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Education
Pre-Spanish childrens were taught reading and
writing in their homes. Fathers trained their sons tobe warriors, hunters and fishermen. They are also
taught music, arithmetic, religion and household
crafts. According to Father Chirino, almost all pre-
Spanish Filipinos knew how to read and write.
Their alphabet is derived from Asokan (Indian),
consisted of 17 letters with 3 vowels and 14
consonants. They used iron-pointed pens and wroteon tree boards, bamboo tubes and leaves of plants.
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Languages and Literature
8 Major Languages of the Filipinos:
1. Tagalog - national language of Philippines
2. Ilokospoken in the northern part of Philippines
3. Pangasinan/Pangasinense
4. Kapampangan - the language spoken in the province of Pampanga,
the southern half of the province of Tarlac and the northern
portion of the province of Bataan.
5. Sugbuhanonspoken by Cebuanos
6. Hiligaynonknown as Ilonggo. Spoken in Western Visayas
7. Samarnon known as Waray-Waray . Spoken in Eastern Visayas
8. Maguindanaw known as Maguindanaon. Spoken by majority of
the population of Maguindanao Province in the Philippines.
Almost all of these dialects originated from Malayo-Polynesian
language.
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Pre-colonial Filipinos had both written and oral literature. OralLiterature consists of:
Awit (songs)
Salawikain (proverbs)
Hele (cradle song) Bugtong (riddles)
Ihiman (wedding songs)
Kumintang (war songs)
Written literature consists of myths and epics:
Ifugaosepic: Hudhud, Ang Kwento ni Aliguyon
Alim - tells about Ifugao mythology
Ilocanos Biag ni Lam-ang mythical epic about demi-god hero,Lam-ang.
HandiongBicolano epic
Muslim epics:
Bantugan
Indarapatra
Sulayman
Parang Sabil
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Music and Dances
Early Filipinosare said to be music and dance lovers.
Musical Instruments:
Kudyapi Tultogan
Silbay Ilocano reed flute
Kutibeng Ilocano five-stringed guitar
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The favorite dances of the Visayans were the:
Balitaw - original form believed to be derived from pre-
Hispanic courtship genres
Dandansoy courtship dance.
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KumintangTagalog love
dance
MahinhinTagalog
courtship dance
KinnotanIlocano antsdance
TadekTinggian love dance
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The Arts
The generally practical arts of the pre-Spanish
Filipinos may be studied through their implements,
ornaments and potteries. The tools and weapons of the
earliest Filipinos were rough and crude but as they evolved
from one period to another, they gradually polished their
implements. With the coming of Bronze Age, they used
bronze weapons, tools and implements. When the Malays
introduced the smelting iron, tools and weapons improved
in practical and artistic quality. With the introduction of the
syllabary form of writing, artistic designs were engraved on
potteries and the engraving on the handles of weapons
(daggers, bolos, and spears) greatly improved.
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Economic Life
Agriculture was the main source of livelihood of the early
Filipinos. Two systems of land cultivation was practiced: the
kaingin and tillage system.
Kaingin cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create
fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock.
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Tillage Systemland was plowed and harrowed by carabao
followed by planting.
Some pre-Spanish Filipinos, notably the Ifugaos, used irrigation
to increase their harvest. Their rice terraces attest to this
agricultural method.
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Two Systems of Land Holding: Private and Public ownership of
lands
Public lands
Uncultivated lands near barangays
Private lands
Acquired through inheritance, purchase or occupation.
Mining as an important industry, thrived in Paracale area in
Camarines Norte, Cebu in the Visayas, Ilocos region and Butuan
in Mindanao. Gold was obstained from rivers and mines.
Foreign and domestic trade existed before Spaniards came to
Philippines. People of Luzon trades with the coastal communities
of Bohol, Cebu, Samar in Visayas and Butuan and Jolo inMindanao. Also, Filipinos traded with other countries like China,
Japan, Thailand, India, Old Malaysia and Indonesia using the
barter trade system.
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Example of measurements during transactions:
Kaban (25 gantas)
Salop (ganta) Dipa
Sandankal
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Subsistence Economy and Social Transition
The independent baranganic societies that the Spaniardsencountered were almost always primitive economic units with
subsistence agriculture that provide them just enough forimmediate needs.
At the time of the arrival of Spaniards, the barangayswere transitional societies from primitive communalism tofeudalism.
Almost all of inhabitants with the exception of the rulersin subsistence barangay were self-sufficient farmers. Spanishcolonization later transformed this economic system into afeudal and exploitative one. Former communal lands weretransformed into private, ecclesiastical and royal properties as
part of Encomienda.
As a result, Spanish rule accelerated the formation of anexploitative class, which dominated the economic system forcenturies.