Test #3: PHI-1510 Fall 2010 (CH: 10,11,12 &13) DUE: 12-10-2010 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. ____ 1. Hume argues that we can have empirical knowledge of the existence of an external world. ____ 2. Hume argued that nature exhibits no evidence of a plan or design. ____ 3. Amoral and immoral mean the same thing. ____ 4. According to Kant, experience alone cannot give us knowledge of the external world. ____ 5. "Noumenal reality" is Kant's term for phenomenal reality when we understand it. ____ 6. Ethical hedonism is the belief that acts of self-sacrifice are impossible. ____ 7. John Stuart Mill rejected unmodified, simple utilitarianism. ____ 8. According to Mill, character and experience are major influences on what pleases us. ____ 9. Altruism refers to the capacity to get others to care for us. ____10. Mill defined happiness as contentment. ____11. Mill claimed that selfishness interferes with happiness. ____12. Utilitarianism is a modern application of hedonism. ____13. The struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie begins with the growth of the bourgeoisie. ____14. Hegel insisted that it is impossible to understand anything except as it relates to the Whole.
Transcript
Test #3: PHI-1510 Fall 2010 (CH: 10,11,12 &13) DUE: 12-10-2010
True/FalseIndicate whether the statement is true or false.
____ 1. Hume argues that we can have empirical knowledge of the existence of an external world.
____ 2. Hume argued that nature exhibits no evidence of a plan or design.
____ 3. Amoral and immoral mean the same thing.
____ 4. According to Kant, experience alone cannot give us knowledge of the external world.
____ 5. "Noumenal reality" is Kant's term for phenomenal reality when we understand it.
____ 6. Ethical hedonism is the belief that acts of self-sacrifice are impossible.
____ 7. John Stuart Mill rejected unmodified, simple utilitarianism.
____ 8. According to Mill, character and experience are major influences on what pleases us.
____ 9. Altruism refers to the capacity to get others to care for us.
____ 10. Mill defined happiness as contentment.
____ 11. Mill claimed that selfishness interferes with happiness.
____ 12. Utilitarianism is a modern application of hedonism.
____ 13. The struggle between the proletariat and bourgeoisie begins with the growth of the bourgeoisie.
____ 14. Hegel insisted that it is impossible to understand anything except as it relates to the Whole.
Multiple ChoiceIdentify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 15. The word "skeptic" comes from a Greek root meaning _____.a. “believer”b. “to examine”c. "one who trusts"d. “lover of wisdom”
____ 16. The term "empiricism" comes from a Greek root meaning _____.a. “to doubt”b. “to wonder”c. “experience”d. “scientific”
____ 17. Which is the correct historical order of the British Empiricists?
a. John Locke, David Hume, George Berkeleyb. John Berkeley, David Locke, George Humec. David Hume, John Berkeley, George Locked. John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume
____ 18. Tabula rasa is Latin for _____.a. “clean slate”b. “table of reasons”c. “to calculate rationally”d. “empirical evidence”
____ 19. Locke said that before we can settle philosophical agreements, we must first _____.a. distinguish between what we know clearly and what we know distinctlyb. study the origins of our ideasc. calculate the various consequences of holding this or that idead. study math and science
____ 20. Although he rejected Descartes's theory of innate idea, Locke did agree with Descartes regarding _____.a. the existence of substanceb. a priori ideasc. the ontological argumentd. the nonexistence of substance
____ 21. According to Locke, _____ qualities exist independently of any perceiver.a. primaryb. secondaryc. materiald. empirical
____ 22. According to Locke, _____ qualities are dependent on a perceiver.a. primaryb. secondaryc. materiald. empirical
____ 23. Berkeley's famous question concerned _____.a. a tree falling in a forestb. a squirrel running around a treec. blind men and an elephantd. an ant and a grasshopper
____ 24. Berkeley's formula is _____.a. "Ought implies can"b. "When in doubt, reason it out"c. "To be is to be perceived"d. "What can be known, can be known clearly"
____ 25. Hume's popularity soared after he published a book about _____.a. philosophyb. religionc. cause and effectd. history
____ 26. Locke compared the mind at birth to a/an _____.a. bird before it can flyb. blank sheet of white paperc. filing cabinetd. ball of soft wax
____ 27. According to Locke, all ideas come from _____.a. sensationb. other ideasc. reasond. the imagination
____ 28. When using the correspondence truth test, the procedure for checking the truth of an idea is known as _____.a. rationalizationb. communicationc. verificationd. inspection
____ 29. _____ is the view that knowing consists of both the knower and the known.a. The egocentric predicamentb. Subjective-objectivismc. Interactionismd. Epistemological dualism
____ 30. The difficulty of verifying the existence of anything external to my own ideas generates the _____.a. subjectivist paradoxb. epistemological turnc. egocentric predicamentd. skeptical maze
____ 31. Both _____ and _____ shied away from pursuing the ultimate logical consequences of their basic premises.a. Locke; Humeb. Locke; Descartesc. Descartes; Humed. Berkeley; Hume
____ 32. Berkeley argued that _____ does not exist.a. the material worldb. Godc. the selfd. reality
____ 34. According to Berkeley, all of the qualities we assign to material objects _____.a. are objective properties of those objectsb. are illusoryc. are relative to the perceiverd. are mirror images of spiritual qualities
____ 35. Esse est percipi means "_____."a. essence exists in particular casesb. to know is to perceivec. to be is to be perceivedd. I am, therefore, I know
____ 36. The logical consequence of Berkeley's epistemology is that _____.a. Locke was correctb. only particular, immediate perceptions can be known to existc. there is a Godd. the unconscious mind is the source of all ideas
____ 37. According to Berkeley, God is _____.a. the Uncaused Causeb. the Unmoved Moverc. a universal, never-ceasing perceiverd. only an idea
____ 38. Hume argued that neither _____ nor _____ exist(s).a. ideas; impressionsb. experience; ideasc. mind; sensationd. matter; mind
____ 39. According to Hume, reason is _____.a. the supreme ruler of desireb. the slave of the passionsc. an illusiond. the product of God's infinite wisdom
____ 40. Hume achieved great fame for writing _____.a. the Treatise of Human Natureb. Enquiry into Berkeleian Principlesc. a History of Englandd. a Defense of Atheistic Religion
____ 41. Hume thought that _____.a. metaphysics is the "queen of the sciences"b. no metaphysical dispute was ever clearly and thoroughly settledc. sound metaphysical principles established the truth of the copy theoryd. metaphysical issues must be settled before epistemological issues could be addressed
____ 42. Hume distinguished between _____ and _____ on the basis of intensity.a. ideas; reasonsb. reason; passionc. ideas; impressionsd. truth; falsity
____ 43. According to Hume, all ideas can be traced to _____.a. imaginationb. impressionsc. thoughts
d. custom
____ 44. The empirical criterion of meaning holds that ____.a. whatever exists is perceivedb. life is worthwhile only if it contains a rich variety of experiencesc. all ideas can be traced back to sense experienced. all meaningful ideas can be traced back to sense experience
____ 45. Hume presented the _____ theory of the self.a. Cartesianb. bundlec. unconsciousd. evolving
____ 46. According to Hume, strictly speaking, identity _____.a. is not a property of thingsb. emerges only after adolescencec. applies to things as well as to peopled. applies to things, not to people
____ 47. According to Hume, _____.a. something gives order to our experienceb. each experience is unique, and therefore there is no order among experiencesc. reason has no limitsd. the existence of the external world is known empirically
____ 48. Hume concluded that _____ accounts for the universal notion of the independent existence of an external world.a. the Universal Observerb. the nature of imaginationc. the structure of matterd. nothing
____ 49. _____ is the reasoning pattern that moves from the particular to the general.a. Empiricismb. Deductive reasoningc. Inductive reasoningd. Skepticism
____ 50. In Hume's time, cause and effect were defined in terms of _____.a. essential connectionb. operant conditioningc. chronological sequenced. necessary connection
____ 51. According to Hume, there is _____ evidence for the existence of cause and effect.a. some empiricalb. overwhelming rationalc. no empiricald. irrefutable
____ 52. According to Hume, the qualities ascribed to God _____.a. are based on experience
b. are identifiable by scientific reasoningc. are meaningless, empty noisesd. are recognized in the hearts of all reasoning creatures
____ 53. According to Hume, the argument from design _____.a. proves that there is order in the universe, though it cannot prove the existence of Godb. is based on a faulty analogyc. is based on a solid analogyd. proves that God is good
____ 54. What conclusion does Hume draw regarding the origin of the universe?a. The universe is like a complex mechanism.b. There is no data for drawing any conclusion.c. The universe is a living organism.d. We know that the universe had to have an origin, but we do not understand exactly how it
came to be.
____ 55. Hume argued that even though there is no certainty in life, _____.a. there is certainty in deathb. we are psychologically compelled to live as if there isc. no one really believes in certainty anywayd. there is certainty on the supernatural level
____ 56. According to Hume, _____.a. reason's role is secondary to the role of moral sentimentsb. reason's role is primary and the role of moral sentiments is to bolster reasonc. inductive analysis reveals the clear pattern of moral causality-the only cause and effect
relationship that can be scientifically supportedd. ethics is a branch of psychology, not philosophy
____ 57. Hume held the belief that _____.a. all value is based on matters of factb. values are "mental facts"c. facts themselves are valuelessd. values correspond to facts
____ 58. The moral-nonmoral distinction is _____.a. descriptiveb. prescriptivec. categoricald. subjunctive
____ 59. The moral-immoral distinction is _____.a. descriptiveb. prescriptivec. categoricald. subjunctive
____ 60. The nature of the Critique of Pure Reason required Kant to _____.a. write in everyday language so that the average citizen could understand itb. convert to Roman Catholicismc. coin new terms and give new meanings to old onesd. embark on a speaking tour to defend its claims
____ 61. Kant understood that _____ must be refuted if Enlightenment faith in reason was to be justified.a. Descartesb. Lockec. Copernicusd. Hume
____ 62. Kant rejected the supremacy of science over philosophy because _____.a. philosophy was more "scientific" than scienceb. science could only uncover mechanistic laws which had no place for God, freedom, or
moral dignityc. science and philosophy must both be transcended by a religious leap of faithd. the supremacy of science was an irrational and illogical opinion.
____ 63. Kant's critique of knowledge is _____.a. a validation of rationalismb. an analysis of how knowledge is possiblec. a survey of true and false beliefs, arranged by topicd. a validation of Hume
____ 64. Kantian formalism is the theory that knowledge _____.a. occurs when we least expect itb. comes directly from God, without the need for "informal" interpretationc. is the result of the interaction between the mind and sensationd. must be derived from formal experience of science
____ 65. According to Kantian formalism, knowledge _____.a. of the self is impossibleb. of God is impossiblec. is structured by biochemical lawsd. is structured by categories
____ 66. According to Kant, when a theory results in conclusions that are inconsistent with experience, _____.a. real-world evidence must outweigh theoretical consistencyb. theoretical consistency must outweigh real-world evidencec. we must modify our experiences accordinglyd. we should ignore the inconsistency and thus avoid frustration
____ 67. According to Kant, scientific method _____.a. is based on the neutral, passive recording of observationsb. cannot provide knowledge of the external worldc. can uncover irrefutable laws of moralityd. suggests that knowledge is a kind of interaction between the knower and the known
____ 68. _____ is the name Kant gave his attempt to discover whether a priori knowledge is possible.a. Transcendentalismb. Kantianismc. Critical philosophyd. Noumenal philosophy
____ 69. According to Kant, Hume confused _____ with knowledge that is based on experience.a. knowledge that is superior to experienceb. cause and effect
c. a posteriori ideasd. knowledge that is triggered by experience
____ 70. _____ is an effort to assess the nature and limits of "pure reason" unadulterated by experience.a. Critical philosophyb. Transcendentalismc. Apriorismd. Rationalism
____ 71. According to Kant, knowledge is formed by _____ and _____.a. phenomena; noumenab. tabulae rasae; esse percipic. actual experience; faculties of judgmentd. common sense; scientific method
____ 72. _____ is Kant's term for the world as we experience it.a. Noumenal realityb. Phenomenal realityc. Empirical realityd. Confusional reality
____ 73. Noumena are _____.a. the direct objects of experienceb. things that are new to usc. things as they exist independently of usd. phenomena in mental form
____ 74. According to Kant, transcendental ideas _____.a. always involve contradictionb. bridge the gap between the phenomenal and noumenal worldsc. exist only on the noumenal leveld. exist only on the phenomenal level
____ 75. According to Kant, regulative ideas _____.a. are discovered scientificallyb. are a special type of transcendental ideasc. govern moral choiced. are mere figments of philosophers' minds
____ 76. There are _____ regulative ideas, according to Kant.a. twob. threec. fourd. many
____ 77. Which (if any) of the following is a regulative idea?a. truthb. goodnessc. cosmosd. none of these
____ 78. According to Kant, pure reason synthesizes all of our psychological activities into a unity by positing the idea of _____.
____ 80. According to Kant, pure reason lends unity to experience by synthesizing all events into a single totality known as _____.a. realityb. identityc. cosmosd. self
____ 81. Kant distinguished between two functions of reason, _____ and _____.a. scientific reason/philosophical reasonb. survival/understandingc. factual reason/theoretical reasond. theoretical reason/practical reason
____ 82. _____ reason is a function of reason confined to the empirical, phenomenal world, according to Kant.a. Theoreticalb. Scientificc. Practicald. Moral
____ 83. _____ reason begins with knowledge about moral conduct and produces religious feelings and intuitions, according to Kant.a. Theoreticalb. Scientificc. Practicald. Moral
____ 84. According to Kant, the moral law _____.a. must be based on our actual behavior if it is to be realisticb. cannot be discovered in actual behaviorc. changes slowly over time, and so we must not continue to follow outdated moral codes
from the pastd. takes second place to laws of nature
____ 85. For Kant, goodness depends on _____ , not _____.a. our will; our behaviorb. our behavior; our willc. our religious faith; our intelligenced. God's grace; human ability
____ 86. According to Kant, morality is a matter of _____.a. the consequences of our actionsb. motives
c. natural lawd. inclinations
____ 87. According to Kant, duty is defined as _____.a. the burden of enlightenmentb. acting with full consideration of the consequences of our actionsc. the necessity of acting from respect for the moral lawd. the obligation of every citizen to be informed and to participate in the common good
____ 88. _____ are propositions that tell us what to do under specific, variable conditions.a. Theoretical injunctionsb. Categorical imperativesc. Practical imperativesd. Hypothetical imperatives
____ 89. "If you're cold, then close the window" is an example of a _____.a. theoretical injunctionb. categorical imperativec. practical imperatived. hypothetical imperative
____ 90. "Act as if the maxim of thy action were to become a universal law of nature" is a formulation of _____.a. a categorical imperativeb. the categorical imperativec. a practical imperatived. Kant's "moral rule of thumb"
____ 91. By "maxim" Kant meant _____.a. a handy rule of thumbb. a commonly held idea or proverbc. the rule which is willed categoricallyd. opposite of "minim"
____ 92. Kant held that ____ possess intrinsic worth.a. all creaturesb. only good peoplec. all rational creaturesd. only superior people
____ 93. The _____ commands us to always treat ourselves and others as ends.a. categorical imperativeb. practical imperativec. principle of intrinsic worthd. principle of humanity
____ 94. According to John Rawls, the fundamental principles of justice are those principles _____.a. to which free and rational persons would agreeb. that result in basic equality of factc. of fairness, love, and orderd. of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
____ 95. A thought experiment is _____.a. any inquiry into rationality that relies on the scientific method
b. a way of using imagination to test a hypothesis that cannot be tested in factc. a method for de-gendering languaged. another term for a priori principle
____ 96. "_____" is Rawls's term for an imaginary setting in which we can objectively identify fundamental principles of justice without succumbing to personal biases.a. Thought experimentb. Veil of ignorancec. Inclusive way of knowingd. Original position
____ 97. The _____ is a problem-solving device that prevents us from knowing our social status and the like.a. thought experimentb. veil of ignorancec. inclusive way of knowingd. original position
____ 98. Among other points, Susan Moller Okin suggests that Rawls's theory of justice pays too little attention to _____.a. the familyb. fathersc. animal rightsd. logical consistency
____ 99. Okin criticizes Rawls for overlooking the effects of _____ on society.a. the Constitutionb. genderc. raced. education
____ 100. Okin asserts that Rawls's language is _____.a. ambiguousb. powerful but misleadingc. sexistd. racist and sexist
____ 101. Okin argues that the veil of ignorance is pierced if _____.a. it does not apply to childrenb. it allows for social rolesc. we discuss it privatelyd. we retain knowledge of our gender
____ 102. Simple utilitarianism is based on the notion that _____.a. the finest pleasures are rareb. nothing that is cheap provides genuine pleasurec. we must maximize pleasure and minimize pain.d. the best pleasures cost the most, but are worth it
____ 103. _____ is the belief that we must base all decisions on considerations of pain and pleasure.a. Ethical hedonismb. Psychological hedonismc. Socratic hedonismd. Democritan materialism
____ 104. _____ is the belief that it is morally wrong to avoid pleasure or choose pain.a. Ethical hedonismb. Psychological hedonismc. Socratic hedonismd. Democritan materialism
____ 105. ____ argued that welfare programs encourage idleness and overpopulation.a. Benthamb. Millc. Malthusd. James
____ 106. _____ described disease, famine, drought, and war as natural and historical "cures" for overpopulation.a. Benthamb. Millc. Malthusd. James
____ 107. Which of the following was not a result of the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England?a. Philosophical Radicalsb. slumsc. utilitarianismd. hedonism
____ 108. As the Enlightenment was the Age of Reason, the nineteenth century was the Age of _____.a. Emotionb. Reformc. Faithd. Democracy
____ 109. Bentham based his moral philosophy on the importance of _____.a. actual consequencesb. moral emotionsc. social customsd. moral duty
____ 110. Bentham thought that all human activity is shaped by _____.a. Godb. geneticsc. pain and pleasured. good and evil
____ 111. The principle of utility is also known as the _____.a. rule of happinessb. pleasure principlec. pragmatic principled. practical imperative
____ 112. One meaning of "utility" is _____.a. usefulnessb. empiricalc. useless
d. empty
____ 113. Bentham uses the term "utility" to mean _____.a. basicb. dullc. having characterd. pleasure-maximizing
____ 114. Which (if any) of the following is the best basic formulation of the principle of utility?a. Always do what is most likely to make you happy.b. Act always to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number.c. Act always to promote the greatest happiness.d. Never do what causes pain.
____ 115. Bentham named his technique for scientifically determining the proper course of action for any circumstance the _____.a. utilitarian calculusb. hedonistic calculusc. hedonic calculusd. utilitarian method
____ 116. Bentham referred to "units" of pleasure as _____.a. bitsb. hedonsc. goodiesd. endorphins
____ 117. _____ is the belief that all decisions are made in terms of furthering or hindering what we want or need.a. Psychological egoismb. Psychological hedonismc. Psychological utilitarianismd. Refined utilitarianism
____ 118. Bentham used _____ to show how our individual welfare is inseparable from social welfare.a. the story of Mill's childhoodb. an egoistic hookc. the story of the prodigal sond. the myth of the ring of Gyges
____ 119. Bentham's utilitarianism is _____ , whereas Mill's is _____.a. altruistic; socialb. egoistic; personalc. egoistic; altruisticd. hedonistic; egoistic
____ 120. Bentham thought that the only difference between two pleasures is _____.a. costb. longevityc. repeatabilityd. intensity
____ 121. Bentham extended the ethical reach of the pleasure principle to include _____.a. quality
b. selflessness or altruismc. animalsd. gods
____ 122. Regarding animals, Bentham said, "The question is can they _____ ?"a. sufferb. reasonc. be of used. think
____ 123. Bentham disagreed with Descartes's contention that _____.a. animals have moral rightsb. animals are meaty machinesc. reason is a valuable toold. utility can be measured
____ 124. Kant _____.a. included animals in the kingdom of endsb. referred to animals as meaty machinesc. excluded animals from the kingdom of endsd. agreed with Bentham that animals have dignity
____ 125. A major difference between Mill and Bentham centered on whether or not _____.a. women should have voting rightsb. pleasures differ in qualityc. the poor should be protected by the governmentd. education should be available to all
____ 126. Mill argued that the only people qualified to settle disputes about the relative worth of two pleasures are those _____.a. sufficiently well educatedb. who lived longestc. who have experience of bothd. No one can compare pleasures.
____ 127. Mill argued that there are _____ grounds for claiming that some pleasures are superior to others.a. nob. empiricalc. metaphysicald. historical
____ 128. Mill said that some people choose lower pleasures because they _____.a. are poorb. are evilc. have weak characters and bad habitsd. want to shock others with their behavior
____ 129. Mill says that people lose their high aspirations if they _____.a. marry too youngb. don't have the time or opportunity to indulge themc. live solitary lives, avoiding high societyd. are successful before they are mature
____ 130. When Mill speaks of character, he refers to _____.a. an indefinable inner qualityb. what psychologists call personalityc. socially conditioned habitsd. the soul
____ 131. _____ is the capacity to promote the welfare of others.a. Egoistic empathyb. Political awarenessc. Hedonismd. Altruism
____ 132. According to Mill, a proper education _____.a. fosters social concern and good characterb. trains us to make a living, but does not impose any values on usc. is necessary for only a small segment of the populationd. is possible only in a one-on-one situation, like he experienced as a child
____ 133. According to Mill, the principal cause of unhappiness is _____.a. ignoranceb. selfishnessc. altruistic sentimentsd. poverty
____ 134. The dominant German thinker during Marx's university days was _____.a. Hegelb. Feuerbachc. Saint-Simond. Hess
____ 136. _____ was a grand systematizer who saw all of history as the unfolding of the Absolute Spirit.a. Hegelb. Feuerbachc. Saint-Simond. Engels
____ 137. "Zeitgeist" means _____.a. class conflictb. Absolute Spiritc. working classd. spirit of the age
____ 138. After reading _____ , Marx concluded that reality is material.a. Hegelb. Feuerbachc. Saint-Simond. Engels
____ 139. According to Marx and Hegel, _____ is an internally governed evolutionary cycle in which progress occurs as the result of a struggle between two opposing conditions.a. Godb. communismc. historyd. economics
____ 140. According to Hegel, dialectic is _____.a. a five-stage pattern that culminates in the Kingdom of Godb. a three-step pattern that results in a synthesisc. a three-step pattern that results in an antithesisd. a three-step pattern that results in a thesis
____ 141. Hegel argued that Kant's categories of thought are actually _____.a. categories of beingb. dialectical beingsc. economic forcesd. forms of the zeitgeist
____ 142. According to Hegel, Kant's categories _____.a. exist only as mental constructsb. are identical to Plato's Formsc. exist independently of any specific individual's mindd. refer only to moral maxims, not to facts
____ 143. Hegel's philosophy is sometimes called _____.a. idealistic empiricismb. noumenal idealismc. idealistic economismd. absolute idealism
____ 144. According to the Hegelian dialectic, _____.a. the tension between the synthesis and ideal produces the antithesisb. the interaction between the thesis and antithesis produces the synthesisc. history is the perpetual embodiment of the Idead. ultimate Reality is the antithesis of Illusion
____ 145. The _____ is/are the middle class.a. proletariatb. bourgeoisiec. zeitgeistd. dialecticians
____ 146. The _____ is/are the working class.a. proletariatb. bourgeoisiec. zeitgeistd. dialecticians
____ 147. The _____ consists of those who own the means of production yet produce nothing themselves.a. proletariatb. bourgeoisie
c. zeitgeistd. dialecticians
____ 148. The ____ consists of those whose labor produces goods and services, yet who do not own the means of production.a. proletariatb. bourgeoisiec. zeitgeistd. dialecticians
____ 150. The epochs of history are characterized by _____.a. the dominant religious expression of the erab. the relationships between the sexesc. the major wars and conflicts that affect boundariesd. their dominant economic structures
____ 151. According to Marx, the final epoch of history will be the _____ epoch.a. primitive/communalb. capitalistc. free marketd. socialist/communist
____ 152. According to Marx’s five epochs of history, capitalism emerged from _____.a. socialismb. communalismc. feudalismd. democracy
____ 153. Marx used the term "_____ " to refer to the use of cloudy abstractions to create elaborate metaphysical systems.a. alienatingb. thinking religiouslyc. philosophizingd. mystification
____ 154. According to Marx, most other philosophers _____.a. understand the major issues, yet fail to address all of themb. lose sight of the actual, concrete existing conditions under which the poor barely survivec. prefer money to truthd. made good faith efforts to improve life, but lacked support from business interests
____ 155. According to Marx, any theory or activity that distracts us from seeing the actual brutal conditions of the lower classes is a/an _____.a. delusionb. red herringc. mystificationd. addiction
____ 156. Marxian materialism is _____.a. a form of hard determinismb. a form of social determinismc. not deterministicd. interdeterministic
____ 157. Marxian materialism sees _____ relationship between individuals and their environment.a. a completely hostileb. noc. a reciprocald. a one-way
____ 158. _____ determinists deny the possibility of free will or free action.a. Hardb. Socialc. Interd. Marxian
____ 159. Marx argued that ideas _____.a. create social structuresb. create historical epochsc. are products of economic structured. are more powerful than material conditions
____ 160. According to Marx, the _____ consists of the means, forces, and relationships of production.a. material superstructureb. economic superstructurec. material substructured. ideological base
____ 161. According to Marx, water, coal, land, and so forth are part of the _____ of society.a. means of productionb. forces of productionc. relationships of productiond. environmental superstructure
____ 162. According to Marx, factories, equipment, knowledge, and skill are part of the _____ of society.a. means of productionb. forces of productionc. relationships of productiond. superstructure
____ 163. According to Marx, the ideas and institutions compatible to a society constitute its _____.a. ideological baseb. substructurec. superstructured. economy
____ 164. The prevailing nineteenth-century relationship of production was _____.a. communismb. businessc. capitalism
d. antagonism
____ 165. According to Marx, a crucial factor in the relationships of production is _____.a. philosophical principlesb. property ownership rightsc. genderd. religion
____ 166. Marx felt that _____ is the capital which owners accumulate as a result of artificially high prices and low wages.a. wealthb. bourgeois propertyc. surplus valued. interest
____ 167. According to Marx, two classes emerged under capitalism, the _____ and the _____.a. bourgeoisie/middle classb. bourgeoisie/proletariatc. working class/proletariatd. rich/poor
____ 168. Marxists use the expression "_____ " to refers to the condition of being convinced to further interests that are to the individual's ultimate disadvantage.a. walking against the windb. feeling eudaimoniac. being co-optedd. living the alienated life
____ 169. According to Marx, capitalism develops as the _____ expands.a. proletariatb. bourgeoisiec. middle classd. church
____ 170. Marx and Engels argued that capitalism will continue until _____.a. the wealthy run out of things to buyb. the middle of the twenty-first centuryc. the proletariat becomes fully aware of itselfd. the bourgeoisie apologizes for its excesses
____ 171. Marx and Engels predicted that the contradictions inherent in capitalism would ultimately _____.a. resolve themselves through improved technologiesb. result in the disappearance of povertyc. result in violent revolutiond. produce a peaceful economic revolution
____ 172. According to Marx, _____ is the condition of workers separated from the products of their labor.a. mystificationb. abstractionc. delineationd. alienation
____ 173. According to Marx, _____ results from the transformation of a human being into a commodity.
a. technologyb. alienationc. capitalismd. communism
____ 174. Marx characterizes alienation as the _____ of labor.a. internalizationb. natural consequencec. externalizationd. beginning
____ 175. According to Marx, _____ is fully-human life lived productively and consciously.a. species-lifeb. alienated lifec. passionate lifed. artistic life
____ 176. Marxism is both an economic theory and a _____.a. religious doctrineb. metaphysical philosophyc. philosophy of self-actualizationd. materialistic theology
____ 177. Marx thought that if capitalism is destroyed we will revert to _____.a. feudalismb. agrarian economiesc. species-lifed. craft guilds
____ 178. Herbert Marcuse argued that Marx failed _____.a. to anticipate the power of technology to co-opt the proletariatb. to distinguish between European and Asian capitalismc. to consider the consequences of his ideasd. to define "superstructure"
____ 179. Marcuse characterized contemporary capitalist consumers as _____.a. having one-track mindsb. being unconscious communistsc. being irrationally co-opted peopled. being unable to love
____ 180. Erich Fromm attempted to show _____.a. that Marx was fundamentally wrongb. how the structure of capitalistic society shapes our personal relationshipsc. that psychological conditions are independent of a culture's economic structured. that Marx was really a capitalist
