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PharmacyPracticeAdvancement:PolicyInfluencesattheNationalLevel
C.EDWINWEBB,PHARM.D.,M.P.H.
FERRISSTATEUNIVERSITYSPRINGSEMINAR
MAY16,2017
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Disclosure• Ihavenoactualorpotentialconflictsofinterestinrelationtothisactivity.
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LearningObjectives• Recognizeopportunitiesforpharmacypracticeadvancementpresentedbynationalshiftsinpaymentpolicyandbenefitdesigntoreward“valueandoutcomes”ratherthan“volume”ofhealthcareservices.• Definethekeyprinciplesofpatient-centeredandteam-basedcarethatfacilitateimprovedclinical,economic,andqualityoutcomesfromtheuseofmedications.• Explaintheemergingnationaltrendsinstandardizeddirectpatientcareprocessesforpharmacistsandtheirpotentialtosupportcontemporarypracticeadvancement.
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“AssumedTruths”inHealthCareReformPaymentReform:â FFSandá “bundles”,quality/outcomesincentives
Patient-centeredness(e.g.,fromboomerstomillennials)Healthcareteams,PCMH’s,andACO’s
Risksharing– oneandtwo-sided
Proactiveanalysisofandcareforpopulations
Technologyinnovationsandadaptations◦ precisionmedicine◦ pharmacogenomics◦ clinicaldecisionsupportusingevidence-basedstandards◦ health-IT– shifttointeroperability
MACRA2015– gamechangerformedicine18thtimeisacharm:MACRArepealsthe1997sustainablegrowthrateforPartBpaymentsReplacestheSGRwithanewpaymentmethodmeanttomovephysiciansandsomeotherproviderstowardalternativepaymentmodels(APMs)MACRAcreatestwoavailabletracks◦MIPS:“fee-for-serviceplusqualitylink”◦ APMs:accountablecareorganizationorotherrisk-bearingorganization
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Whatispatient-centeredcare?“Theexperience(totheextenttheinformed,individualpatientdesiresit)oftransparency,individualization,recognition,respect,dignity,andchoiceinallmatters,withoutexception,relatedtoone’sperson,circumstances,andrelationshipsinhealthcare.”
DonaldBerwick,M.D.FormerCMSAdministratorPresident,InstituteforHealthcareImprovementHealthAffairs,August2009
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Anyrecent“significant”experienceasa“real”patient?
StopandReflect
•Whatwasitlike?•Didyoufeel:•Fullyinformedaboutyourdiagnosisandcareplan?•Includedindiscussions/decisionsaboutyourcare?•Empowered/expectedtoquestionanddiscuss?•Respected/valuedasanindividual?•Partoftheteam’sstructure/activities?
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Whatisteam-basedcare?
“Thehealthcarewewanttoprovideforthepeopleweserve—safe,high-quality,accessible,person-centered—mustbeateameffort.Nosinglehealthprofessioncanachievethisgoalalone.”
CarolA.Aschenbrener,M.D.ThenExecutiveVicePresident
AssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges- 2011
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IOMPaper“TeamMembers”
PamelaH.MitchellUniversityofWashington
MatthewK.WyniaAmericanMedicalAssociation
SallyOkunPatientsLikeMe
C.EdwinWebbAmericanCollegeofClinicalPharmacy
RobynGoldenRushUniversityMedicalCenter
BobMcNellisAmericanAcademyofPhysicianAssistants(former)
AgencyforHealthcareQualityandResearch
IsabelleVonKohorn,InstituteofMedicine(former)ValerieRohrbach,InstituteofMedicine
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IOMDiscussionPaper2012:Aframingdefinition
Team-basedhealthcareistheprovisionofhealthservicestoindividuals,families,and/ortheircommunitiesbyatleasttwohealthproviderswhoworkcollaborativelywithpatientsandtheircaregivers—totheextentpreferredbyeachpatient—toaccomplishsharedgoalswithinandacrosssettingstoachievecoordinated,high-qualitycare.
IOMDiscussionPaper2012:NecessaryPrinciplesofHigh-PerformingTeams• SharedGoals
• Clear(Distinct)Roles
• MutualTrust
• EffectiveCommunication
• MeasureableProcessesandOutcomes
IOMDiscussionPaper2012:Necessaryvaluesofsuccessfulteammembers
• Honesty
• Discipline
• Creativity
• Humility
• Curiosity
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So???…..whatdoesallthishavetodowith“real”pharmacypractice?
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MTMDefined:Profession’sConsensus2005
“MTMisaserviceorgroupofservicesthatoptimizetherapeuticoutcomesforindividualpatients.MTMservicesincludemedicationtherapyreviews,pharmacotherapyconsults,anticoagulationmanagement,immunizations,healthandwellnessprogramsandmanyotherclinicalservices.PharmacistsprovideMTMtohelppatientsgetthebestbenefitsfromtheirmedicationsbyactivelymanagingdrugtherapyandbyidentifying,preventingandresolvingmedication-relatedproblems.”
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MTMDefined:CMS,MedicarePartDMTMgenerallyreferstoactivitiesintendedtooptimizetherapeuticoutcomesbyensuringthatpatientsaretakingtheirmedicationssafelyandasprescribed,addressinganybarrierstotheirdoingso,andbringinganymedicationissuestotheattentionofthetreatingphysician.
Under423.153(d),aPartDsponsormustestablishanMTMprogramthat:◦ EnsurescoveredPartDdrugsareusedtooptimizetherapeuticoutcomesthroughimprovedmedicationuse,
◦ Reducestheriskofadverseevents,◦ Isdevelopedincooperationwithlicensedandpracticingpharmacistsandphysicians,◦ Maybefurnishedbypharmacistsorotherqualifiedproviders.
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CMSperspectiveonPartDMTM- ~2015“EvidencesuggeststhattheMTMservicescurrentlyofferedbyPartDplansfallshortoftheirpotentialtoimprovequalityandreduceunnecessarymedicalexpenditures,mostlikelyduetomisalignedfinancialincentivesandregulatoryconstraints.CompetitivemarketdynamicsandPartDprogramrequirementsandmetricsmayincentivizeinvestmentintheseactivitiesonlyatalevelnecessarytomeettheminimumcompliancestandards.”
“Currently,PartDstatutoryandregulatoryMTMprovisionsrequireuniformserviceofferingstoenrolleeswhomeettheplan’sprogramcriteria,basedonnumbersofmedicationsandchronicconditionsandexpectedannualprescriptiondrugcosts.Thesecriteriabothover-identifyandunder-identifybeneficiarieswhoareeitherexperiencingorat-riskofexperiencingmedication-relatedissuesandcouldbenefitfromMTMinterventions.”
“TheresultisthatPartDMTMprogramsmaynotincludethelevelofresourcesnorthetypeofactivitiesthatcouldhavethegreatestpositiveeffectonbeneficiaryoutcomes.”
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PCPCCdefinescomprehensivemedicationmanagement(CMM)- 2012ThePCPCCguidedefinescomprehensivemedicationmanagementinthePCMH
IncludedinAHRQ’sInnovationCenter-QualityToolkit
2ndRevisionwithAppendixA-GuidelinesforPracticeandGuidelinesforDocumentation
PCPCCResourceGuide:IntegratingComprehensiveMedicationManagementtoOptimizePatientOutcomeshttp://www.pcpcc.net/files/medmanagement.pdf
CMMDefined:PCPCCComprehensivemedicationmanagementisdefinedas thestandardofcarethatensureseachpatient’smedications(whethertheyareprescription,nonprescription, alternative,traditional,vitamins,ornutritionalsupplements)areindividuallyassessedtodeterminethateach medicationisappropriateforthepatient,effectivefor themedicalcondition,safegiventhecomorbiditiesand othermedicationsbeingtaken,andabletobetakenby thepatientasintended.
Comprehensivemedication managementincludesanindividualizedcareplanthat achievestheintendedgoalsoftherapywithappropriate follow-uptodetermineactualpatientoutcomes.Thisall occursbecausethepatientunderstands,agreeswith, andactivelyparticipatesinthetreatmentregimen,thus optimizingeachpatient’smedicationexperienceand clinicaloutcomes.
PCPCCResourceGuide:IntegratingComprehensiveMedicationManagementtoOptimizePatientOutcomeshttp://www.pcpcc.net/files/medmanagement.pdf
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“ProviderStatus”An“experiencedcontrarian’s”viewpointWewouldhavehadtolooklongandhardtofindamore“tone-deaf”termforthemajorissueathandforpharmacists- effectivecoverage/paymentforpharmacists’patientcareservices- inrelationshiptothecurrentpolicyanddeliverysystemissuesjustoutlined– butthingsmaybestartingtochangeabit.
Tosucceed,theeffortmustbegroundedinacommitmenttopatients’care,outcomesandquality,nottoourownprofessional“status”…..itcan’tbeaboutUS!
Asanisolatedgoal,achieving“providerstatus”guaranteestheprofessionverylittle(seeMurawski andIves,AJHP2011,JAPhA 2013)
Asan“integrated”partofbroaderpracticechange andpaymentpolicychange,itcanhelppositionpharmaciststoactuallybemeaningfulandeffective“providers”
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RelevantExistingApproachesSection1861oftheSSA– the“holygrail”◦ Physician“definition”vs.physician“services”◦ Non-physician“providers”◦ StatutefocusesFIRSTontheservicescovered(PAIDFOR!!!)bythePartBbenefit,followingby“qualifications”description
NPsandPAs CSWPTServices Ph.D.PsychologistOTServices CRNA
UltimateIrony– a“providerofservices”means“….ahospital,criticalaccesshospital,skillednursingfacility,comprehensiveoutpatientrehabilitationfacility,homehealthagency,hospiceprogram,or,forpurposesofsection1814(g) andsection1835(e),afund.”
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RelevantExistingApproachesState-based– IsitCDTM,“mid-level”or“providerstatus”?◦ NorthCarolina(2000)– “clinicalpharmacistpractitioner”◦ JointRegulatoryoversightbyBOP&BOM◦ Differentiatedtrainingandcredentialingrequirements◦ Protocolrequirements
◦ NewMexico(1993)– “pharmacistclinician”◦ Primarily“prescriptiveauthority”initiative◦ Requiresdiagnosticandphysicalassessmenttrainingequivalenttoaphysician’sassistant(includedinrevisedPharm.D.curriculum)
◦ Directsupervisionofasinglephysician◦ Policysupportoutsideofpharmacyduetoconcernsaboutaccessto“primarycare”
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RelevantExistingApproachesCalifornia’s“Solution”(2013)– alesson?◦ Amendsthe“businessandprofessionalcode”todesignateallpharmacistsashealthcareproviders◦ Someprogressivemodificationstogeneralscopeofpractice◦ Establishes“advancedpracticepharmacist”◦ Education,trainingand/orspecialistcertificationrequirementsbeyondlicensure◦ Expandedscopeofpractice,notlimitedtoapharmacysetting◦ Regulatoryframeworknowessentiallycomplete
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So…whatarewestillmissing…?Withverylimitedexceptions,healthinsurancecoverageandpaymentpoliciesdon’texplicitlyincludemedicationmanagementservicesasadefinedbenefit fordiscreetPAYMENT!Aclearlydefined“what”deliveredusingaconsistentandstandardizedprocessofcareMorecompleteunderstandingthatcurrent trendsinpaymentpolicywillincreasethe“valueovervolume”challengeforALLproviders…andthefuture isnolongerfaraway
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ProcessofDirectPatientCare:Towardstandardizationandalignment….
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Pharmacyorganizations’harmonizationefforts:EnhancedstandardizationandprofessionalscopeofCPA/CDTMregulationsatthestatelevel;Recommendedguidelinesforthedevelopmentanduseof“statewideprotocols”(SWP’s)toimproveaccesstoproductsandcareservicesthataddressimportantpublichealthissuesthatmostpharmacistsareabletoprovide;Strivingforgreaterprecisionandrigorinterminologyreflectingpharmacists’patientcarepracticeactivities;
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Doyouknowthisman?
31Photocopyright2012- DreamWorksStudios
“Roles”vs.ResponsibilitiesSomequotesfromtheLindaStrandKeynoteatACCP2012:
“‘Linda,whenwhatyoudolookslikepatientcare,soundslikepatientcareandispatientcare,thenIwillpayyouforpatientcare.’”
(BCBSMinnesotaexecutive– circa1995)
“Eachofusdevelopedourownclinicalactivities,whichwedefinearoundourselves,basedonourspecialintereststhatemphasizeourstrengths,deliveredonourpreferredtimetable.Thatisnotapatientcareservice- thatisahobby.”
(Onthe“earlyhistory”ofclinicalpharmacy)
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Responsibilitiesof“Providers”Aphilosophygroundedinanethicalframeworkthatputspatients/familiesatthecenterofone’spractice
Clinicalperformancethatisevidence-based,continuouslyaccessible,andrigorouslyconsistentinitsprocessofcare
Aprocessofcarethatisstandards-based,recognizable,andunderstoodbypatientsandtheteam
Apracticeinfrastructurethatassuresavailability/exchangeofessentialclinicaldata,unfailingdocumentationofcare,measuresresults,andvalidatesvaluesufficienttojustifypayment
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WhatSuccessMustLookLikeinaPharmacist’sDirectPatientCarePracticeTheservicecanbedescribedsimplyandintermsofwhatitcandoforthepatientTheservicehasanethicalandfiducialfoundationTheserviceisbasedonstandards ofpracticesothatitcanbedeliveredconsistently-- onepractitionertothenext-- andfromonepatienttothenextTheserviceintegrateswiththeotherprovidersonthehealthcareteam,usingalignedandconsistentterminology,philosophy,standardizedcareprocesses,andquality/outcomeemphasisTheservicegeneratesmeasureable,reproducibleresultsthatdemonstratevaluetoothersTheserviceispaidforasotherdirectpatientcareispaidfor(increasinglyincludingemergingvalue-basedpaymentmodels)
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Inthefinalanalysis,“providers”must…befullyaccountableforthecareandservicestheyprovide,particularlyintermsofqualityandoutcomes;…becommittedtoandfocusedonthepatients/familywhohavegiventhempermission tocomeintotheirlives;…delivercareandservicesinthecontextofandalignmentwithnationalhealthpolicygoalsandobjectives;and…OWN andACCOMPLISH THEWORKthatisthecore oftheirparticularexpertise….whilenotaddingworktotheothercliniciansonthecareteam.
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Get The MedicationsRight!
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SupplementalResourcesforContinuingProfessionalDevelopment• KaiserFamilyFoundation(www.kff.org)• ExcellentdatasourceonMedicarepolicies,trends,expenditures
•NationalCommitteeonQualityAssurance(www.ncqa.org)• KeyorganizationinhealthsystemqualitymetricsdevelopmentandapplicationbyMedicare/privatepayers
• HealthAffairs(www.healthaffairs.org)• Leadingnationalhealthpolicyjournalcoveringthewidestrangeofhealthpolicy,deliverysystem,andpaymentissues.
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Questions?
Pre-Test1.TheannouncedgoalsoftheCentersforMedicareandMedicaidServices(CMS)toshiftthevastmajorityofitspaymentstructureforphysicians’andotherproviders’servicestowardquality/value-basedperformanceareintendedtooccuroverthenext:
A. 6-12monthsB. 2-3years(correct)C. 5-10yearsD. 2decades
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Pre-Test2.Whichofthefollowingisnot consideredanessentialprincipleofhigh-performinghealthcareteams?
A. Financialaccountability(correct)
B. EffectivecommunicationsC. SharedgoalsD. Clearroles
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Pre-Test3.Whichofthefollowingelementsofapharmacist’sstate-authorizedscopeofpracticewilllikelybeimpactedbycurrentnationaltrendsindeliverysystemandpaymentpolicyreforms?
A. FrequencyoflicensurerenewalB. RequirednumberofhoursofACPE-
approvedcontinuingeducationactivitiesC. Structureandefficiencyofcollaborative
practiceagreementsandclinicalprotocols(correct)
D. Increasesinthepharmacist-to-technicianratioallowedunderstateregulations
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