Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water 2007 (1)

8/6/2019 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water 2007 (1)

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Health

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

San Lazaro Compound, Rizal Avenue, Sta. Cruz, Manila, Philippines 1003

Tel. No. (632) 743-8601 locals 1107, 1125; (632) 711-9502/03;

TeleFax: (632) 743-1829Email Address: [email protected] Website: http://www.doh.gov.ph

09 March 2007

ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER

No. 2007- __0012____

SUBJECT: Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water 2007

I. RATIONALE/INTRODUCTION

Access to safe drinking water is not only essential for the promotion and protection of public

health but is a basic human right. Provision of safe water supply prevents the transmission ofwaterborne pathogens and reduces the exposure of individuals to chemical and physicalhazards that could be ingested through contaminated drinking water. Diarrheas and other

waterborne diseases still rank among the leading causes of illnesses in the country. It is

apparent that continuous development or refinement of policies and programs gearedtowards minimizing the risk of contracting waterborne diseases should be supported to

provide optimal health service for the population.

Setting standards for drinking water establishes threshold limits for different impurities foundin drinking water. These limits are intended to minimize risk and therefore prevent

deleterious health repercussions that result from lifelong exposure to these impurities

through consumption of water. The Department of Health is mandated to formulatestandards to this effect. Chapter II (Water Supply), Section 9 of the Code on Sanitation of thePhilippines states that Standards for drinking water and their microbiological and chemical

examinations, together with the evaluation of results, shall conform to the criteria set by the

National Drinking Water Standards.

The government recognizes recent quality-related developments in the water supply sector

in the country and elsewhere such as the following:

1. New information on many chemicals. As an outcome of evolving agricultural,industrial and even domestic practices, new chemicals find their way into theenvironment and contaminate drinking water sources

2. Proliferation of water refilling stations as alternative (or main) sources of

drinking water. The quality of processed water from these stations may require

distinct standards compared to the water from large water systems.


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Igneous-rocksorprocesses involving the formationandsolidificationofhot, moltenm agma

producedunderconditions involving intenseheat

Ion - an atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining orlosingoneormoreelectrons

Leaching- is the lossofsolublesubstancesandcolloids fromoresorotherrock formations

beneath the Earthssurface intogroundwater. It isalso theseparationofsolublesubstancesfromplumbingmaterials intowatersupply.

Level I orpoint source) aprotectedwell oradevelopedspringwithanoutlet but without

distribution s ystem, generally adaptable for rural areas where the houses are thinlyscattered. A level I facilitynormallyserves 5 to 5 householdsand itsoutreachmust notbemore than 50 meters from the farthest user. heyieldordischarge isgenerally from 40to 40 litersperminute.

Level II communal faucet system or standposts) a system composed of source, areservoir, pipeddistributionnetworkandcommunal faucets, locatednomore than 5metersfrom the farthest house. hesystem isdesigned todeli ver40 to 80 literspercapitaperday

to an average of 00 households, with one faucet per 4 to 6 households. It is generallysuitable for rural and urban areas where houses are clustered densely to justify a simplepipesystem.

Level III waterworkssystemor individual houseconnections) asystemwithasource, a

reservoir, apipeddistributionnetworkandhousehold taps. It isgenerallysuited fordenselypopulatedareas. his level of facilityrequiresaminimum treatment ofdisinfection.

Local healthauthority agovernment official oremployeeresponsible forapplicationofaprescribedhealthmeasure ina local political subdivision. It is theprovincial governor, cityormunicipal mayor, as thecasemaybe.

etabolite organiccompound that isastartingmaterial in, an intermediate in, oranend

product ofmetabolism.

Methylation refers to the replacement ofhydrogenatom ) withamethyl group CH 3),regardlessof thesubstrate.

Most Probable umber MP ) - astatistical methodofde terminingmicrobial populations.

A multipledilution tube technique isutili ed withastandardmediumandobservationsaremade for specific individual tube effects. Resultant coding is translated by mathematicalprobability tables intopopulationnumbe rs.

xidation achemical reaction inwhich theatoms inanelement loseelectronsand thevalenceof theelement iscorrespondingly increased

Persistence extent to which compounds in theenvironment tend toaccumulateanddonot easilydegradeasaresult ofnatural processesofdecomposition

Pesticide chemical substance or biological agent used against pests including insects,plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes, and microbes thatcompetewithhumans forfood, destroyproperty, spreaddiseaseorareanuisance.


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Petroleum a substance, generally liquid, occurring naturally in the earth and composed

mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of carbon and hydrogen with or without othernonmetallicelementssuchassulfur, oxygen, andnitrogen.

Pipe a longhollowcylinder usedchiefly toconveywatersupplyorsewage

Plumbing includes the pipes, materials, fixtures and other appurtenances used in the

installation, maintenance, extension or alteration of building water supply system andbuildingdrainagesystem.

Potable water water suitable both health and acceptability considerations) for drinking

andcookingpurposes

Proteinaceous pertains toanyadhesivematerial havingaproteinbasesuchasanimal

glue, casein, andsoya.

Radioactivity thespontaneousemissionof radiation, generallyalphaandbetaparticles,oftenaccompaniedbygammarays, from thenucleusofanunstable isotope.

Registeredpesticides typesofpesticides that are importedormanufactured locallyandareofficiallyrecogni edby thegover nment foruse in thecountry.

Residual chlorine hen a sufficient dosage of chlorine is applied to water,microorganisms of sanitary significance are destroyed and there is a reaction on alloxidi able matter. After all these reactions have taken plac e, at the end of a specifiedcontact time, thereremainsacertainminutequantityofchlorine in thewater. Itspresence inthewater isusuallyan indicationofsufficiencyof treatment orchlorination, and is thereforeanassuranceofprotectionof the microbiological quality.

Risk assessment an estimate of the severity or likelihood of harm to populations or

ecosystems fromexposure tohazard

Sedimentary rock rock that has formed through the deposition and solidification ofsediment, especially s ediment transported by water rivers, lakes, and oceans), iceglaciers), andwind.

Solvent a substance, ordinarily a liquid, in which other materials dissolve to form a

solution. hemost familiarandwidelyusedsolvent iswater. Othercompoundsvalua bleassolventsbecause theydissolvematerials that are insolubleornearly insoluble inwaterareacetone, alcohol, benzene or benzol), carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,ether, ethyl acetate, furfural, gasoline, toluene, turpentine, an dxylene orxylol).

Traceelement anelement found insmall quantities usually less than .0%) inamineralalsoknownasaccessoryelement orguest element.

Turbidity-acloudinessorhazinessofwater orother fluid)causedby individual particles that are toosmall tobeseenwithout magnification. urbidity indrinkingwater iscausedbyparticulatematterthat maybepresent fromsourceasaconsequenceof inadequate filtrationorfromresuspensionofsediment in thedistributionsystem

aterRefillingstations establishmentswherewater ispurified, soldandplaced inwater

containers


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Watersafetyplan acomprehensiveriskassessment andriskmanagement approach that

encompassesall steps inwatersupply fromcatchments toconsumer toensure thesafetyofdrinkingwatersupply.

Water softening any physical or chemical process of reducing the concen tration of

divalent cations includingcalciumandmagnesium) inwatersupply.

Water treatment works includes devices and equipment or physical and chemical

processes formakingwatersuitable forhumanconsumptionandotherpurposes

V. GE ERALREQ IREME TS

. Microbiological Quality

. . PublicHealth Implications

rinking-watersuppliesshouldbe free fromcontaminationbyhumanandanimalexcreta, which can contain a variety of microbial contaminants. Microbiological

parameters are indices of potenti al waterborne diseases and, in general, arelimited to bacteria, viruses and pathogenic protozoa. he major interest inclassifyingand issuingstandards is the identification, quantification, andevaluationof organisms associated with waterborne diseases . Practically, all pathogenicorganisms that canbecarriedbywateroriginate from the intestinal tract ofwarmbloodedanimals.

Bacterial intestinal pathogensknown tobe transmitted indrinking -waterarestrainsofSalmonella, Shigella, enterotoxigeni c Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Yersiniaenterocolitica and Campylobacter fetus, Legionella pneumophila although, a soilbacterium, maybecontractedby inhalationexposure to thebacteria inwater.

herearealsomanycommonviral andprotozoanorga nisms that transmit disease

inhumans. Humanentericviruses that maybepresent inwater include Poliovirus,Echovirus, Coxsackie Virus A, Coxsackie Virus B, new enterovirus types 68-71,Hepatitis type A, Gastroenteritis type Norwalk, Rotavirus and Adenov irus. heprotozoansare Giardia, Cryptosporidium spp, Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidiumcoli, Naegleria and Acanthamoeba.

Publichealthconcernregardingcyanobacteriarelates to theirpotential toproducea variety of toxins, known as cyanotoxins. In contrast to pathogenic bacteria,cyanobacteria do not proliferate within the human body after uptake; theyproliferate only in the aquatic environment before intake. oxic peptides e.g.,microcystins)areusuallycontainedwithin thecellsandmaybe l argelyeliminatedby filtration. However, toxicalkaloidssuchascylindrospermospsinandneurotoxinsarealsoreleased into thewaterandmaypass through filtrationsystems.

Somemicroorganismswill growasbiofilmsonsurfaces e.g. pipelines) incontactwithwater. Althoughmost of theseorganismsdonot cause illness tohuman, theycan cause nuisance through generation of taste and odor or discoloration ofdrinking-watersupplies. Growth followingdrinking -water treatment isreferred toasregrowth. It is typically reflected in measurement of increasing heterotrophic

platecounts HPC) inwatersamples. ElevatedHPCoccurespecially instagnantparts of piped distributio n systems, in domestic plumbing, in some bottled water


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and in plumbed-in devices such as water softeners, carbon filters and vendingmachines.

Potential consequences of microbial contamination are such that it must be ofparamount importanceandmust neverbecompromised. It shouldbe theprimaryconcern of water providers to secure microbial safety of drinking -water suppliesbased on the use of multiple barriers, from catchments/source to consumer, toprevent the contamination of drinking -water or to reduce contamination to levelsnot deleterious topublichealth. woapproachescanbeused toreduce theriskofbacterial, viral andparasitic infection toanegligible level: providingdrinkingwaterfrom a source verified free of fecal contamination or ade quately treating fecalcontaminatedwater. It isparticularlymore important toprevent orreduce theentryof pathogens into water sources than to rely on treatment processes to removethesepathogens.Local health authorities should advocate the preparat ion and implementation ofwatersafetyplans (refertoAnnex ) toconsistentlyensuredrinkingwatersafetyand therebyprotect publichealth.

1. . Microbiological IndicatorsofDrinking -WaterQuality

Frequent examinations for fecal indicatororganisms remainas themost sensitiveandspecificwayofassessing thehygienicqualityofwater. Fecal indicatorbacteriashould fulfill certaincriteria togivemeaningful results. he testsrequired todetectspecificpathogensaregenerallyverydifficult and expensiveso it is impractical forwatersystems to routinely test forspecific typesof organisms. A morepracticalapproach is to examine the water for indicator organisms specifically associatedwith fecal contamination. An indicator organism essential ly provides evidence offecal contamination from humans or warm -blooded animals. he criteria for anideal organismareas follows:

a. Alwayspresent whenpathogenicorganismofconcern ispresent, andabsent inclean, uncontaminatedwater.

b. Present in large numbers in the fecesofhumansandwarm -bloodedanimals c. Respond tonatural environmental conditionsand to treatment process inamannersimilarto thewaterbornepathogensof interest

d. Readilydetectablebysimplemethods, easy to isolate, identifyanden umeratee. Ratioof indicator/pathogenshouldbehigh f. Indicatorandpathogenshouldcome from thesamesource gastrointestinal

tract).

o organism fulfills all the criteria for an indicator organism, but the coliformbacteria fulfill most. hecoliformgrou pofbacteria alsocalledas total coliforms) isdefined as all the aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram -negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shapedbacteria that ferment lactosewithgas formationwithin 48 hat35

oC. hisdefinition includes E. coli, the most numerous facultativebacterium in

the feces of warm-blooded animals, plus species belonging to the generaEnterobacter, Klebsiella, andCitrobacter.

otal coliformcouldbeconsideredaspart ofnatural aquatic florabecauseof theirregrowth in water. Becauseof thischaracteristic, theirdetection inwatersupplymay mean false positive for fecal contamination. Another way by which falsepositive can occur is when the bacteria Aeromonas is present in the sample.

Aeromonascanbiochemicallymimic thecoliformgroup. Falsenegativescanoccur


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when coliforms are present along with high populations of HPC bacteria. hepresenceofHPCbacteriamayrestrict theactivitiesofcoliformgroupbacteria.

hermotolerant fecal coliforms are a subgroup of to tal coliforms that aredifferentiated from the total coliforms through laboratory examinations usingelevated temperature 43 to 44.5

oC). Although fecal coliforms provide stronger

evidence of fecal contamination than total coliforms, they could not bedistinguishedashumanoranimal origin. E. coli is the indicatororganismofchoiceforfecal contamination.

On theotherhand, Heterotrophic PlateCount HPC)describesabroadgroupofbacteria that includepathogens, nonpathogensandopportunisticmicroo rganisms.HPCcouldbeused to indicategeneral biological conditionofdrinking -waterasaconsequenceof insufficiencyof treatment processes, regrowthorrecontaminationofdrinkingwaterin thedistributionsystem.

ater intended for human consumption should contain no indicator organisms.However, pathogens more resistant to conventional environmental conditions ortreatment technologiesmaybepresent in treateddrinking -water in theabsenceof

E. coli or total coliforms. Protozoaandsomeenterovirusesaremore resistant tomany disinfectants including chlorine, and may remain viable and pathogenic indrinking-waterfollowingdisinfectionprocess.

1.3. StandardMethodsofDetectionand ValuesforMicrobiological Qual ity

ParametersMethod of

DeterminationValue*

Units ofMeasurement

Point of Compliance

Total coliform MultipleTubeFermentationTechnique MTFT)

< . MP / 00 mL Servicereservoirs atertreatment

works ConsumersTaps

Refilling Stations aterHaulers aterVending

Machines

Chromogenicsubstrate testPresence-Absence)

*

Absent

< . MP / 00 mL

Membrane Filter MF)Technique

< Total coliformcolonies / 00 mL

Standard Methods forthe Examinationof

aterand

astewater,

0th

Edition,

8

*Shouldbevalidatedandapprovedby

epartment ofHealth


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Compliance toTotal coliform

a) Forwatersystemsanalyzingat least 40samplespermonth, nomore than5% of themonthlysamplemaybepositive fortotalcoliform;

b) Forwatersystemsanalyzing fewerthan 40samplespermonth, nomore thanone )samplepermonthmaybepositive forto talcoliform

ConsumersTaps

At least 5% ofstandardsamples taken ineachyear fromeachreservoirare total coliformnegative

Servicereservoirs

ostandardsample takeneachmonthshouldexceedmaximumallowablevaluespecified in theabove.

atertreatmentworks

Refillingstations aterhaulers atervending

machines

Fecal coliform MultipleTubeFermentationTechnique MTFT)

< . MP / 00 mL Servicereservoirs atertreatment

works ConsumersTaps Refilling Stations Point Sources Level

I) aterHaulers aterVending

Machines

Membrane FilterTechnique MFT)

< Fecal coliformcolonies / 00 mL

Chromogenicsubstrate testPresence-Absence)

*

< . MP / 00mL

Heterotrophic

PlateCount

PourPlate

Spread Plate Membrane FilterTechnique


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becauseof thehighprobabilityofmicrobial contaminationand theextent ofpublichealth it might cause.

Volumeofsample

Thevolumeof sample shouldbe sufficient to carry out all tests required,preferablynot less than 00 ml.

Samplecontainer

Collect samples formicrobiological examination in 0 ml clearbottles thathave been cleansed and rinsedcar efully, givena final rinse with distilledwater and sterilized as directed in the standard method of analysis forwater and wastewater. Sampling bottles should be provided with eithergroundglassstoppers orplasticscrewcaps. A paperora thinaluminum foil covershouldprotect both thestopperandneckof thebottle. Forwatersthat have been chlorinated, add 0. ml of a 3% solution of sodiumthiosulfate a 2S2O3) toacleansamplebottlebeforesterilization

SampleCollection,Handlingand Storage

The sample should be representative of the water under examination.Contaminationduringcollectionandbeforeexaminationshouldbeavoided.

The tapshouldbecleanedand free fromattachmentsand fullyopenedwithwaterallowed towaste forasufficien t time topermit the flushing/clearingoftheservice lines. Flaming isnot necessary. Tapswithahistoryofpreviouscontamination may be disinfected with hypochlorite solution aOCl 00mg/L). osamplesshall be taken from leaking taps.

The sampling bottle should be kept unopened until it is ready for filling.Remove stopper or cap as a unit; do not contaminate inner surface ofstopperorcapandneckofbottle. Fill containerwithout rinsing, it shouldbefilled without rinsing and ample space at le ast 2.5 cm) must be left tofacilitatemixingbyshaking. Replacestopperorcap immediately.

ater samplesshouldbeprocessedpromptlyor withinsix 6)hoursaftercollection or if not possible the use of ice coolers for storage of watersamples during transport to the laboratory is recommended. The timeelapsedbetweencollectionsandprocessingshould innocaseexceed24hours.

IdentificationofSamples

Samplingbottlesmust be taggedwithcompleteandaccurate identificationanddescription. The informationabout thesamplescanbe recorded inarequest form foranalysisofwaterquality.


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FrequencyofSampling

Theminimumnumberofsamples tobe collectedandexaminedperiodicallymust be based on the mode and source of water supply (as shown inTable1).

However, frequency of sampling should also take into account the pastfrequencyofrecordsyieldingunsatisfactoryresults, thequalityofraw watertreated, thenumberof raw watersources, the adequacyof treatment andcapacityof the treatment plant, risksofcontaminationat thesourceand inthedistributionsystem, thesize andcomplexity of thedistributionsystem,theriskofanepidemic and thepracticeofdisinfection.

Table 1. Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking -Water Supply Systems forMicrobiological Examination

Sourceand modeof

Supply

Population Served Minimum Frequencyof

Samplinga. Level I 0 50 Once in three 3)months

b. Level II 600 Once in two 2)months

c. Level III Less than5,000 samplemonthly

5,000 00,000 sampleper5,000 populationmonthly

More than 00,000 20 samplesandadditionalone )sampleper 0,000populationmonthly

d. Emergency Suppliesofrinking ater

Beforedelivery tousers

e. aterRefilling Stationsproduct water)

samplemonthly

f. aterVending Machinesproduct water)

samplemonthly

LocationofSampling Points.

Adherence to the set guidelines for sampling point selection must beobserved. Theseguidelinescoverzoningofpipedwatersupplyaswell assampling from thepoint source (refertoAnnex 3) .

. Chemical and Physical Quality

.1 Chemical Contaminants

Various formsofchemicals, whichoccurnaturally in theenvironment and inraw,water or used in agriculture, industries, and water treatment processes ordomestically may be found in drinking water supplies. There are few chemicalconstituents of water that can lead to acute health problems except through


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massiveaccidental contaminationofdrinkingwatersupply. Insuch incidents, waterusuallybecomesundrinkableowing tounacceptable taste, odor, andappearance.

Certain inorganic constituents may be present in drinking water as a result ofleachingout ofpipingorplumbingmaterialssuchas lead, copper, asbestos, nickelandcadmium. Someof thesechemicalsareknownorsuspectedcarcinogenssuchasarsenic, lead, chromium, andcadmiumamongothers. Organi cconstituents inwater could come from various sources such as the decomposition of organicdebris, domestic, agricultural and industrial activitiesandcontamination that occurduring water treatment and distribution. These activities generate wastewater discharges, agricultural and urban runoff and leachates from contaminated soilsthat may include pesticides, solvents, metal degreasers and plasticizers andpetroleum products. Other organic contaminants are formed during watertreatment processes such as coagulation, chlorination and ozonation. It isrecommended that Local rinking ater Monitoring Committee should look intothepossiblesourcesof thesechemicals in theirrespectiveareasanddirect effortstomonitoritspossible implications todrinki ngwatersupplies.

2.2 AcceptabilityAspect

The chemicals and physical quality of water may affect its acceptability byconsumers. Problems resulting to taste, odor, turbidity, color and similar naturemay originate in raw water sources, within the treatme nt processes, in thedistribution system or in the plumbing systems of the consumers. Althoughacceptability aspects of drinking water quality do not have adverse healthimplications, standards are set to satisfy the need of consumers for a colorless,odorless and tasteless drinking water. Sections 2. to 2. 3 indicate the physicaland chemical quality requirements of drinking water supply to be provided toconsumers.

2.3 Particulates inWaterSupply

Particles inwatermayconsist ofsuspended finelydivided solidsandcolloids, clay,silt, fibrous substancesas well as living organisms. Particles affect the aestheticquality or acceptability by the consumers. They can also be of significant healthconcern since they could be toxicor could adsorb toxic substa nces. Particulatescould interfere with disinfection and other treatment processes. There are norecommended standard values for floating and settled materials, but it issuggested that no floatingorsettledmaterialsshouldbe found indrinkingwater.

2.4 WaterSamplingforchemical andphysical analysis

Theactual collectionof thewatersample isamatterofconsiderable importance.Refer tosection .4.6 forsampling location. It is impossible tostateunequivocally

howmuch timeshouldbeallowedbetwe en the timeofcollectionofasampleanditsanalysis. Thisdependson thecharacterof thesample, theparticularanalysestobemadeand theconditionsofstorage. Forsampling, the followingproceduresshouldbeobserved:

2.4.1 Collect samples fromwells onlyafter thewell hasbeenpumpedsufficientlytoensure that thesamplesrepresent thequalityofgroundwater that feedsthe well. Sometimes it will be necessary to pump at a specified rate toachieveacharacteristicdrawdownaspart of thesamplerec ord. ewwells


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will require sufficient utilization and abstraction before sampling. Collectsamples fromopenshallowwellsby takingacompositesample.

2.4.2 hen samples are collected from surface water sources such as river orstream, it isbest to takea compositesample from threedepths top, middleandbottom). In thisway, thesamplebecomesrepresentative. Ifonlyagrabor catch sample canbe collected, it is best to take it in the middle of thestreamandat mid-depth.

2.4.3 hen sampling lakes and rese rvoirs, which are naturally subjected toconsiderablevariations fromnormal causes, thechoice of location, depth,and frequency of sampling will depend on the local conditions and thepurposeof the investigation.

2.4.4 Before samples are collected from distribution systems, flush the linessufficiently toensure that thesample isrepresentativeof thesupply, takinginto account the diameter and length of the pipe to be flushed and thevelocityof flow.

2.4.5 Sampleofoil filmsrecovered from thesurfaceofstre amorotherbodiesofwaterwill bealmost impossible toevaluate inrelation to the total volumeofwater, the total filmarea, and the thickness involved. A methodcommonlyused to estimate total volume is to divert the water into a wide -mouthcontainer washed with solvent and air-dried before use). The glass -stopped container should not be completely filled, as a loss of floating oilmay occur in stoppering. It is advisable to collect the desired quantity ofsample in an oversized bottle that has pre viously been marked at thedesiredvolume.

2.5 Minimum FrequencyofSampling

Theminimum frequencyofsampling fordrinkingwatersupplysystems forphysical

andchemical analysis isprovided in Table2.

Table2. Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking -Water Supply Systems forPhysical andChemical Analysis

Sourceand modeofSupply

Minimum FrequencyofSampling

a. Level I

Onceayear

b. Level II

c. Level III

d. Emergency Suppliesofrinking ater

e. aterRefilling Stations Twiceayearf. aterVending Machines

2.6 VolumeofSample

Three 3) litersofsampleshouldsuffice forphysical andchemical analyses.


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Note: No attempt should be made to use the sample for microbiological andmicroscopic examination because collection and handling methods for are quitedifferent fortheseanalyses.

2. SampleContainer

In all cases, the container should be chosen so that it will not contaminate thesample.

2. .1 Chemically resistant glass Pyrex), polyethylene, o r hard rubbers aresuitable materials for containers (see Table 3). For samples containing

organics, avoid plastic containers except those made of fluorinatedpolymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE). Glass containersgenerally are preferred for v olatile organics. Sample containers must becarefully cleaned to removeall extraneous surface dirt, thoroughly rinsedwithdistilledwateranddrainedbeforeuse.

a. For glass bottles, rinsing with chromic acid cleaning solution isnecessary. An alternative method is with the use of alkaline

permanganatesolution followedbyanoxalicacidsolution.

b. Forpolyethylenebottles, detergentsorconcentratedhydrochloricacidcanbeused.

2. .2 Stoppers, capsandplugsshouldbechosen toresist theattackofmateria lcontained in the vessel or container. Cork stoppers wrapped with arelatively inert metal foil are suitable for many samples, orpolytetrafluoroethylene PTFE).

2. .3 The sample containers should be such that when filled with the desiredamount ofsample, spaceroughlyequivalent to percent of thevolumetriccapacityof thecontainers isavailable forexpansionof the liquid.

2. .4 Sample containers must be properly labeled. A gummed label, or acardboardor tagsecurelyaffixed to thecontainershouldbepro videdwiththe following information.

Dateand timeofsampling Sourceofsample Point of sampling designed in sufficient detail to enable anyone to

collect a second sample from the identical spot from which the firstsamplewas taken)

Temperatureof the sample Sampledby: nameofcollector)

2.8 SampleHandlingand Storage

In general, the shorter the time lapse between collection of a sample and itsanalysis, themorereliablewill analytical resultsbe.

2.8.1 Forcertainconstituentsandphysical values, immediateanalysis in the field

isrequired inorder toobtaindependableresults, because thecompositionof thesamplemaychangebefore it arrivesat the laboratory.


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2.8.2 Changescaused by thegrowth of organisms may be greatly retar ded bykeeping the sample in the dark and at a low temperature until it can beanalyzed.

2.8.3 It isnecessary tokeep thesamplescool orrefrigerated. Storageat a lowtemperature 4

oC) is thebest way topreservemost samples.

2.8.4 Add chemical preservatives to samples only as specified in specificanalytical methods. Suitablepreservative that will not affect theresultsoftheanalyses tobemademust beselected.

The recommendedsamplingandpreservationofsampleaccording t oparametersforanalysisarepresented inTable3. The list isbynomeans inclusive. It isclearlyimpossible toprescribeabsoluterules for thepreservationofall possiblechanges.Advice is included in thenotesunderthe individual determination.


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Table 3. Samplingand Preservation methodsaccordingtoparameters

Determination ContainerMaterial

MinimumSample(mL)

ModeofPreservation HoldingTimeRecommended/Regulatory

Acidity P, G B) 00 Refrigerate 24 h / 4 d

Alkalinity P, G 200 Refrigerate 24 h / 4 dBoron P PTFE)orQuartz

000 HNO3topH 2,refrigerate in thedark

24 h / 4 d;24 hifsulfidepresent

Fluoride P 00 Nonerequired 28 d / 28 d

Hardness P, G 00 AddHNO3orH2SO4 topH


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P = plastic polyethyleneorequivalent); G = glass; G A)orP A) Rinsedwith + HNO3;G B) Glass, borosilicate; G S) Glass, rinsedwithorganicsolventsorbaked;N.S. Notstated incitedreference; Stat nostorageallowed;analyze immediate ly


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2. Standard Values for Inorganic Chemical Constituents with HealthSignificance

ConstituentMaximum

Level (mg/L)Remarks(Sources/ ccurrence) MethodofAnalysis

Antimony 0.02 Antimony isacontaminant frompipeandfittingmaterials. It isnot arawwatercontaminant.

FAAS. EAAS;ICP/MS;

Arsenic 0.05 Forexistingwatersupplysystems.Arsenicmaybenaturallyoccurring inwatersources. heremaximum level ofarsenicisunachievable, concentration inwatersupplymust bekept as lowaspossible. By20 0, themaximum level shall be 0.0mg/L

ICP/MS;hydridegeneration AAS; SilverDiethyldithiocarbamateMethod, EAASGraphite furnace

AAS)

Barium 0.7 Bariumoccursnaturallyas traceelementsinboth igneousandsedimentaryrocks.

ICP/MS; FAAS; EAAS,ICP

Boron 0.5 Present insurfacewaterdue todischarge

of treatedsewageeffluent, whichstillcontainsdetergents;couldbenaturallyoccurring incertainareas. Maximum levelhasbeenelevated from 0.3mg/L PNSDW

3) to 0.5mg/L PNSDW2007)becauseit isdifficult toachieve inareaswithhighnatural levelsand limitedaccess totreatment technology.

ICP/MS; ICP/AES

Cadmium 0.003 Cadmium isused inmanufactureofsteel,plasticsandbatteryandreleased to theenvironment throughwastewaterorfumes.Cadmium isreleased inwatersupplyasimpurityof thezinccoatingofgalvanized

pipesandsoldersandmetal fittings.

ICP/MS; FAAS

Chromium Total) 0.05 Chromium iswidelydistributed in theEarthscrust. Occurs inwastewaterincertain industriessuchaschromiumplatingofbumpers, grillsandornaments.

FAAS; EAAS, ICP,ICP/MS

Cyanide Total) 0.07 Cyanidesareoccasionally found indrinkingwaterprimarilyasaconsequenceofindustrial contamination.

Titrimetric;Colorimetric;CNSelective Electrode

Fluoride .0 Inareaswherehighnatural fluoride levelsoccur, themaximum level maybedifficult toachievedue to limited access to treatmenttechnology.

Ionchromatography,Ion-selectiveelectrodes; SPADNScolorimetric;Complexone Method

Lead 0.0 Leadmaybepresent inwaterprimarilyfromplumbingsystemscontaining leadpipes, solder, fittingsortheserviceconnections to thehomes. Although it maybe foundnaturallyoccurring incertainareas, rarely is it present inwatersupplyasaresult of itsdissolution fromnaturalsources.

FAAS; EAAS;ICP/MS; AnodicStripping Voltammetry;Dithizone


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2. Standard Values for Inorganic Chemical Constituents with HealthSignificance -Continuation

Constituent MaximumLevel (mg/L)

Remarks(Sources/ ccurrence) MethodofAnalysis

Mercury Total) 0.00 Mercury isused in industriessuchas in theelectrolyticproductionofchlorine, inelectrical appliances, indental amalgamsandasarawmaterial forvariousmercurycompounds. Mercuryoccursnaturally infreshwaterandgroundwaterin the inorganicform. Methylationof inorganicmercuryoccurs in freshwaterandseawater.

ColdvaporAAS;ICP/MS

Nickel 0.02 Nickel isvery toxicandusuallyoccurs inwatersupplyasaresult ofnickel ornickel -platedplumbingcomponents. Althoughnickel couldbenaturallyoccurring incertainareas, it isnot usuallyarawwater

contaminant.

ICP/MS; EAAS; ICP;FAAS

Nitrate 50 Nitrateconcentration ingroundwaterandsurfacewatercanreachhigh levelsasaresult of leachingorrun -off fromagriculturallandorcontamination fromhumanoranimalwastes. Anaerobicconditionsmayresult inthe formationandpersistenceofnitrite .

Cd ReductionMethod; IC;CapillaryIonelectrophoresis ColorimetricDiazotization); IC;

Flow InjectionAnalysis

Nitrite 3

Selenium 0.0 Seleniumoccursnaturally ingroundwatersources.

AAS withhydridegeneration;Colorimetric,Fluorometric, EAAS,

ICP, ICP/MS


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2.10 Organic Chemical Constituents from Industrial Pollution (with healthsignificance)

ConstituentMaximum

Level (mg/L)Sources MethodofAnalysis

Benzene 0.0 Benzenemaybe introduced intowaterbyindustrial effluentsand atmosphericpollutiondue tovehicularemissions.

GC/PID; GC/MS

CarbonTetrachloride

0.004 From industrial discharges, carbontetrachloride levels inanaerobicgroundwatermayremainelevated formonthsorevenyears.

GC/PID; GC/ELCD;GC/MS

,2-Dichlorobenzene

.0 DCBsarewidelyused in industryand indomesticproductssuchasodor-maskingagents, chemical dyestuffsandpesticides


,4-Dichlorobenzene

0.30

,2-Dichloroethane 0.03 Usedasan intermediate in the productionofvinyl chlorideandotherchemicalsandasasolvent.


, -Dichloroethene 0.03 Usedasmonomerin theproductionofpolyvinylidenechlorideco -polymersandasan intermediate insynthesisofotherorganicchemicals.


,2-Dichloroethene 0.05 Itspresenceappearsasmetabolitesofotherunsaturatedhalogenatedhydrocarbons inwastewaterandanaerobicgroundwater, whichmay indicate thesimultaneouspresenceofmore toxicorganochlorinechemicals suchasvinylchloride.


Dichloromethane 0.02 Dichloromethaneormethylenechloride iswidelyusedasasolvent formanypurposes

includingcoffeedecaffeinationandpaintstripping.

GC/MS

Di 2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

0.008 Usedmainlyasaplasticizer. GC/MS

Edetic Acid EDTA) 0.6 Maximumvalueof 0.6 mg/L forEDTA as thefreeacid.Humanexposure to EDTA arisesdirectlyfrom itsuse in foodadditives, medicines,andpersonal careandhygienicproducts.

Potentionmetricstrippinganalysis

Ethylbenzene 0.3 Primarysourcesarepetroleum industryanduseofpetroleumproducts.

GC/PID; GC/MS


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2.10 Organic Chemical Constituents from Industrial Pollution (with healthsignificance)-Continuation


Sources MethodofAnalysis

NitrilotriaceticacidNTA)

0.2 Usedprimarily in laundrydetergentsasareplacement forphosphatesand in thetreatment ofboilerwatertopreventaccumulationofmineral scale.

GCwithnitrogen-specificdetector

PolynucleararomatichydrocarbonsPAHs)

0.0007 Usedascoal-tarcoating indrinking -waterdistributionpipes

GC/MS;reverse-phaseHPLCwithafluorescencedetector

Styrene 0.02 Used in theproductionofplasticsandresins

GC/PID; GC/MS

Tetrachloroethene 0.04 Usedassolvent indrycleaning industriesandasametal degreasingsolvent.

GCwith ECD; GC/MS

Toluene 0.7 Used in theblendingofpetrol, asasolventandasarawmaterial inchemicalproduction. It maypenetrateplasticpipesfromcontaminatedsoil.

GC/ FID; GC/MS

Trichloroethene 0.07 Used indrycleaningandmetal degreasingprocesses. Trichloroethene inanaerobicgroundwatermaydegrade tomore toxiccompounds, includingvinyl chloride.

GC/ ECD; GC/MS

Vinyl chloride 0.0003 Usedprimarily forproductionof PVC.Migrationofvinyl chloridemonomerfromunplasticized PVC ispossiblesourceofvinyl chloride indrinkingwater.Degradationproduct of thechlorinated

solvents trichloroetheneandtetrachloroethene ingroundwater.

GC / ECD; FID;withMS forconfirmation

Xylene 0.5 Used inblendingpetrol, asasolvent andasachemical intermediate.

GC/MS; GC/ FID


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2.11 Standard ValueforOrganicChemical Constituents(Pesticides)

ConstituentMaximum

Level(g/L)

Status inthe

Philippines

Remarks(Persistence) MethodofAnalysis

AldrinandDieldrincombined)

0.03 Banned Highlypersistentorganochlorinecompounds

GCwith ECD

Atrazine 2.0 Registered Relativelystable insoil andaquaticenvironments;half-lifemeasured inmonths, but isdegradedbyphytolysisandmicrobial action insoil

GC/MS

Carbofuran 7.0 Registered 0.007 mg/L isbasedon the8 amendment to the 3

WHO GV

GCwithnitrogen-phosphorusdetector;reverse-phaseHPLCwith fluorescencedetector

Chlordane 0.2 Banned Chlordane ishighlypersistentandhasahigh

bioaccumulationpotential.

GC /ECD, GC/MS

DDT .0 Banned* DDT ishighlypersistent. GC /ECD, GC/MS

,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropaneDBCP)

.0 Banned Highlysoluble inwater GC /ECD, GC/MS

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyaceticacid 2,4-D)

30.0 Registered 2,4 D israpidlybiodegraded intheenvironment

GC/ECD, GC/MS

Endrin 0.6 Banned Endrin ishighlypersistent GC / ECD, GC/MS

,2-DibromoethaneEthylene

dibromide)

0.4 Banned Usedalso in industryassolventWHO GV isprovisional valuedue toserious limitationsof

thecritical studies. PNSDWadaptsprecautionaryapproach.

GC/MS; GC/ELCD;GC/PID

HeptachlorandHeptachlorepoxidecombined)

0.03 Banned Heptachlor isquitepersistentinsoil where it is transformedinto itsepoxide. Heptachlorepoxide isresistant to furtherdegradation.

GC/MS;/GC/ECD

Lindane 2.0 Restricted GC/MS; GC/ECD

MCPA [4-(2methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)aceticacid]

2.0 Registered Verysoluble, highlymobileandcan leach fromsoil. It haslimitedpersistence inwater.

GC/MS; GC/ECD

Pendimethalin 20.0 Registered Fairly immobileandpersistentinsoil

GC/MS

Pentachlorophenol(PCP)

.0 Banned WHO GV isprovisional valuedue toserious limitationsofthecritical studies.

GC/ ECD, GC/FID,GC/MS

Fertili

er and Pesticide Aut

ority Pesticide Circular No. 04, Series of 1989

* Fertili er and Pesticide Aut ority Board Resolution No. 04, Series of 2005


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2.12 Standard ValuesforPhysical andChemical QualityforAcceptabilityAspects

Constituent

MaximumLevel (mg/L)

OrCharacteristic

Remarks MethodofAnalysis

Taste Noobjectionable

Taste

Thecauseof tastemust bedetermined. Sensory EvaluationTechnique

Odor Noobjectionable

odor

Thecauseofodormust bedetermined. Sensory EvaluationTechnique

Color

Apparent 0 ColorUnits Decompositionoforganicmaterialssuchas leavesorwoodsusuallyyieldcoloringsubstances towater;Tannins, humicacid,andhumates from thedecompositionoflignin; Insoluble formof ironandmanganese;coloredsuspendedmatters

Visual ComparisonColorimetric

True 5ColorUnits

Turbidity 5NTU Turbidity increaseswith thequantityofsuspendedmatters inwater.

Turbidimetry

Aluminum 0.2 Aluminumsulfate isused inwatertreatment ascoagulants

FAAS, EAAS, ICP,Colorimetry Method

Chloride 250.0 Chloride indrinkingwateroriginates fromnatural sources, sewageand industrialeffluents, urbanrunoff, andseawaterintrusion.

ArgentometricMethod, IC

Copper .0 Copper indrinkingwateroccursprimarilyascorrosionof interiorofcopperplumbingespeciallywithacidpHorhigh -carbonatewaterswithalkalinepH.

FAAS, EAAS, ICP,Neocuproine Method,BathocuproineMethod

Hardness 300 asCaCO3 Hardness isdue to thepresenceofnaturallyoccurringdivalent cations, suchascalcium, magnesium , andstrontium

resulting fromcontact ofacidicgroundwaterwithrockssuchas limestoneanddolomites. Hardnessbeyond thestandardvaluemaybeacceptable fordrinkingby theconsumers incertainareas.

FAAS, EAAS, ICP,Colorimetry Method

Hydrogensulfide 0.05 Hydrogensulfidemaybegeneratedbymicroorganismsunderanaerobicconditions inbottomofswamps, marshes,eutrophic lakesandgroundwater.

Methylene BlueMethod, IodometricMethod

Iron .0 Applicable forexistingandnewwatersupplysystems. Iron is found innaturalfreshwaters. It maybepresent indrinking

waterasaresult of theuseor ironcoagulantsorthecorrosionofsteel andcast ironpipesduringwaterdistribution.

Phenanthroline, AAS,ICP, ColorimetricMethod

Manganese 0.4 Applicable forexistingandnewwatersupplysystems. Manganese isnaturallyoccurring inmanysurfaceandgroundwatersources, particularly inanaerobicor lowoxidationconditions.

Persulfate Method,AAS, ICP, ICP/MS


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2.12 Standard ValuesforPhysical and Chemical QualityforAcceptabilityAspects


OrCharacteristic

Remarks MethodofAnalysis

pH 6.5 8.5

5 7forproductwaterthatundergonereverseosmosisordistillationprocess

ThepHrange isbasedonaestheticconsiderationonly. Theacceptablerangemaybebroaderin theabsenceofadistributionsystem. pH is important asoperational waterqualityparameter

Electrometricmethod

Sodium 200 Sodium isusuallyassociatedwith

chloride, thus, it mayhave thesamesources indrinkingwateraschloride.Watersoftenerscanaddsignificantly tothesodiumcontent indrinkingwaterespecially fromwaterrefillingstations.

AAS (Flame

absorptionmode) ,ICP/MS, Flamephotometry

Sulfate 250 High levelsofsulfateoccur naturally ingroundwater.

Turbidimetric Method,IonChromatography,Gravimetric Method

Total DissolvedSolids(TDS)

500

< 0forproduct

waterthatundergonereverseosmosisordistillationprocess

TDS indrinkingwateroriginate fromnatural sources, sewage, urbanrunoffandindustrial wastewater.

Gravimetric, driedat80

oC

Zinc 5.0 Zincmayoccurnaturally ingroundwater.Concentration in tapwatercanbemuchhigherasaresult ofdissolutiono fzincfrompipes.

FAAS, ICP, ICP/MS


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2.13 Standard Values for Chemicals sed in Treatment and Disinfection andDisinfectionby-products

ConstituentMaximum

Level (mg/L)Occurrence MethodofAnalysis

a. Contaminants fromTreatment Chemicals

Acrylamide 0.0005 Residual acrylamidemonomeroccurs intheuseof anionic, cationicandnon -ionicpolyacrylamidecoagulant aids;

GC/ELCD

; HPLCwithUV Detection

Epichlorohydrin 0.0004 Epichlorohydrin isused forthemanufactureofglycerol, unmodifiedepoxyresinsandwatertreatment resins.

GC /ECD, GC/MS,GC/FID

b. DisinfectionChemicals

Chlorine Residual 0.3min Detectedat the farthest point of thedistributionsystem

Iodometric;AmperometricTitration;DPDColorimetric Method

.5max Detectedat anypoint in thedistributionsystem

Iodine Not recommended forlong termdisinfection LeucoCrystal Violet/Amperometric Method

c. Disinfectionby-productsBromate 0.0 AsDBP, bromate is formedduring

ozonationwhenbromide ion is found inwaterorinconcentratedhypochloritesolutionsused todisinfect drinkingwater.Themaximum level isbasedon therecent(2003)riskassessment asreported inWHO Guidelines(2004).

IC

Chlorite 0.7 Themaximumvalues forchloriteandchlorateareprovisional values.Whenchlorinedioxide isusedasadisinfectant,chloriteorchlorate levelsmaybeallowedtoexceed themaximum level. Difficulty in

meeting themaximum level isnot areason forcompromisingadequatedisinfection.

ICwithsuppressedconductivitydetectionforchlorate

Chlorate 0.7

Chloral hydrate(trichloroacetaldehyde)

0.0 Chloral hydrate is formedasaby -productofchlorinationwhenchlorinereactswithhumicacids.

GC /ECD; GC/MS

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.07 Dibromoacetonitrile isproducedduringwaterchlorination fromnaturallyoccurringsubstances includingalgae, fulvicacidandproteinaceousmaterial.

GC/ ECD

Dichloroaceticacid 0.05 Chlorinatedaceticacidsare formed fromorganicmaterial duringwaterchlorination.

GC/ECD; GC/MS

Dichloroacetonitrile 0.02 Dichloroacetonitrile isproducedduringwaterchlorination fromnaturallyoccurringsubstances includingalgae, fulvicacidandproteinaceousmateria l.

GC/ECD


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2.13 Standard Values for Chemicals sed in Treatment and Disinfection andDisinfectionby-products-Continuation


Occurrence MethodofAnalysis

Formaldehyde 0. Formaldehyde indrinkingwaterresultsprimarily fromoxidationofnatural organicmatterduringozonationandchlorination.

GC/ECD

Monochloroacetate 0.02 Chlorinatedaceticacidsare formed fromorganicmaterial duringwaterchlorination.

GC/ ECD; GC/MS

Trichloroacetate 0.20 Chlorinatedaceticacidsare formed fromorganicmaterial duringwaterchlorination.

GC /ECD; GC/MS

2,4,6-trichlorophenol

0.2 Chlorophenolsarepresent indrinkingwaterasaresult of thechlorinationofphenols, asby-productsofhypochloritewithphenolicacid, as biocidesorasdegradationproductsofphenoxyherbicides.

GC/ ECD;GC/MS

Trihalomethanes

Bromoform 0. Trihalomethanesaregeneratedprincipallyasby-productsofchlorinationofdrinkingwater, being formed fromnaturallyoccurringorganiccompounds.

GC /ECD; GC/MSDibromochloro-

methane0.

Bromodichloro-methane

0.06

Chloroform 0.2

AAS - Atomic Absorption Spectrometry DPD-N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (underresidual chlorinemethod) EAAS - Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry ELISA - Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay FAAS - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(FAAS) FID Flame IonizationDetector GC- GasChromatography GC/ECD- GasChromatography/ElectronCaptureDetector GC/ELCD- GasChromatograph/ElectrolyticConductivi tyDetector GC/FID-GasChromatograph/Flame IonizationDetector GC/MS - GasChromatography / Mass Spectrometry GC/PID- GasChromatograph/PhotoionizationDetector HPLC-High-performance LiquidChromatography ICP/AES - InductivelyCoupled Plasma / Atomic Emission Spectrometry ICP/MS - InductivelyCouple Plasma / Mass Spectrometry(ICP/MS)


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3. Radiological Quality

Radioactive contaminants in drinking water may come from naturally -occurringradionuclides present in rocks and soils from earth's formation and from man-maderadionuclidearising frompowergeneratedbynuclearenergy. Deepwells, groundwaterandmineral springshavebeenknown tobesourcesofnatural radioactivity, principallyradiumandradon. Depositionofradioactive fallout fromnuclearweapon testingabroador from nuclear accidents, nuclear power plants facilities or from medical use ofradioactive substances may also be a source of contamination. Although thecontributionofradioactivity in drinkingwaterfromabovesources isveryminimal, it isstillimportant tomonitorradioactivity toprotect thepublic fromundueexposure toradiation,

TheWorld Health Organization has set radioactivity levels for gross alpha and grossbetaactivityasshownon Section3.7, inradioactivityunitsof Becquerel per liter(Bq/L).Theguidelinesarebasedon the fact that radioactivity indrinkingwatercontributesonlyaminorpart of the total radiationdosereceived fromnatural sources. Screeningofg rossalphaandgrossbetaemitters isused todeterminewhethermorecompleteanalyses forspecificradionuclidesareneeded. The termscreeningvalue isused in thesamemannerasreference level asdefinedby the International Commissionon Radiological Protection

(ICRP). A reference level isnot adose limit requirement.

Thevaluesof thegrossalphaandbetawhich isusedas the initial screening techniquefor assessing the radiological quality of drinking water do not include gaseousradionuclide suchas radon, so that if itspresence issuspected, special measurementshould be used. The Environmental Protection Agency has established MaximumContaminant Level and Alternate Maximum Contaminant Level for radon in drinkingwater. (Referto Section3.7) .

3.1. CollectionofSamples

Samples of drinking water are collected directly from the source, typically fromhousehold faucets. Groundwaterandspringwaterusedasdrinkingwaterarealso

collecteddirectly frompumpwellsordeepwells.

3.2. Sample Size:containers:handlingandstorage

One liter of water sample is collected and contained in a properly labeledpolyethyleneplasticcontainer. Aftersamplecollection, thesample isacidified toapHof less than2usingminimumamountsofdilutedhydrochloric acid tominimizelosses caused by adsorption in the container walls as well as to preserve thesample. Radiochemical analysis is thenperformed in the laboratoryat any timeexcept perhaps when short -lived radionuclides are known to be present in thesample.

3.3. Samplingfrequency

Basedon the2000 EPA final ruleonradiological requirementsondrinkingwater,the PNRI established monitoring frequency for the Philippine drinking water(Section3.8). Incaseofemergenciessuchasnuclearaccidents fromnei ghboringcountries, immediatesamplingandanalysisshouldbedone.


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3.4. Resampling

Re-sampling and reexamination of the source of drinking water should beperformed incaseswheregrossalphaandgrossbetaradioactivity levelsexceedthe standard values . In the event that gross alpha is exceeded, analysis ofspecificalpha-emittingradionuclides, total Radiumshall beconducted. If thegrossbeta activity is exceeded, analysis of specific beta -emitting radionuclides, tritium(3H)and Strontium(90Sr)s hall beperformed. Additional advicemaybeobtainedfrom the PhilippineNuclear Research Institute, Commonwealth Avenue, Diliman,QuezonCity.

3.5. MethodofAnalysis

Themethods foranalysesofgrossalphaandgrossbetaradioactivity), 226Ra, 3Hand 90Sr shall be based on the standard procedures by the Health PhysicsResearch Sectionand Analytical Measurement Research Sectionof the PhilippineNuclear Research Institute. Theproceduresarebasedon theproceduremanualof the Environmental Measurements La boratory(EML-300)and the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Prescribed Procedures for

Measurement of Radioactivity inD

rinkingwater(EPA 600/4 -80-032).

The determination of gross alpha radioactivity should be made as soon aspracticable to minimize the in growth of radon and its daughter products in theprepared sample. If the gross alpha and gross beta levels are less than thestandard values, no further examination is necessary except for routinesurveillanceasmayberequired in thevicinityofnuclear installationsor themajorsourcesofradionuclidespollution.

3.6. Health Effects

Radiation causesavariety of healtheffects, depending on thedose rate, LinearEnergyTransfer (LET)of the typeof radiationandseveral other facto rs. At low

doses, the health effects of radiation are primarily cancer induction and geneticdisorder. However, these effects may take a number of years before they aremanifested. Theconservativeapproach in radiationprotection is toassume thatany dose, nomatterhowsmall, carrieswith it a finite, albeit small, probabilityofinducingcancer.

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation(UNSCEAR)hasestimated that theprobabilityof fatal cancer inductionafter low -dose, low dose-rate irradiation of the total population to be 5 x 0 -3 sievert peryear(Sv/y). Forinstance, the limits for3H(7600 Bq/L)and90Sr(5 Bq/L) indrinkingwater, whencombined, areestimated tohaveprobabilityofcausing in twoout ofone million persons exposed. However, based on the data obtained at thePhilippineNuclearResearch Instituteon3Hand90Sraswell as222Rn indrinking

water, the limits fordrinkingwateraregenerallynot reached, much lessexceeded.

Breathingradon from the indoorair inhomes is theprimarypublichealthrisk fromradon contributing to about 20,000 lung cancer death each year in the UnitedStatesaccording to 999 landmark report by theNational Academy of Sciences(NAS)onradon in indoorair. Radon from tapwater isasmallest sourceofradonin indoorair. Onlyabout -2percent of radon in indooraircomes fromdrinkingwater.


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3. . Standard ValuesforRadiological Constituents

Constituents ActivityLevel (Bq/liter)

grossalphaactivity 0. (excludingradon)

grossbeta .0

radon (MCL)

3.8. Sampling FrequencyRequirementsforRadiological Constituents

Type Frequency Condition

Initial Fourconsecutivequarters foroneyear

Routine Onesampleevery3years

Ifrunningaverage from fourconsecutivequarterlysamples > 50% of MCL

Reduced Onesampleevery6 years

If initial average is50% of MCL

VI. REPEALI G CLAUSE

All administrativeorders, rulesandregulationsandadministrative issuancesorpartsthereof inconsistent with theprovisionsof thesestandardsareherebyrepealedoramendedaccordingly.

VII. EFFECTIVITY

Thisorder takeseffect fifteen(15)daysafteritspublication inanofficial gazetteorinanewspaperofgeneral circulation.


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Annex1.

Guidelines in Identifying PriorityDrinking -WaterQuality ParametersforMonitoring

The Local Health Authorityat themunicipal orcity level shall identify the list ofparameter sthat will beexamined todetermine thepotabilityofdrinkingwatersupplyprovided in the localarea. To achieve this, the local health authority through the Local DrinkingWater QualityMonitoringCommitteeshall undertakeasystematicassessment ofal l theparameters listedin the2007 PhilippineNational Standards forDrinkingWater(PNSDW2007) inconsultationwith, but not limited to, the following authorities: health, water resources, water supplyprovision, environment, agriculture, geological ser vices/mining, industry, and radiologicalservices. As a matter of prudent public health decision, particularly in situations whereresourcesare limited, togivepriority toensuringavailabilityandaccessibilityofwatersupplyall individualsoverrende ring treatment towaterforthebenefit of few individuals.

Basedon itshealthsignificanceandacceptability, the followingpriorityparametersshall betested:

1. microbiological

2. arsenic3. cadmium4. lead5. nitrate6. benzene7. color

8. turbidity

9. iron10. pH11. manganese12. chloride13. sulfate14. TDS

Inaddition to theabove, otherphysical andchemical parametersshall be testedbasedonthe followingconditions:

1. Chemical/Physical Quality

1.1 All naturally occurring chemicals based on the geological characteristics in

the local area that areofhealthsignificanceandare found indrinking -watersupplyshouldbe in thepriority list.

1.2 An inventory of chemicals used in local agricultural practices such aspesticide, herbicideand fungicidesshall be thebasis foridentifyingwhich theorganicconstituents(pesticides) to include in thepriority list.

1.3 Industries that transport, use as raw materials, pro duce either asintermediateorfinal product orby -product orgenerateaswastesanyorall ofthechemicals listed in PNSDW2006 shall be identifiedandmapped. Watersources takenwithin50 meters from the locationof thesaid industriesshouldbeexamined forsuchchemicals.

1.4 Chemical disinfection by-products shall be identified based on the type ofdisinfectants used. If water providers could provide evidence of control ofgeneration of disinfection by -product such as pretreatment to removeprecursors, useof treatment technology that evidently removesdisinfectionby-product or two successive analysis showing that suspected by -productdoesnot occur thensuchchemical disinfectionby -productswill be removedfrom thepriority list.


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1.5 Chemicals leaching from plumbing system materials or facilities such ascopper, lead, zincandnickel shall be included in the list if thepHofwater is6 orbelow.

1.6 Hardness will only be in the list if the general population deems itunacceptableat certain level due to ta steorodor.

1. The list of priority physical and chemical parameters to be monitored maychange based on the results of previous water examinations. Parametersthat are less likely tooccurinwatermaybe tested less frequent.

Radiological Quality.

2.1 Radiological qualityshall be included in thepriority list if there is fall -out orcontamination from suspected sources of radiological impurities of watersuchashospitalsorotherindustries.

2.2 Sourcesofnaturallyoccurringradiological contaminantsshouldbe identifiedby theDepartment ofHealthorPhilippineNuclearResearch Institute


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Annex2.

WaterSafety Plans

The application of an extensive risk assessment and risk management approach thatencompasses all steps in water supply system from sources, production, storage andconveyance toconsumerswill ensuresafetyofdrinkingwatersupply. Suchapproach istermedasWater Safety Plans. It follows theprinciplesandconceptsof multiple -barrierapproach and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as used in the foodindustry. It isproposed that theseplanswill bepreparedbyall waterproviders from large watersystems towaterrefillingstations.

Threekey-componentsofWaterSafety Plans:

y Systemassessment todeterminewhetherthedrinkingwatersupplychainasawholecandeliverwaterofquality that meetshealth -based targets. Thisalso includestheassessment ofdesigncriteriaornewsystems

y Operational monitoring to identifyingcontrol measures inadrinking -watersystemthat will collectivelycontrol identifiedrisksandensure that thehealth -based targetsaremet; torapidlydetect any deviation fromrequiredperformance

y Management plans todescribeactions tobe takenduringnormal operationsorincident conditions

A thoroughdiscussionofwatersafetyplans ispresented inWHOs Guidelines forDrinking -

waterQuality, 2004, Third Ed ition.


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Annex 3

GuidelinesforSelectingtheLocationofSampling Points

1. SampleLocation

Pipedwatersupplyzoning

Zoning of piped water supplies should be undertaken to ensure that differentparts of the water supply system that may have different level of risk areadequatelycovered forwaterqualitysampling.

A zone can be considered as coverage area per source, service reservoirsupplies specific area , an area where different parts of distribution systemoperates at different pressures and elevations and an area where leakage orreliability isdifferent indifferent partsof thesystem

Point Source

Samples should be taken from the point source from the principal outlet handpumporspringoutlet.

For routine monitoring boreholes or deepwells generally requires less frequentsamplingas theyareusuallyofbetterquality thanshallowgroundwatergiven thegreaterdepthsofwaterabstraction.

It isalso important toundertakeanextendedassessment ofpoint sourcequalityinorder todevelopanunderstandingof theprocesscausingwaterquality failureand thus theappropriate interventionsrequired to improv e thesource.

Selectionof Sampling Sites

When the sample locations and frequencies of sampling visits have beencalculated, the final stage is the selection of sampling sites. Sample sites willusuallybe takenasbeingrepresentativeofawiderarea. Samplessitescanbeeither fixed i.e. every time sampling is carried out in the area, a sample isalwayspicked from thesamepoint. Samplesitescanalsoberandom, with theexact location of the sample point in zone or area varying between samplerounds.

1.3.1. Key fixed points that should always be included in the surveillanceinclude:

y waterleaving treatment works(usually the first tap)

y the inletsandoutletsofservicereservoirs

y critical points in thedistributionsystem -(e.g. low-pressureareaorpartsof thesystemprone to frequent discontinuity

1.3.2. Regularsamplingpointswill includepublic taps inhigh -densityareasorinplacessuchasmarketswhere largenumberofpeoplecongregate.


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References

American PublicHealth Association, AmericanWat erWorks Association, Standard Methodsforthe ExaminationofWaterandWastewater, 20 thedition, 1998

CFR Title 40 Part 136 Table II, Dated July1, 1999

CommitteeonWaterTreatment Chemical, FoodandNutrition Board,WaterChemical Codex

Connell, Gerald F., TheChlorination/ChloraminationHandbook, AWWA, 1996

De Zuane, John, HandbookofDrinkingWaterQuality, 2 ndedition

Degremont,WaterTreatment Handbook, 5 thedition, 1979

Fertilizerand Pesticide Authority PesticideCircularNo. 04, Seriesof1989

Fertilizerand Pesticide Authority Board ResolutionNo. 04, Seriesof2005

Hayashi, Tabata, Catapang, Evaluation Report: LWUA -JICA Technical Cooperation Projecton Improvement ofWaterQuality in the Philippines, JICA, 2003

Hem, JohnD., Studyand Interpretationof theChemical CharacteristicsofNatural Water,USGS, 1985

JICA, Baseline SurveyonNationwide GroundWaterQuality Monitoring in the Philippines,2003

Letterman, RaymondD., (Technical Editor),WaterQualityandTreatment A HandbookofCommunityWaterSupplies, 5

thedition, AWWA

Sabandeja, VictorV., Development of2006 PhilippineNational Standards forDrinkingWater, PaperPresentedat theNational Conventionof Philippine Societyof SanitaryEngineers, BaguioCity, Ju ne 8, 2006.

Sommerfield, ElmerO., Ironand Manganese Removal Handbook, AWWA, 1999

WHOs Guidelines forDrinking-waterQuality, 2004, Third Edition.

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