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Philippine History Chapter 2

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    Education

    Pre-Spanish childrens were taught reading and

    writing in their homes. Fathers trained their sons tobe warriors, hunters and fishermen. They are also

    taught music, arithmetic, religion and household

    crafts. According to Father Chirino, almost all pre-

    Spanish Filipinos knew how to read and write.

    Their alphabet is derived from Asokan (Indian),

    consisted of 17 letters with 3 vowels and 14

    consonants. They used iron-pointed pens and wroteon tree boards, bamboo tubes and leaves of plants.

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    Languages and Literature

    8 Major Languages of the Filipinos:

    1. Tagalog - national language of Philippines

    2. Ilokospoken in the northern part of Philippines

    3. Pangasinan/Pangasinense

    4. Kapampangan - the language spoken in the province of Pampanga,

    the southern half of the province of Tarlac and the northern

    portion of the province of Bataan.

    5. Sugbuhanonspoken by Cebuanos

    6. Hiligaynonknown as Ilonggo. Spoken in Western Visayas

    7. Samarnon known as Waray-Waray . Spoken in Eastern Visayas

    8. Maguindanaw known as Maguindanaon. Spoken by majority of

    the population of Maguindanao Province in the Philippines.

    Almost all of these dialects originated from Malayo-Polynesian

    language.

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    Pre-colonial Filipinos had both written and oral literature. OralLiterature consists of:

    Awit (songs)

    Salawikain (proverbs)

    Hele (cradle song) Bugtong (riddles)

    Ihiman (wedding songs)

    Kumintang (war songs)

    Written literature consists of myths and epics:

    Ifugaosepic: Hudhud, Ang Kwento ni Aliguyon

    Alim - tells about Ifugao mythology

    Ilocanos Biag ni Lam-ang mythical epic about demi-god hero,Lam-ang.

    HandiongBicolano epic

    Muslim epics:

    Bantugan

    Indarapatra

    Sulayman

    Parang Sabil

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    Music and Dances

    Early Filipinosare said to be music and dance lovers.

    Musical Instruments:

    Kudyapi Tultogan

    Silbay Ilocano reed flute

    Kutibeng Ilocano five-stringed guitar

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    The favorite dances of the Visayans were the:

    Balitaw - original form believed to be derived from pre-

    Hispanic courtship genres

    Dandansoy courtship dance.

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    KumintangTagalog love

    dance

    MahinhinTagalog

    courtship dance

    KinnotanIlocano antsdance

    TadekTinggian love dance

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    The Arts

    The generally practical arts of the pre-Spanish

    Filipinos may be studied through their implements,

    ornaments and potteries. The tools and weapons of the

    earliest Filipinos were rough and crude but as they evolved

    from one period to another, they gradually polished their

    implements. With the coming of Bronze Age, they used

    bronze weapons, tools and implements. When the Malays

    introduced the smelting iron, tools and weapons improved

    in practical and artistic quality. With the introduction of the

    syllabary form of writing, artistic designs were engraved on

    potteries and the engraving on the handles of weapons

    (daggers, bolos, and spears) greatly improved.

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    Economic Life

    Agriculture was the main source of livelihood of the early

    Filipinos. Two systems of land cultivation was practiced: the

    kaingin and tillage system.

    Kaingin cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create

    fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock.

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    Tillage Systemland was plowed and harrowed by carabao

    followed by planting.

    Some pre-Spanish Filipinos, notably the Ifugaos, used irrigation

    to increase their harvest. Their rice terraces attest to this

    agricultural method.

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    Two Systems of Land Holding: Private and Public ownership of

    lands

    Public lands

    Uncultivated lands near barangays

    Private lands

    Acquired through inheritance, purchase or occupation.

    Mining as an important industry, thrived in Paracale area in

    Camarines Norte, Cebu in the Visayas, Ilocos region and Butuan

    in Mindanao. Gold was obstained from rivers and mines.

    Foreign and domestic trade existed before Spaniards came to

    Philippines. People of Luzon trades with the coastal communities

    of Bohol, Cebu, Samar in Visayas and Butuan and Jolo inMindanao. Also, Filipinos traded with other countries like China,

    Japan, Thailand, India, Old Malaysia and Indonesia using the

    barter trade system.

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    Example of measurements during transactions:

    Kaban (25 gantas)

    Salop (ganta) Dipa

    Sandankal

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    Subsistence Economy and Social Transition

    The independent baranganic societies that the Spaniardsencountered were almost always primitive economic units with

    subsistence agriculture that provide them just enough forimmediate needs.

    At the time of the arrival of Spaniards, the barangayswere transitional societies from primitive communalism tofeudalism.

    Almost all of inhabitants with the exception of the rulersin subsistence barangay were self-sufficient farmers. Spanishcolonization later transformed this economic system into afeudal and exploitative one. Former communal lands weretransformed into private, ecclesiastical and royal properties as

    part of Encomienda.

    As a result, Spanish rule accelerated the formation of anexploitative class, which dominated the economic system forcenturies.


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