Phonetics I

8/3/2019 Phonetics I

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Definitions

International Phonetic Alphabet

Speech Mechanism

The Organs of Speech

Sounds of Speech

Processes of Speech Production

Importance of sounds in dentureconstruction

Speech Records



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• Spoken language is produced by themovements of the organs of speech.

• All human beings have the same

organs of speech. So, theoreticallyspeaking, every normal human beingcan produce any of the sounds of

human speech.

• Phonetics is the study of production of

speech sounds.



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Speech Sounds

• How they are produced: articulatory

• How they are perceived: auditory

• Their physical aspects: acoustic



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Transcription

The most widely used tool in phoneticsis transcription

A standardized set of symbols forconverting the continuous acousticstream into discrete, linguisticallyrelevant symbolic units

The International Phonetic Alphabet isthe most widely used transcription tool



The common vowels in General American English,each represented by a symbol in the International

Phonetic Alphabet and illustrated in a word



The Consonants symbols and identifying keywords of 25 consonants are as follows:



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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

Necessary because:1) Inadequacy of orthography (spelling):

a) one letter/digraph — different sounds

laugh ([f]) bright (ø) ghost ([g])

b) one sound — different lettersbelieve ([i]‖ee‖) people ([i]) tree ([i]):

2) Cross-linguistic variation in orthography: Different

languages have different ways of representing the same

sound--a) [k] : ch in Italian (Ch ianti)

b) initial sound in ―church‖ is written ci (ciao)

3) A single sound is represented by more than one letter

gh = [f] in ―laugh‖, f = [f] in ―fall‖ etc.



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2)Respiration

3) Phonation

4) Resonation

5) Articulation

6) Neurological integration

1) Audition



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NasalCavity

Nose

Mouth

Bronchus

Bronchiole

Alveolus

Diaphragm

Throat

(pharynx)

Windpipe(Trachea)

Left lungs

Ribs

MB



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It is the act of expelling a column of air past thevocal cord by the expiratory muscles,

As the expiratory air is expelled and leaves the lungs,

The vocal folds modify the stream of airby creating resistance to it

adduction, vibration of approximated vocal folds of the

larynx and complex tone is generated Vowel sounds andvoiced consonants phones.

abducted vocal folds (without vibration) and phonation

does not occur. They are the so called the voiceless

consonants (e.g. huh).

2) Respiration

3) Phonation

1) Audition and ability to hear sound



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Resonance is amplification of voice tone.

The breath stream is shaped into sounds through impedanceproduced by the various articulators. : the vocal folds, the velum andthe pharynx, the tongue,the lips and the alveoli.

All factors are highly coordinated by the central

nervous system.

4) Resonation

The sound waves produced at the vocal folds areselectively amplified, by changing in the volume(shape and size) of pharyngeal, oral and nasalcavities, these cavities act as resonating chambers

(resonators) permitted by neuromuscular control.

5) Articulation (modification of sounds)

6) Neurological integration



Anatomy and

physiology ofhuman respiration

and phonation



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The Organs of Speech

The respiratory system The phonatory system

The articulatory system



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Respiratory System Phonatory System Articulatory System

Lungs Musclesof thechest

Trachea

Larynx

Pharynx Roof of themouth

TeethLips

Organs of Speech

Tongue

Vocalcords

Tip

UvulaHardpalate

Teethridge

Softpalate

Blade Front Back Rims



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The Organs

of Speech



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AerodynamicModel

Air flow

fromhigher to

lowerpressure



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The Roof Of The Mouth

The Roof Of The Mouth Can Be SubdividedInto Four Parts:

• The teeth-ridge or the alveolar ridge , i.e.,

the hard convex surface just behind the upperfront teeth

• The hard palate , i.e., the hard concave

surface behind the teeth-ridge

• The soft palate, i.e., the soft portion behind

the hard palate

• The uvula, i.e., a small fleshy structure at the

end of the soft palate



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Muscles of the tongue(speech, swallowing and mastication)

Genioglossus Hypoglossus

Palatoglossus

Styloglossus



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Muscle of the pharynx

Pharyngeal

constrictors Laryngeal elevators

Palatal muscles



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The larynx

•The air from the lungs comes

through the wind pipe or trachea ,

at the top of which is the larynx.

•In the larynx are two vocal cords,

which are like a pair of lips placed

horizontally from front to back.

•They are joined in the front, butcan be separated at the back, and

the opening between them is called

the glottis .



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Structure of the larynx 3 main cartilages:

large, semicircular thyroid (Adam‘s apple) (connectedupwards to hyoid bone by thyrohyoid muscle/ligament

smaller, solid cricoid with ‗signet ring‘ shape: higher at backthan front

2 small, pyramid-shaped arytenoids sitting on top of posterior

surface of cricoid Vocal folds connect vocal process of arytenoids to

inner front of thyroid cartilage

Front view Rear viewSide view

View from top



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Vertical structure of the vocalfolds during one vibratory cycle

The folds are three-dimensional, and theyvibrate in three dimensions.

The pattern of vibration islike a ‗wave‘ travelling up

them.

The lower sections part first,and come together first.

‗Cover‘ (outer layers) and

‗body‘ (inner layers) of folds

are often distinguished.

After Stevens (1998) Acoustic Phonetics

1

2

3

4

5

6



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Starting and stopping voicing

Abduction: arytenoids rotated backwardsand apart (posterior cricoarytenoid

muscle) Adduction: arytenoids moved together

(interarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid

muscles)




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muscles)




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muscles)




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Pitch control

Increasing pitch: contracting cricothyroid muscle: pulls front of cricoid up towards thyroid,

so back of cricoid moves down and back, takingarytenoids with it and stretching/tensing vfs vibrate faster

vocalist – shortens and tenses vocal folds




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Pitch control

Increasing pitch: contracting cricothyroid muscle: pulls front of cricoid up towards thyroid,

so back of cricoid moves down and back, takingarytenoids with it and stretching/tensing vfs vibrate faster

vocalist – shortens and tenses vocal folds




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is the production of the speechsounds of language, those smallest units which,not carrying meaning themselves (Vowels,Consonants and Diphthongs), are combined to

form morphemes (words).

the smallest meaningful units of the

language - words

variants of that sound, and they areappropriately grouped into a family, called a "phoneme‖

Articulation

Morphemes

Allophones

Phoneme (segmentation) Phoneme can have an

infinite number of allophones it may be pronounced by many

different way



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Phones vs Phonemes vs Allophone

Phones acoustically different speech sounds

Phonemes sounds of speech that takes a different

meanings

Pot vs dot

Allophone different phones corresponding to the samephoneme

Spin s(p)in vs pin (p h ) in

Ray vs tray

Ray and tray are the same sound (i.e.) the samephoneme but in reality the two sounds are differentthe r in ray is voiced and non fricative while the r in

tray is voiceless and fricative



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English aspiration present or absent,depending on position in syllable

syllable-initial syllable-medial syllable-final

Pit [ph] spit [p] sip [p]

Tack [th] stack [t] sit [t]

Care [kh] scare [k] sick [k]



Allophones of /t/

What we would consider a single ‘sound’ can bepronounced differently depending on thephonetic context. For example, the phoneme /t/:



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More phonetic structure

Syllables

Composed of vowels and consonants. Not welldefined. Something like a ―vowel nucleus withsome of its surrounding consonants‖.

Stress Some syllables have more energy than others

Stressed syllables versus unstressed syllables

(an) ‗INsult vs. (to) in‘SULT

(an) ‗OBject vs. (to) ob‘JECT

Unstressed vowels are generally transcribed asschwa: ax



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Articulatory phonetics properties of the

production mechanism, it is concerned with the

movements of muscles and other bits of anatomy

which produce human speech sounds

Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical

properties of the speech sounds, as transmitted

between mouth and ear. such as duration and energy.

It relies on instrumental analysis to extract these

properties

Auditory phonetics is the study of perceptual

response of speech sounds as mediated by ear,

auditory nerve and brain





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Three types of air-stream mechanism:

pulmonic in which the lungs and the respiratory muscles set the air-

stream in motion (Contract lungs)

glottalic in which the larynx, with the glottis firmly closed, is movedup or down to initiate the air-stream

Velaric in which the back of the tongue in firm contact with thesoft palate is pushed forward or pulled back to initiate theair-stream ( Expand portion of oral cavity )



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These air-streams can be:

Egressive, i.e., the air is pushed out

e.g., Sounds of English and Hindi areproduced with egressive pulmonic air-stream. (forcing air out, )

Ingressive , i.e., the air is pulled ine.g., Sindhi has some sounds produced withan ingressive glottalic air-stream.(sucking air

in )



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Phonation occurs at the GLOTTIS, All pulmonicsounds are either VOICED or VOICELESS.

VOICED sounds: ADDucted V C.

VOICELESS sounds : ABDUCTED V C.

in voiceless sounds There is usually a

slight hiss produced at the glottis but no

buzz.

There are other possible positions for the vocal

cords, such as in WHISPER or CREAK,

Th St t f th Gl tti



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The State of the Glottis

(phonation Process)

When we breath in and out, the glottis is

open. That is, the vocal cords are drawn

wide apart producing voiceless sounds .

If the vocal cords are held loosely

together, the pressure of the air coming

from the lungs makes them vibrate; that is,

they open and close regularly many times

a second. Sounds produced in this way are

called voiced sounds .



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Voicing

Cords open – voiceless

sounds are produced with

the vocal cords ABDUCTED,

leaving a sizeable gapbetween the vocal folds. Thisgap is what we call theGLOTTIS

Cords vibrating - voicedare accompanied by vibration of

the VOCAL CORDS (ADDucted)



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There are 4 processes involved in speechproduction:-

•The Air stream Process

•The Phonation Process

•The Oro-Nasal Process

•The Articulatory Process

3 St t f th ft l t



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Raised Lowered

Nasal passage blocked

Oral sounds produced

Nasal passage open

3- State of the soft palate

Oral passage blocked Oral passage open

Nasal sounds produced

Nasalized sounds produced

Oro-nasal process

3 State of the soft palate



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3- State of the soft palate



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4-The Articulators

The organs of speech above the glottis arethe articulators involved in the production ofconsonants: Active articulator

the lower lip and the tongue

Passive articulator

the upper lip, the upper teeth, the roof of themouth and the back wall of the throat (or

Pharynx).

In the production of a consonant, the activearticulator is moved towards the passive

articulator.



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PLACEACTIVE

ARTICULATOR

PASSIVE

ARTICULATOR

Bilabial Lower lip Upper lip

Labio-dental Lower lip Upper teeth

Dental Tip of tongue Upper teeth

Alveolar Blade of tongue Alveolar ridge

Retroflex Tip of tongue Hard palate

Palatal Front of tongue Hard palate

Velar Middle of tongue

Velum (softpalate)

Uvular Back of tongue Uvula

Articulators

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/bilabial.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/labiodental.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/dental.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/alveolar.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/retroflex.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/palatal.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/velar.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/uvular.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/uvular.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/velar.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/palatal.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/retroflex.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/alveolar.html

http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/dental.html




http://www.compapp.dcu.ie/~alex/CA162/PHONETICS/bilabial.html



Articulators

lips

teethAlveolar ridge

velum

uvula

pharyngeal

vocal folds:glottis

larynx

trachea

palate



Places of articulation

labial

dentalalveolar post-alveolar/palatal

velar

uvular

pharyngeal

laryngeal/glottal



Classification of sounds according to



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1- Surds: are any voiceless sounds

2- Sonants : are open voiced sounds relatively unimpededby the oral valves

3- Consonants : are articulated speech sound

A- Stops (plosives): Are characterized by complete stoppage of the airstream by the valves, building up of pressure in theoral cavity, and sudden release and explosion of thebreath (e.g. P,B).

B -The fricatives: Characterized by friction of the air stream, beingforced through loosely closed articulators or narrow

passageway e.g. /S/, /f/, /z/.

Classification of sounds according tolaryngeal action and manner of production



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D- Nasal: A nasal is produced by a stricture of complete

oral closure, but in this case there is no closure of

nasal passage. The soft palate is lowered and the

air passes through the nose. E.g. N, M

E-The Glides:

Involves relatively little impedance of air stream

their distinctive characteristic is that they vary

acoustically physiologically during their duration

e.g. H, W, J, Hw.

F- Semi vowels: Involve the least impedance of the

breath stream of all, e.g. R, L.

C- The affricates: The affricates (also called "affricatives") are

combinations of two consonants e.g. d3

Manner



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Manner

The MANNER of an articulation specifies the DEGREE of STRICTURE , i.e.

the narrowing of the oral tract, which is required to produce a particular

sound. We distinguish 3 different DEGREES of STRICTURE , as follows:-

STRICTURE DEFINITION CLASS

Complete

Closure

Active & passive articulators

touching: no air can

escape through the oraltract

Stops

Close

Approximation

Articulators close enough to

produce audible friction in

the airstream, but air can

escape orally

Fricatives

Open

Approximation

Articulators not close enough

to produce audible friction

Approxim

ants

All speech sounds must fall into one of these three categories. Any speech

sound is therefore identifiable as a STOP, a FRICATIVE or anAPPROXIMANT.



Sounds according to laryngeal actionand manner of production





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