Planning Thesis Production using MS Word 2007

Course Notes

IS Services, Trinity College, DublinPresented by Niamh Hopkins (nhopkins@tcd.ie)

ContentsCourse objectives......................................................................................................................3

Templates and Master Documents – an overview................................................................3Creation of a Template.............................................................................................................4

Note on hidden files and folders...........................................................................................7Adding Style Features to a template.....................................................................................8

Setting the default font and font size....................................................................................8Heading Styles........................................................................................................................10

Displaying all Styles.............................................................................................................11Editing the Caption Style.....................................................................................................11

Creating a new style............................................................................................................13Creating a style to format tables.........................................................................................14

Creating a new file using the Thesis template........................................................................16Exercise...............................................................................................................................17

Creating an outline structure using numbered headings........................................................18Merging Files..........................................................................................................................22

Adding Page Numbers to Merged File....................................................................................24Apply Styles and Insert Captions.............................................................................................24

Table of Contents....................................................................................................................25To insert a Table of Contents..............................................................................................25

Tables of Tables and Figures...............................................................................................26Appendix 1................................................................................................................................. i

Appendix 2................................................................................................................................v

2

Template

Style1Style2Style3Style4Style5Style6

Document1

Document2

Document3

Document4

Document5

MasterDocument

Course objectivesThis course is primarily designed for postgraduate students in Trinity College who are

engaged in writing a research thesis. Participants completing the course will learn how to implement the Graduate Studies Office guidelines on thesis layout using a Word

template and styles – see https://www.tcd.ie/Graduate_Studies/currentstudents/admin/thesisregs/index.php

set up an outline structure for the thesis with numbered headings manage page numbering

generate table of contents, lists of tables and figures use Section Breaks to manage page numbers, footnote numbers and page

orientation

This course uses Office 2007 but the concepts outlined are all available in Office 2003. The course follows a worked example, working through the features of Word outlined above.

Templates and Master Documents – an overview

Figure 1Figure 1 above shows the relationship between some of the main topics being covered in

this course. Our first task will be to create a new template and, by modifying the styles within that template, ensure that it embodies the rules set down by the Graduate Studies

Office. Any files created using this new template will have the correct margins, line spacing etc as defined by the GSO.

3

Creation of a Template

Our first step, then, is to create a template including settings for page margins and line

spacing. Within this template we can then go on to define Styles that will control the format of the text.

1. To create a template, open a new document in Word.

2. Click on the Page Layout tab and then on the arrow to the right of the group name,

Page Setup, as follows

Figure 2

3. Set the left margin to be not less than 35 mm and all other margins to be not less

than 20 mm

4. Click Pages under multiple pages. Use the drop down arrow to choose mirror

margins if your thesis is to be printed on both sides of the paper e.g. for the softbound copies. This shifts the margins so that the thesis can be bound and the

margins always appear in the correct place.

4

Figure 3

5. Next save your file as a template document.

6. Click on the Office button, choose Save As and choose Word Template as follows:

Figure 4

5

7. Name your file Thesis. The file will be saved in the following folder

Figure 5

C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Templates

where ‘username’ is the username you have used to logon to your PC. To use the same template on another PC you will need to copy this file (on to a memory stick, for example)

and then copy it into the equivalent location on the other PC.

When moving your thesis files from one computer to another it is strongly recommended

that you also move a copy of the thesis template file as well. This needs to be copied to the same folder on the destination PC.

6

Note on hidden files and folders

You may find that when browsing to the AppData folder to copy your thesis template that

this folder is not visible. This Application Folder is known as a ‘hidden folder’ and on your PC is may be that hidden folders are not displayed. To change this setting follow these steps:

when viewing any folder click on the Organize dropdown menu and choose Folder and Search Options.

click on the View tab and tick the Show Hidden Files and Folders

Figure 6

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Adding Style Features to a templateApart from providing a facility to control the overall appearance of your page a template can

also be used to incorporate Styles which control features relating to the format of the text. These include:

Setting the default font and font size

Setting line spacing Setting justification

New styles can also be created to facilitate the formatting of specific pieces of text.

Setting the default font and font size

This is done by changing the font and font size of the Normal style which is the default style

within a template.

1. Click on the Home tab and in the Styles group click on the arrow to the right of the

group name to display the Styles window.

Figure 7

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2. To modify the Normal style click on the dropdown arrow as above and choose

Modify.

3. At this point you can choose to apply any formatting you wish using the options in

the following window. For example, you could change the font size from 11 to 10. Verdana 11 point is a good choice so we will leave it as the default for the Normal

style.

4. Choose to justify text in the Normal style by clicking on the Text Justify button as

shown above.

Setting Line Spacing

1. Click on the Format button and choose Paragraph

2. under spacing use the drop down arrow to set the line spacing to 1.5 or double.

3. If Spacing Before or Spacing After is set to anything other than 0pt then set it to 0pt.

4. Click OK. At this point make sure that the ‘New documents based on this template’ radio button is ticked.

Figure 8

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Heading StylesLater on we will generate a Table of Contents based on the headings in the text of the thesis.

In generating this Table of Contents Word looks for text that has been set to styles Heading1, Heading 2 or Heading3. Our next step is to modify these styles so that they conform to the

format we require.

1. In the Styles window click on Heading 1 and then on the dropdown arrow to the right

2. Choose Modify3. Base Heading 1 on ‘no style’

4. Set the font to Verdana and the point size to 14.5. Change the text colour to Automatic (or black)

6. Choose to left justify text in the Heading 1 style.7. In each case click the radio button ‘New documents based on this template’ but

untick the ‘Automatically Update’ box.

Figure 9

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Displaying all StylesAt this point your Style panel may not be displaying all styles and you may not be able to see

the Heading2 and Heading3 styles in the list. To display all styles-1. Click on the Options link on the bottom right of the Styles panel

2. Choose All Styles as shown below

Figure 10

Repeat the steps outlined above for styles Heading2 and Heading 3. In doing so, base Heading 2 on Heading 1 and base Heading 3 on Heading 2. If the Heading 2 and Heading 3

styles don’t show in the list click on Options and from the dropdown list choose to show All Styles.

Editing the Caption StyleIn order to build lists of tables and lists of figures to accompany the table of contents for the

thesis you need to use the Captions style to provide titles for tables, illustrations, graphs etc. in your thesis. The Caption style needs to be modified so that it uses the same font and font

colour as the Normal style. To modify the caption style1. Select the Caption style in the list of styles and choose Modify

11

Figure 11

2. Change the point size to 11 and bold, the colour to black and select the font to

match your Normal style3. Tick ‘New documents based on this template and click OK.

Figure 12

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Creating a new styleA style can be a useful device for quickly applying a number of formatting features to a piece

of text or a table.

Creating a style for indented quotations

An extended quotation in a thesis is often presented as indented from both left and right margins. To create a style called indentQuote do the following:

1. Click on the New Style button at the bottom left of the New Style window.

2. Name the style indentQuote

3. Under Format, choose Paragraph and set the left and right indent to 1.5cm and the

line spacing to 1.5 as in Fig. 5.

4. To create a gap before and after an indented quote change the Before and After

spacing to 6pt.

5. Don’t forget to tick ‘New documents based on this template’

6. Click OK

Figure 13

Creating a style to format tablesLet’s say we have a series of tables that are typed up in the following format:

Age North South19 69 17920 132 43821 57 16629 27 4430 185 61731 22 19

39 7 2840 175 61741 13 10

Rather than displaying the data in such a plain manner we want to format it as follows:

Age North South19 69 17920 132 43821 57 16629 27 4430 185 61731 22 1939 7 2841 13 10

1. Select Styles and Formatting from the Format menu and click on New Style on the

panel on the right.

2. Set up a new style called DataTable as follows:

14

Figure 14

3. Click on the Borders button and choose Top and Bottom borders.

4. Change the Line weight to 1/4 pt.

5. Tick Add to Template and click OK.

You have now created a new style called DataTable that can be used to apply to any table

you create in your documents.

Table styles are not displayed in the Styles panel alongside ‘paragraph’ styles such as Normal and Heading 1. They are only displayed when you have selected a table in the

document. If you select a table and the different table styles are not displayed than click on the Table Tools tab as shown below.

Figure 15This is consistent with the way in which commands and tools are displayed in the ribbon in Word 2007 – that is, the display of tools and commands is context sensitive.

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Creating a new file using the Thesis templateYour new Thesis template is now ready for use. To create a new file using this template:

1. Launch MS Word and choose New from Office button2. Click on My Templates from the panel on the left.

3. This should display something like the following

Figure 16

4. Click on ‘thesis’ and click OK. This will create a file under the thesis template. Check that the margins are correct – in particular, the left hand margin must be 3.5cms or

more. Also, check that the styles you have set up in this template are available from the dropdown list on the top left corner of the Word window.

All new files that form part of your thesis should be created following these steps.

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Creating an outline structure using numbered headingsSome disciplines require that headings in a thesis be presented as numbered. Superficially

this appears to be a simple process but there are serious pitfalls and unless the numbering system is setup correctly at the start the whole system can easily go awry.

The steps we have taken already in defining our Heading styles are important, particularly

the way in which Heading 2 style is based on Heading 1 and the Heading 3 style on Heading2.

To illustrate how numbered headings work we will edit our thesis template and applying outline numbers to the Heading styles.

1. Launch Word, click on the Office button and click Open

2. Click on Templates from the left hand panel and open your Thesis template3. Click on Multilevel list in the Paragraph group of commands and then chose to link

outline numbering with the Heading styles as shown

Figure 17

4. If the first line in the template file changes to a numbered Heading 1 then change it

back to the Normal style. Save the change to the file and close it

You can customise how the numbers are formatted relative to the text in the headings by choosing Define New Multilevel List. The Number Position and Text Position parts of the

dialog box control indents. How they work is shown below. So, set the Text Position and

Number Position settings for each Level in your headings scheme.

Now, for each Level, indicate whether you want the number followed by a Tab, a Space or Nothing. When you're happy that all levels are formatted as you want, click OK, OK, Apply.

Figure 18As we are going to use the Heading 1 style exclusively for chapter titles we can customise it

to include the word Chapter so that each Heading 1 will take the format –

Chapter [number] [followed by title]

To do this edit Heading 1 as follows-Having applied these number formats to Headings you can now get the following overview

of your file by choosing Outline from the View menu and from the Show Level dropdown menu choose Show Level 3.

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How far from the left margin do you want the number?

How far in from the left margin do you want the text on the first line to start?

Merging FilesA Ph.D. thesis can extend to 100,000 words and it makes sense to divide up such a long piece

of work, consisting of many chapters, into a number of separate files. The problem with having your work spread over a number of files is that it means you can’t use the Table of

Contents and Table of Figures features of Word to automatically generate these tables, as we will do later in the course. Structuring your work in this way also makes the management

of page numbers an additional task. An approach that could be used is to type up the different sections of your thesis in separate

files – remembering to create each file under your ‘thesis’ template. When you are close to completing your thesis you can then merge these files together using a series of Select All –

Copy – Paste operations.

This approach make cause problem is the merged Word file is very large – say 8 or 10 Mb. A document consisting exclusively of text is very unlikely to reach this size. However, if your

thesis contains scanned images, particularly if they are of a high resolution, this is likely to add considerable to the overall file size. In these circumstances the Master Document / Sub-

Document approach described in the full IS Services course is recommended.

For example, let’s say the thesis consists of the following filesChapter 1

Chapter 2Chapter 3

Chapter 4Chapter 5

To merge these files into one new file do the following:

1. Create a new file using your thesis template and save it as Complete Thesis2. Open Chapter 1

3. Select all the contents as shown

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Figure 19

4. Click Copy

5. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file6. Click Paste

7. Open Chapter 28. Select all the contents as shown

9. Click Copy10. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file. Make sure the insertion point is at the end

of the file.11. Click Paste

12. Open Chapter 313. Select all the contents as shown

14. Click Copy15. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file. Make sure the insertion point is at the end

of the file.16. Click Paste

17. Open Chapter 418. Select all the contents as shown

19. Click Copy20. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file. Make sure the insertion point is at the end

of the file.21. Click Paste

22. Open Chapter 523. Select all the contents as shown

24. Click Copy25. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file. Make sure the insertion point is at the end

of the file.26. Click Paste

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Adding Page Numbers to Merged FileManaging page numbers is done using the Headers and Footers. Page numbers should be

centred in the footer.

Click on Insert and then on Page Number in the Header & Footer groupChoose the option shown below

Figure 20

Apply Styles and Insert CaptionsScroll through the merged file and apply the Heading 1 style to the chapter headings, apply

the Heading 2 style to the main sub-headings and apply the Heading 3 style to some of the sub-headings in Chapters 4 and 5.

To insert captions click on the References tab and below each table and figure

1. Click Insert caption2. If the object is a table choose label type ‘table’. If the object is a figure choose label

type ‘figure.3. Remove the tick beside ‘Exclude label from caption’

4. Click Numering and choose to include the chapter number. This option is only applicable if you are using numbered headings.

When you’ve finished these steps insert three blank pages at the beginning of the file to

prepare for the insert of the table of contents and other lists.

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Table of ContentsA Table of Contents should immediately follow your acknowledgements page. It's basically a

list of what's in your thesis but according to the Graduate Studies Office guidelines it should-

'Show list in sequence, with page numbers, all relevant subdivisions of the thesis, including the list of abbreviations, titles of chapters and their sections and subsections ;the list of

references; the bibliography (if any), other functional parts of the whole thesis; and any appendices and the index (if provided)'

A Table of Contents will pick up on the Headings defined in a document and uses these to

build the table

To insert a Table of Contents 1. First, insert a page break at the beginning of the file by choosing Insert -> Page

Break.

2. Choose References and then Table of Contents. Click on the down-arrow and choose Insert Table of Contents so you get to manually set the format of the table

3. From the Table of Contents dialogue box shown below choose whether to Show page numbers, whether to Right align page numbers, choose a Tab leader, and a

Format and decide using Show levels the number of levels to be seen. View results in Print Preview. Click OK to accept results.

Figure 21

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Changes to the text of the thesis – whether the text in headings of addition/removal of text

affecting page numbering – will be not automatically reflected in the table of contents. Having made a change of this type you need to manually update the table of contents. To do

this simply highlight it clicking in the table of contents and then press the function key F9 (or right mouse click and choose Update Field or Update Entire Table). Click OK.

With the Control key depressed you can navigate the Table of Contents by clicking on any

item in it. To return to the top of the file press Ctrl and the Home key.

Tables of Tables and FiguresFollowing the table of contents it is customary to include a list of tables and a separate list of

figures included in the thesis. As with a Table of Contents, these can be automatically generated using the relevant features in Word.

1. At the top of page 2 type in the heading ‘List of tables’

2. Apply the Initial style to this text3. Choose References -> Insert Table of Figures

4. For your list of tables choose Tables from the dropdown list beside ‘Caption label’5. Insert a page break and type in the heading ‘List of figures’ on the new page.

6. Choose References -> Insert Table of Figures7. For your list of figures choose Figures from the dropdown list beside ‘Caption label’

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Appendix 1

‘NEW’ THESIS SUBMISSION GUIDELINES FOR STUDENTSREGISTERED FROM SEPTEMBER 2009

1.32.1 General. Candidates and Supervisors should note that theserequirements are mandatory and they are asked to familiarise themselveswith the information below. Theses’ must meet all the requirements set outbelow. Please note: from time to time the Dean of Graduate Studies mayapprove other formats on an individual basis.

1.32.2 Language. A thesis or dissertation should be written in English orIrish unless prior permission has been granted for the use of anotherlanguage by the Dean of Graduate Studies. A candidate who wishes to writea thesis or dissertation in a language other than English or Irish should initiallycontact his/her Supervisor/Course Co-ordinator. The Supervisor/Course Coordinatorwill then consult with his/her Director of Teaching and Learning(Postgraduate). If the latter can satisfy him/herself that a) there are soundacademic reasons for the thesis or dissertation to be written in a languageother than English or Irish and b) that the candidate has the necessaryskills/fluency in the relevant language, then the Director of Teaching andLearning (Postgraduate) should send a summary of the case under the twoheadings outlined above to the Dean of Graduate Studies. The Dean ofGraduate Studies will normally be guided by the recommendation of theDirector of Teaching and Learning (Postgraduate), but may refer the matter tothe Graduate Studies Committee if s/he deems it necessary.

1.32.3 Published Work. A thesis submitted for a higher degree may bebased on, or include, writings already published by the candidate, if thestudies from which they derive have been carried out during the period ofregistration on the higher degree register. Such writings must be fullyintegrated into the body of the thesis.

1.32.4 Length. A thesis must be written concisely. There is no minimumlength for a Ph.D. or Masters (M.Litt. or M.Sc. by research) thesis.Dissertations submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements of apostgraduate taught course are limited to the length prescribed in theindividual course regulations. Normally a Ph.D. thesis should not exceed100,000 words of text and an M.Litt. or an M.Sc. (by research) thesis, 60,000words of text, and for scientific or technical subjects will normally be shorter. Ifa thesis is likely to exceed these limits, the Dean of Graduate Studies must beadvised of its estimated length and her/his permission obtained at an earlystage in the writing. Additional material, such as numerical appendices,listings of computer programs and textual footnotes, may be bound in aseparate volume. Where the combined length of text, footnotes andappendices, etc. exceeds 400 pages the thesis must be bound in twovolumes.

1.32.5 Typescript and illustrations. The thesis must be printed on goodquality, A4 (297 x 210mm) white paper. The type must be fully formed as inthe output of a laser or ink jet printer. The output of dot matrix printers is notacceptable. The type must be black and not less than 10 point. Line-spacingmust be at one and a half or double spacing between lines. The gutter marginof both text and diagrams must not be less than 35 mm and that on the otherthree sides not less than 20 mm. The two copies of the thesis for examinationshould be soft-bound and printed on one side of the page only. It is expectedthat the hard-bound copy of a thesis will be printed on both sides of the pageon paper of a weight of at least 90 gsm. A copy of the hard-bound thesis willbe lodged in the Library following approval by Council. Colour photocopiesand scanned images may be used in the copy of the thesis deposited in theLibrary.

1.32.6 Cover. A thesis which has been examined and in which all necessarycorrections have been completed must be securely bound in hard covers withdark blue cloth. The final size when bound must not exceed 320 x 240 mm.

1.32.7 Title. The title of the thesis must be written in full on the title page ofeach volume of the thesis. The degree for which the thesis has beensubmitted, the year, and the name of the candidate, in that order, should belettered in gold, in 24 pt or larger type, down the spine, so as to be readablewhen the volume is lying flat with the front cover uppermost. The title mustalso appear in gold lettering on the front cover of the thesis. The year on thespine and title page must be the year that the thesis was approved by Council(not the year of initial submission).

1.32.8 Declaration. The thesis must contain immediately after the title pagea signed declaration thata) it has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this orany other University,b) it is entirely the candidate's own work (in the case of a thesis forwhich the work hasbeen carried out jointly; there must be a statement that it includes theunpublished and/or published work of others, duly acknowledged in the textwherever included) andc) the candidate agrees that the Library may lend or copy thethesis upon request. This permission covers only single copies made forstudy purposes, subject to normal conditions of acknowledgement. (Seebelow for withheld access (a “stay”) for such permission).

1.32.9 Summary. A succinct summary of the methods used and the majorfindings of the thesis must be bound into each copy of the thesis following thedeclaration page. It must not exceed two pages of typescript.

1.32.10 Acknowledgements. A formal statement of acknowledgementsmust be included in the thesis.

1.32.11 References. Systematic and complete reference to sources usedand a classified list of all sources used must be included in the thesis. Thetitles of journals preferably should not be abbreviated; if they are,

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abbreviations must comply with an internationally recognised system (theformat may vary according to the precedents and customs of the subjectarea; graduate students should consult with their Supervisor as to appropriatepresentation).

1.32.12 Abstract. One copy of an abstract, printed on a single sheet of A4paper, must be submitted loose with each copy of the soft-bound thesis. Theabstract must contain the title of the thesis and the author's full names as aheading and may be single spaced. Two copies of an abstract must besubmitted loose with the final hard-bound copy.

1.32.13 Submission. Two copies of the thesis, which may not be returned,and which for the first submission must be soft-bound, should be presented atthe Graduate Studies Office, accompanied by two loose copies of theabstract. The thesis will not be accepted until it has been established that thecandidate is currently registered on the higher degree register and that anyoutstanding fees have been paid.

1.32.14 Access to theses’. One copy of every thesis approved for a higherdegree is lodged in the custody of the Librarian in the University Library. Athesis so approved may be consulted or copied in the Library or through aninter-library loan. Users must undertake not to use or reproduce material soobtained without the consent of the Librarian and must acknowledge duly thesource of such information.

1.32.15 Withheld access (a “stay”). Should an author of a thesis wish towithhold permission for the use of her/his work, a written application must bemade to the Dean of Graduate Studies at the time of submission of the thesisfor examination. Such applications must have the written support of thegraduate student's Supervisor or Director of Teaching and Learning(Postgraduate), must state the reasons for the request for a stay on accessand must provide a contact address. The maximum length of a stay is fiveyears. During this period of withheld permission the thesis may be consulted,lent or copied only by written permission of the author who is under anobligation to reply to all inquiries within a reasonable time.

Dean’s Grace and Submission DeadlinesPlease note that the normal deadline for thesis submission is 30 August forSeptember registrants and 1 March for March registrants. However, if yourequire Dean’s Grace of one month extension (free of fees) to submit yourthesis normally by 30 September or 31 March respectively you must put yourrequest via your supervisor before 30 August or 1 March respectively whoshould email the Dean of Graduate Studies directly at gso.theses@tcd.ie

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Appendix 2

A Statistical Approach to Signal Processing TechniquesIn Post-Production Systems

A dissertation submitted to the University of Dublinfor the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

James Burnside

Trinity College Dublin, November 2006Department of Electrical Engineering

Trinity College Dublin

Declaration

I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or

any other University and that it is entirely my own work.I agree that the Library may lend or copy this thesis upon request.

Signed,James Redmond

November 21, 2008

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SummaryNonlinear Signal Processing: A Statistical Approach focuses on unifying the study of a broad and important class of nonlinear signal processing algorithms which emerge from statistical

estimation principles, and where the underlying signals are non-Gaussian, rather than Gaussian, processes. Notably, by concentrating on just two non-Gaussian models, a large set

of tools is developed that encompass a large portion of the nonlinear signal processing tools proposed in the literature over the past several decades.

Key features include:

* Numerous problems at the end of each chapter to aid development and understanding

* Examples and case studies provided throughout the book in a wide range of applications bring the text to life and place the theory into context

* A set of 60+ MATLAB software m-files allowing the reader to quickly design and apply any of the nonlinear signal processing algorithms described in the book to

an application of interest is available on the accompanying FTP site.

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AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank all former and present members of the Visualization group who have helped me over the years, and especially my PhD companions: and Dr. Francis Kelly.

I wish to express my deep gratitude to my co-supervisor Dr. Kiera Russell for the time she

gave me. And of course, most of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. William Bentley for his patience and intelligence in deciphering my obscure drafts, the good atmosphere he

instigates in the lab, his contagious motivation and, above all, his constant efforts and help over the last 3 years. Thanks Anil.

And of course, I wish to thank my parents, my brothers and all my friends for their love and

support and the good time I had in Dublin.

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ContentsIntroduction 1Transfer of Statistics in Image Processing 9

Probabilistic Tracking 19Image Simpli fication 25

Thesis Outline 30Distribution Transfer and its Applications 38

Distribution Transfer 41The Linear Case 49

The General Non-Linear Case 60The 1D case 69

Extending the 1D Case to Higher Dimensions 78Description of the Manipulation . 90

Theoretical Convergence Study 104Kullback-Leibler Divergence 111

Experimental Datasets: Sampling PDFs 123Results and Choice of Axis Sequence 130

Conclusion 140Appendix 129

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Tables1.1 Introduction 12.1 Transfer of Statistics in Image Processing 9

2.2 Probabilistic Tracking 192.3 Image Simpli fication 25

2.4 Thesis Outline 302.5 Distribution Transfer and its Applications 38

3.1 Distribution Transfer 413.2 The Linear Case 49

3.3 The General Non-Linear Case 603.4 The 1D case 69

4.1 Extending the 1D Case to Higher Dimensions 785.1 Description of the Manipulation . 90

5.2 Theoretical Convergence Study 1045.3 Kullback-Leibler Divergence 111

6.1 Experimental Datasets: Sampling PDFs 1237.1 Results and Choice of Axis Sequence 130

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Figures3.1 Distribution Transfer and its Applications 383.2 Distribution Transfer 41

3.3 The Linear Case 494.1 The General Non-Linear Case 60

4.2 The 1D case 695.1 Extending the 1D Case to Higher Dimensions 78

5.2 Description of the Manipulation . 906.2 Theoretical Convergence Study 104

6.3Kullback-Leibler Divergence 1117.1 Experimental Datasets: Sampling PDFs 123

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