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Phonology: Phones, Syllables & Phonotactics

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Phonology phones, syllables, and phonotac0c constraints
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Phonology    phones,  syllables,  and  phonotac0c  constraints  

Phonemes  are  psychological    sounds  we  use  to  distinguish  words  

Phones  are  different  realizations    of  phonemes  

   

… en ibben doe ijall meiga slidely divren azaunza, peeble stil unna unnastanz wen iu sbeek

da zem laengwijj.      

Ø So  even  though  each  person  pronounces  sounds  slightly  differently,  speakers  of  the  same  language  understand  because  they  recognize  the  sound  pa)erns.    

Ø These  different  ways  that  phonemes  are  realized  by  speakers  are  called  phones…  

Ø and  the  different  versions  of  one  phone  are  called  allophones  of  that  phoneme.    

     Transcription  

•  Phonemes  are  wri@en  in  slanted  brackets  to  show  idealized  transcrip0ons:  

/eɪtθ/  /spæt/  

•  Phones  are  wri@en  in  square  brackets  to  represent  actual  pronuncia0on:  

[eɪt̪θ]    [spæt̚]    

     Transcription  

Diacri0cs  and  other  symbols  can  be  used  to  describe    different  allophones  of  a  given  phoneme.        

     Transcription  

You  can  use  the  symbols  for  other  phonemes  to  express  allophones  different  pronuncia0ons…    •  Like  for  someone  from  the  western  US:    [kɑt]  •  Or  someone  from  the  eastern  US:  [kɔt]  •  You  can  use  diacri0cs  to  express  the  unreleased  quality  of  the  /t/:  [kɑt̚]  

•  Or  for  a  Bri0sh  person  who  leaves  out  the  (r)  in  (park),  but            lengthens  the  vowel  [ɑ]  instead:              [pɑːk]  

     Minimal  pairs  &  minimal  sets  

 Minimal  pairs  are  two  words  that  differ  by  a  single  phoneme:    

(bet/bed),  (sight/side),  (pin/pen),  (drug/drag)  (put/pot),  (look,  book)  

 Minimal  sets  allow  us  to  see  pa:erns  in  the  sound        combina0ons  permi@ed  in  a  language.      

(sad,  sod,  said,  sighed,  sewed,  sued,  seed)      

   

       Phonotactics  

 •  “Phonotac0cs”  refers  to  the  part  of  phonology  that  deals  with  constraints  on  sound  sequences  and  syllable  structure  in  a  language.    

•  “Phonotac0c  constraint”  refers  to  any  specific  restric0on.  

Syllable  Structure  

*Note  that  all  syllables  have  a  nucleus  (i.e.  a  vowel)    

Syllable  Structure  

•  Languages  differ  in  permissible  syllable  structure  

•  Below  are  some  simplified  examples.  

Other  syllable  constraints  

There  are  further  constraints  on  which  types  of  consonants  or  vowels  appear  in  specific  posi0ons.    •  For  example,  in  Japanese  CVC  syllables,  only  nasals  may  appear  on  the  coda  posi0on.    

There  may  also  be  dialectal  varia0on  within  a  language.  

•  For  example,  only  some  Korean  speakers  allow  CC  sequences  •  Dialect  A:  [ilk.ta]  “to  read”  •  Dialect  B:  [ik.ta]    “to  read”  

Other  syllable  constraints  

•  Example:  English  disallows  [ŋ]  and  [ʒ]  in  the  onset  posi0on.  

•  With  excep0ons  for  loanwords  like  genre:  /ʒɑnrə/  

•  English  also  disallows  [h]  in  the  coda  posi0on.    

Consonant  sequences  

Languages  have  constraints  on  specific  sound  sequences.  

Such  constraints  ocen  refer  to  features  rather  than  specific  sounds.  •  i.e.  features  like  voicing,  place  of  ar0cula0on,  &  manner  of  ar0cula0on.    

English  consonant  sequences  

•  English  allows  CC  and  CCC  clusters  in  onsets  and  codas,  but  they  are  highly  restricted:  

CC:      clap,  plow,  twill,  swill,  grate,  flow,  smoke,  sneak    CCC:        splat,  scratch,  strap,  squirrel,    

English  consonant  sequences  

In  codas,  nasals  may  precede  voiceless  stops,  but  only  if  they  share  the  same  place  of  ar0cula0on.  

Allowed:  jump  [dʒʌmp],  stunt  [stʌnt],  s0nk  [stɪŋk]    

 *Disallowed:  

*jumk  [dʌmk],  *stunp  [stʌnp],  *s0ngt  [stɪŋt]  

Constraint  violations  

Prohibited/disallowed  sound  sequences  arise  for  various  reasons,  including:      •  Borrowing  words  from  other  languages  

 tsunami  [sunami]  or  [tsunami]      •  Puing  affixes  and  words  together  sequen0ally.    

 cost  +  s  à  *sts  /  ocen  pronounced  [cɑss]    next  store  à  *stst  /    [nɛksstor]    

Resolving  constraint  violations  

•  Delete  a  sound  (Elision)      friendship  à  [frɛnʃɪp]  /  cabinet  à  [kæbnɪt]  

Resolving  constraint  violations  

•  Delete  a  sound  (Elision)      friendship  à  [frɛnʃɪp]  /  cabinet  à  [kæbnɪt]  

•  Insert  a  sound    ghosts    à  [goʊstəz]  or    [goʊstəsəz]    English  Sprite  à  Korean  [sɨ.pʱɨ.ɾa.i.tʰɨ]      

Resolving  constraint  violations  

•  Delete  a  sound  (Elision)      friendship  à  [frɛnʃɪp]  /  cabinet  à  [kæbnɪt]  

•  Insert  a  sound    ghosts    à  [goʊstəz]  or    [goʊstəsəz]    English  Sprite  à  Korean  [sɨ.pʱɨ.ɾa.i.tʰɨ]      

•  Change  a  sound  (Assimila0on)    walk  /wɑk/  +  -­‐ed  /d/  à  [wɑkt]    English  McDonalds  à  Chinese  [mɑt̚.don.laʊ]  

Notes  on  foreign  accents  

Because  each  language  has  its  characteris0c  phonotac0c  constraints,  phonological  rules,  and  sound  inventories,  it  can  be  challenging  for  speakers  to  pronounce  (and  perceive)  the  phonemes  and  phone  combina0on  of  another  language.      Phonotac0c  constraints  •  e.g.  English  allows  syllable  ini0al  [s]  +  stop;  Spanish  does  not.    

Phonological  rules  •  e.g.  English  aspirates  word-­‐ini0al  stops,  Spanish  and  French  do  not.    

Notes  on  foreign  accents  

Different  sound  inventories:  •  e.g.  French  has  /ʁ/,  English  does  not.  

Inability  to  perceive  sound  dis0nc0ons:  •  To  an  English  speaker,  foreign  vowels  can  be  par0cularly  tricky  to  iden0fy  and  produce.    

•  e.g.  [ø]    and  [o]    and  [y]  and  [u]  sound  very  similar  to  an  English  speaker,  whereas  German  speakers  use  them  to  dis0nguish  separate  words.        (i.e.  they  are  different  phonemes  to  a  German  speaker)  

•  e.g.  /ʃvyl/  (humid)  and  /ʃvul/  (homosexual)  differ  by  one  sound  that  doesn’t  exist  in  English.    


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