PhilSci Modern Times

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ModernTime(19th -21stcentury)

Presented by: RhobienBaares


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ModernScience

source for the growth of knowledge

the role of scientific knowledge grew insociety

the practice of science becameprofessionalized and institutionalized

Technological innovations bring aboutnew discoveries and are bred by otherdiscoveries, which inspire new possibilitiesand approaches to longstanding scienceissues.


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Count AlessandroVolta

Invent the Voltaic Pile the first Battery

The first piles

constructed by Voltacomprised alternatingzinc and copper discs.Each was separated

from its neighbor by apiece of cloth or carddampened by an acidsolution. The columnwas supported by three

vertical glass rods.

1800


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1819

Theophile Laennec

The first Stethoscopederived from the Greekwords for 'I see' and 'thechest.'

Rene TheophileHyacinthe Lannec(17811826) was aFrench physician who, in1816, invented the

stethoscope. Using thisnew instrument, heinvestigated the soundsmade by the heart and

lungs and determinedthat his diagnoses The first stethoscopenamed as Le cylindre


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1838 MatthiasSchleiden

Proposed Cell theory

for Plants

concluded that all planttissues are composed ofcells. This statement ofSchleiden was the firstgeneralizationsconcerning cells.1839

Proposed Cell theoryfor Animal

reached the sameconclusion asSchleiden about animaltissue being composed

of cells.

TheodorSchwann


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1857Gregor Mendel

An Austrian monk, began withexperiment of pea plant and becomethe Father of Genetics

Mendel picked common garden peaplants for the focus of his researchbecause they can be grown easily inlarge numbers and their reproductioncan be manipulated. Pea plants haveboth male and female reproductiveorgans. As a result, they can either

self-pollinate themselves or cross-pollinate with another plant. In hisexperiments, Mendel was able toselectively cross-pollinate purebred plants with

particular traits and observe theoutcome over many generations. This


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Mendel Pea PlantExperiment


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1859 CharlesDarwin

Published on the origin of specie andNatural selection , that explain unit ofHeredity and variation of specie.He established that all species of lifehave descended over timefrom common ancestors and proposedthe scientific theory that this branchingpattern of evolution resulted from aprocess that he called natural selection,in which the struggle for existence has

a similar effect to the artificialselection involved in selective breeding.


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NaturalSelection

There is variation within population

traits are passed from parent tooffspring.

Some variation are favorable

More young produced in generationthan can survive

Those that survive and reproduce

are those with favorable variation.

Over enormous spans of time smallchange accumulate and populationchange.


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1864

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist and microbiologistDemonstrate that microorganism in foodsuch as wine and milk can be destroyedby heating/PasteurizationPasteur demonstrated fermentation is

caused by the growth of micro-organisms, and the emergent growth ofbacteria in nutrient broths is not dueto spontaneous generation, but rather tobiogenesis (Omne vivum ex vivo all lifeis from life").

Bottle en col de cygne (swan neck duct)used by PasteurInstitut Pasteur de Lilledisproving the theory of spontaneousgeneration. The experiment also

supported germ theory


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1865

British surgeon and medicalscientist who was the founderof antiseptic medicine and apioneer in preventive medicineLister successfully

introduced carbolic acid (nowknown as phenol) to sterilizesurgical instruments and toclean wounds, which led to areduction in post-operativeinfections and made surgerysafer for patients.Introduce the use of antiseptictechniques draw the line between Lack ofcleanliness and death after

operation called Father of modern

Baron JosephLister


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1869 Dmitri Mendeleev

A Russian chemist and inventor. Heis credited as being the creator ofthe first version of the periodic tableof elements.

He arranged according to increasingatomic masses, similar physical andchemical properties wereperiodically arranged.


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Alexander GrahamBell

1876 US deaf teacher and In 1876 at theage of 29 invent the telephone.On June 2, 1875, Alexander GrahamBell while experimenting with histechnique called "harmonictelegraph" discovered he could hearsound over a wire. The sound was

that of a twanging clock spring Bell'sgreatest success was achieved onMarch 10, .1876, marked not onlythe birth of the telephone but thedeath of the multiple telegraph aswell. The communications potentialcontained in his demonstration ofbeing able to "talk with electricity"far outweighed anything that simplyincreasing the capability of a dot-and-dash system could imply.

Invent the telephone, with use ofharmonic tele ra h roducin sound


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1879

Thomas Alva Edison

An American inventorand businessman. He developedmany devices that greatly

influenced life around the world,including the phonograph,the motion picture camera, and along-lasting, practical electric lightbulb.

Invent the successful carbonFilament Light bulb


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WilhelmRoentgen

1895

A German physicist who discoveredX-rayWorking electric discharge on glasstube that was faint glow on nearbyscreen. These rays were invisible andcould pass through materials.

On 8 Nov, 1895, Wilhelm ConradRntgen (accidentally) discovered animage cast from his cathode raygenerator, projected far beyond the

possible range of the cathode rays(now known as an electron beam).Further investigation showed that therays were generated at the point ofcontact of the cathode ray beam onthe interior of the vacuum tube, thatthey were not deflected by magnetic


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1902The Birth Of TeddyBear

Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, the 26thpresident of the United States, is the personresponsible for giving the teddy bear his

name.

During the bear hunt, Roosevelt came upona wounded young bear and ordered themercy killing of the animal.

On November 14, 1902, Roosevelt washelping settle a border dispute betweenMississippi and Louisiana. During his sparetime he attended a bear hunt in Mississippi.During the hunt, Roosevelt came upon awounded young bear and ordered the mercy

killing of the animal. The Washington Postran a editorial cartoon created by thepolitical cartoonist Clifford K. Berryman thatillustrated the event. The cartoon was called"Drawing the Line in Mississippi" anddepicted both state line dispute and the bear

hunt. At first Berryman drew the bear as afierce animal, the bear had just killed a


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1905-1907

AlbertEinstein

German-born theoretical physicist whodeveloped the general theory ofrelativity, effecting a revolution inphysics

Published the Theory of SpecialrelativityWhich encompasses 2 postulate1.) Law of are the same for all framesof reference in uniform.2.) Light is Propagated at constant

velocity

Made the famous equation E=MC2


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1912 Alfred Wegener

A German polar researcher,geophysicist and meteorologist. He proposed the continental drifttheory.The theory of continental drift wassuperseded by the theory of platetectonics, which builds upon and betterexplains why the continents move. Based on fossils and Glacier.Evidence for the movement ofcontinents on tectonic plates is now

extensive. Similar plant andanimal fossils are found arounddifferent continent shores, suggestingthat they were once joined. The fossilsof Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptilerather like a small crocodile, found bothin Brazil and South Africa

'


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1928AlexanderFleming Scottish biologist and pharmacologist.

Accidentally discovered that a mold(penicillium notatum) growing on a

petri-dish inhibited bacteria growth. Heconcluded that the mold had produceda compound which he calledpenicillin.

Back from vacation, Fleming wassorting through the long unattendedstacks to determine which ones couldbe salvaged. Many of the dishes hadbeen contaminated. Fleming placedeach of these in an ever growing pile in

a tray of Lysol.While picking up one particular dish toshow Pryce, Fleming noticed somethingstrange about it. While he had beenaway, a mold had grown on the dish.

That in itself was not strange. However,this particular mold seemed to have

The use of Atomic Bomb in


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1945

The use of Atomic Bomb inWW II

German scientist unfold the equation ofE=MC2 and achieve nuclear fission, thechain reaction of splitting atom.

War time application of atomic fissionwas the atomic bomb, the real worldpotential for tiny masses of radioactivematerial release massive amount ofenergy.

During the final stages of World War IIin 1945, the United States conductedtwo atomic bombings against the citiesof Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.


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1953Stanley Miller and HaroldUrey

Conducted The Urey-Millerexperiment an experiment whichwould change the approach ofscientific investigation into the

origin of life.Make the primordial soup set-upThe experiment produced ATP,amino acid and nucleotide basesof DNA & RNA.

Miller &Urey


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Francis Crick and JamesWatson

Made the DNA model following theChargaff Rule. They prove that DNAis responsible for heredity.

Using cardboard cutoutsrepresenting the individual chemical

components of the four bases andother nucleotide subunits, Watsonand Crick shifted molecules aroundon their desktops, as though puttingtogether a puzzle. They were misled

for a while by an erroneousunderstanding of how the differentelements in thymine and guanine(specifically, the carbon, nitrogen,hydrogen, and oxygen rings) wereconfigured.


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1953 Laika the 1st spaceDog

Laikas Mission - The firstanimal orbit the earth as wellthe first animal die in orbit.Die due to overheat.

1961 Yuri Gagarin

Was a Soviet pilot and

cosmonaut. He was thefirst human to journeyinto outer space in April12, 1961. Carried byVostok mission.


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1963 DouglasEngelbart

Invented the firstcomputer mouseand window.

1967 Dr. ChristianBarnard

Operate the first heart transplant incape town Schuur Hospital.

He done the operation to LouisWashkanky, a woman suffering from

diabetes and incurable heart


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1969

NeilArmstrong

An American former NASA

astronaut, test pilot, aerospaceengineer, university professor, UnitedStates Naval Aviator, and the firstman to set foot upon the Moon.Armstrong said "I'm going to step offthe LEM now" (referring to the Apollo

Lunar Module). He then turned and sethis left boot on the surface at 2:56UTC July 21, 1969, then spoke thefamous words "That's one small stepfor [a] man, one giant leap for

mankind."


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1971Ray

Tomlinson

He invent the E-mail. A US programmer whoimplemented an email system in1971 on the ARPANET. It was thefirst system able to send mail

between users on different hostsconnected to the ARPAnet. Achievethis, he used the @ sign toseparate the user from theirmachine, which has been used inemail addresses ever since.

1990

A British computerscientist, professor and theinventor of the World WideWeb.

Tim Berners-Lee


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1996 Dolly the first clonedSheep

Dolly (5 July 1996 14 February2003) was a female domesticsheep, and the first mammal tobe cloned from anadult somatic cell, using theprocess of nuclear transfer. Shewas cloned by Ian Wilmut, KeithCampbell and colleagues at

the Roslin Institute and thebiotechnology company


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2001

AbioCorAbioCor is a Artficial Heart, made byAbioMed. It is fully implantable within apatient, due to a combination of advances inminiaturization, biosensors, plastics and

energy transfer. The AbioCor runs ona rechargeable source of power. The internalbattery is charged by a transcutaneousenergy transmission (TET) system, meaningthat no wires or tubes penetrate the skin and

therefore there is less risk of infection.Because of its size, this heart is onlycompatible with men who have a largeframe. It has a product life expectancy of 18months


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2001

Ginger

Gingeror Segway transporter madeby Dean Kamen The segway transporter is anelectric power transportation

machine. It is basically a personalhuman transporter; it uses fivegyroscopes and built in computer.

The segway can move at a speed of12mph and it has no brakes. Thespeed and the directions can becontrolled manually by the ridershifting weight and with the help ofhandlebars.


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2002Solar Tower

Solar tower invent by Jorg Schlaich.

Solar Tower is an environmentally safe and clean200MW generating electric power plant that canprovide enough electricity to power around 200,000homes 24hrs a day by harnessing the heat of our sun.


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2002

Virtual Keyboard

Invent by Canesta andVKBA projection keyboard isa form of computer inputdevice whereby the imageof a virtual keyboard isprojected onto a surface:

when a user's fingers areplaced on the projected"keys", the devicetranslates them intokeystrokes.


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Birth Control Patch

Invent by Ortho meneil

Pharmaceutical

The patch is a skinpatch worn on the lowerabdomen, buttocks or

upper body that releasesthe hormones progestinand estrogen into thebloodstream to prevent

ovulation. This method ishelpful for women whofind it difficult toremember to take a dailybirth control pill, but can

remember to replace the

2002


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2003Infrared Screening FeverSystem

Used in public building to scan forpeople with high temperature froma fever of SARS. Invented bySingapore.

2004Sonoprep

invented by BioengineeringRobert Langer in 2004

Sonoprep a device that will deliver

medication by sound waves ratherthan injection.

Adidas1 The thinking shoes,

decide how firm or soft thewearer need


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2005

Youtube

Youtube the bestinvention of 2006 by TimeMagazine. Invented bySteve Chen, Chad Hurley

and Jawed Karim.2006 Infrared alcohol test

invent in Abuquerque

for quickly identifyingthe drunk driver.


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2007 iPhone

Jonathan Ive of England

invent the iPhone forApple.

Heart

Regeneration

Sir Magdi Yacuob a professor cardiacsurgery at imperial College of London.Discover a Process to grow part ofHuman heart from stem cell for the firsttime.

Bio Cell

Sony invents the battery runs on anysugar solution and glucose digestingenzyme to extract electron creating

electricity


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2008

Spray on SkinGun

Developed by Dr.Fiona Wood that uses aperson own stem forgenerating skin tissue.

2009Retinal Implant

Retinal Implant are invented byRetinal implant research group.It is a microelectronic thatrestore vision to patient withmacular degeneration andblindness


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2010

Co-workers thought that Roger Fidler wasout of his mind when he talked on and onabout how newsprint would die andpeople would get their information from atouchable tablet.

That was back in 1994, when laptops werejust becoming big.

Now, that sales pitch seems obviousbecause of Apple icon Steve Jobs and theiPad that he was so successful inmarketing before his death in October oflast year.

Ipad

Iron Man

SuitTake the XOS 2, developed by SaltLake Citybased Raytheon Sarcos.

The XOS 2 allows even its leastmuscular wearer to lift 200-lb.weights without breaking a sweat.


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The MedicalMirror

2011

using a web cam behind the glass, measures

the amount of light your face is reflectingand uses it to calculate your heartbeat

It track our heart health on our own, withouta visit to a doctor and tons of stickyelectrodes or sensors (which are painful for

burn victims and the infirm). The mirror willhopefully be able to tell us our respiratoryrate and blood-oxygen saturation levels aswell. Siri

integration

Siri is now an integral part of the new

iPhone, functioning as a personalassistant that can do everything fromset meetings to sending textmessages and almost everything inbetween. It help you take notes, set

alarms, and find your way home bysim l askin our hone


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2012 Iwatch

A concept watch with 32 GB

memory, WiFi and Bluetooth thatallows you to connect to iPad /iPhone.The man who invented thisbeauty is called Antonio DeRosa Youcan connect / synchronize the clock

with iPad or iPhone, but the mostinteresting feature of this conceptwatch is the projector or LCD built.Nao Next Gen

BotCreated by Aldebaran Robotics and has a1.6GHz-giving him multi-tasking abilities-

and two HD cameras. Originallydeveloped for autistic children, Nao NextGen Bot can have full conversations withyou due to its ability to isolate andrecognize specific words in sentences. Hecan also recognize your face and your

movements and can even walk and playcatch.


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