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used was not an inhaler such as is used by Kremianski, buta Siegel’s spray charged with aniline. He also gave it

internally, not, as Kremianski advises, in the form of anti-febrin-i.e,, acetanilide, which gives off aniline in the body,-but as pure aniline itself. -

FOREIGN UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE.

.Dor.—Professor Eiistner of Halle has now been invited 1to fill Professor Runge’s place. (

Erlangen.-The chair of Psychological Medicine being 1vacant, the following names have been chosen by the <

Medical Faculty:&mdash;1st, Dr. Ganser of Dresden; Dr. Dittmarof Saargemund; 3rd, Dr. Anton Bumm of Deggendorf.

Jue/.&mdash;Dr. B. Fischer, who accompanied Professor R. Kochin his journey to Egypt and India, has qualified as privat- ’docent in Bacteriology.

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MiLAN has just passed through a severe visitation ofsmall-pox, which, by the consensus of her most eminentsanitary authorities, was virtually invited by the unsys-tematic and ineffective vaccination which is general through-out Italy. Statistics in proof of the absolute immunityprovided by vaccination from the disease, and, per contra, ofthe invariable incidence of it induced by neglect of thatprecaution, are shortly to be published. Thanks to the

energetic measures taken by her municipality, Milan will bebetter prepared than any other city throughout the penin-sula to resist another importation of the disease. Revacci-nation is available for all adults, male or female, who presentthemselves at the offices set apart by the Town Councilad hoc.

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FROM the report on the condition of the metropolitanwater supply during the month of January by the waterexaminer appointed under the Metropolis Water Act, 1871,it appears that the Thames Water sent out by the Chelsea,West Middlesex, Southwark, Grand Junction, and Lambethcompanies, which in December of last year exhibited a verysmall proportion of organic matter for the winter season,showed a further improvement in this respect during January.Of the water drawn principally from the river Lea, that dis-tributed by the New River Company again contained only avery minute quantity of organic matter; whilst the EastLondon Company’s water supply resembled the best of theThames waters. All the samples were clear and bright.

OPHTHALMIC MEDICINE AND SURGERY holds its seventhinternational congress at Heidelberg from Aug. 9th to 12thnext. The first of these congresses met at Brussels in 1857,the second and third at Paris in 1862 and 1867, the fourthin London in 1872, the fifth at New York in 1876, and thesixth at Milan in 1880. Concurrently with the meeting onAug. 9th, the Ophthalmic Society founded by von Graefewill celebrate, also at Heidelberg, the twenty-fifth year ofits existence.

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TnE Executive Committee of the General Medical Councilmet on Monday. Various important subjects engaged theattention of the committee.

HOME FOR INCURABLES, LIVERPOOL. - The annualmeeting of the subscribers was held on Feb. 13th. Thereport presented stated that the institution was reopenedon April 26th last, after extensive improvements and en-largements affording every necessary comfort and con-

venience for the inmates. Sixteen deaths had occurredduring the year, six patients had left and twenty-fivehad entered during 1887. There were forty-five in-patientson Dec. 31st. The expenditure was X1843 4s. 9d., against1623 15s. 4d. in 1886. A donation had been received, forthe first time, from the Hospital Sunday Fund.

Pharmacology and Therapeutics.SALIX NIGRA,

THE fluid extract of salix nigra may be prescribed in theform of a cordial, a bottle of which has been forwarded tous by Messrs. Christy and Co., of 25, Lime-street, London.We have used this preparation in two cases in which it wasdesired to allay the activity of the sexual functions, and inboth instances a tablespoonful of the cordial, which is theequivalent of one drachm of the fluid extract, twice a day,had a decidedly sedative effect on the functions in question.

CYTISIN IN MIGRAINE.

Dr. Kraepelin has found cytisin, the active principleof laburnum, and other species of cytisus, very valuable insome forms of migraine which appear to be due to a dilatedcondition of the vessels, this powerful and highly toxicsubstance acting as a vaso-constrictor. In the case of a,

young woman of hysterical tendencies, who had veryviolent attacks of migraine, associated with vomiting,sleeplessness, photophobia, swimming of the eyes, andunbearable hemicrania, where all ordinary remedies hadproved useless, the hypodermic injection of 0’003 gramme ofnitrate of cytisin had an immediate effect. In subsequentattacks it also succeeded, except once when an attemptwas made to administer it by the mouth, when it wasimmediately vomited. The dose was increased ultimatelyto 0’005 gramme. Sleep could frequently, but not always,be induced by paraldeh3de, in two-drachm doses. Dr.Kraepelin found that cytmin had a negative, sometimeseven an injurious effect, in cases where the migraine wasaccompanied by a good deal of spasmodic action, so that itis only to be recommended in migraine of a paralytic type.

ANTIPYRIN IN EPILEPSY.

Fraty has written a thesis on this subject, and concludesthat the drug has a manifest influence over some cases ofepileptic convulsions. The intluence is akin to that of thealkaline bromides. To obtain good results, large doses-from three to eight grammes-must be given every day. In a.large number ot cases the use of the medicament is followedby a condition of general malaise, requiring the dis-continuance of the treatment.

7)’IU’U’. APM-PN7’P 01,1 ,""’.NT1B.TnTrpT.Q

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reputed to have anti-scrofulous properties. The value ofthis drug has been pressed upon the Caucasian MedicalSociety by Dr. Krasnogradoff, who has had some success withit. Sarsaparilla, which has to be imported in the Caucasus,may very possibly find a formidable rival in larkspur, whichgrows there abundantly.

REGINA v. HITCHENS.BY CHARLES MERCIER, M.B. LOND., F.R.C.S. ENG.

THis case, recently tried at the Taunton Assizes, is, onseveral grounds, of very great importance and interestto the medical profession. The father of the prisoner is amedical man, well known and highly respected in the

county of Somerset, and the widespread sympathy withwhich he has been regarded since the facts were publishedhas been greatly enhanced by his admirable demeanour inthe witness-box at the trial.The facts of the case are very simple. The prisoner is a

lad of twenty-one, who has suffered for many years fromepilepsy, which has of late been getting more severe, andwhose mother has been on two occasions insane, the secondoccasion being shortly before the birth of the prisoner. Onthe morning of Nov. 22nd, before he was fully dressed, theprisoner went into the bedroom of his eldest sister, who wasin bed, and blew her brains out with one discharge from adouble-barrelled gun. Ee then fired two shots from thesame gun at his own head, but only slightly woundedhimself. He then rushed out of the room and plungedheadforemost down a flight of stairs. He did not slip or falldown, but threw himself down with his hands up as ifdiving into water. After this he got up, and threwhimself in the same way down another flight of stairs;he again got up and threw himself in the same way intoa fireplace. Being taken and put to bed, he told his fatherto look in the pocket of a coat that was hanging in hisroom. There the father found the following letter: "I Ileave everything that belongs to me to my dear mother. Ihave been treated so badly by that beast, my sister Con-stance, that I must put an end to her life by shooting; and,knowing that I shall have to die for it, I also shoot myself.Good bye to all, hoping you will all have a happy time of it.Good bye, dear father and mother." The prisoner subse-quently said several times to different people that his sisterhad been very unkind to him, and had been a bad one tohim. It did not appear at the trial, however, that he hadpreviously shown animosity towards her, beyond merechildren’s squabbles; and the only complaints that he hadever made against her were that she had not given him anewspaper when he asked for it, and that she had passedhim in the street without speaking.These being the undisputed facts of the case, the defence

was that the prisoner was insane, and now comes in themedical interest of the case. On the application of theprisoner’s friends, the Treasury, who were of course con-ducting the proscution, ordered two medical men, Dr. Need-ham, superintendent of the Gloucester Asylum, and Mr.Hyatt, surgeon to the Shepton Mallett gaol, to visit theprisoner and report upon the state of his mind. They didso, and reported to the Treasury that the prisoner was un-doubtedly insane. hen, however, the case came on fortrial, the counsel for the Crown, Mr. Poole, Q C., declined tocall these two witnesses, and, although well aware of theiropinions, insisted on the part of his and their employers,the Treasury, that the prisoner was of sound mind. Ofcourse in civil cases a counsel is bound to call those wit-nesses only who will speak for his client; and in criminalcases of inferior gravity he is not obliged by custom to callwitnesses who he has reason to think will be unfavourableto him; but in capital cases it is the recognised rule thatcounsel for the Crown are to strive, not for a conviction atall costs, but for justice to be done.

It was still, of course, open to the prisoner’s counsel tocall these witnesses, and he did call them, but the result ofthis difference in the proceeding was this: that if the wit-nesses had been called by the Crown, then, in cross-

examination, the prisoner’s counsel could have asked themany questions that bore upon the case; but as he calledthem himself, he could only put such questions as the judgeallowed, and the judge allowed no question to be put. The

witness was allowed to state his name, and even his address,but the judge rejected every question which could tend toshow what the witness’s qualifications were, what ex-perience he had had, or how far he could be considered atrustworthy authority in cases of insanity. In addition,the judge absolutely rejected every question which tended,however remotely, to elicit an opinion. He would have noevidence, he said, but evidence of fact. The questionof insanity was a question for the jury, and the jurywere to decide that question upon the facts before them,and not to be assisted or retarded by opinions. If themedical men had come to an opinion on the question of the

i sanity or insanity of the prisoner, they had formed thatopinion upon certain facts; let them state those facts to the

1 jury, who could themselves form their own opinion uponthem, and who were just as competent, when they had the

j facts before them, to form an opinion as to the sanity orl insanity of the prisoner as the doctors were. "I am deter-

l mined," said the judge (Justice Field), "not to allow amedical gentleman, however eminent, to be substituted for the

L jury. When trial by medical men comes into vogue, welland good; but so long as trial by jury is the law of the land

t the prisoner shall be tried by the jury. The question is one ofi fact, whether at the time of the murder, when this witnessl was not present, the prisoner was responsible for his actions.1 That must be answered by the jury on evidence of whati occurred at the time or before."

The expert witnesses who had been sent by the prosecution3 to ihquire into the state of the patient’s mind were forbidden,L therefore, to say what that state of mind was, and were re-

stricted to relating the circumstances of their interviews withi the prisoner. As neither of the doctors had taken any notes1 of their conversations, their accounts, when suddenly called1 upon before a crowded Court to recapitulate the exact wordsf spoken by themselves and by the prisoner during an inter-v view of two hours’ duration, were naturally rather imper-; fect ; and the judge had no difficulty in raising a laugh) against them. Amongst other topics touched upon in ther interviews in question was that of the crime committed bys the prisoner; and Justice Field expressed both astonish-I ment and indignation when he heard that the doctors hadI conversed with and questioned the prisoner on this subject.- "You asked him that?" said the judge. "You really askedI, him that? Is that your customary way of examining?:. I thought prisoners were not to be cross-examined." Upon. counsel for the prisoner inquiring of the judge whether he- might ask the doctor if the prisoner was suffering fromr disease, the judge replied, "Bodily, yes; mentally, no,"o Certain facts as to the prisoner’s bodily health were thend proved ; but the judge apparently regarded them as of noe value, for he took no note of them, and did not mentiond them in his address to the jury.a The summing-up of the judge was very strong indeedd against the prisoner. He declared that all the conversations

narrated and all the acts of the prisoner were perfectlye rational. He took the letter written by the prisoner, and,e reading it sentence by sentence, asked if each sentence wasLe not a rational one. The judge omitted, however, to readl- that sentence in which the prisoner hoped tat his family1- would all have a happy time, after the eldest son hadr. shot the eldest daughter and then committed suicide or beente hanged. He laid down the law in the high-and-dry sense of.d the Macnaughten case, telling the jury that, in order to findi- the prisoner insane, they must be satisfied that he did not)r know the nature and quality of the act that he committed,;o and that he did not know that he was doing wrong when heir shot his sister. The question for the jury was, Did thes, prisoner know the nature of the act that he committed, that)f it was condemned by the law of God and man, and, if heb- committed it, that he would have to suffer death for it?"il After an absence of three-quarters of an hour, the jury,11 returned a verdict, according to the recent statute, of 11 Guilty,le but insane at the time the act was committed." It sub-it sequently became known that the delay in recording theit verdict was due to a difference among the jury as to whether

they should not return into Court and demand to hear the;o opinion of the medical men as to the sanity of the prisoner,]f ten being in favour of this course and two against it.t- As this is the second case within a few months in which the3- same judge has set aside recent precedents in cases of murderm by lunatics, and has reverted to the old and neglected dictumsd of the House of Lords in Macnaughten’s case, it will be use-;e ful to examine the procedure and results of the trial to seeie what the effects of this revival have been. The precedent