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Phonetics:
The study of speech sounds
(the physical aspects of speech
production)
Phonology:
The study of sound patterns oflanguage
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Phonetics
Involves three aspects: How our speech sounds are
produced (articulatory phonetics)
How these sounds are transmitted
(acoustic phonetics)
How the sounds are perceived(auditory phonetics)
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ArticulatoryPhonetics
Relatively easy to observe
It involves:
Speech organs & Speech sounds
production
Sounds description and their properties
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Phonology Phonemic principles:
minimal pair ( man - pan ), / minimal set (man pan, ban, tan, ran), mean moan, men, mine,
Allophone [p] [ph], distinctive features
Alternations (variation/alternant in words):receive ~ reception
Phonological Rules: assimilation/dissimilation,
deletion, addition Syllable structure: explicit
Suprasegmentals: intonation, stress
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Phonetics
SPEECH SOUNDS PRODUCTION :
Speech organs and speech mechanism
Speech sound is produced when air is set or
manipulated in motion
The production of a speech sound may bedivided into fourseparate but interrelated
processes:
the initiation process
the phonation process
the oro-nasal process
the articulation process
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Fig. 3.5. The human vocal organs. (1) Nasal cavity, (2) Hard palate, (3)
Alveolar ridge, (4) Soft palate (Velum), (5) Tip of the tongue (Apex), (6)
Dorsum, (7) Uvula, (8) Radix, (9) Pharynx, (10) Epiglottis, (11) False vocal
cords, (12) Vocal cords, (13) Larynx, (14) Esophagus, and (15) Trachea.
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The Initiation Process
The basic source of power(source of airflow): the pushing
air out ofthe lungs for speech(via trachea).
In English, all speech soundsrequire pulmonic egressive airstream for their production.
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The Phonation Process
The air stream then passes through thelarynx through the operation of the vocal
folds (vocal cords) or vocal bands
The gap between the vocal folds is calledglottis.
Positions of altering the shape of glottis:
closed glottis
narrow glottis
open glottis
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closed glottis
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closed glottis
The speech sound resulting fromthis closure of the glottis is
called glottal stop
In many accents of English, the
glottal stop can replace [ t ] in the
words football, bottle, bit, not
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narrow glottis
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narrow glottis
When the vocal cords are apart, only anarrow gap is left for the air stream topass through.
The passage of air makes the vocal
folds (vocal cords) vibrate. Soundsproduced when the vocal cords arevibrating are said to be voiced.
All vowel sounds are voiced, as areconsonant sounds like [b],[d],[g],[m],[l],[v], [z],[n], etc.
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open glottis
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open glottis
The vocal folds are spread and do not
vibrate
The glottis is sufficiently wide open so as to
allow the air stream to pass through
without obstruction.
This is the state that the glottis assumes in
normal breathing as well as in the
production ofvoiceless sounds.
Voiceless sounds are, for example, [st]
sequence in stone, [k] in kill, etc.
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The Oro-nasal Process
In normal breathing, the air stream will usually
pass through the nasal cavity.
In many speech sounds, the nasal cavity is
blocked offin the back of the throat and the
air stream is directed into the oral cavity. Thisis done by the velum.
The velum can be manipulated.
Two linguistically significant positions :
raised velum
lowered velum
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raised velum
Raised and pressed against the backof pharynx, the velum prevents the
entry of air into the nasal cavity.
Speech sounds produced with araised velum are called oral sounds.
Examples: English vowels as well as
sounds such as [v],[f],[l], etc.
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lowered velum
When the velum is not raised against theback of the pharynx, the air stream has
access to the nasal cavity.
If at the same time the oral cavity is
blocked somewhere further forward in the
mouth the entire air stream passes
through the nose - the result will be a
nasal sound.
Examples: [m] , [n] , []
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The Articulation Process
Most of the differentiation of thevarious speech sounds of a
language takes place in the mouth.
The mobility of the lips and the
tongue, the size and shape of the
oral cavity as well as of the exit
passage of the air stream can be
greatly modified.
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Vocal organs
The air passages above the larynx are
known as the vocal tract.The air passages that make up the vocal
tract may be divided into:
1. Oral tract (within the mouth and pharynx):
> Upper surface
>Lower surface
2. Nasal tract (within the nose)
The parts that can be used to form soundsare called articulators.
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Oral tract
Upper surface:
upper lip, upper teeth, alveolar ridge, hard
palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, pharynx wall
Lower surface:
lower lip, tongue (tip, blade, front, center,
back, root), epiglottis
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Manners of Articulation
Stop Fricative
Approximant
Lateral (approximant)
Trill (Roll)
Tap / Flap