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Phenology The Study of Nature
Sridhar Gutam, PhD, ARSSenior Scientist (Plant Physiology)
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre RanchiRanchi 834010, Jharkhand
@SridharGutam I [email protected]
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What is Phenology?
“Phenology is the study of periodic plant and animal life cycle events and how these are influenced by seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as habitat factors (such as elevation)”
Phenology. (2016, January 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:03, March 14, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenology&oldid=700778197
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Why Phenology?•Phenology helps us to understand nature.•Leafing, Flowering and Fruiting.•Bird migration/brooding.•Insect Pests infestation and Plant diseases incidence.•Floods and frosts.•Climate change – indicators – early spring?
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Indicator: Start of Spring
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
<http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/indicator-start-spring>
2012
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How the Spring is Unfolding?
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
https://www.usanpn.org/data/spring
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How the Spring is Unfolding?
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
https://www.usanpn.org/data/spring
Phenological Events• Phenological development
of Olive flowering, following BBCH standard scale (Oteros et al., 2013).• a-50, b-51, c-54, d-57,
(<15% open flowers); f-65, (>15% open flowers); g-67, (<15% open flowers); h-68
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Oteros, J., García-Mozo, H., Vázquez, L., Mestre, A., Domínguez-Vilches, E., Galán, C. (2013). Modelling olive phenological response to weather and topography. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 179: 62-68.
Early blooming of Cassia!
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https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_any_scientific_basis_for_the_early_blossoming_of_Cassia_fistula_of_Kerala_and_regional_climate_change
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Robert Marsham - Father of Phenology
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marsham
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Marsham's 27 indications of springStarted in 1736 by Robert Marsham and continued by his
family until 1958
• Snowdrop first flowering • Wood anemone first flowering • Hawthorn first flowering • Turnip first flowering • Hawthorn first leafing • Sycamore first leafing • Silver birch first leafing • Elm first leafing • Rowan first leafing • Oak first leafing • Beech first leafing • Horse chestnut first leafing • Sweet chestnut first leafing • Hornbeam first leafing
• Ash first leafing • Lime first leafing • Field maple first leafing • Swallow first seen • Cuckoo first seen • Nightingale first heard • Nightjar first heard • Song thrush first heard • Ringdove (Woodpigeon) first seen • Rook first nest building • Rook young first seen • Brimstone butterfly first seen • Frogs and toads first heard croaking
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
http://www.naturescalendar.org.uk/research/Robert_Marsham_Indications_of_Spring.htm
Phenology Projects
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USA National Phenology Network
https://www.usanpn.org/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Pan European Phenology Project PEP725
http://www.pep725.eu/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Plant-Phenological Online Databasehttp://www.ppodb.de/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Project Budburst – http://budburst.org/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Bhutan Phenology Network - HEROS
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
http://www.bpn.gov.bt/web/index.php
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Bhutan Phenology Network - Phenology Journal
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
http://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1bbc7c88e2964ab3b9bf52207a336a36
Phenology Projects in India
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http://www.seasonwatch.in/
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Trees Monitored under Season Watch
http://www.seasonwatch.in/details.php
• Jackfruit (Kathal)• Indian Blackberry (Jamun)• Pride of India (Jarul)• Indian Gooseberry (Amla)•Mango (Aam)• Banyan (Bargad)•Devil’s Tree (Saptaparni)• Purple Bauhinia (Kaniar)• Indian Coral Tree (Pangra)
• Flame of the Forest (Dhak/Palash)• Indian Laburnum (Amaltas)• Pongam Tree/Indian Beech
(Karanj)• Tamarind (Imli)•Margosa (Neem)• Flame Tree (Gulmohur)• Red Silk Cotton Tree
(Semul)
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Season Watch - Citizen Science program
•National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) - Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR). •Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF) – An NGO.•Funded by Wipro Applying Thought in Schools (WATIS) – Wipro.
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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http://www.seasonwatch.in/dashboard.php?pageno=1
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http://treecalendar.org/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Tree Calendar – Study Species
• Albizia lebbeck• Albizia odoratissima• Artocarpus heterophyllus• Artocarpus hirsutus• Azardirachta indica• Bauhinia purpurea• Bombax ceiba• Briedelia retusa• Cassia fistula• Dalbergia latifolia
• Delonix regia• Ficus racemosa• Garcinia gummi-gutta• Hydnocarpus pentandra•Mangifera indica•Mimusops elengi• Phyllanthus emblica• Polyalthia longifolia• Pongamia pinnata• Pterocarpus marsupium
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Tree Calendar – Report Event
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
http://treecalendar.org/index.php?item=report&view=report_form
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India Biodiversity Portal
http://indiabiodiversity.org/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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“Over 11 lakh occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity
Information Facility integrated”
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Trees Indiahttp://treesindia.indiabiodiversity.org/show
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Global Biodiversity Information Facility
http://www.gbif.org/
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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India – GIBF Associate Member (2003)
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GIBF India Data http://www.gbif.org/country
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Tree phenology and hornbill breeding
http://ncf-india.org/projects/tree-phenology-and-hornbill-breeding
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
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Mango Phenology Monitoring System
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
http://mangifera.res.in/phenology/
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http://mangifera.res.in/phenology/bbch.php
• Application of extended BBCH scale for phenological studies in mango (Mangifera indica L.)• S Rajan et.al. 2011.
Journal of Applied Horticulture, 13(2): 108-114, 2011
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36Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD Centre, Ranchi University
Phenological Monitoring of Selected Horticultural Fruit Tree Crops
15-03-2016
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281432470_Phenological_Monitoring_of_Selected_Horticultural_Fruit_Tree_Crops_-_Draft_Proposal
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Phenology Network India - Project Proposal
https://goo.gl/KsQPTz
• Title: Phenology of Horticulture and Agroforestry Tree Species in India • Objectives:
• Development of standard protocol for collection and capture of phenology data of selected horticulture and agroforestry tree species in India.
• Development of Open Access Phenology and Phenotype Data Repository for horticultural and agroforestry tree species.
• To prepare region-wise Phenological calendar for major horticulture and agroforestry tree species.
• Development of weather based phenology forecasting model and decision support system for selected horticultural and agroforestry tree species
• Goal:• To develop understanding of changes in phenological behaviour of selected
horticultural and agroforestry tree species under climate change scenario• This project would be submitted to either of DST/DAC (Hort. Div.)/Min. of Env. and Forests/Extra Mural
Research Funding/NABARD
15-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
Folklore and Phenology
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3915-03-2016 Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD CentreRanchi University, Ranchi 834008
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11070/1/IJTK%2010(1)%2096-101.pdf
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Vasant Panchami – First Day of Spring
15-03-2016
Wikimedia Commons/Nitin Das
Spondias pinnata (Amra) – During Shivratri
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Alangium salviifolium (Ankola) – Fruit Ripening Time – Paddy
Rice Sowing?
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National Cherry Blossom Festival. Washington DC. March 20 – April 17, 2016
http://www.nationalcherryblossomfestival.org/
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Thank You