Photoshop Intermediate Reference Guide

8/9/2019 Photoshop Intermediate Reference Guide

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Ohio University

Computer Services CenterNovember, 2005

Intermediate Photoshop 8.0 (CS)

__________________________________________Computer Services Central Technology Services

www.ohio.edu/technology/

1

Building With Layers

Layers make it possible for you to create animage one element at a time; then put all theelements together. You can create manydifferent layers for a single image, and you canchange each layer independently withoutaffecting the others. Layers are transparent,but when they are combined, their variouscomponents merge to create an image. Allimages are built upon a background layer. Thislayer is the foundation of an image and cannotbe deleted.

Layers contain many components

that combine to create a finished image.

Layer A layer is a single piece of animage that helps create the

total image. Think of layerslike puzzles; they areindividual pieces that whenput together make the wholepicture.

BackgroundLayer

This is your puzzle board.That is, this is thefoundation of the image on

which layers are put to createthe total image.

The Layers Palette

Layers Palette Use the Layers palette toselect, create, and move thelayers in an image.

Examine the Layers Palette

Palette Menu Click-and-hold the palettemenu to change paletteoptions, to create or deletelayers, and to manipulatelayers.

Eye Icon Click the Eye icon in theLayers palette to hide alayer in the image window.The eye disappears when alayer is hidden.

Palette MenuEye Icon

Selection IconLayer Style IconNew Layer IconTrash Icon


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Selection Icon Shows you which layer isthe selected or active layer.

Trash Icon Drag a layer to the Trashicon to remove it from yourimage.

New LayerIcon

Click the New Layer icon tocreate new layers.

Layer StyleIcon

Click this icon to apply astyle (effect) to a layer.

Creating a Layer

Make LayerDialog Box

Use the Make Layer dialogbox to adjust settings for anew layer you are creating.Each layer is given anumbered name, such asLayer 1, that you can rename.

There are several ways to create a new layer:Use the New Layer button or New Layercommand on the layer menu; drag or copy andpaste selections into layers; and convertselections into layers.

The New Layer Method

1. Click the File menu and choose Open.2. From the Samplefolder choose the ball.psd

file.

3. Go to the Layer menu and choose New.Then choose Layer. Then delete this layerby right-clicking on it and choosingDelete.

4. Or choose the New Layer button in theLayers palette. Delete this layer bydragging it to the Trash can icon.

5. Create a new layer from the palette menu.Delete it.

Copy and Paste Method

1. Open the Leaf.psdimage and select theentire leaf.

2. ClickEdit on the menu bar, then clickCopy.

3. Close this file.

4. ClickEdit on the menu bar, then clickPaste.

View a Layer

1. Click the Eye icon on a layer to hide thislayer.

2. Click the Eye icon on a layer to showthelayer.

Move a Layer

Select a layer in the Layers palette.

Select the move tool.

Drag the layer anywhere in the image tomove it.

Rearrange the layers in the Layers paletteby dragging them up and down.

Editing a LayerAll editing occurs on the active layer. You canuse the pointing and editing tools to draw on alayer and you can copy and paste selections to alayer.

Working with LayersYou use blending modes to determine how thepixels in a layer are blended with underlyingpixels on other layers. By applying differentmodes, you create a variety of special effects.

Normal is the default mode. The variousblending modes available are: Normal, Softlight, Hard light, Lighten, Darken, Hue,Luminosity, Saturation, Color, Color Dodge,


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Color Burn, Multiply, Screen, Difference,Exclusion, Dissolve, and Overlay.

1. Select a layer in the Layers palette.2. Below the Layers tab is Blending Mode

box. The default mode is Normal.

3. Hold the down- arrow and select adifferent Blending Mode. Note that eachlayer can have a different Blending Mode.

Layer Opacity

You can change the opacity of each layer usingthe Opacity slider in the Layers palette. A layer

with 100% opacity appears completely opaqueand one with 1% opacity appears nearlytransparent.

1.

Select a layer in the Layers palette.2. Next to the Blending Modes box is the

Opacity box. The default is 100%.

3. Hold the down-arrow and drag the sliderto the desired opacity.

Changing Layers

Transform Use the Transform commandon the Edit menu to scale,skew, add perspective, or distortan image.

Rotate Use the Rotate Command toturn a selected image clockwiseor counterclockwise by anynumber of degrees.

Render The Render filters let youproduce effects by generatingdifferent types of patterns andsimulated light reflections.

1.

Make sure you still have somethingselected.

2. ClickEdit on the menu bar.3. ClickTransform.

4. ClickRotate.

5. Click-and-drag any corner of the border.

6. Press Escto cancel or Enter to commit.

Add a Lighting Effect

1. ClickFilter on the menu bar and clickRender.

2. ClickLighting Effects.

3. Click the Style down-arrow, and then clickCrossing Down.

4. ClickOK.

NOTE: You can "lock" layers to make certainproperties of a layer unchangeable. When alayer is locked, a lock displays to the right ofthe layer name. Then you cannot edit thepixels, move the image, or change the opacity,blending mode or layer style applied to thatlayer.

Add a Layer Style

1. Make sure a layer is selected.

2. Click the Styles tab in the Color palette.

3. Choose a style.

4. Click the no style button to return to theoriginal layer.


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Creating a New Image

1. ClickFile on the menu bar, and then clickNew.

2. Type Test1 forthe new file name.

Size the Image

1. Click the arrow on the secondWidth textbox and select inches.

2. Type 3.5 in the firstWidth text box.3. Click the arrow on the second Height

menu, and select inches.4. Type 5 in the first Height text box.

Set Image Resolution

Photoshop images are composed of units calledpixels. The greater the number of pixels perinch, the greater the clarity, or resolution, youachieve. It's important to consider the purposeof your image, because the higher theresolution, the bigger the file size. Most

computer monitors show only 72 pixels perinch. However, if you plan to print your image,

you should increase the pixels per inch (PPI).

PPI PPI is short for the amount ofpixels per inch.

Resolution Resolution is the number ofpixels per inch in an image.Increasing the resolutionincreases the number of pixels,thus sharpening the image.

1. Press [TAB] until you select the firstResolution box.

2. Type 72(pixels).

Set Image Modes

Modes are the settings that specify how

Photoshop defines, displays and organizescolors. The most commonly used modes areRGB, CMYK, and Grayscale. You can changemodes, but not without some loss in imagequality.

RGB Mode RGB mode uses three basiccolors red, green, and blue to create all the colors in animage. It is used withmonitors.

CMYK Mode CMYK mode uses cyan,magenta, yellow, and black -to create the colors in animage. It is used forprinting.

Grayscale Grayscale uses varying shadesof gray to build images. It iscommonly called black and

white.

1. Click the down-arrow on the Mode text

box.

2. ClickCMYKcolor and clickOK.


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Adding TextYou can add text to an image in Photoshop,but you cannot edit the letters in the text afterthey become part of the image. Before youplace the text, however, you have many choices

for selecting the font, spacing, size and color.Photoshop creates bitmap type, which iscomposed of pixels. Every time you add type,the pixels are placed in a new, separate layer.

Default ColorsIcon

The Default Colors icon inthe left corner of thetoolbox sets theforeground color to blackand the background to

white.

Type Tool Use the Type tool to create

text that can be added toan image.

Choose a Color

1. Click the Swatches tab.2. Click a Green color in the palette for the

foreground color.

Use the Type Tool

1. Click the Type tool in the toolbox.2. Position the Type pointer where you want

it, and click.

Create the Text

1. Click the arrow on the Font box. SelectCourier New.

2. ClickBold in the Style section.3. Click in the Size box and type 40.4. Click inside the image and type TESTING!5. Click the check mark button to add the

text.

Adding Style to TextYou used the Type tool to create text, whichwas added to the image. The Type selectioncan be moved, filled, edited, or filtered like anyselection. You can use the effects or layer styles

that have already been created or you can warpthe text. You can apply styles with the Layermenu, Style palette or the Style button.

When you spell-check a document, Photoshopquestions any words that aren't in itsdictionary. If a questioned word is spelledcorrectly, you can confirm its spelling byadding the word to the dictionary. If aquestioned word is misspelled, you can correctit.

Check Text Spelling

1. In the Character palette, choose a languagefrom the pop-up menu at the bottom ofthe palette. This sets the dictionary forspell-checking.

2. Do one of the following: Select a type layer. To check specific text, select the

text.

To check a word, place an insertionpoint in the word.

3. Choose Edit > Check Spelling.4. As Photoshop finds unfamiliar words and

other possible errors, do one of thefollowing:

Click Ignore to continue checkingspelling without changing text.Click Ignore All to ignore thequestioned word for the rest of thespell-check.


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To correct a misspelling, make surethe correctly spelled word is in theChange To text box and clickChange. If the suggested word isnot the word you want, you can

select a different word in theSuggestions text box or enter theword in the Change To text box.

To correct a repeated misspelling ina document, make sure thecorrectly spelled word is in theChange To text box and clickChange All.

Click Add to have Photoshop storethe unrecognized word in the

dictionary, so that subsequentoccurrences are not flagged asmisspellings.

If you selected a type layer andwant to spell-check only that layer,deselect Check All Layers.

Apply a Drop Shadow

DropShadow

Command

Use the Drop Shadowcommand to add an effect to

text or an image to appear asthough it were floating abovethe page.

DistanceOption

Use the Distance option toseparate the effect from animage.

SpreadOption

Use this option to add degreesof fuzziness to the edges.

1. Make sure a layer is selected in the LayerPalette.2. Click the Layer menu, then trace to Layer

Style. Or, double click the layer in thepalette.

3. Trace to and clickDrop Shadow.

4. Double-click in the Distance text box,then type 7

5. Double-click in the Spread text box, thentype 3

6. ClickOK.

Warping Text LayersWarping allows you to distort type to conformto a variety of shapes; for example, you can

warp type in the shape of an arc or a wave. Youcan change a layer's warp style at any time.However, warping applies to all characters on atype layer.

Apply a Warp

Warping Warping allows you to distortthe type in a layer to conformto a variety of shapes.

Rasterize Rasterizing converts the typelayer to a normal layer, makingits contents non-editable astext.

1. Select a text layer.

2. Select the Type tool and click theWarp

button in the Options bar.

3. Choose theArch style from the Style pop-up menu.


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4. For Bend, choose 30%. Specify values forany other options.

5. ClickOK.Rasterize Text LayersSome commands and tools such as filtereffects and painting tools - are not available fortype layers. You must rasterize the type priorto applying the command or using the tool.Rasterizing converts the type layer to a normallayer and makes it impossible to edit thecontents as text.

1. Select a text layer.2. Choose Layer, then Rasterize, and then

Type.

3. ClickOK.Drawing with Photoshop

Fixed SizeOption

Use the Fixed Size optionin the Marquee Optionsbar to create a selectionthat is exactly the size youneed.

Marquee Tool Use the Marquee tool todefine a rectangular orelliptical area in an image,or define a vertical orhorizontal area.

Color the Rectangle Using a Gradient

Gradient A gradient is a gradualchange from one color toanother.

LinearGradient Tool

Click the Linear Gradienttool to begin creatinggradual color changes in aselection.

1. ClickSwatches on the Layers palette.

2. Click a Blue swatch for the foregroundcolor.

3. Hold down the ALT button and click ared swatch for the background color.

Create a Gradient

1. Select the Linear Gradient tool.

2. In the Options bar, click the drop-downGradient Style menu, and clickForeground to Background.

3. Click and drag the mouse pointer fromthe left side of the selection to the rightside. Release.

4. ClickSelect on the menu bar and clickDeselect.

5. Repeat the process using the ellipticalmarquee and the Radial Gradient.

Using the Pencil Tool

Pencil Tool

Use the Pencil tool tocreate hard-edgedfreehand lines in animage.

Pencil OptionsBar

Use the Pencil Optionsbar to define such

features as line widthand opacity.

[CAPS LOCK] Pressing [CAPS LOCK]changes the pencilpointer into a crosshair.This will give you moreaccuracy.

1. Click the Pencil tool in the toolbox. Itchanges the Options bar.

2. Click-and-drag the Opacityslidertriangle until it reads 50%.

3. Click the Brushes drop-down menu.

4. Click the top left brush.


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5. Draw a shape with the pencil tool.Use the Brush

1. Click the Switch Colors icon.2.

Press [Caps Lock] to change pointer to acrosshair.

3. Position the crosshair at the top leftcorner of the rectangle.

4. Hold down the SHIFT button and click-and-drag the crosshair to the top rightcorner.

5. Press [Caps Lock].6. ClickFile on the menu bar, and then

clickSave.

Finishing Touches

1. Click the Default Colors icon.2. Click the Rectangular Marquee tool. It

still has a fixed size set.

3. Click anywhere in the image.4. Click the Edit menu, then clickStroke.5. Type 2 (pixels) in theWidth text box.6. Click the Inside in the Location section.

ClickOK.

Add Text

Type Mask Tool Use the Type Mask Toolto create a selectionborder in the shape oftext. This is useful fortext that is not one color.

1. Press either Type Masktool. (It may behidden behind the Type tool.)

2. Click in the Rectangle.3. Click the Font down-arrow, then click

Times New Roman.

4. Type 40 for the font size.

5. Click the Styledrop-down menu andchoose Bold.

6. Type Rainbowin the image.

Add Gradient

1. Click the Gradient tool.

2. In the Options bar, choose the styleTransparent Rainbow.

3. Click and drag the mouse pointer from theleft of the text to the right end of the text.Release.

4. Click the Move tool to center the text ifnecessary.

Creating a Banner

1. From the File menu, choose New.

2. Make thewidth3 inches and the height2 inches. ClickOK.

3. Open the Wldrnssimage.

4. With the rectangular marquee, select aportion of the image that is 3x2 inches(or 216 x144 pixels).

5. From the Edit menu, choose Copy.

6. Click the new file to select it.

7. From the Edit menu, choose Paste.

8. Type Outdoor Bannerin the Name boxof the new layer, then clickOK. Or,right-click on the layer and choose LayerProperties to rename it.


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Add Text

1. Click the Switch Default Colors icon;then click the Type tool.

2. Move the Type pointer to the middle leftcorner; then click.

3. In the Font box, clickTimes NewRoman.

4. Within the Size text box, type 405. Select Bold; then select Left alignment6. Click in the image; then type Outdoors.7. Click the check mark to close. Use the

Move tool to center the text if desired.

Create the Layers

1. Click the Layers tab and click the NewLayer icon.2. Name the layer Highlightand make it

transparent.

3. With Highlightstill selected, type the wordOutdoors over again using a differentcolor.

4. Drag the layer belowOutdoors.5. Click the Move tool. Move it up and to

the left.

Create Shadow Layer

1. Click the Layers palette. Click the NewLayer icon. Name the layer Shadow.

2. Type Outdoors again.3. ClickEdit; then clickFill. ClickOK.4. In the Use text box, clickBlack. Click

OK.

5. ClickSelect; then clickNone.6. ClickFilter, clickBlur, and then click

Gaussian Blur.

7. Type 2and clickOK. It will ask you to firstRasterize the text. ClickOK.

8. Click the Move tool. Move it Down and tothe Right.

Blend and Position

1. Click the Layers tab.

2. Click the Eye on the Outdoorlayer andselect.

3. Click-and-drag the Opacityslider until itreads 50%.

4. Click the Move tool.

5. Click-and-drag the Move pointer until textis centered

Merge and Flatten LayersFlattening an image combines the entire layerso any changes that are applied will affect all ofthe layers. You can also flatten an image if you

want to move or copy all the layers together asone single layer. The flattening process willgreatly reduce the size of your image file.However, flattening an image cannot beundone.

Merge Layers Use this command tocombine anylayers shownin the image window intoone layer.

Flatten Layers Use this command tocombine all layers andreduce the image back toone background layer.Only use this whencompletely done editing.

1. Make the layers you want to merge visibleby clicking the Eye icon in the Layerspalette.

2. Choose Layers and select Merge Visible.3. Make each of the layers visible by clicking

its Eye icon.


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The Color Replacement Tool

1. Select the Color Replacementtool.2. Choose a brush tip in the options bar.

Generally, you'll want to keep the

blending mode set to Color.

3. For the Sampling option, choose one ofthe following:

Continuous to sample colorscontinuously as you drag

Once to replace the targetedcolor only in areas containingthe color that you first click

Background Swatch to eraseonly areas containing thecurrent background color

4. Choose a foreground color to use toreplace the unwanted color.

5. Click the color you want to replace inthe image.

6. Drag in the image to replace thetargeted color.

Customize Keyboard Shortcuts

Photoshop provides a set of default keyboardshortcuts for commands and tools. However,

you can customize keyboard shortcuts to yourliking. You can change individual shortcuts

within a set, and define your own sets ofshortcuts.

Click a command row and enter a shortcut key in the

empty text box to add a new shortcut.

To define new shortcuts:

1. Choose Edit > Keyboard Shortcuts.2. Choose a set of shortcuts from the Set

menu at the top of the KeyboardShortcuts dialog box (PhotoshopDefaults is the only option until youcreate a new set).

3. Choose a shortcut type (ApplicationMenus, Palette Menus, or Tools) fromthe Shortcuts For menu.

4. In the Shortcut column of the scrolllist, select the shortcut you want tomodify.

5. Type a new shortcut. After you makechanges, the name in the Set menu issuffixed with (modified).

If the keyboard shortcut is alreadyassigned to another command or toolin the set, an alert informs you thatanother command or tool has theshortcut. Click Accept to assign theshortcut to the new command or tool,and to erase the previously assignedshortcut. Once you have reassigned a


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shortcut, you can click Undo Changesto undo the change, or click Acceptand Go to Conflict to go to the othercommand or tool and assign it a newshortcut.

6. When you have finished changingshortcuts, do one of the following:

To discard all changes and exitthe dialog box, click Cancel.

To discard the last saved changewithout closing the dialog box,click Undo.

To return a new shortcut to thedefault, clickUse Default.

To export the displayed set ofshortcuts, click Summarize. Youcan use this HTML file todisplay in a Web browser.

To define a new set of shortcuts:

1. Do one of the following: To create a new set before you

change default shortcuts, click

the New Setbutton beforeyou begin changing shortcuts.

To create a new set thatincludes any modifications

you've made, click the New Setbutton after you're donechanging shortcuts.

2. Save the shortcuts as a file. Enter aname for the new set in the Name textbox, and click Save. The new key set

will appear in the pop-up menu underthe new name.

To clear shortcuts from a command or tool:

1. Choose Edit > Keyboard Shortcuts.2. In the Keyboard Shortcuts dialog box,

select the command or tool namewhose shortcut you want to delete.

3. ClickDelete Shortcut.To delete an entire set of shortcuts:

1. Choose Edit > Keyboard Shortcuts.2. In the Set pop-up menu, choose the

shortcut set that you want to delete.

3. Click the Delete Setbutton and thenOK to exit the dialog box.

Convert & Print Images

File format refers to the way Photoshop savesimages to a disk or hard drive. The file format

you use to save images depends largely uponhow you plan to use your image. Photoshopsupports 22 different file formats. You cansave one image in many different formats to beused for different purposes: one for theInternet, one for printing, and so on.

Common File FormatsPSD PSD is the native format for

Photoshop. It is the only format thatsaves layers, masks, and channels

GIF GIF is a compression format and isthe most popular for saving imagesthat will be used on the World Wide

Web.

JPEG JPEG is the best format to use if youwant the highest image quality

possible. This format alsocompresses the image.


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Save As JPEGWe are creating a page for a magazine on theWorld Wide Web. We need to save images forthat format.

1. ClickFile on the menu bar, then clickSaveAs.

2. Click the down-arrow on the Format Typetext box.

3. ClickJPEG and clickSave.4. ClickHigh option in the JPEG Options

box; then clickOK.

Printing ImagesYou can define many different printing optionsusing Page Setup. You can define the size of

the paper you are using, reduce or enlarge theprinted image, and specify the orientation onthe page. You can add a border around aprinted image or add a background coloraround a printed image.

Set up the Page

1. ClickFile on the menu bar; then clickPage Setup.

2. Click the Border button.3. Type 2in the firstWidth text box.4. ClickOK.Learn about PrintingOne of the reasons you may work withPhotoshop is to create images for printing. Forthis reason, it is important to take a brief lookat printing with Photoshop.

Print QualityText Box

Use the Print Qualitytext box to determinethe quality of the

printed image. You canchoose High, Medium,or Draft.

Print As Options Select one of the PrintAs options to tell theprinter in what mode toprint the image.

Print the Image1. ClickFile on the menu bar; then click

Print.

2. ClickOK.

Conversion to GIFGIF is the file format commonly used todisplay images on the Web. You can save animage in the GIF format with transparency or

without transparency. When changing the file

to GIF format, Photoshop will also change theimage mode to "Indexed color." These imagescan contain up to 256 colors.

1. From the File menu open thewildrnss.psd file if it is not open.

2. From the File menu choose Save ForWeb.

3. In the Optimize panel, select GIF WebPalette settings.

4. The File Format should be GIF and theColor Reduction should beWeb.

5. ClickOK.

GIF with TransparencyTo convert a file to GIF with transparency, theoriginal image must contain transparent pixels.If the background layer is not transparent, thenit should be hidden by clicking on the eye iconnext to that layer. The conversion process willalso flatten the layers for you.

1. From the File menu open the leaf.psd file

if it is not open.2. From the File menu choose Save For

Web.


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3. In the Optimize panel, select GIF WebPalette settings.

4. The File Format should be GIF and theColor Reduction should beWeb.

5. Make sure that Transparencyis checked.This only shows up for pictures that arepartly transparent.

6. ClickOK.

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