Phenologies of Various Languages

8/14/2019 Phenologies of Various Languages

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COTENTS

01- Preface

02- No language remains in one state

03- The common compound souds of languages04- The identitical sounds used in Urdu05- Some compound sounds in Urdu06- Compound sounds in Urdu (2)07- The Idiomatic association of Urdu and English08- The exchange of sounds in some vernacular languages9- The effects of Persian on Modern Sindhi

10- The similar rules of making plurals in indigious andforeign languages

11- The common compounds of indigious and foreignlanguages

12- The trend of droping or adding sounds

13- The languages are in fact the result of sounds14- Urdu and Japanese sounds similirties15- Other languages have a natural link with Japaneses

sounds

SUPLIMENTS

1- Present research is attached with the achievement of degree2- Need changes in educational systems of the delovping countries3- Man does not live in his own land4- A person is related to the whole universe5- Where ever a person6- Linguistic set up is provided by poetry7- How to resolve problems of native and second language8- A student must be instigated to do something himself9- Languages never die tillits two speakers10- A language and society dont delovp in days11- Poet can not keep himself aloof from the universe


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Preface

Money, woman and land have made man selfish and materialist. Man has been divided sociallyby social chiefs, religiously by the cacique of religions, politically by the political pundits,linguistically by the so called language researchers, and with respect to land by the landlords,and this process is not new but centuries old. Man has been being divided for centuries. In spite

of having the same nature, needs and necessities, he is not close to other human beings. Thissituation exists in the present advanced age with the old intensity. With respect to the abovementioned facts, he is not hesitant in shedding blood of other men.

We can not deny the scientific and industrial progress made in the present era. This progressproved helpful in the welfare and success of man. Despite all this progress, if man is not broughtclose to other human beings, every proclamation of progress will be meaningless. Developmentevery kind stands worthless and purposeless. The need of time is that man should be broughtnear to other man. They may understand one and others sorrows and lend a helping hand intheir hard time; they may enjoy themselves with the happiness of others.

It is my assertion, and I have also tested it on the anvil of experiment, that languages and dialects

are close to one and other with respect to sounds and many other characteristics. Men can bebrought closer to one another by searching out the similarities found in languages.

The research data presented in the next pages has been published in prominent periodicals anddigests of Urdu in Pakistan. It can also be sought out from different forums on internet in Romanscript. Professor Niamat Ali has translated it into English with his best interest, love and abilitythat can be viewed on different forums of internet ie jalt, antimoon.com, thinkers. Talk, open2.netetc.

This work has not only been tested on experiment but a lot of books have also been consultedbefore bringing it on the media. Today the work is being presented before you with a deep senseof mirth. I am also sure that the linguistic researchers will play their role in propagating this work

for the best interest of unity of human being.

I would like to mention here Dr. Nassar Qurashi, Dr. Najeeb Jamal, Dr. Hameed Yazdani, Dr.Sabir Aafaqi, Dr. Mohammad Amin, Dr. Ghulam Shabir Rana, Prof Amjid Ali Shakar, ProfZahoor Ahamad Prof. Arshad Shahid and Dr. Mohammad Abdulla Qazi who always appreciateand encourage me for my efforts. Dr. Syed Moen-ur-Rehman (late), Dr. Wafa Rashadi (late) andDr. Baidil Hiderri (late) can also be never forgotton by me. They had expressed their loveappreciation and kindness for me throughout their life. May Allah bless them every moment.Prof. Niamat Ali helped me in translation. Prof. Younis Hasan lent me a heand in searching outresearch material and my dearest Shahida Khanam edited Lughat-e-Ghalib.

On a personal level, my son, Dr. Syed Kanwar Abbas, inspite of his severe shortage of time stoodby me at every step. My lovely daughter Irha Maqsood prayed heart and soul for my success.Last but not the least, my sweat heart, Razia Maqsood Hasni provided me congenial and pleasantatmosphere throughout my research. She also helped me type the material. It is not possible forme to thank my family who made sacrifices while I was on my table.


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NO LANGUAGE REMAIN IN ONE STATE

It is commonly said that the language has no many structural dimensions. The determination ofalphabet with respect to writing (Composing) is not correct. The writing that is taught abides byfixed and limited lines or rules. But sometimes, it becomes impossible to follow the lines or rulesas a whole. For example, a soldier is passed through the full training of military rules verballyand practically with theWith respect to the construction and formation of alphabet, it is expectation that using these ruleshe would fight against enemy and save himself. But there is nothing as foolish as this thing is. Nodoubt, all the rules learnt in the training would help in fighting strategy but they cannotguarantee success. In the battlefield a soldier has to do his task according to chance and conditionof the battle field.

The case of languages is not different from it. The learnt linguistic system and the way of writingare cooperative in writing and speaking. While speaking, the proposed linguistic system and theway of writing become worthless and meaningless. Here only the regular idiom is used andalong with it, the present need is kept under consideration. I very keenly tested and studied a lot

of hand writings written with hand, checked them according to the suggested and fixed lines. Butthe letters did not remain limited to any rule. A,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j,k,m,n,o,p,q,r,t,y followed no systemof lines. The same condition can be seen with the languages of Sub-continent. Arabic and Persianare also not exceptions.

In English, some letters didnt give the same sound e.g., but, put, university, umbrella, is, seenetc. In many other languages the condition is the same.

In different passions and conditions, the sound of letters change. Or they become quite differentfrom each other.

In these passions and conditions, the instruments of sound and the helping instruments of sound

e.g. throat, palate, checks, nose, tongue, mouth, bronchitis, lungs dont remain in their exactposition because they ever possess the capacity of shirking and stretching. In order to clear thematter, it seems necessary to offer a few situations and conditions:

A1- In rage the sound become heavy2- In grief the sound becomes feeble and weak3- In anxiety the sound becomes deranged and unbalanced4- In illness the sound breaks5- When there is some matter with the mind, tone

and pronunciation are changed because some passion isrelated with each matter

B

1- Usual and good mood, the sound remains balanced2- While laying in usual and good mood, the sound expends. While taking a turn, thesound shrinks. Such changes can be guessed with an extreme consideration.3- Some people are habitual of speaking while sleeping. Their talks are usually notunderstood. Its reason is that the position of instruments of speaking is changed. Secondly, in the


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absence of conscious effort, the arrangement of words, the stressing and non-stressing of syllabidont remain under the accepted system of grammar.

C1- While walking, sound makes a circle and the addition of N

is made to the words/sounds

2- While running the sound disperses3- In running, leaping with rage the sound not only depresses

but also divided into odorless pieces4- In running and leaping with joy, the function of

nostrils increasesD1- Distance and opposite direction make the sound unclear2- The change of direction disturbs the balance of the

sound and many forms of dispersion are created4- In anger or in joy the tone and pronunciation are changed5- Tone and pronunciation are also changed by speaking briskly

E

1- the system of sounds is affected because of some disabilityin the organs and helping organs of sound

2- The diseases of organs of sound or their helpers(Asthma,Bronchitis, the berating problem, Tuberculosis,Phenomena, goiter, nose bones abnormal etc) effect the systemof sounds. In other words, new letters are created

3- The absence of all or at least the front 2 teeth changesthe sounds

F

The organs of speech or their helpers develop and adjust themselves according to the physicalcondition or a region, its climate, etc. In this way, languages are deprived of many sounds offoreign languages. Therefore, while speaking foreign languages, their original tone andpronunciation are not maintained. Generally the difference of gender is also not sustained.

In short, there are a lot of things and matters that dont let a system remain in its formal orgeneral or learnt discipline. There is a distance of heaven and earth between theory and practical.In any big culture, thousands of mini-cultures are thriving in their circles with full independence.The difference exists in the temperament and needs of nations. This difference casts its effects onthe original or real things. It is in no way useful to achieve results by ignoring the differences.


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THE COMMOM COMPOUND SOUNDS OF LANGUAGES

The alphabets of languages are fixed words are formed of deformed with respect to thesealphabets. Words are used according to the need of point of view. With the change of point ofview, the use and meanings of words are also changed. With the change of times and conditions,uses and meanings of words are also changed, so much so that their forms are changed even intheir own language this matter is not limited to the words of a language. The immigrant wordsalso face the same situation, they fail to sustain their original forms and meanings Zindgi iscalled Jindgi in Maivat. In Urdu, we say Tambakoo, while in Punjabi it is Tamakoo, whilein Japani, it is Tabakoo. These are the change of forms; meanings are sustained. Countlessexamples exit of the change with references to forms and meanings. This case is not limited onlyto some languages. No language is exception to it. As the world comes closer, the action of thechanges of forms and meanings will take place with the same proportion. Discussion is notrequired here with reference to this point. This matter will be discussed in some other article. Atpresent, the compound sounds of languages are the topic of our dissuasion.

For easiness in expression, languages make use of compound sounds. These compound soundsare, in fact, part of their stock of sounds. Without these compound sounds, the matter ofexpression remains at loss to get extension. These compound sounds are not limited to any onelanguage. Along with their original sounds, these languages make use of compound sounds withrespect to their own linguistics setup. These compound sounds, unlike the original sounds, arenot limited. Nor any regular list can be prepared of these sounds.

If the list of compound sounds is prepared, their number would reach hundreds. Somecompound sounds make up the deficieney of basic sounds. Thus these compound sounds saveexpression from any still condition that may occur for luck of basic sounds. With reference to thispoint, the need of preparing a list of compound sounds cannot be ignored/neglected. I could not

complete my work in this chapter. But a humble effort has been made (to advance) in thisdirection.

I have discussed the linguistic communality of languages with refrence to sounds. I have notincluded Chinese in this chapter. Chinese is the greatest language of the world. And it is thesevere need of the present times to work on chimish with respect to the common compundsounds of the other languages of the wold. In this article, examples have been mentioned withreference to the 36 common compund sounds:-At, ur, ac / ic / ik / iq, ter, che, chi, ti, di, ion, ra, rda, ee, ba, t, ti, jin, gin, ji, ri, rdi, za, ai, sa, si,tion, ga, gi, ki, la, li, ng, na, ni, i/y, ya.Urdu has more than sixty basic sounds. It is devoid of the hundreds of compund sounds relatingto the other languages of the world. Urdu is the second greather language of the world and a

large number of nations, group clarres, sects, etc are making it the source of expression throughout the world. It would be a very subtle and useful service of mankind to search out commoncompund sounds of the world by using Urdu as the base. It is my personal opinion that it wouldnot be a wrong opinion that it would not be a wrong action to declare the common compundsounds the basic stock of languages. In this regard very excellent examples of Chinis and Japaniare before us. In other words, it would be easy to search out the linguistic communality of thelanguages with these references.


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At:

Urdu: Jamadaat, Havanaat, NabataatEnglish: favourite, manuscript

Punjabi: Pat, rath, zaat, sogaatRajhastani: SamatBangla: Bhat/bhaat (rice)Saraiki: Part (tray), sangat,Gojri: Kahat, (Khat), chehat (jhati), katHindi: Parbhat (morning), BharatArabic: Saalat, Zakaat

Ar/Ar:Urdu: Raftaar, Irtaka, sarkaar, sangaarBrahvi: Kharwar (grain), Aranah

Punjabi: Bar, mar, Bazar,Turkey: Birdaha (beer dah ha, once more)English: Urgent, UrbanRajhastani: Sukhban ka Bhartar, Artical

Daya nir munArabic Rab, Rajayoon, Arfa, Rafey, Naar (fire)German: are adeur (fragrance) der gastgeber, (host)Saraiki: Oraib (awry), Raab, Andhayara wisarnaPushto: Aazaridal (grieved), Aarzaidal (cheap)Persian: Sangsaar (stone to death), Sarij (thief), Maar,

Ramz, Raaz, Her (hot),French: ane adeur (fragrance), Janvier (January)

IC / Ik/Ac:

Urdu: Tarik, Mubarak, SamajicBrahvi: Koonjak (water hen), phalak, (flower)English: Organic, magic, tragicPushto: Chalak (clever)Arbic Razaq, Khlaq, Malac

Tar / ter

Urdu: Behtar, Kamter, Tars, Shatar, ShatranjPersian: Dukhtar, Khatar, AkhtarPunjabi: Sootar, Khatar, Chatar

English: Fighter, Master, Daughter, SalaghterPushto: Isteri, MisterySaraiki: Putter, Putri, ChitraGogri: Chitar,Tarkay (by swimming)Sindhi: EeterHindi: Bhauter, Jamtar mantarBangali Estari


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Cha:

Urud: Bagichah, Bailchah, Galeechah, chalEnglish: Charm, chalkTurkey: Miinkiim, odugu Kadar cabuc mewm

kewn ohl duo huh

Kah dahr cha book(As soon as possible)

Punjabi: Sancha, Khancha, Pancha, ocha Japani: Karey da oocha oonoo nadas

(He does not take tea)Pushto DachaPothohari ChananiSaraeki ChalayGojri CharPersian ChadarMevati Chader

Chi:Urdu: Sandookchi, Bandookchi, KarachiEnglish: Patchy, tuchyTurkey: (chi) (my/ mine)

ci

Japani: Kun cheera (May the day pass in peace)Hachi (eight)

Rajastani: Sanchi son lay aaj, Sanchi (true)

Choo,ChuUrdu Choola, chuha, chuzaEnglish ChoosePanjabi Chuwani, chucha, chunga, chuwa (rat)

Dogri ChachuwaPothohari ChichooSaraeki ChoonaGojri ChootaPersian Choob

De, Di, The

Urdu: Baby, Shadi, Abadi, DidarEnglish: Peady, hardy

Turkey: Simdi (Shim dee) (now)Punjabi: Band,(Maid-servant),Pandi,(carrier),

handi, Gawandi,sarandi(Neighbour), Sarande, Khundi

Germany: der govdine (veil), Freude machen(to please)

Saraiki: Choondi, (In Punjabi also use this sound)Gojri: Thendi, Khundi, Mundi, Dandi


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Io:

English: Vision, division, seasonPersian: Mai, Maiah, Mijgaan, majdah

Ra:

Urdu: Piyara, Sahara, Hamara, Tumhara, HeeraBrahvi: Juz namak or nij keh Maikarah, Kara

(Cultivate the land ave bitterly needa piece of loaf/bread) Torah (loaf)

Punjabi: Para, Weera, Wehra, Kehra. (In Gojri alsouse this sound)

Japani: Saryo Nara (Allah Hafiz, (Good-bye)Karey kara (Those all men)

Arabic: Raas (head), Frash, Jorab (mozey)Maivati: Rakhan (Rakhna)Rajastani: Bhar laden ra oonth

Pushto: Raglay (come), Rasha (come), Jura (condition)

Ee/ai

Urdu: Eema, ejaad, larai, pitaePunjabi: Gawai, Mahangai, Sikhai, qasaeSaraiki: Lagai (wife), Parai (Foreign)German: Das Gebiet (area). Plesen (Pilot)English: Fry, applyGojri: Bahi, Sahi, KahiPothohari: Charkhi, Takni, Apni

Japani: Ippai (one cup)

Ba:

Urdu: Bahar, bar, (weight), Bazar, BajaPunjabi: Bazar, Bamni (a worm), bhaarEnglish: Ball, balm

Japani: Kun Ban wa (Good night)Bain Kyoshi Takeray ba

To speak Japani is necessary),Tabakoo

Persian: Ba (with) ba murad, ba hawalaArabic: Misbah (lamp), Loban,Saraiki: Bara (air), Bankari, Bah (fire)

Maivati: BangPushto: Bandey, bar (luggeage), Kharbar

Ti/Te/Ty:

Urdu: Jhati, Ghati, miti, dumbi setiBaithic (A room to sit)

English: Duty, beauty,Daramatic, poetic, gernetic phonetic


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Beautiful, Dutiful, TeachFrench: UitePunjabi: Khoti, Soti, roti, totti, totiBrahvi: Roti, botiPothuhari Khaloti, langgotiGojri: Dharti, Chati

Jin/ Gan:

Urdu: Darjin, Mazajin, SajanEnglish: Hydrojen, NitrogenPunjabi: SajjanGermani: Frangen (to ask), Frangan (To start)Hindi: BhoganPersian: Dargen

Japani: Kun Jun (soldier)Urdu: SahaganEnglish: begun, slogan

Punjabi: JoganSaraiki: Ogan, Jagan, Hagan

Ji

Urdu: Samaji, haji, pajiEnglish: Strategy, Biology, idealogySaraiki: BhajiPunjabi: Khoji, Poonji

Japani: Gi bi ki (dictionary)

Ri/Ry:

Urdu: Hamari, Tumhari, PyariEnglish: Battery, historyPunjabi: Bhoori, Khari, Lari (bride), Mari,Saraiki: Kawari Bhari, Choorri (cured hair)French: Libre (free), crine

Ra:

Urdu: Pakora, Kulhara, tokraEnglish: Electra, spectraPunjabi: Sara (burnt), Shora, WehraSaraiki: Bhara, (Toure), Phara (wooden palnk)

Ri:Urdu: Sari, Gari, PhalwariEnglish: Necessary, CompulsoryPunjabi: Mari, Tagri (strong)Saraiki: Mari (palace), Kori (lier)

Wa


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Urdu Hunawa, Wala, howa, kehwaEnglish Wall, warm, warPushto WachoohPunjabi Wari, waryaSaraeki WaatArabic Rawak

Persian Nawa

Za:

Urdu: Maza, Mirza, RizaPothuhari: Pizar (Shoe)Saraiki: Zahir (evident)

Japani: Sorey dazshi (Is that a periodicle)English: Bonanza, StanzaPersian: Azar, KhazanArabic: Zaz yakhPushto: Saza (punishment), Darza

Zi:

Urdu : Pozi, FeroziEnglish: Nazi, fantasyBrahvi: GaziTurkey: Sizi as kadazimlataiz tivaiym.Germani: die breise (separation)

Sa:

Urdu: Sahin, Sadgi, Samaan, SamdeEnglish: Saw, SanceBrahvi: Kadar Kumak, Nusha hna

(may nature protect you)Punjabi: Sang (disguise), SanchaRajustani: Saga, sarey, sageySaraiki: SaenArabic: Hasa (Enening)Persian: SariqFrench: le Samedi (week)Maivati: Sanjh, Saro, SathPushto: Aisa pasha (wait)

Chup o sa (be silent)Gojri: Saran (all, whole)

Si: (Two sounds zay and see)

Urdu: Sunyasi, Piyasi, odasi, pardaysiEnglish: Agency, policy, democracyBrahvi: Si (thirty)Rajastani: Many to esi hyasiFrench: Une accent (tone)Germani: de franjose (French)


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Maivati: sisi (bottle)

Shun:

Urdu: RoshanHindi Darshan

Persian: GulshanEnglish: Action, nation, promotion

Japani: Shan Dashta (Earthquake came)Germani: die koongugation

die komission (committee)French: Une of fection (love)

Gay:

Urdu: Dhargay, BhagayEnglish: Game, gayPunjabi: Bugay, Thagay

Rajastani: Sagay, Lagay

Ja

Urdu BajaEnglish JawPunjabi Jai, waja, ManjaPothohari: JawanhSaraeki WajaGojri SujhaArabic FanjaPersian Jaam

Jo

Urdu Jolani, Jowani, jognoEnglish JokePushto NajorahPunjabi Joga (Same in Saraeki and Gojri)Pothohari JorArbic JowafPersian Jo

Joo, Ju

Urdu Jutha, JangjooEnglish JupiterPushto RowajunaPunjabi JuthayPothohar JooraSaraeki HunjuGojri JoohArbic JoraabPersian Joo


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Gi:

Urdu: Saadgi, pakizgi, tazgiEnglish: Geaser, givePunjabi: Changi, Sargi, Waji, Lagi

Rajastani: Mun ki lagi BhujaeyMaivati: Jindgi (life)Saraiki: Jogi, Rangi (coloured)

Ki:

Urdu: Barki, Silki, HarkiPunjabi TharkiEnglish: StochiometryTurki: Kiani (Keyme) (of some body)

Japani: Ogeen ki day, Datashi waga kawa eeki mas(We go to school)

Brahvi: Shareeki-e-mal un bemaliSa shray. (The combine a property

is very bad).Germani: des Best oke (Knife, spoon)Saraiki: Bharki (flame), Makki, sakkiRajastani: Lay balam ki baat suniPothohari Miki

La:

Urdu: Laobali, Lajawaab, Lazwal, sholaBrahvi: Lari (Motor, bus)Punjabi: Baila, thaila, mailaSaraiki: Otala (confusion), Agla, PehlaArabic: Laraiba, LaalahaFrench: IolaPersian Lala

Li:

Urdu: Pamali, Rakhwali, SaliEnglish: Friendly, lovely, excitedlyPunjabi: Sawali, Boli, Jhali, olli

Brahvi: Loli (lor)Saraiki: Otali (hurry) khali, choliRajastani: Sooraj ke chupian paliFrench: homme poli (a kind mand)

Je ne parte pas (I dont speak)Turki: Tebrikler (Tabrecklehr)

Lo/Loo


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Urdu: Borya, Soya, boya, mitayaEnglish: Yam, yaueghtPunjabi: Suhaya, ParayaSaraiki: AngyaRajastani: Dooji Terya biah la eyPersian: Badban, Goyya

Arabic: Ya Nabi Allah, ya Allah(In Arabic Ya is usedFor calling)

THE IDENTICAL SOUNDS USED IN URDU

Expression is related with the system of organic/interrelated and strong sounds of a language.Every sound gets attention or mans attention is transferred to it or it is to get attention. Thelanguages that have not some sounds get their purpose fulfilled through alternative orcompound sounds. The flexibility of a language is directly related to the organism, gravity and

strength of the system of sounds. The linguistics flexibility widens the circles of expression.

Foreign words are adjusted so beautifully that they dont seem foreign. Furthermore, whenforeign words are adjusted in a language, their meanings are also change. No Arab, can acceptAasami as singular. Pailein, jugoon, Aadvicsain or Aadviyzain etc. will not be accepted asEnglish words by any English man. Jandgi, moto, mazo, hajoor etc. will not be recognized asUrdu words by Urdu speakers. The Arab accepts hooras plural. Horain, shoroon are no words forthem. Taambakoo is not unknown to the Urdu speakers. While in Punjabi, Tamako and in JapaniTabakoo are spoken. In other words, lose their real/original form. In new, other then language,meanings are also changed.

Urdu contains more than sixty sounds in its stricpt. Thats why Urdu is the most flexible

language of the world. It has adopted countless local as well as foreign words by making properchanges in them according to its own set up. Furthermore, in spite of so much flexibility, it is avery easy task to learn Urdu. A slight exercise of a few days does not cause of disappointment.After learning it, a link can be established with a huge population of the world.

In the follow following, sounds of Urdu are stated. Facility and ease, the relevant examples of thesounds are also written. Urdu has the capacity to absorb more than stated sounds in it:

Alif ab, sarmaya, karmfarma


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Bae Ball, tabiyat, habab, labPae Pamal, tup, AlapTae Tabasam, ikhtayar refatTae Toot, Atal, BantSae Sabat, Sawab, Waris

Jeem Janab, Ajnabi, jifa

Chae Church, charcha, charkh, kharchHai Hukam, hasan, Ahbab, jarahKhaay Khabar, khatar, Akhwam, charkhDal dil, Dag, Adwar, TadadZal Zikar, Zail, Zulafqar, ZakarRay Rubab, Azar, KafirArry Jakra, AaruZay Noroz, Zuban, AjzaDal Doll, dhol, DalnaYae Yalah, mejgaan, meyaSeen Sarab, khasta, piyasSheen Sharaab, sharaap, naqsha, jumbash

Suad Subh, saf, arsa, fursatZuad Zaeef, raza, raizToen Talak, galat, khatarZoen Zalim, Haz, GhalizAn Ishq, aeb, tayush, maloomGaen Galit, magfrat, pag, tagafilFay faraq, refah, fikar, farezKaf Kalm, taqaza, warq, niqaab, yaqeenKaf kamzoor, takabar, tazkeer,roakGaf Girya, pagla, sagar, ragLaam lab, shola, wakeelMeem Maihshar, umar, kadeem, kadamatWa Wafa, waqfa, wajahat,warm, hawaHay Halaq, kushta, shagufta, sadaHumza kisa-e-parina, julwa-e-gul, ja-e-panaYe Sadiqi, masiha, yakeenYe Kahey, laway, khaye,jaayBhay Bhool, bhaay, bhala, bhula bhutkaPhay Phool, phawar, phir, phulaThay Thaal, thana, thum, thakThay Thala, thath, thakar

Jhay Jogh, jharoka, jhar, jehangarShay Poosh, ushal, kush, shalkaDhay Dhool, dhamaka, dhamal, dhokaDhay Dhal, dhanp, dhool

Rh Doorha, darhi, bhuriKhay Khula, khiaal, khanaGhay Ghayo, ghaeal, ghe, ghataZabar Hal, Zalim, Sakoon, salam, lazat, khalwatZeir Aalim, zamana, jumbi, SabitAy In the form relativity zeir gives the sound of

ye. For example:Hal-e-dil, Nisha-e-ulfat, Ja-e-pana

Pash Ustaad, uthna, boot, suljhao, uljhao


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Jazam Naksh, shab, shabab, hababShad Aayam, lazzat, muhabatMud Aazmaish, Aaya, AaludaTanween Foran, jabran, Aadtan, jawaban, mazajanKhari zabar Aadna, Aala, dawaKhari zeir Gayanahi, nafsayhi, moshubabayhi

Aadgam bilgunna. The combination of noon and meem e.g. Umber, Dumbala, dumba, tambuIn murakab-e-utfi wao creates the sound of uoo: shab-o-rooz, jah-o-jalal, ezzat-ehtram, sabar-o-shakirSome compound sounds produce one sound i.e. aur, Aalif and wao have changed into an.

SOME COMPOUND SOUNDS IN URDU

Languages make their native words with their own sounds. But they use compound sounds topronounce some foreign words that cannt be spoken in single native sounds. Though thesecompounds are not basic, even then they have a great importance, and their need cannt be

ignored. These compound sounds remove the olestace of expression of any type. We take Urduthat has more than sixty sounds of its own. No other language enjoys itself with so many souns.Its some native sounds are epressed by compound sounds by some other local and foreignlanguages. For eample, English uses ion for zay-e-Farsi (ye), ch for chay, sh for sheen. Howeverthe use of parallal sounds is also very common. For eample, Arabic uses bay for pay. It is thebehaviour not only of Arabic or Englih; other languages of the world are also no exceptionbehaviour.

In addition to its basic sounds, Urdu has a lot of other sounds. That is whay a lot of words ofother languages are there in its vocabulary. Because of these sounds, an Urdu speaking personcan converse in ever accent/intonation of the world. If there is some defect in the implements ofspeaking, the compound sounds play their role.

In this essay, compound sounds of Ursu are being presented with their examoles so that theetention and capacity of Urdu may be realized very well:

O Olaad, lay aao, banaoOo Oonch, ooparA Abba, jata, aaendahAa Aag, aaya, aao,

E Ejaz


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Ee Eeman, eemaAnn Goreaan, kalianVain Aavain, javain

Aain has the same soundsBa Baja, baji, baharBay Harbay, baynamaaz, baychai,

dhabayBi Gulabi, sharabi, faraybiBo Bolo, bonn, bojhBoo Kushboo, baadbooBoon Sharaboon, hajaboonBar Brabr, sabar, barbadBer Berya, berhaPa Paband, pakhand, pamaalPar Part, parbat, param aatmaPay Darpay, mapay, seyapayPi Koppi, Lippi, seppiPo poda, pon,

Poo Pooja, poonji, pooraTa Juta, bota, khota, motaTar Akhtar, FatarTay Jatay, aatay, khatay, sotayTi Jati, aati, piti, kartiTuo Toujah, tuoranoToon Batoon, ghatoon, ptoonSa Sani, saliss, saqebSi Warsi

Sir Sirka, kosirTa Sannat, gota, ghota, khotaTay Ghatay, kharatay, sanatayTar TamatarTi Ghati, roti, chati, baantiTo TotaToon Jatoon, ghatoon

Toein has the same soundsJa Jala, jaga, jadoo, KhawajahJar GajarJo Jowaz, joya, jolaanJoon Joota, Justajoo, joon ka toonJi Samaji, Baji, hajiJay Maharajay, Bjay, khawajayCha Kharcha, chacha, baghicha,

nicha, oncha

Cho Chola, choolaChoo Chooha, choohan drechoonChi Bawarchi, Sandooqci, chahiChay Charchay, kharchayChar Charcha, charkha, charba,

CharwahaHa Haji, Hakam, hajat, hajab, halatHaan KhahaanHar Harkat, harart


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Hoo HoorKha Khami, khatarKhi CharkhiKhay PatakhayKho Kushboo, KhoonKhoo Khoob, khoogar

Khoon ShakoonKhar Kharaab, KhachDa Daad, Dada, Khoda sodaDay Eraday, PodayDi Dadi, Barbadi, ShadiDo Door, dugnaDoon Shahidoon, ommedoonDar Darbaar, darhaqeqat, darasal,

DarmeyanDa Daci, dar, dakooDay BuddayDi Dadi, Chadi, buddi

Doo DoolDoon DoongDar Darba, gidarRa Pora, hamara, tumharaRay Bicharay, saray, piyarayRi Sari, hamari, khari, niyariRo Rona, roka, rowaj, rovaeyaRoo Roop, robarooRoon Pokaroon, sonyaroonRaan Doraan, bashiraan, shabiraan,Za Taza, maza, piyazaZay Tazay, kharboozay, chooazyZi Tazi, piyazi naazi, raziZoo Tarazoo, bazooOs Ostara, ostaadZawaad and zoein have the same soundsEs EssamSa Piyasa, saasSay Piyasay, dalasay, khisaySi Siyasi, piyasi, shanasiSo Soach, soogSoo Sooja, soojana, soorajSoon Barsoon, parsoonSaan Insaan, aasaanSur Soraab

Sha Tamasha, Shabash, shaker, sharmShay Tamashay, bitashayShi KhushiSho Shokat, shoshaShoo ShoomShoon PishoonShaan ParrayshaanShar SharbatShan Roshan


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Sawaad has the same soundsFa Fatar, faqa, falajFay TaefayFi KafiFo Foqeat, fooq, foaj, fowaraFoon Waqfoon

Far Kafar, lofar, farmaeshQa BurqaQay Warqay, sadkayQi Harki, barqiQar QarzaQur QurqQoo QoowatQoon AhmaqoonKa Larka, karka, dhamakaKay LarkayKi LarkiKo Koela

Koo KoonjKoon SarkoonKaan Khoon chakaanKar Karara, karayaGa Gajar, gana, aaghaGay AagayGi Lagi, sargiGo Gowah, guftaguGoo GoonjaGaan Miygaan, charagaanGar Gardan, GardaabGir Girya, girjaLa Lala, Pala, layaeniLay Piyalay, salayLi Piyali, Wali, sahaliLo Lok, aalochaLoo Loomar, loochLoon Baloon, khiyaloonLar Jhalar, kalarMa Majad, Mali, malikMay Surmay, soormayMi Mami, mummiMo MotaMoo Moong, moo, moonas, moongaMoon Mamoon

Mar Maraba, markazNa Marna, Jina, soona, khana, pinaNay Sarhanay, poranay, othanayNi Purani, Pani, saaniNo Nokar, nobahaarNoon Kirnoon, dewanoon, parwanoonNar NarmWa Hawa, howa, hawasWay Jaway, khaway laway


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COMPOUND SOUND OF URDU(2)

To learn about any language and to get mastery over it, it is necessary to get awareness about its

singular and compound sounds. It becomes easy to express ones thoughts about some affairs bylearning some sentences but it is not sufficient to get mastery over the language or to become thenative of that language. Apparently it is difficult to get awareness about the sounds. It is not asdifficult as it seems. Countless sounds of a language have resemblance with sounds of otherlanguages. Difference can be seen only in the structure of words. Then the grammatical set-up isalso different. In spite of that, the importance of sounds in language exists.Urdu has more than sixty singular sounds where as the compound sounds are also not less thansixty. These compound sounds exist in a lot of languages of the world with respect to differentreferences. After a little consideration, or after a little experience of these languages, we get an


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intense sense of similarity or virility. I am stating some compound sounds of Urdu in this writingso that the evident difficulty and isolation/ strangeness may come to an end. It will help to learnUrdu language:

Sound Urdu English

Ra and Ni Barahay mererbani PleaseSahara Sport

Na Dil dharkna Heart beatingKhana Food, meal

Ni Pani Water

Kho Khowaish Desire

La Kala Black

Ma Mama Brother of motherMarna to beat

Mi Sowami H/E

Ri Hamari Our

Ba Baba Old manBawafa Faithful

Ta Jata to goTaya elder brother of father

Ka Lurka Boy

Hee Sepahee Policeman

Sa Peyasa ThirstySagar Wine drinking pot

Cha chacha Little brother of father

Ki Burki ElectronicSaki Who serve wine

Ian Hurain Ladies of haven

Da Parda Vail, wall

Ha Chaha Wanted, desired, loved

Ra Razi Agree


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Pa Dhampa Covered

Za Maza Taste

Ya Soya SleptDerya River

Do Dost Friend

Some sentences

Urdu English Japane

Khuda hafiz ( Da) Goodbye Sayonara

Maf kurna (Ma) Sorry Somemaseen

Khush amdeed (Khu) Welcome Irashaemasay

Kesay hain? (say) How are you? Ogain ki das ka?

Sepahee (Shee) Soldier Gunjin

Main Larka hoon (La) I am a boy Datashe waotoko des

Hum talib-e- elam hain. (Ta) We are student Data she waga ko say des

Kon hay? ( Hai) Who is? Daray deska?

Main our tum (Mai) I and you Data she to anta

Katab our akhbar (Ka,Ba0 Book an newspaper Hunto shin Bun

Ye merey katab hay (Me,Ta) This is my book Kory tashe nohun des

Wo lumba admi hay (Mi) That is a tall man Ano katadatakaee des

Asman neela hay (Nee) Sky is blue Sora da aee des

THE IDIOMATIC ASSOCIATION OF URDUAND ENGLISH

The natives of a languages use idioms in their speaking according to their literal and stylishneeds. Or what they write or speak is called idiomatic. But attention is not paid in the directionthat their idiom or written things do not get importance and meaningfulness without publicacceptance. Not only this, even general popularity does not become the lot of such idioms or


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written things. Such an idioms are only the beauty of books. In fact, idiom provided by the nativeScholars of a language becomes popular in public as it is or changed form according to thetemperament, likes and dislike, trends and common use of the people.

It is happens too that the common use/daily use of the natives becomes an idiom for the public.It also happens that an idiom provided by the public flourishes among the natives with all its

literal and stylish charms. And then it returns to the public with new manners or the literal touchto become a need.

It is absolutely incorrect that something stand by the natives is the final or nothing is correctbesides or is nothing in itself. The ability and literal dimensions of the natives have their ownimportance. What they say has the literal authenticity. But all this has not importance unlesspublic popularity is not achieved. Their idiom does not get more importance than that of literalembellishment. Though it is considered related with rhetoric by the natives, yet it falls into thecategory alienation. The word Kulfi (Kufli) though is incorrect, yet it has its identity in masseswith all is references. The word Tabaydar meaning tabay farman is absolutely opposite in itsmean Zimada, is often heard Zumaywar. This matter is not limited to the languages and dialectsof the Subcontinent. This behavior has not been provided by the language Scholars. However

they can not remain isolated from it. Asami, Ahwal, Aoquat, Hoor etc., are used singulars.Hooraan, Kabraan, Votraan, Spotraan,etc are not incorrect among the Urdu speakers. While it isthe Punjabi way of speaking. The interfusion of indigenous sounds into foreign or migratedwords or the use of foreign or migrated words according to public trends is a common thing.

The change of place, no doubt, affects human behavior, temperament and trend. In spite of thisfact, man has been very close to other man with respect to temperament in countless matters.This matter can be judged though the link present in their language. The most delicate matter isrelated with idioms. Though the dissection of the culture of words, the association oftemperament of human beings can be easily searched.Countless idioms have been used in languages without any change. The similarity of idiomsshows that mutuality is found in mans a lot of affairs, trends, attitudes, preferences and need ofvarious kinds. It is incorrect to relate the matter of human division to the apparent distance oflanguages.

Chinese is the most spoken language of the world of today. Urdu is the second great language ofthe world, but with respect to its singular and compound sounds, flexibility, its the mostimportant and subtle language of the world. On the contrary, English cannot be neglectedbecause of its present reign. Nor can we breathe a sigh of relief without it. Some intellectualsthink that development is not possible without it. After all these three languages are the mostimportant languages of the world. I am describing some common idioms of Urdu and English sothat the matter may become clear that in spite of distance, man is very close to man:

Seyah-o-sofaid Black and whiteAlif say yay tak Alpha and omegaStaroon ki gurdish (qismut ka mara) Sitar crossedAnkh ka tara Pupil of ones eyesRoze-e-roshun ki tara eyain As a broad day light

Jahannum main jao Go to hellMagarmuch kay Aansoo Crocodile teasKali beher Black sheepSofaid hathi a white elephant


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Gadaha banana to make some one an assOngliaan jala behthana to burn ones fingerAahmokoon ki gannat a fools paradiseBarbaad hona/Bhar main jao Go to dogWar bhanday vich (bazari mahavra) Go to the potAnkh oghal pahar oghal Out of sight out of mind

Jo gurgtay hain woh burstay nahain Barking dogs seldom bite

THE EFFECTS OF PERSIAN ON MODERN SINDHI


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Here, the discussion often occurs with respect to the circle of expression and lines concerned withthe learning of a language with reference to one or two dimensions. In this regard, my point ofview is that languages have never been limited. Learning is a separate affair while speaking andwriting are absolutely different from it. Languages cant be kept within specific circles. Theydepend upon man. Man does not depend on them. They have to stand by the conditions and thechanging trends and behaviors of a man. In learning a language, the system of lines has to be

followed, no doubt. While during writing and speaking, the system of lines does not remainintact. English is especially noticed with this respect. There is, no doubt, that I am not an Englishteacher. But I strongly oppose the negative behavior towards English with respect to my links.Accidents; changing natures of affairs; variable situations; earthly and heavenly calamities; social,culture and economical needs dont let a present thing stand on its own feet. It is impossible foranything to exist in itself for ever. The structure and meanings of things change. The Sub-continent has ever been destined to changes of various kinds. We dont go far; since the Partition,a lot of things have changed. Not only things but traditions have also changed. The ways ofthinking and realizing have also changed. Even now there is the rag of English Language. Tospeak English or to use English words in conversation and writing is considered a respectedconduct and manner even today. Even the imaginings of what the English people did with Farsi(Persian) makes soul shudder. However it is not unnatural nor can it be called unjust because

ever conqueror does the same and should do. Misfortune, Helplessness and curses become thefate of the nations who fall a prey to dispersion and inactivity. It is, in fact, the justice of Time andHistory.

In spite of the above mentioned facts, this truth is not devoid of truth that Farsi prevails overmany languages of the Sub-continent. Countless Farsi words are used in the vocabulary oflanguages in one or the other forms. They cannot run their business without them. Gazal hasever kept English at arms length.

Compounds and arrangements of words are ever the soul of poetic language. Countlesscompounds and arrangements occur in the languages of the Sub-continent according to theirmoods, linguistic system and grammatical pattern. No notion of their being foreign passesthrough in minds. For the support of my point of view, I am quoting some examples from themodern Sindhi and modern and old Farsi:

Mazharay sidq-o-safa tajdar hal aae tovi (Mohammad Iqbal Jaskani)Varaq-e-Lala-o-gul Haraf-e-gham-e-ensan shud (Dr. Aslam Ansari)Qarar-o-khaab zay Hafiz Tama madar ay dost (Hafiz Shirazi)

Ommeed-o-yas-o-hasrat je sahari tu jae (Shakar)Jetru-o-khosh raho, raho, yaro (Riaz Ali Mohsan)Masal-e-mah-e-neo kardi shakaet (Saman Aziz)Raqs-e-bimil hama ja dar nazram jalvagar asst (Syed Javaad Mosvi)

Aazizam dedar-e-tu darad jan balab aamda (Hafiz)Ay dil-e-zar ko ba ko khoof na aahi (Mohammad Amin Faheem)Jaleel aahan sada marad-e-Khoda zinda (Jaleel Sarvari)

Chu shab-e-tab-e- jalva parvana-e-dil (Saman Aziz)Her taraf aavaza-e-deen-e-mobeen (Syed Nafees Khoarzmi)Khanda-e-jam-e-meh-o-mah-e-neo shadeedem (Hafiz)Shonedam nala-e-jan sooz nay ra (Hafiz)Reshta-e-ulfat magar mazboot, mostahkam teeo (Noor JahanShaheen


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Kitabyaat

1- Semahi Loh-e-Adab Hyderabad Jan. to March 20042- Semahi Lohe-adab Hyderabad July to Dec. 20033- Semahi Loh-e-adab Hyderabad April to Sept. 20054- Devan-e-Hafiz Sh. Ghulam Ali & Sons 19685- Semahi Danish Islaabad Shamara No, 84-85

THE EXCHANGE OF SOUNDS IN SOME VERACULAR


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LANGUAGES

Sounds are the basic media of the exposure of existence of the order and organization ofuniversal system, separate distinction and identity, and the things and beings existing in theuniverse. Natural combination of sounds produces beauty, while unnatural causes ugliness.While listening to sounds, we are trying to understand the natural science of the universe. If it isasserted that while listening to sounds, the element of consciousness is extinct, it is absolutelywrong. If it is so, we don't get awareness of the matter or intentionally don't want to do so.

Words are composed under the influence of the nature of sounds, according to situation andoccasion, according to need, etc., and become the media of expression under the linguisticdiscipline of languages. Every expression is linked with some or the other consciousness. In thisregard, it's not incorrect to assert that to have interest in the science of sounds and to make anindividual effort to understand them is in fact, strife to understand the universe. And that theawareness of the science of sounds would help to realize the mutual links existing among thethings and beings found in the universe.

Languages are adjusted to each other under natural integrity. Some or the other link certainly

exists among them at some or the other level. This link or relation is an argument of their beingsecular. In this regard, human beings live very close to one another with respect to their nature.The spectacular enmity, jealousy, hatred, malice and greed among human beings are the result ofsome unnatural order and organization, or the balance of individual combination has gone awry.

Foreigners enter a state with their language and culture. These two elements affect the linguisticsystem of that state and they are also affected. Effects, in fact, mean to accept the linguisticdiscipline and getting popularity among all and sundry, they cannot get the status of socialacceptance.

If an English man is asked the meanings of tarublaat, advasain, tenshanain, mumkanality,voteraan, sportraan he will refuse to accept thesewords as English. An Arab would never accept

Hoor, Ahwal, Okaat, Asami etc, as singular. He would not allow reading Zimma as Zumma.

The matter does not end here. The meanings and linguistic structure of the immigrant words donot exist in their original form. In other words, there is coordination among sounds but theirorder and form change according to earthly facts and needs. Change, according to the new set up,becomes unavoidable even though languages have the sound of the foreign words. For theauthenticity of my stand point, I write down the foreign words in indigenous tongues withpresent changes.

The question arises whether these words have lost their scriptural and literal identity. It will besaid only when they cease to exist in any reference. A word and the sounds related with it areconnected with circle of influence, circle of expression and new meanings. Their original

scriptural form exists but their meanings and the manner of use are changed or their intonationchanges. It also so happens that they come with their original sounds but their identity comesforth through local reference after mixing with local words.

At present, this discussion is not required. Only a short discussion is made with respect to thealternative sounds of some of the native and immigrant words in some vernaculars. In thiscontext some words from Punjabi, Pothuhari, Pushto, Brahvy, Rajustani, Saraiki, Sindhi, andMaivati have been made the subject of discussion.


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In Brahvi, the substitute sound of Kaf is Khey:Mulkalmot to Mulkhoot

Brahvi, Pushto and Gojri, Khey is used for Kaf:Waqat to Wakhat

In Punjabi and Gojri Khey is used for KafBhuk to Bhuke.

Pay is also in routine use:Bhuk is converted in to pukh.

The use of Pay for bay is also made:Tube/toob to tup/toop, tob is also spoken.

In Maivati, Punjabi and Gujri pay is used for bayBhukh to Puhk.

Instead of sawad seen is usedSahib to saab.Seen for sawad ieKhass for kass, honslo for hosla. Saaf say saap

There is a same situation in the Rajistani. Bhay is used for bay:Sabh for Sab.The substitute sound for jeen is bay:Balna for jalna

In Punjabi ray is converted into laam:Professor is spoken professal.

In Gojri Punjabi Pothohari, and Dogri dhokha is spoken thokha

Some more examples from Punjabi:1- Jilad to jilat2- Zima to zoma

3- Loha to loya, lonya4- Amrood to amroot5- Qudrat to Quzrat (also in saraeki)6- Khedmat to khezmat (also in saraeki)7- Paste to paysat8- Koshesh to koshet9- Gost to goshat

10- Pankha to punkha11- Jaraab to Jalaab12- Hajamat to hayamat


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THE SIMILAR RULES OF MAKING PLURALS IN INDIGIOUSAND FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Aan:

UrduGaliaan kha kay baymaza na howa (Gali+aan) Ghalib

PushtoSata tarburan de (Tarbor+aan)

PunjabiJit tan lagi, so ee tan janay hoor gallaan karan sokhaliaan

(Gal+aan) Shah HussainPothohariPutraan naal mavaan na maan (Putar+aan) Shorash Malik

RagistaniKaay koonjaan doo marwaay (Koonj+aan) Taj Qaemkhani

SaraekiDarsen bin akhaan tarass reaan (Akh+aan, Re+aan)

Khaja Ghulam FareedGojriGhamaan dardaan ko kahatay yae meray kool (Gham+aan)

Sabar AafaqiMivatiMehkmaan main aap nay Ghana den nookari kari nakari

Punjabi Arabi

Mazloom+aan, zalam+aan

FarsiFarzand+an, Charagh+aan

Punjabi AngrayziTension+aan, advisaan, votraan, sportraan

Woon/oon

UrduEs balandi kay neseboon main hai pasti eak den (Neseeb+oon) Ghalib

PunjabiJay tok ranjha darass dekhaway, taan heer azaboon chotay (Azaab+oon)Shah Hssain

Woon Say kay maenoon main bhi aur shedat kay maenoon main bhi

PothohariRatein tareaan ni chaanwaan wich sonda lag kay dherti naal (Chaan+waan)


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RagistaniKah raatoon kalat (Raat+oon)

SaraekiRawaan kool mulh paanday paanday umraan laneaan (Rah+oon)

SaleemAhsanMevatiDil kay gonahoon say bachati noaj (Gonah+oon)

Urduae Angrayzi Advise+oon, Tension+oon

Urduae ArabiKafar+oon, Zalem+oon

Ain, ein

Urdu

Qudrat-e-Haq say yahhi hoorain agar waam ho gaein(Hoor+ain) Ghalib

Urduae AngrayziTensin+ain, hoorain, advasain

SaraekiAkhain wich aaoon (Mahavra) Akh+ain

PothohariMehraj bago bagein aaya (Bag+ein)

ArabicSabayq+ein, Shat+ein, Zalim+ein

MevatiJamatain

Yay

UrduBanain gay aur sitaray ab aasmaan kay liay (Sitrah+yay) Ghalib

PujabiMeer, malik, padshah, shahzaday, jhalday nayzay wajday wajay

(Shahzadah+yay) Shah Hussain

PothohariSada dukh son kay chanaan roonday pathar paharaan nay

SaraekiChitay kapray dekh malahoon kadaein nay kita paar

Gojri


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Minna sat kay nikal jaay kO paindaySabar Aafaqi

THE COMMON COMPOUNDS OF THE INDIGIOUS ANDFOREIGN LANGUAGES

Marakbaat-e-Tosefe

UrduRoseya: Meh say gharaz-e-nashaat hai kis roseya ko GhalibThanda Makan: Aaway na kayoon pasand kah thanda makan hai Ghalib

EnglishSweat world, Kind deeds, kind heart, Good look and Dream girl

PushtoBaykarvala

PunjabiSohni surat: Sohni surat dilbar wali, rae akhaan wich gal

Shah HussainPothohariRaat cheta: Raat cheta reshmi dopatta pae tanne Baqi SadiqiSuchay moti, Jhutha maalSuchay moti kisay na puchay vikya Jhutha maal Baqi Sadqi

Japani

Naankae (Which destination),Karay da hon tuni e tu das (Really he is a good man)

RajistaniBarango taal, Moto sar

SaraekiKali raat: Tayday kajray de kali raat bhaway Sleem Ahsan

MevatiAcho musalman, Bharo bhai, Ghana khayti bari

Marakbaat-e-Atfi

UrduAur Who Faraaq aur woh vesaal kahaan Ghalib

Mein ghareeb aur tu ghareeb nawaz Ghalib

EnglishAnd Cow and goat, Vales and hills


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PushtoOo Angrayzae oo hesaab

Daray lafafa oo saloor u sakatona

Punjabi

Tay Mein tay mera mahi, Ghora tay bakri, Kala tay cheta

GojriTay Yah hi haqeqat sab toon bad kay dharti tay Ashman maan hai

Sabar Aafaqi

JapaniTu Datashi tu anta, Hon tu rash bun

UrduKay Nashay Kay parday main hai mahv-e-Tamasha-e-damagh Ghalib

Qaes tasveer kay parday main bhi uryaan nikla Ghalib

PunjabiDay Babal day ghar daaj vehoni darbar poni kat

Shah HussainPothohariDay Par akhaan day nairay vass mahya Sadiq Naseem

Sindhi Jo Omedon khaak, dil nalaan e dil jo gulestan weran,

Shakar SumrooHie munjhi azam-e-ulfat jo assar aahi wagarna dost,

Shakar Sumroo

SaraekiDay Ghar day deway vesam gay saray Haider Gardaizi

Akh day manzar mok vehnday hun Mumtaz Haider

GojriKay Aggo pecho vekh kay chal Sabar Aafaqi

Tera tihan kay bagher, tera khial kay bagherSabar Aafaqi

MevatiKo (Ka) Chamray ko bazaar, Dasvein ko emtihan

UrduKi Darad ki dawa pae darad-e-baydawa paya Ghalib

Baghal main gher ki aaj aap soay hain kahain warna Ghalib

PunjabiDe Kar sahib de bandgi, reh jagrat raeay Shah Hussain

Saanwal de main baandi barde, saanwal mehnda saein Shah Hussain

Pothohari


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Ne Dil ne ag wich main pae balaan Anwar FeroozChallaan pae mar ne jowani ne tarang ne Karam Haideri

JapaniNikoya (Meat Shop), komayya (Rice shop)

Seentakoya (Washing shop)

GojriKi Os ki dil kay andar dil ko kam ay lamma rehno Sabar Aafaqi

Meri akh ki doolan oproon duhlan aalo Tepu Sabar Aafaqi

MevatiAur Aasman aur jamein, Ghaltein aur kamein,

Bhi aur resta daran

UrduPher Pehlay Josaf pher maekal, Pehlay daam pher kaam

Karta hoon jama pher jigar-e-lakht lakhi ko

Arsa howa hai dawat-e-mejgaan kiay howay Ghalib

EnglishThen First you then Petar, First meal then work

UrduWao Ashq-o-Mazdoori-e-eshrat gaha-e-Kusro kiya khoob Ghalib

Yah hum jo hijr main dar-o-dewar ko dekhtay hain Ghalib

SindhiWao Moti-o-gulab nisrio, afsoss ho na aayo Ghulam Ali Sooz

UrduKa Ashq say tabiat nay zeast ka maza paya Ghalib

Chaman ka jalwa baes hai meri rangeen nawae ka Ghalib

PunjabiDa Sabh vaysay shesay da mandar, wich Shah Hussain namana

Kachrak balain mein aqal da dewa, birhoon andheri wagdeShah Hussain

JapaniNe Gheo ne KO, (Shop of meat), Bo ta ne ko (Meat of bear),

Tori ne KO (Meat of hen)

RajistaniKa Sakhyan ka bhartar

SaraekiSeroon pand hijar da talay Khaja Ghulam FareedAh dawae bimari da toor aae (Jumla)


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GojriKa Khuda ka aashqaan ki zindgi naan Sabar Afaqi

FrenchIn Ahamed in evl, (House of Ahmed)

Kumas in rengi (color of cloth)

MevatiKa Dunyaan ka malik, kitaban ka tarjama, deen ka almaein

EnglishOf Words of love, drop of water, grains of sand

MevatiKi Noh ki dohae, karorun ki tadaat

RajistaniKi Birha ki chalri, mun ki lagi Taj Qaemkhani

UrduKo Hum KO setam aziz, setamgar KO hum aziz Ghalib

PunjabiNoon Mein pachi noon maraam lat ne Shah HussainPothohariKoon Paray koon taropa kar giday Fada-e-Athar

GojriKo Os ki yaad kay andar dil ko kam ay kamtaan rehno

Sabar Aafaqi

RajistaniKo Raja KO bhag, dhool KO kaal, dayas ko bass

UrduMain Paishay main aeab nahain rakheay na Farhaad ko naam

GhalibPunjabiWich Galaan wich pherain latkainde, ah gal nae bhali

Shah HussainEnglish

In(to) Put it into the jar

GojriMaan Jayro dil maan barchi mar gio Sabar Aafaqi

PothohariVich bagaan nay vich pakhroon bolay Sadiq Naswwm

Saraeki


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Wich Aapay sabh de Surat wich toon mikoon ajgoessMumtaz Dar

RajistaniMain Sagar main jal

Takrar-e-Lafzi

UrduAamad aamad, aatay aatay, jatay jatay

PunjabiJiyoon jiyoon, tiyoon tiyoon

PushtoZar zar, chirta chirta

Gojri

Parbat parbat nagri nagri(Not a new thing in Urdu)

PothohariOchay ochay, bit, Nimi nimi (Chaanne)(It is also used in Pujabi)

English again (and) againHummartaba Alfaz

UrduEdhar other, gidhar kidhar, aagay pechy,Oopar nichay

PunjabiSeda padra, ulta seda

RajistaniDukh sok

Marakab Azafi

Urdu

Makta-e-gham, kakal-e-sarkash

BarahviDagh-e-jodae, gham-e-furqat

Humza say bannay walay marakbaat

UrduKanaay majnoon, mojaay raftar, oqdaay mushqal


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SindhiQatraay shabnum

THE TREND OF DROPPING OR ADDING SOUNDS

The cry of pain that comes out of the pathetic heart on the division of man is not an unnaturalthing. Whereever man lives, he is one in his origin and nature. The seasons of his weals and woesare the same. Their natural needs and demands are common. Wherever he lives, he desires forpeace, prosperity and complacence. He is full of impatience for awareness. He wishes that his lifeis secure and nobody snatches away his property. Not only his achievement be recognised butmaterial resources should also be provided for his better performance When he fails to get allthis, response of some kind from him is not a meaningless or unjust thing. There may be someother reasons of man's negative behaviour. The world religions have bassically taught three

affairs.(i) Justic should not be ignored at any stage.(ii) Man should love other man and distribute love among them.(iii) Truth should never become obscure. The religious authorities themselves have beenbreaking these principles for their own personal interests and material needs. And they havenever been penitent in this regard.

When principles and rules are slaughteud, the cases of division and chaos cannot be calledmeaningless and causeless. Every response, in the next step, develops into an ideological unity.This seices of division and subtraction goes on increasing. Every group makes efforts to achivethe requirements of life according to its own ideals and principles. And the seet regards it as theservice of truth and God. The particular group strives furthur to expend these things.

There is the collsion of ideas in the battlefield of struggle. As a result, hatred, jealousy, malice andthe trend to snatch away things flourishes. So much so that the human blood no more remainssacred and respected. The human culture, unfortunalely, suffers from this division of man. Thegerms of being inferior and wore are sucking the blood of humanity. At this stage the matter ofpersonal survival arises. The efforts linked with these regarded as human service and truth.Theheavy responsibility falls on the shoulders of the present age intellectuals and schoars that theyshould work for man. They must use every reference/resource to bring man close to the otherman. If these negative references that remove man away from other man are not done away with


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it, will require a task to overcome this difficulty in the coming times. Material resoures willremain where they are Man shall lose his confidence in the charms of life. In the presentaircumstances, without keeping an eye on material gains, effort must go on.

I have already stated in some writing that to search out links among languages is not aworthless task. Languages belong to man more than to nations and countries. They belong to himwho speaks them. Some vices are born because of misunderstanding languages. Man cannot

express himself in exactly any second language or he feels some difficulty in saying something inthat language. The possiblity exists that his statement may be misunderstood.

In this connection, it would be agreed that the understood meanings are the last ones. In thiscontext, no meanings are the last ones. The meanings are, in the last ones. The meanings are, inone orthe other stage, to be changed.

Most of the tongues of the sub-contiment are & similar. Some of their linguistic rules are almostthe same. A lot of prefixes and suffixes, that are the back bone of languages, are almost the same.Some sounds increase or fall down thechange in intonation. The scholars should work on the fallor addition. In this worthless essay, some examples are presented to make my point of newprominent. Keeping these examples in view, the people who work on languages can find a way.

It would be the most important service of humanity to work on languages in this perspective.And the circle of research must extend to the universal limits. There is a common trend ofdropping some sounds in Urdu, Punjabi, Pothhari, Saraiki and Gojri.There is the tradition of dropping the central 'alf':

1-(a) Shah to sheh(b) Gah to geh

2-(a) Naach to nach(b) Nachna to nchna(c) Chaand to Chn (Chun is also under use)(d) Saas to sus(e) Bazar to Bzar. (Punjabi)f) Hath the hth (hth is also used in Gojri)(g) Harna to Hrna or hrya(h) Kajal to Kjal(i) Bahar to Bhr(j) Haat to hat (hati/hti is also used)

3-Some time the mad of beginning is dropped but the sound of Alf is sustained:

(a) Aawara to awara(b) Aazad to azad

(c) Aabad to abad(d) Aabadi to abadi(e) Aam to amb

4- In some words mud and Alif both are dropped:Aawaz to waz (waaj is also used)

5- If bay occus after meen and before"alf", it will be dropped. However, the soundof meem may be doubled:


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Lumba to Lamma

(6) The sound of Tay before noon dropped.(a) Jitna to Jinna(b) Kitna to Kinna(Here the sound of noon is double)

(7) In saraiki, the suffix (dha) is dropped:Chundha to Choona

(8) The sound of 'An' occurping in the centre is not used:(a) Inaam to Inam(b) Jamaat to Jamt(c) Taalaq to Talq(d) Maasoom to Msoom

(9) The Central 'laam' is also dropped:Machli to Machi

(10) In some words, the sound of 'noon' in the centre is also expelled:(a) Moonch to moch(b) Pankha to Pakha

(c)Phoonk to Phook

(11) The sound of 'wao' in the centre also dropped:(a) Bhool to Bhol(b) Phool to Phol(c) Doobna to Dubna(d) Dooja to Duja(e) Pochna to puchna

(In Pothohari Duwa is also in used) In Saraiki and Pujabi duwa mean two

(12) The trend of dropping hay is also found:Chooha to Chua (Wao is giving to double sound)

(13) In Saraeki tayra instead of tayrhaPunjabi taydaPotohari and Gojri taidaSaraeki Doup instead of dhoopPunjabi ThopGojri Thop

(14) The tradition of dropping hay is also common:

(a) Darhi to dari(b) Darh to dar

(15) The central yay is dropped:(a) Seedha to sidha(b) Peecha to picha(c) Neecha to nicha (Gojri)(d) Neecha to niwaan (Punjabi)(d) Baykar to bkar (Saraeki)


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In Mavati also, sounds are dropped:(a) Shuroo to suru(b) Mashhoor to mashoor(c) Shabeer to saber

There is the tradition of dropping two sounds in Punjabi, Pothohari and Saraeki:Ooncha to ocha

Pushto also have tradition of dropping souns:(a) Dhal to dal(b) Dheel to deel

Saraeki, the trend of changing sounds is also seen:Haraan to haryan

Sounds are interchange in Pushto also:Sandooq To soondaq

The trend of increasing sounds:

(1) In Urdu Machli while in Bangala maachli

(2) In Urdu sach while in Rajistani sanch, sachi to saachi(3) In Urdu bohat, while in Rajistani, Dakni, Haryani and Mevati Bohoot(4) In Urdu the word lagna is changed into laagna in Rajistani

Some other exmples of increasing sounds in Saraeki:1- Gal is changed galh2- Sab is changed sabh3- Toota is changed tona

In Pothohari and Gojri hashvi noon is a comman thing;Hasna to hansana

Urdu and Punjabi also make the hashvi use of noon:Saikroon to sainkroon

This tradition is also found in Pushto:1- Olti to Oltai2- Phaki to phakai3- Charkhi to charkhai4- Josh to joshi

5- Jarab to jarabay6- Khorak to khoraka7- Khajoor to khajooray8- Mandi to mandhi

In mevati see this trend:!- Rang to rango2- Pakha to pakho3- Nicha to nicho


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4- Ghar to gharay5- Sab to saban6- Din to dinan

In saraeki umb is spoken as umbo. In Punjabi umbi is used for a small and unripe umb.Hadi is changed Hud in Punjabi and Saraeki.

Mana is changed as mania in SaraekiFor Aap aapa is also in use

Punch, pank, pakhro, pakhairoon etc are well known words of local languages and they all arethe extended forms of the original word par (Wing)

In Punjabi, there is common trend of increasing sounds:!- Pachtana to pachothana, pachtawana2-Martabah to marataba

This trend is also found in the Persian:

1- Shah to sheh2- Seyah to seyh3- Awal to ahwal4- Sami to asami

LANGUAGES ARE IN FACT THE RESULT OF SOUND

It gives pleasure to discuss intellectual and literal matters with serious. It helps in the solution toproblems and matters. Not only this, a lot of references, links and connections become evident.

How for Yaan pal Sarter is correct. His life was linked with particular conditions and his ideashave come forth with respect to this fact. Nobody forms his existence nor is it possible that a manmakes himself as he wishes. In this formation of a persons existence, the whole universeconsciously, in some affairs, and unconsciously, in some other ones, is involved. Its reason is thathe is a unit of the universe. Every body in itself is not complete even after its completion. He is apart of some great unity. Even while maintaining his identical/ characteristic, he is revolvingaround some great unity. Being a unit of the whole universe, he connected with a lot units. Heaffects them and is affected by them. And all this is imposed in a peculiar balance andarrangement. He is responsible not only of himself but all the units existing in the unity. Thesurvival of other units is, in fact, its own strength.

I have already mentioned that a decaying society gets itself linked with some other strong andactive society so that it may further live fifty or hundred years more. Thus the survival of another

unity is not worthless for it. Each unit of a building, in spite of being separate, cannot getisolation from other units. In this regard, it is not correct to say some unit unimportant. There isno justification of its separation from other units. The importance of cement is compulsory for oreach other. The rich for the poor and the poor for the rich. Grief for man and man for grief are notunimportant. They are to move parallel to each other at a time. In this case life can exit. Stasis andstillness are death for each of them.


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Languages are in fact the result of sounds. With this reference they revolve around sounds. Solong as sounds exit, the existence of languages is unchallenged.

Nature has granted man with some organs as create sounds themselves or sounds come out ofthem. And these sounds are the same as are present in the universe. In other word, thisprocedure of give and take is connected with the existence of languages.

Viewed at any level, the combination of countless isolated and compound sounds is present allthe languages with small changes. It is true that the grammatical adjustment is occurredaccording to the linguistic set up of the languages.All human being are the issue of the same man and the families of this man are composed withthe passage of time. Linguistics, therefore, divided languages into different families.

Gojri, Punjabi, Pothohari, Sasaiki, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Bravi, Pashto, Bangali, Sindhi etc, havemany common words. Along with English, other western languages have the association ofsounds. Rather a large number of their words are the same and some time their use is also atsome places parallel. Hence to say that languages die, is absolutely wrong and baseless. At atime, they are related with:

Man and his familiesDifferent groupsNeeds and material necessitiesUniverseEverything of the universeOther languages

While single, groups, combinations and compound sounds is the source of link among them.Every sound has its own mood, behavior, trend and culture. It adopts the form of wordaccordingly. While with the individual identity, social culture also involves. And it also keeps thenature of sounds with them. When a word enters a society, it also brings with it its culture andthese words unconsciously and sometimes consciously plays its role. This adjustment is nature ofsounds. If these universal nature links dont exit, the mater of adjustment cannot be solved. Thislink of sounds indicates the link of man with man and with the universe. I have described thelink of sounds in writing. I present some examples from Japanese sends (Hira Gana)to showWith respect to the association of other language, if this piece of work is appreciated, I shall showthe link of the remaining sounds of Hira Gana as well as three sounds of Kana Kata. Withreference to these sounds, the search of the link between man and universal will become easy.Not only this, it will also help us understand the link of man and universe.

O

English OrangeUrdu OkatPashto ObaiePunjabi OhlayPothohari OhaSaraki OthainGojri OzarArabic OladPersian Aab-o-dana

A


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English AppleUrdu AradaPashto AalanPunjabi HaeyPothohari Aeha

Gojri KoeyArabic Jo-e-kazibPersian Zerb-e-Shadeed

Oo(ou)

English ColumnUrdu OnchaPashto OhkhPunjabi OchchaPothohari Ochcha

Saraki OkhoonGojri OuthainPersian Ouja

EEnglish ElephantUrdu EmanPashto EmanPunjabi SoeePothahari DeekheSaraki EthainGojri EmanArabic EmanPersian Eman

Aa

English AuthorUrdu AanaPashto AalooPunjabi AaeoPuthohari AasSaraki AapeyGojri Aalo

Arabic AaeinPersian Aab

Ko

English CooperationUrdu KohatPashto KotekPunjabi KookainPothohari KoreySaraeki Koon


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Gojri SakooArabic KofehPersian Kochek

Kay

English Keynes

Urdu DhamakeyPashto SaskayPunjabi GinkayPothohari TukkeySaraki PhekayGojri Nekay

Ku (koo)

English CockerUrdu KuchaPashto Kuchay

Punjabi KoraPothohari KookSaraki MekoonGojri KoayArabic HatubkaudPersian Chakoo

Key (kee)

English KeyUrdu Tarakey, harkiPushto MirchakiPunjabi KeeyPothohari TukkeySaraki SalamalekiGojri KeeyArabic MakenePersian Chalaki

Ka

English CollegeUrdu KamranPashto ZamkaPunjabi Kaee

Pothohari OchuckkaSaraki LokainGojri ThakaPersian RakabArabic Mutkabalas

So

English So, sow


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Urdu SochaPashto SoPunjabi SoeePothohari SondaSaraki SokaGojri Sohno

Arabi SoaadPersian Sood

Say (SA)

English SampleUrdu PiyasayPashto NamesayPunjabi HasayPothohari VassaySaraki PasayGojri Dessay

Soo (su)

English SueUrdu SunaPashto TosuPunabi SunjanPothohari SotaSaraki SoolPersian Chaharsoo

Shee/shi

English SheUrdu KhushiPashto MunsheePunjabi ShereniSaraki Khushee


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URDU AND JAPNESE SOUNs SIMILIRITIESs

There is no alphabet in Japanese. Shapes and signs are fixed for sounds. These sounds aredivided into two parts:

Hiragana

Katakana.

Every sound has five shapes i.e. Uo, O, KO, Koo, Hu, Ho, Mo.Ka and Ki are read Kha and Khe.Sound Ta is read Tha.

Where Noon and Bay, Noon and Py, Noon and meem, are associated, there meem sound will beappeared i.e. Shinbun will be converted into Shimbun, Noanmae will be altered in Namamae.


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During talk some sounds are not appeared. For example Dyso will be read Dus.Except Chinese and Japanese, all languages have alphabet. Words are constructed through theiralphabets, while symbols make style, way and trend of speaking. I.e. in Urdu Khuda Hafiz, inEnglish Good Bye and in Japanese Sayonara.

All Japanese sounds are available in Urdu. In Urdu, Japanese sounds can be easily used. During

talk, speaker feels comfortable. In Urdu, every change in sounds can be made easily i.e. in writingChondha but in speaking Chuna, in writing Unber but in speaking Umber, in writing Tunbu butin speaking Tumbu.

Every language has many substitutes and combined groups of sounds. However thousands ofsounds are found in the universe. Some have discovered and are in use, but some are still to bediscovered or waiting for there uses.

How sounds associated and various compounds are appearing in speaking or writings? It is not amatter of writing but it is related to speaking i.e. in writing Ka/Ki but in speaking Kha/ Khe.Like this, in Urdu, in writing Khavish but in speaking khaash. Substitution of sounds is not astrange thing in the Japanese language. This thing is also common in the other languages.

The change of sounds or use of substitute sounds is not a serious matter. However, this matter isrelated to the way of talking or style of talking in a language. For example:Zindgi is spoken Gingi in Mivati and Ragistani.Hazoor is converted into Hagoor in Punjabi, Saraiki and Huryani.Maza is spoken Mazo in Mivati and Gojri.

For Za-e Persian compound sound ion is used in English.For Py, in Arabic, By is used (i.e. Pakistan is spoken there Bakistsan.)

Japanese speak Tabako but it is in Urdu Tumbako, in Punjabi Tamako.In Urdu it is Daan but in English Pan (i.e. Urdu Pandaan, English Fry-pan). P is a substitutesound for D but there is no difference in the meanings.

These are same words with the change of sounds. I think, for the best understanding, we shouldhave to do a lot of work to know the sounds and their public uses. It is also a matter of the day todiscover the usually used substitutes and similarities in sounds.I have tried to find out the similarities of sounds in Urdu and Japanese languages with the

possible examples. In this way, Urdu speaker can understand the Japanese language. It is truethat it demands deep interest and hard work.

Su Charsu Shi KhushiSa Peyasa To TosaTay Bhertay Chi Elachi Ta

Marta No NokarNian Surhanain Noo Noor

Ni Porani Na JhurnaHoo Bahoo Hay kahayFoo Shurfoo Hi TabahiHa Karaha Mo MohubbutMay Hungamay Mu MuncshMi Aasami Ma MahiRo Rokna Ra SitarThereuoYo Sanayo Ya SayaOo Ooncha Go Bagola


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Gy Dhagy Gu GuftaguGi Sadgi Ga DhagaZu Bazu Zay TazayZu Zood Gi HagiZa Durwaza Do DusraSy Sady Zu Zulfqar

Ge Gena Da DildadaBo Bona Bay BykarBu Khusvbu Bi GulabiBa Baqi Pu PunjaPi Gopi Pu PuraPi Papi Pa PassQu Qunkar Q QauoodYa Angya Sho ShoshaShu Shukar Sha Shatar

Jo Jorab Ju JungjuJa Baja Cho CholaChu Chuha Cha Chakar

Huo Rahihuo Heu HeuteHea Dehean Beu UnkbeutBeo Beonut Biya BiyabanMeo Meor Miu MiuwatiMia Mian Neo NeotaNiu Reniu Nia NiazReu Rewand, Raywar Ru OtaruReya Reyakar

OTHER LANGUAGES HAVE NATURAL LINK

WITH JAPANESE SOUND

Every sound has its own mood, behavior, trend and culture. It adopts the form of wordaccordingly. While with the individual identity, social culture also involves. And it also keeps thenature of sounds with them. When a word enters a society, it also brings with it its culture andthese words unconsciously and sometimes consciously plays its role. This adjustment is nature ofsounds. If these universal nature links dont exit, the mater of adjustment cannot be solved. Thislink of sounds indicates the link of man with man and with the universe. I have described thelink of sounds in a writing. I present some examples from Japanese sends(Hira Gana)to show


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their link with sounds of other languages. If this piece of work is appreciated, I shall show thelink of the remaining sounds of Hira Gana as well as three sounds of Kana Kata. With referenceto these sounds, the search of the link between man and universal will become easy. Not onlythis, it will also help us understand the link of man and universe:

O English Orange

Urdu OkatPashto ObaiePunjabi OhlayPothohari OhaSaraki OthainGojri OzarArabic OladPersian Aab-o-dana

A English AppleUrdu AradaPashto Aalan

Punjabi HaeyPothohari AehaGojri KoeyArabic Jo-e-kazibPersian Zerb-e-Shadeed

Oo(ou)English ColumnUrdu OnchaPashto OhkhPunjabi OchchaPothohari Ochcha

Saraki OkhoonGojri OuthainPersian Ouja

E English ElephantUrdu EmanPashto EmanPunjabi SoeePothahari DeekheSaraki EthainGojri EmanArabic EmanPersian Eman

Aa (au)English AuthorUrdu AanaPashto AalooPunjabi AaeoPuthohari AasSaraki AapeyGojri Aalo


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Urdu SochaPashto SoPunjabi SoeePothohari SondaSaraki SokaGojri Sohno

Arabi SoaadPersian Sood

Say(sa)English Sample

Urdu PayasayPashto NamesayPunjabi HasayPothohari VassaySaraki PasayGojri Dessay

Soo(su)English Sue

Urdu SunaPashto TosuPunabi SunjanPothohari SotaSaraki SoolPersian Chaharsoo

Shee English SheUrdu KhusheePashto MunsheePunjabi ShereniSaraki Khushee

------------ENGLISH---------------

Sa English Saw

To English Today

Chi(chee)English Cheek

No English Knoty

Noo (nu)English Nook

Nee(ni)English Marconi

Na English Banana

Hoo(hu)English Who

Hay English Hay

Foo(fo) English FollowerHe(hee) English He


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Moo English Moment

Mee English Meeting, Army

Ma English Mother

Ro Engl;ish Row

Ray English Race

Ru English Rue, Ruth

Re English Reaction

Ra English Raw

Yo English York

Yu(Yoo) English Universe

Ya English York

Noon English Carton

Go English Gown

Gu(goo) English Goose

Gee English Refugee

Ga English Game

Zoo English Zoo

Zay English Zebra

Do English Though, Do

Day English Today

Du(doo)English Dual

Da English Dadaism

Bo English Bow

Bay English Bay

Bu(boo)English Boor, Book


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Bee English Begin

Ba English Balm

Po English Pope

Pu English Pupae, Pure

Pee English Pigeon

Pa English Paw

Qu English Queue

Qee English Queen

Sho English Show

Shoe English Shoe

Sha English Bradshaw

Jo English Joke

Ju(joo) English Jupiter

Ja English Jaw

Cho English Chose

Chu English Choose

Cha English Chat

Hu English Huge

Bayo English Abeyant

Beue(bew) English Beautiful

Baya English Mayo

Mew(meu) English Municipal

New(Neue) English News

Rayo(raue) English Review

Raya, in Urdu Punjabi, Pothohari, Arabic and Persian:

Raya Urdu RayakarPunjabi Bheraya


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Pothohari UperayaArabic RiazPersian Riya

Three very important sounds of Kata Kana:

Wa/va English VagabondUrdu Wala, Humnava

Paue Urdu PevestPunjabi PaueSaraiki paue

Pew English Pew


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SEPLIMENT

PRESENT RESEARCH IS ATTACHED WITH THEACHIVEMENT OF A DEGREEThe process of creation is related with mans service, development, and keeping him in moment.In modern times, especially in developing countries, it has been connected with the achievementof a degree. This irresponsible and non serious behavior has kept them for away from thedevelopment, prosperity and complacency of the advanced countries.

Revision is, no doubt linked with modernity but it is not an correct and healthy activity to presentthe old material with the change of words only. If the revision provides us with new meaning,this process must be kept continuous. A researcher, in fact, discovers new meanings with newreferences or he testifies or (defines)/ refutes something old. If he fills papers only for theachievement of a degree, nobody can get any advantage from it.

Writing can fill long pieces of papers but nothing worthwhile comes in the forefront. Someoneresearched that earth is round. At it the second researcher says that earth is not completely roundwhile the third one says that earth is round like an egg. This matter is related with research. Infact, experience and study of a researcher are also involved in his presentation. His work will berelated to the present thing.

It is not necessary that the present thing is the last thing and there is nothing ahead of it.Certainly, there is a lot beyond it. The new/ next researcher must go ahead towards the post (thenext). The diamensions related with the discovery of something are not the last ones. And tothinks so is stark foolishness. No explanation is the last explanation.

In the same way, all the known meaning is not the last meaning. They can be rejected or newmeanings can be presented and this thing is the real research. It is necessary that the backward ordeveloping countries or nations must get rid of this behavior it involves the theses of theadvanced countries that belongs to the original lines. A degree is, no doubt, a means ofdevelopment, but is not a step of development. Therefore there is no capacity of non serious andirresponsible behavior.


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NEED CHANGS IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS OF THEDEVELPING COUNTRIES

The importance of lecture can not be denied. Lecture has been part of education for centuries andit has been creating great men in different fields who have performed praise worthy marvels inthe life. The trend and behavior of the present time have changed. It needs are totally differentfrom the former ones. Therefore lecture method can not be totally relied upon as regardseducation. The communication of matter to the students is not possible through this method.With respect to the fast increasing needs, changes are necessary in the educational systems of thedeveloping countries. Without these changes, these countries cannot take part in the race ofdeveloping countries. And they will have to depend on the others at every step to pace withpresent time.

The resources of developing countries are limited. If these limited resources are lavishly spent onimports, the burden of loans will be the future of these countries. There is no doubt that theresources of these countries, along with in imports, have attached with other reference forcenturies. And the blood suckers are marring the dream of prosperity. The irony is that thecapital of these countries has usurped by these blood suckers. The rebellion against these suckersis just like suicide. But the teachers of these poor countries can do a lot remaining within thelimits of their resources. In this regard, the need not, at all, to demand any thing from anyperson/countries. Interest, sympathy and determination to do something would be the helper.

I suggest some points in this regard. If they are joined with the lecture, the possibility is there thatsome way may be searched out to keep pace with the present race of awareness:1- TV has been a thing of daily use and even the poor house can, to a large extent, afford it. Thestudent must be molded to pay attention to the relevant programmers.

2- The student must be taught the use of library and the teachers must be point out the relevantbooks.

3- There must be quiz programmes regarding the concerned matter.

4- Group study must be introduced.

5- Debates must be arranged in the class.

6- Promotion test must be divided parts:* The students must be given homework.* Classes test be taken in a month.

These two must have 50% marks while the promotion test should also have50% marks.


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7- In BA a thesis must be written by the students regarding their course and this thesis must becompulsory for BA. For example, in literature, the thesis can be divided into three parts: Essays on course Fiction PoetryThe thesis must be supervised by the class teachers.

8- Encrough the students to prepare notes under discussion lesson.

Thus a lot of steps can be taken by the teachers, institutions and the relevant boards/universities.


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MAN DOES NOT LIVE IN HIS OWN LAND

Language is a gift to man from the society where he lives in but the important issue is to conveywhatever you have to others. Expression is better than the horrible silence. It does not require anygrammatical propositions. I think that grammar is not everything but it is only sources oflearning language while not a pillar for speaking at all. Readers surely understand what the

speaker wants to say without barriers. What is poor, rich and right writing? Do Chinese, Urduor English speakers always speak according to grammar? Not, not at all, impossible. Thelanguage problem will not arise if the readers and listeners understand each other; it will be agood achievement. Should it not be a matter of pride for the English that a man, whose nativelanguage is not English, write English and tries to convey himself? I love man and dont care whohe is and from where he is.

I want to provide a positive thought to the language researchers. I think that man is not differentfrom his basic living needs. Atmosphere, change of land and resources may affect his thinking,living standard etc. But why hate, love and revenge are in the same way everywhere? In mypoint of view relation between men to man ever exists and, it is a universal truth. Man loves hisholy Books and Places despite language differences. It means that man does not live in his own

land only. His heart, mind and soul have relation with the other lands and people. However,mans hate, love and soul affiliations cannot be ignored. I think so many similarities must behappened in the languages. To search these similarities will be a great service for man. In thisway, language researchers can unite human beings. If man comes closer, many baselesscomplications based on unawareness will be eliminated or reduced at least. In the present age,language researchers can do a lot for human beings.

Thinkers will fail to know human problems if expression remains unspoken. It is our duty tomake things good and easy for human beings. Let man free putting his expression into wordsthan holding thoughts in his heart and mind. If some one writes in foreign language than thenative one is surely a fair game. This effort is a positive and healthy sign which will lead tosome productive work while languages are a communicative tool for expression.


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A PERSON IS RELATED TO THE WHOLE UNIVERSE

There is no doubt that a person learns/adopts some habits and behavior from his parents andother from his near relatives. But this thing is not the completion of his personality. There aresome other factors that affect a persons personality, behavior and trends.

While living with parents, a person is related not only to the members of his family but the whole

universe. Any other person who comes in the house also affects his personality. His intention isnot presention the getting this influence. Any thing told by his parents and relatives enter hisunconscious. Or some other thing revolving in society, any event or any affair, all these things aresaved in his brain and are saved in his unconscious. These things saved in unconscious arebrought up themselves. Or some times, the practical forms of those things get maturity in hismind. In these things, his own intention has no info interference.

The tragic incident of the sub-continent in 1857 is still present in this mind and its grudge is felt init. This grudge has been given to the people of this are by the history of this region. In otherwords, the history of a nation has its strong hold on personalities. Some incidents of history arepresent in papers. But in this regards, the rulers have their influences, and the real forms ofsociety are found in society. Words heard from parents and forefathers remain wondering in

society. In practical forms, their witness can be seen. My writing has no connection with it, eventhe least, who is right and who is not right.

The German, who are European, can not keep themselves aloof from the historical events. Itadmits that some matters there are the influence of national partiality. And this thing has deeprelation with mans personality and this thing cannot be ignore with respect to the construction ofpersonality. But it is a confirmed fact that in building up a personality, not only the inheritedqualities but all events, incidents taking place all around have deep effect. Along with themnational partiality has its own influence. An educated man gets effects from books. These affectother people unconsciously.Poetry has worked wonders. It has changed the scenes of wars. It has enlivened the dead bodieswith their power of rhetorician. These time elements have not a permanent condition.

I have ever talked about man who is one with respect to a lot of his natural things. There is onebrotherhood in the entire world. No good work should remain restricted only to a region orparticular people. But its benefits should be availed by the whole humanity. The question iswhether it is possible or not. The selfish elements keep the fruit limited to them. As a result ofwhich unpleasant things occur. And its bad effects are faced by the whole human race.


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Whenever a person

Whenever a person views life with reference to his personality or a specific group or a particularpoint, life goes out of the circle of understanding. This thing creates a lot of complexities thatsnatch many mens mental peace. In fact, life is link with the whole universe. Similarly, theuniverse stands meaningless without the personal interest of life.

Date post:	30-May-2018
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Phenologies of Various Languages

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