀcable matter, 2.1; iodine value, 8.5; and saponiÀcable value, 200. It is a rich source of unusual cyclopropenoid fatty acids, 24 % and shows sufÀcient promise for its exploitation for industrial utilization. The fatty acid composition of the oil is as follows: palmitic, 13.7; stearic, 5.5; oleic, 18.5; linoleic, 11.9; keto acid, 29.0; malvalic, 12.7; and sterculic acid, 8.7 %. [2] D. melanoxylon leaves, extensive chemical screening resulted in the isolation of nine pentacyclic triterpenes and Ƣ-sitosterol. [3,4]
*Address for correspondence:Mr. Sudarshan Singh, M. Pharm., Lecturer, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Shree H.N.S.I.P.E.R., C/o BM Kiayda Campus, Nr. Lal Pari Lake, B/H Marketing Yard, Amargardh - Bichari, Rajkot, 360-002 (Gujarat.) India.Mobile: +9199788-19269E-mail: [email protected]
DOI: 10.5530/pj.2012.28.5
The extracts of D. melanoxylon showed signi cant antihyperglycemic activity as compared to standard drug. [7] The fruit is bitter, acrid; cooling, digestible, carminative, astringent to the bowels; The leaves have bad taste and smell; diuretic, carminative, laxative, styptic; good in epistaxis and night blindness; improve the eyesight; used in opthalmina, trichiasis, burns, tuberculosis gland, scabies, and old wounds. The dried owers are aphrodisiac, diuretic; useful in leucorrhoess, urinary discharges, in ammation of the spleen, scabies, night blindness, and anemia; enrich the blood. The bark of the tree possesses astringent properties, and is used as decoction in diarrhoea and dyspepsia as tonic,[5] antimicrobial activity,[6] antihyperglycemic activity,[7] anti-plasmodial activities against chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (K1) strains of P. falciparum.[8]
Buchanania lanzan spreng [Image 1b] commonly known as Char (Hindi), Charoli (Gujarati) is a tree 12-15 mt high, with straight trunk, belonging to family from Anacardiaceae.[1] The kernels contains moisture, 3.0; protien, 19.0; fat,59.0;
Pharmacognostical Studies of Seeds on Some Plants Belonging Chhattisgarh
Sunil B. Bothara and Sudarshan Singh*
Principal, Shri GM BILAKHIA College of Pharmacy ROFEL, Vapi, Gujarat, India. *Department of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
A B S T R A C T
Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb. belonging to family Ebenaceae, commonly known as Tendu in Hindi is a small tree with rather slender stem and smooth grey bark. Buchanania lanzan spreng. commonly known as Char in Hindi is a tree of 12-15 mt high, with straight trunk, belonging to family Anacardiaceae. Manilkara zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn., belonging to family sapotaceae commonly known as Chiku in Hindi is a large, evergreen, forest tree more than 30 mt in height. These three plants are easily available in the forests of Chhattisgarh used in various diseases traditionaly. The pharmacognostical studies of these plants were done by evaluating its microscopical studies, phytochemical screening,
all three seeds. Flourescence analysis of Extarcts of seeds shows diffrent colours with different reagents. The above
of seeds of D. melonoxylon Roxb., B. lanzan spreng, M. zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn.
Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb [Image 1a]. commonly known as Tendu in Hindi, a small tree with rather slender stem and smooth grey bark belonging to family Ebenaceae.[1] The air dried seeds contain reddish yellow oil, 6.0; unsaponi cable matter, 2.1; iodine value, 8.5; and saponi cable value, 200. It is a rich source of unusual cyclopropenoid fatty acids, 24 % and shows suf cient promise for its exploitation for industrial utilization. The fatty acid composition of the oil is as follows: palmitic, 13.7; stearic, 5.5; oleic, 18.5; linoleic, 11.9; keto acid, 29.0; malvalic, 12.7; and sterculic acid, 8.7 %.[2] D. melanoxylon leaves, extensive chemical screening resulted in the isolation of nine pentacyclic triterpenes and -sitosterol.[3,4]
Bothara and Singh: Pharmacognostical Studies of Seeds on Some Plants Belonging Chhattisgarh
monoacylglycerols and sterols.[2] The leaves contain quercetin, gallic acid, kaempferol, kaemferol-7-O-glucoside, quercetin-7-O-rhamnoside, quercetine-3-O-rhamnogluvosside and myricetin 3-rhamnoside. Two major class of secondary metabolites were detected Glycosides, Phenolic compounds from leaves.[9] Glycoside, myricetin 3-rhamnoside-3-galactoside, has been isolated from leaves of B. lanzan. Its structure was established from spectroscopic and chemical evidence.[10] The root is acrid; removes biliousness; cures blood diseases. The fruit is sour, sweet, fattening, laxative, binding cooling, aphrodisiac; cures biliousness, fevers, thirst, ulcers, blood diseases. The oil is sweet; indigestible. The juice of the leaves is digestive, expectorant, aphrodisiac, purgative; puri es the blood; allayss thirst; lessens biliousness. The seed have a slightly bitter pleasent taste; expectorant, tonic to the body and the brain, stomachic; remove bad humors; useful in gleet and urinary concretions; good in fevers; cause headache.[5] The oil extracted from the kernels of the fruit is used as a substitute for almond oil in native medicinal preparation and confectionery. It is also used as anti-in ammatory and antioxidant,[11] antiulcer.[12]
Manilkara zapota (Linn.) [Image 1c] commonly known as Chickle tree (English), Chiku (Hindi) is a large, evergreen, forest tree more than 30 mt in height a tree belonging to family from Sapotaceae.[1] The leaves contain crude protien, 19.03; hemicellulose 20.04; cellulose 11.50; neutral detergent
bre 46.06; acid detergent bre 26.02; and silica 0.25 of dry matter. The fruit conttain fructose, and glucose and sucrose. The seeds contain protien (8 %) amino acid composition as leucine 8.0; lysine 4.1; methionine 0.4; phenylalanine 3.0; and valine 5.8 %. Plant is rich sources of Saponin, tannin, sugars, proteins, ascorbic acid, phenolics, carotenoids and minerals like iron, copper, zinc, calcium, potassium and vitamins like folate, niacin and pantothenic acid.[2] The seeds are aperients, diuretic, tonic and febrifuge. The bark is antibiotic, astringent and febrifuge. The fruit are bulk laxative, anti-diarrheal, haemostatic, anti-haemorrhoidal, antiemetic, anti-rheumatic and in kidney and bladder stones.[5] The plant is also useful as antimicrobial,[13] antibacterial activity against 10 Gram positive, 12 Gram negative bacteria and one fungal strain, Candida tropicalis.[14]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Material
Plant collection and authenticationThe fruit were selected for all the plant and seed was separated from the fruit. The plant was authenticated by Prof. H. B. Singh, NISCAIR/RHMD/consult/2010-11/1664/215,262, Dated 22/12/2010, 14/02/2011, New Delhi (India). The
25.0; thiamine, 0.69; ribo avin, 0.53; niacin, 1.5; vitamins C, 5.0 mg/100; lipid 65.6 % comprised mainly of neutral lipids 90.4 % consisting mostly of triacylglycerols 82.2 %, free fatty acid 7.8 % and small amount of diacylglycerols,
Image a: Diospyros melonoxylon Roxb.
Image b: Buchanania lanzan spreng.
Image c: Manilkara zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn.
Image 1: Various Plant of Chhattisgarh
Bothara and Singh: Pharmacognostical Studies of Seeds on Some Plants Belonging Chhattisgarh
The results of extractive value are tabulated in Table 1. Results indicate the percentage yield is higher for B. lanzan then M. zapota and nally the least for D. melonoxylon
Microscopical CharacteristicsThe transverse section of the seed of D. melonoxylon is irregularly circular shaped. The testa consists of single layered irregular rectangular sclerenchyamatous cells. Testa is followed by irregularly arranged parenchyamatous cells containing brownish matter. Endosperm is composed of simple irregular parencyamatous cells surrounding the embryo [Figure 1].
The transverse section of the seed of B. lanzan is irregularly circular shaped. The testa consists of several layered irregular sclerenchyamatous cells. Testa is followed by endosperm consist of simple rounded parencyamatous cells surrounding the embryo [Figure 2].
The transverse section of the seed of M. zapota is oval shaped. The testa consists of several layered irregular sclerenchyamatous cells. Testa is followed by endosperm consist of irregular parencyamatous cells surrounding the embryo [Figure 3 and 4].
voucher No. of specimen HNSIPER/Herb/10, HNSIPER/Herb/11 and HNSIPER/Herb/12 for M. zapota (Linn.) P. Royen syn. B. lanzan spreng and D. melonoxylon Roxb. respectively was deposited at Pharmacognosy department of Shree HNSIPER, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
Method
ExtractionThe seeds were dried and coarsely powdered and extracted
rst with water then with either acetone/methanol by heating under re ux. The extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure to a semisolid mass and it was made free from solvent. Extracts of all seeds were subjected for uorescence analysis and detection of heavy metals.[15]
Microscopy analysisMicroscopic studies were carried out by preparing of thin hand section of leaf (camera 130UMDModel). The sections were cleared with alcohol and stained as per the protocol. Histochemical reaction were applied with concentrated Hydrochloric acid and pholoroglucinol were mounted in glycerine for identi cation of ligni ed elements, iodine solution for identi cation of starch grains, Sudan red-III for identi cation of Cutin.[15,16]
Phytochemical investigationThe acetone and methanolic extracts of all the seeds were subjected to further preliminary, qualitative phytochemical investigation.[16]
Fluorescence analysisFluorescence analyses of extracts of all seeds were carried out by standard methods. It was observed under day light and UV light (254nm and 365nm).[17,18]
Determination of ash valueThe total ash, acid-Insoluble ash, water soluble ash and sulphated ash were determined as per the guideline of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India.[19]
Mineral Elemental Analysis Present in AshAsh of plant consists of Inorganic element which can be easily detected by chemical tests. The element like Ca++, Mg++, Na+, Ka+, Fe++, SO4
-, Cl-, CO3- I, P, and N remain
unchanged in ash.[16]
Elemental composition (CHNS) and Heavy Metal AnalysisElemental composition (CHNS) were analyzed by using elemental analyzer (Elemental, Vario E.L, Hanau Germany, at C and M Lab, central Ashwamedh Engineers and consultants Co-operative Society (Ltd), Nasik, Maharashtra)[20-24] and heavy metals on extracts of all seeds was carried out by standard method.
Table 1: Technological Characterization of Percentage Yield
Extract Percentage Yield
EDM 2.016.55.9
EBLEMZ
EDM- Extract of Diospyros melonoxylon, EBL- Extract of Buchanania lanzan EMZ- Extract of Manilkara zapota
Figure 1: Transverse section of seed of Diospyros melonoxylon
EDM- Extract of Diospyros melonoxylon, EBL- Extract of Buchanania lanzan EMZ- Extract of Manilkara zapota
Table 5: Characterization of Ions on EDM, EMZ & EBL Seed Powder
Chemical testObservation Inference
EDM EBL EMZ
CalciumTo 5ml filtrate, add 1 drop dil. NH4OH and saturated Ammonium Oxalate solution.With solution of NH4CO3
White ppt.White ppt.
+ve+ve
+ve+ve
+ve+ve
MagnesiumFilter & separate while calcium oxalate ppt. obtained above. Heat and cool filtrate which with solution of Na phosphate in dilute ammonia solution
White crystalline ppt. +ve +ve +ve
SodiumFlame test: prepare a thick paste of ash of drug with conc. HCl. Take a paste on platinum wire loop, introduce in burner flame.
Golden yellow flame +ve +ve +ve
PotassiumFlame test Violet color flame +ve +ve +ve
IronTo 5ml test solution add few drops 5% Ammonium thiocyanate
Blood red Color +ve +ve +ve
SulphateWith lead acetate reagent White ppt. soluble in
NaOH+ve +ve +ve
PhosphateTo 5ml test solution prepared in HNO3, add few drops of ammonium molybdate solution. Heat 10 min. cool.
Yellow crystalline ppt. -ve -ve -ve
ChlorideTo about 5 to 7 ml filtrate, add 3to 5 ml lead acetate solution
White ppt. soluble in hot water
+ve +ve +ve
CarbonateWith dil. Acid Liberate CO2 +ve +ve +ve
NitratesWarmed with sulphuric acid & copper Liberates red fumes -ve -ve -ve
EDM- Extract of Diospyros melonoxylon, EBL- Extract of Buchanania lanzanEMZ- Extract of Manilkara zapota
Table 6: Technological CHNS & Heavy Metal Characterization of EDM, EBL & EMZ
Polymer C (%) H (%) N (%) WC/N S (mg/kg) Arsenic Lead Cadmium Mercury
Phytochemical InvestigationThe phytochemical tests of acetone and methanolic extracts of all the seeds revealed presence of various phyto-constituents [Table 2].
Fluorescence AnalysisThe results of uorescence analysis tabulated in [Table 3]. The extracts of all the seeds produce different colours and
uorescence in under day light and UV light (254nm and 365nm) with various reagents.
Ash AnalysisAsh values used to determine quality and purity of crude drug. Ash simply represents inorganic salts, naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a from adulteration. Ash value indicative to some extent of care taken in collection and preparation of drug from market and of foreign matter content of natural drug. Results indicate that the various ash contents are within the limits of pharmacopeia.
Bothara and Singh: Pharmacognostical Studies of Seeds on Some Plants Belonging Chhattisgarh
Mineral Elemental, CHNS and Heavy metal characterizationThe extracts of all the seeds revealed the presence of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Iron, sulphate, chloride and Carbonates [Table 4]. The amount of C, H, N and S were observed and tabulated in table [Table 5]. The amount of heavy metals (Arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury) are not detectable in all the seeds. Undesirable presence of heavy metals and aluminium may limit the use of plant material as food additives.
CONCLUSION
As there is no pharmacognostic/anatomical work and characterization of ions and heavy metals on record of these local plants of Chhattisgarh, the present work was taken up with a view to lay down standards which could be useful to detect the authenticity of these medicinally useful plants.
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