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PHEROMONE IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
Presented by,
RAKESH KR. MEENA
Dept. Of Agricultural Entomology,College OF AGRICULTURE,
ALLAHABAD.
Out line of seminar
Principle of behavioral controlIntroductionClassificationPheromone trapsMode of pheromone applicationAdvantagesConclusion
PRINCIPLE OF PHEROMONAL CONTROL
Aim at studying the behavior
regulating chemicals and exploiting them for insect pest control.
IntroductionPheromone Is a chemical or mixture of chemical
released by an organism to outside (environment) that cause specific reaction in a receiving organisms in same species.
• Karlson and Butenandt coined the term Pheromone ,1959.
• also called as ectoharmones.• Pheromones – Exocrine in origin.• -volatile in nature serving as chemical means
of communication.
SEX PHEROMONE Represent diverse assemblage of
compounds. Commonly released by females. Out of 150 species, 100 species of females and 50 species of male produces pheromones. Female sex pheromone is important
than male.
Ayyar T.V.R.(1963)
Insect Name of Pheromone Chemical structure
Bombyx mori Bombykol 10,12 Hexa-decadien 1-ol
Porthetria dispar Gyplure 1 Hexal-12-Hydroxy-3 Dodisenile acetate
Honey bee(Apis spp.) Queen substance 9.0x0-trans-2-Decenoic acid
Periplanata americana ---- 2,2 Dimethyl-3-iso propelidine cyclo proply propionate
Mad fly Singlure 2,3 secondary, Butyle 4 chloro 2 methyl hexane
Mad fly Trimedlure 2,3 Ter.Butyl.
Oriental fruit fly Methyl eugenol 1 Alil 1,2-Diemethoxy Benzene.
Carda cautella --- 9,12 tetra decadien 1- ol acetate
Pectinophora gossypiella --- 10-prophy-trans 5,9 tridecadien 1-ol-acetate
Porthetria dispar --- D-10-acetoxy-cis 7-hexa decen-1-ol.
Chemical structure of sex pheromones
Allelo-chemicals. ALLOMONESAdvantageous to the
releaser. EX-Defensive secretions
of insects
KAIROMONES Advantageous to recipient. EX. Male sex pheromone in
bug.
SYNOMONE endocrine secretion of hymenopterans frequently functions simultaneously both as an allomone and kairomone
PHEROMONE PRODUCING GLANDS
Ectodermal in origin. pheromone appeared under the control of harmone released by Corpora allata . Open and release their products outside called as “exocrine glands”.Present in any part of body.a) Galleria mellonella- wing padb) Almond moth – gland of third abdominal
segment.c) Cockroach – tergal gland
Mayer (1992)
EFFECTIVE DISTENCE FOR PHEROMONE APPLICATION
Marked male moths were used. They can call mate from hundred feet
away. Attracted to the tray baited with female sex pheromone for a distence as long as 2 miles in Gypsy moth. Lesser peach borer mates attracted from 50 ft distance. Jacobson(1989)
TIME OF RELEASE OF PHEROMONE OF INSECT :
Depends upon weather and time of day. Grape beetle Lobasia botrana
release pheromone at evening. Queen honey bee release the pheromone continuously for male honey bees 5-7 days. Trichoplusia ni release 1 a.m. to 5 a.m.
Siddiqui(1989)
PHEROMONE RECEPTION
Three parts involved. 1) Exocrine glands. 2)Medium. (air or water) 3)Pheromone receptors.
Receptor should be olfactory (smell), or gustatory (taste).
Antenna often undergo a marked sexual dimorphism.
Jacobson (1989)
PLASTIC MOTH TRAPPLASTIC MOTH TRAPFUNNEL TRAPFUNNEL TRAP
DELTA TRAPDELTA TRAP NOMATE TRAPNOMATE TRAP
Different pheromone traps
To ensure the effectiveness of pheromone traps..
• Ascertain the quality of lure.• Ascertain the quality of pheromone.• Install the trap at right time.• Install the trap at straight stick/log.• Take care of the polythene sleeve.• Replace damaged sleeve and Maintain
proper distance between traps.• Maintain proper height of the traps.• Replace lure timely.
Percent of Z,Z isomer
Mean catches / week Mean 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
20 38.25 14.50
21.0 6.50 18.0 13.0 18.54
30 31.25 15.25
13.0 7.25 17.0 12.50 6.04
40 1.10 1.25 1.75 1.0 2.0 2.50 1.6750 9.75 2.25 3.50 1.75 2.0 1.25 3.4260 144.7
590.2
526.0 37.75 35.75 27.25 60.29
70 59.75 12.75
17.5 5.75 8.25 7.75 18.63
80 21.50 11.50
17.0 3.50 4.0 7.75 10.20
Mean 43.82 1\21.11
13.6 9.07 12.43 10.29 --
Table 1 : Response of male pink bollworm moths to different ratios of Z, Z and Z,E isomers of Gossyplure
Karuppuchamy and Balasubramanian (1990)
*Heliture Control
(Hexane)
*Spodolure Control
Mean
cumulative
visit
10.84 7.34 2.01 2.16
Mean
percentage
15.01 7.22 10.01 9.96
Table 2 : Response of T. chilons in a Y shaped olfactometer
Padmavathi and Pual (1996)
Table 3 : Incidence Of bollworms and yield in the experimental plot during
2004 at Raichur
Treatment Fruiting bodies
damaged (%)
Good open bolls / plant
Bad open bolls / plant
Yield Q / ha
Kairomone plot
21.34 22.12 8.20 22.44
Treated control
plot
26.84 18.12 12.22 20.12
Untreated control
plot
48.44 11.44 26.48 13.15
CD(P=0.05) 2.44 2.55 3.65 4.34
Bhaktvatslam N.et al. 2002
Table 4 : Incidence of sucking pests in kairomone treatment during 2002 at Dharwad
Treatment Aphids (No. / 7 plants) Leafhoppers (No. / 7 plants)
Pre-treatment
After first spray
After second spray
Pre Harvest
count
Pre-treatment
After first spray
After second spray
Pre harvest count
Kairomone plot
67.57 58.14 27.29 11.00 11.14 9.00 5.57 3.85
Treated control plot
68.71 45.29 42.43 28.14 9.85 7.43 6.71 5.85
Untreated control plot
67.00 72.86 81.86 130.29 10.43 10.85
11.57 12.43
Bhaktvatslam N.et al. (2002)
Period of observation No. of moth catches/trap
Fruit damage%
1st week of Oct 0.00 0.002nd week of Oct 0.00 0.003rd week of Oct 0.00 0.004th week of Oct 0.00 0.001st week of Nov 1.00 4.552nd week of Nov 0.00 4.763rd week of Nov 2.00 3.804th week of Nov 2.00 3.301st week of Dec 1.00 4.762nd week of Dec 2.00 0.533rd week of Dec 0.00 1.414th week of Dec 2.00 3.23Average 0.83 2.19
Table 5: Moths of L. orbonalis Catches in pheromone trap and fruit damage in brinjal (2005-2006)
JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)
Treatment 1st week 2nd week 3rd week 4th wee
k
Mean
Yellow pan trap with 60% bait
118.50 1379.50 1261.0 728.50 1295.13
Black pan trap with 60% bait
1215.0 1054.25 799.00 658.25 931.63
Red pan trap with 60% bait
1385.25 948.0 699.50 533.00 833.94
Delta trap with 60% bait 271.00 276.75 290.25 266.0 276.19
Delta trap with 70% bait 265.25 239.0 245.75 177.75 231.94
Mean 989.75 779.50 653.10 472.70 --
Table 7 : Mean catches male pink bollworm moths in different traps
Karuppuchamy and Balasubramanian (1990)
Table 8 : Showing the effect of age on the perception of sex
pheromone by the male D. obliqua Age of males Attraction of males
Test ControlAverage Percentage Average Percentage
0-9hrs 0 0 0 0
12hrs 1.4 35.0 0 0
18hrs 2.8 70.0 0 0
24hrs 3.1 77.5 0 0
2day 3.2 80.0 0 0
3day 2.7 67.5 0 0
4day 2.1 52.5 0 0
5day 1.9 47.5 0 0
6day 2.0 5.0 0 0
7day 1.7 42.5 0 0
8day 1.2 30.0 0 0
9day 0.7 17.5 0 0
Siddiqi (1988)
Table 9 : Showing the attraction of male D. obliqua towards the female sex pheromone at different hours of clock
Time Attraction of males
Test Control
Average Percentage Average Percentage 7.0am 1.0 25.0 0 0
10.0am 0.0 0 0 0
1.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
4.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
7.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
10.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
1.0am 3.3 82.5 0 0
4.0am 3.0 75.5 0 0
Siddiqi (1988)
Table 10 : Catches of C. suppressalis and S. incertulas males captured by water traps baited with each SM1-5 lure in 1998
Species No.of catehces per traps per week (mean)SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5
Over-wintering generation
C. Suppressalis 207.6 138.2 239.8 66.8 151.2
S. incertulas 21.8 19.8 13.2 9.6 9.4
Total 229.4 158.0 253.0 76.4 160.6
First generation
C. Suppressalis 103.7 68.4 137.2 36.4 71.7
S. incertulas 25.8 28.4 22.9 13.8 14.5
Total 129 96.8 157 50.2 86.2
Su and Sheng, (2004)
Table 11 : The catches of C. Suppressalis and S. incertulas in traps baited with 4 pheromone lures (CL, SM1, SM3, and SL)
during 1999-2001.
Test year
Species No.of catehces per traps per weekCL SM1 SM3 SL
1999 C. Suppressalis 40.8 42.6 41.3 32.6
S. incertulas 74 10.6 12.5 11.6Total 48.2 53.2 53.8 44.2
2000 C. Suppressalis 24.9 23.2 27.5 14.9
S. incertulas 23.8 38.1 34.9 37.5Total 48.7 61.3 62.4 52.4
2001 C. Suppressalis 87.8 106.8 96.6 62.1S. incertulas 13.4 19.1 20.8 19.8
Total 101.2 125.9 117.4 81.9
Su and Sheng, (2004)
ACTUAL PROPERTIES OF PHEROMONE
• 10-20 Large number of carbon atoms.• High molecular weight 180-300 Daltons.
(Narrow specificity and high potency depends).
• Diffusibility decreases with increase in molecular weight.
• Biological activity detected by field test, male attraction and EAG.
Mode of Pheromone Application
• A) Micro encapsulation method
• B) Hollow fiber method
• C) Pheromone baited traps • D) Pheromone Dispensers
Michereff et al (2000)
Control with sex pheromones.
Can be utilized by two ways :-
A) Population survey. B)Behavioural manipulation. a) Stimulation of normal
approach response. b) Disruption of chemical
communication.Yasuda (1999)
Management With Aggregate Pheromone
Used on insect to aggregate and attack wrong host plant
Logs infested with bark beetle ( Dendroctonus spp. ) were tied to unsuitable host tree
Attract to infesting insects.
Attack on that and died with starvation
Management With Alarm Pheromones
Aphids threatened by predators , releases alarm pheromones and stop feeding then move away by site
Aphids there wild behaviour escape may even drop from plant so effective in acting
And alarm pheromone spread .
Species Trap Types
Location Common names
Pheromone type
Wks. Spacing
Lasioderma serricorne
NS, PP, PC LL
Floor, Shelf,
Cigarette beetle
female sex 8 5-15m
Sitotroga cerealella
NS, LL Floor, Shelf
Angoumois grain moth
female sex 8 5-15m
Trogoderma granarium
NS, PP, LL
Floor, Shelf
Khapra beetle
female sex 10 5 – 15 m
Rhyzopertha dominica
NS, PC, Cone
Shelf, Eye Level, Grain
Lesser grain borer
male aggregation
8 5 – 15 m
Sitophilus oryzae
PC, PP, Cone,
Shelf, Floor, Grain
Rice weevil male aggregation
4 2 – 5 m
Management of Store Grain Pests
Sharma and Kirti Sharma (1988)
Cost of Different Protection Measures
Protection measures Cost of protection (Rs./ha)
Insecticide application 1 Grannule + 2-3 spray
500-2000
Trichocard @ 2 lakh /ha for 6 wks (Rs. 50/20000)
3000
Pheromone trap @ 20/ha (Rs. 30-35/trap)
600-750
JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)
ADVANTAGESMinute quantity required.
Non pollutant and ecological acceptable.
Species specific.
Labour saving.
Easy monitoring of pest population.
Best suited in IPM.
Pheromone Used For• Monitoring insect population.• Control of urban pests.• Monitor movement of exotic pests.• Mass trapping of insects from breeding
and feeding potential.• Disruption in mating of insect
population.
Conclusion
• Pheromones are eco-friendly and economically based IPM.
• Greatest use as lure for moth to trap. • Widely used for decision support usually with
threshold for interventions using broad spectrum insecticide.
• Used effectively only at low population density.• Pheromones of all pests to be investigated with
greater efforts.• New trapping system need to ensure lure
longevity and trap efficiency.