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PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY APPLICATIONS: STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PERSPECTIVES UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE ENERGIA E AMBIENTE LABORATÓRIO DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS Roberto Zilles
PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY APPLICATIONS:
STATE-OF-THE-ART AND PERSPECTIVES
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE ENERGIA E AMBIENTE LABORATÓRIO DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS
Roberto Zilles
PV market characterization current situation of photovoltaic energy applications
PV systems configurations
PV systems into the national context
Energy production forecast
Costs and trends
Opportunities for Power Electronics Brazilian Industry
Global PV production capacity 1999 - 2012
287 401 560 764 1256 1819 2536 42797911
12464
27213
37185
56500
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Pro
du
ção
(M
Wp
)
20002001
20022003
20042005
20062007
20082009
20102011
2012
ano
40% 39%
34% 68% 45% 40%
69%
85%
58%
36%
Photon International, 3, 2011; Cell production survey 2011 March 2012 EPIA • GLOBAL MARKET OUTLOOK FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS 2013-2017 , 2013
118%
Global Overview
52%
Global Market Share of Photovoltaic Technologies
4,1 4,3 5,6 4,6 4,4 3,3 2,9 2,6 2,2 1,5 1,7 1,2 0,8
12,3 9,6 8,9 6,4 4,5
4,4 4,7 4,7 5,2 5,1 6,1 5,0 3,4
0,5 0,3 0,5
0,7 1,1
1,1 1,6 2,7 4,7 6,4
9,0
5,3 5,5
42,1 48,2 50,2
51,6 57,2
54,7 52,3 46,5
46,2 47,7
46,9 52,9 57,0
40,8 37,4
34,6 36,4 32,2
36,2 38,3 43,4 42,2
38,3 34,1 33,2
30,0
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
outros ribbon/sheet c-Si CIS a-Si + microC CdTe multi c-Si mono c-Si
Silicon
Cells
Wafer Ingots
Photovoltaic Supply Chain
Modules
Power
Eletronics
Conditioning
Installations
EPIA • GLOBAL MARKET OUTLOOK FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS 2013-2017 , 2013
IEA PVPS Task 1, 2010: Trends in photovoltaic applications: Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2009, Report IEA-PVPS T1-10-2010.
95,9%
94,8%
91,6%
89,8%
87,0%
Global Overview
~=
Central inverter
~=
String Inverter
~=
==
==
multi-string.
~=
AC Module
Grid connected PV systems configurations
More than 30 MW in off-grid systems
SIGFI 13, LSF-IEE, Mamirauá, AM Water Pumping System, LSF-IEE, ITESP, Presidente Bernardes, SP Brazilian Pump and power electronics
Off-Grid Systems
Brazil Overview
SIGFI 13 – ANEEL No. 83/2004 Resolution
Project: CT-ENERG/MME/CNPq 03/2003
LSF-IEE/USP
Brazil Overview
Small Off- Grids ANEEL 493/2012 Resolution Single Systems – ANEEL 83/2004 Resolution
Normative Resolution Nº 493/2012.
Establishes the procedures and conditions for the supply by means of Isolated
Electricity Generation and Distribution Microsystem- MIGDI or Electricity Generating
Single System with Intermittent Source - SIGFI.
Brazil Overview
X
Grid-Connected PV Systems
Normative Resolution Nº 482/2012
Establishes the access conditions of mini and micro distributed generation systems to
the power distribution grid and lays down the electrical energy compensation system
PV Generator
Inverter DC/AC
Utility
Distribution
Building Load
kWh
Energy Meter
kWh
PV Energy
Supply Point
Normative Resolution Nº 482/2012
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
22:48 01:12 03:36 06:00 08:24 10:48 13:12 15:36 18:00 20:24 22:48
Time (h)
Po
wer
(k
W)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Acc
um
ula
ted
En
erg
y (
kW
h)
GCPVS's production Total demandResultant demand Accumulated consumptionAccumulated production
82 kWh
45 kWh
Working day with solar production equal to 55% of consumption
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
00:00 02:24 04:48 07:12 09:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36
Time (h)
Pow
er (
kW
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Acc
um
ula
ted
En
ergy (
kW
h)
GCPVS's production Total demandResultant demand Accumulated consumptionAccumulated production
35.7 kWh
15.3 kWh
Non-working day with solar production equal to 233% of consumption
RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Entregue à rede
EFV
Power
12
Time (hours)
6 0 18 24
EC
Extraída da rede
This document presents an overview of photovoltaic generation in the world and the potential for their
effective implementation in Brazil, through specific policies, in order to integrate this system to Brazilian
electricity generation matrix
Participants Projects in the Strategic R&D nº 13/2011: Technical and Commercial
arrangements for Photovoltaic insertion in the Energy Matrix
Company Power (MW) Company Power (MW)
ELEKTRO 0,500 TRACTEBEL 3,000
FURNAS 3,000 ELETROSUL 1,024
COELCE 1,500 CEMIG-D 0,500
COELBA 1,000 CEEE-GT 0,550
CHESF 3,000 COPEL-GT 3,000
CESP 0,723 COPEL-GT 1,000
CTEEP 0,525 MPX 1,000
ELETROPAULO 1,000 CPFL-Piratininga 1,081
PETROBRAS 1,000 CELG-D 1,000
24,4 MW
Strategic R&D nº 13
ABNT NBR IEC 62116:2012 – Anti-island test procedures for grid-connected PV inverters Valid from: 06/04/2012
ABNT NBR 16149:2013 – Photovoltaic (PV) systems – Characteristics of the utility
interface Valid from: 01/03/2014 (published in 01/03/2013)
ABNT NBR 16150:2013 - Photovoltaic (PV) systems — Characteristics of the utility
interface — Conformity test procedure Valid from: 04/04/2013 (published in 04/03/2013)
PV NATIONAL STANDARDS
Viana et al, Solar Energy 85, 2011, 586-495
Energy production forecast
Tilted surface efect
2200 kWh/m2.year
1860 kWh/m2.year
1570 kWh/m2.year
Viana et al, Solar Energy 85, 2011, 586-495
Energy production forecast
Expected production from grid connected system
][kW/m
][kWh/m ),([h]
2
STC
2
annualR
I
GY
),(n orientatio surface ; nomG P
),(annual GFVE
Reference Yields
Equivalent number of sun peak hour
including shadow losses
PRYPE RnomGFV
PR Performance Ratio
Include temperatures losses, dirty, DC/AC conversion, MPPT efficiency
Real installations: PR [0,70 – 0,75]
Energy production forecast
PR =YF
YR=
ER GSTC
PNG HSp
Source: Adapted from JAHN e NASSE (2003).
Performance Ratio
Energy production forecast
Reference Yields
:
PR = 0,75
kWh/kWp1177F Y
%9,15CF
2200 kWh/m2.ano 1860 kWh/m2.ano 1570 kWh/m2.ano
kWh/kWp1395F YkWh/kWp1650F Y
%4,13CF %8,18CF
Energy production experimental results
SYSTEM
CAPACITY
FACTOR
YF (kWh/kWp)
TECNOLOGIA
UFSC- Engenharia Mecânica - SC 14,0% 1226 a - Si
USP - IEE - SP 13,6% 1195 c-Si
UFPA- GEDAE - PA 14,8% 1296 c-Si
UFRGS – RS 13,8% 1209 c-Si
CEPEL - RJ 14,7% 1288 c-Si
Energy production forecast
How much is the MWh?
Global Market PV Modules Cost
Source: pvinsights.com
0,701 x 2,2 = 1,54 BRL (without taxes)
Global Market PV inverter Cost
0,205 x 2,2 = 0,451 BRL
(without taxes)
Source: pv.energytrend.com
Inverters 5 kW → 1,87 R$/W
Inverters 15 kW → 1,22 R$/W
Inverters ≥ 100 kW → 0,42 R$/W
Local Prices in Brazil, purchases from 0,5 MW - 1 MW
Company R$/Wp
(modules)
A 3,07
B 3,28
C 3,33
D 3,38
E 3,53
F 3,82
G 3,90
Final bidding price = 2,50 R$/Wp
Taxes– Inverters and Modules
Tax PV MODULES INVERTER
II 12,00% 14,00%
IPI 0,00% 15,00%
ICMS 0,00% 18,00%
PIS 1,65% 1,65%
CONFINS 7,60% 7,60%
How much is the MWh?
IMPORT (em €)
DESCRIPTION PV MODULE INVERTER
Origin Asia Europe
Watts 1.000.000 1.000.000
FOB PRICE
($ or €/watt) € 0,50 € 0,16
ex-works ($/€) € 500.000 € 160.000
ex-works (R$) R$ 1.500.000 R$ 480.000
Freight / Insurances R$ 75.000 5,00% R$ 24.000 5,00%
CIF PRICE R$ 1.575.000 R$ 504.000
TAXES
II R$ 189.000 12,00% R$ 70.560 14,00%
IPI R$ - 0,00% R$ 75.600 15,00%
ICMS R$ - 0,00% R$ 90.720 18,00%
PIS R$ 25.987 1,65% R$ 8.316 1,65%
Confins R$ 119.700 7,60% R$ 38.304 7,60%
Sub total R$ 1.909.687 R$ 787.500
Clearing, storage, handling R$ 95.484 5,00% R$ 39.375 5,00%
Final Cost
Cost inside the country
R$ 2.005.171
R$/W
2.00 R$ 826.875
R$/W
0,83
Bought in Brazil (R$)
BOS (cables,
protection, etc.) Mounting Installation Project
Brasil Brasil Brasil Brasil
R$ 400.000 R$ 350.000 R$ 600.000 R$ 50.000
R$/W 0,50
R$/W 0,35
R$/W 0,60
R$/W 0,05
IMPORT (em €)
Description PV Modules Inverters
Final Cost
Cost inside the country
R$ 2.005.171
R$/W
2,00 R$ 826.875
R$/W
0,83
2,00 + 0,83 + 0,50 + 0,35 + 0,60 +0,05 = 4,33 R$/W
For 1 MW
Brazilian EPC Commercial turn-key price = 7.500 R$/kW
System Cost
(turn-key)
(R$/kW)
↓ 12%
Energy Cost
(R$/MWh)
CF = 18%
Energy Cost
(R$/MWh)
CF=15%
Energy Cost
(R$/MWh)
CF=13%
7.500 460 550 640
6.696 440 530 610
5.979 400 470 550
5.338 350 420 490
4.766 320 380 440
4.256 280 340 390
3.800 250 300 350
3.393 220 270 310
3.029 200 240 280
2.705 180 210 250
2.415 160 190 220
7% Average energy market IRR (25 years, O&M 1%, PV derating -1% a.a)
How much is the MWh?
R$ -
R$ 100,00
R$ 200,00
R$ 300,00
R$ 400,00
R$ 500,00
R$ 600,00
R$ 700,00
R$ 800,00 C
EMA
RC
ELTI
NS
ENER
GIS
A M
GEL
FSM
CEM
AT
AM
PLA
UH
ENP
AL
ENER
SUL
CLF
MC
EMIG
CEP
ISA
CH
ESP
CO
ELC
ER
GE
FOR
CEL
CP
EEEN
FC
OEL
BA
CLF
SCEL
ETR
OC
AR
SULG
IPE
EPB
HID
RO
PA
NC
SPE
EFLJ
CEL
ETR
OA
CR
ED
EMEI
CO
OP
ERA
LIA
NÇ
AIE
NER
GIA EEB
ELEK
TRO
CEL
PA
ESE
EFLU
LC
OC
ELC
OSE
RN
CEL
PE
MU
X-E
ne
rgia
LIG
HT
ESC
ELSA
CEA
LD
MEP
CED
EVP
CN
EEC
ELES
CC
PFL
-Pau
lista
BA
ND
EIR
AN
TEC
FLO
CO
PEL
CEL
G-D
CEE
E-D
AES
-SU
LC
ERO
NC
PFL
-P
irat
inin
ga CJE
EBO
CA
IUÁ
CEB
ELET
RO
PA
ULO
AM
AZO
NA
SC
ERR
Bo
a V
ista
CEA
Solar Fotovoltaica: 500 a 600 R$/MWh
Source:
Residencial electricity tariff
Opportunities for Power Electronics Brazilian Industry
Global Market PV inverter Cost
0,205 x 2,2 = 0,451 BRL
(without taxes)
Source: pv.energytrend.com
Local Prices in Brazil, purchases from 0,5 MW - 1 MW
Inverters 5 kW → 1,87 R$/W (made in Germany)
Inverters 15 kW → 1,22 R$/W (made in Germany)
Inverters ≥ 100 kW → 0,42 R$/W (made in Brazil)
MPPT Modules
MPPT
MPPT
MPPT
MPPT
MPPT
MPPT
Sur
Este
MPPT
MPPT
MPPT
Oeste
Different size
(power)
azimuth and slope shadow and dirty
An possible application yesterday presented by Walbemark M. Santos (work COBEP reference iREP:2234)
PV Demand Management
New concepts to PV hybrid systems
[SMA Technologie AG ]
Demand management to residential consumers
[Siemens Serve@Home ]
PV electricity added value by self consumptions strategy (active load management)
PV users: “active consumer”, can optimize your consumer and installation use
Opportunities for Power Electronics Brazilian Industry
RESIDENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Entregue à rede
EFV
Power
12
Time (hours)
6 0 18 24
EC
Extraída da rede
SC
OC
OD
(Self-Consumption, SC):
(Overcharge, OC): (Overdischarge, OD):
Opportunities for Power Electronics Brazilian Industry
Self-Consumption Factor
ξ = 0 → without local production
ξ = 1 → without energy from the grid
PV to loads PV to batteries
load
loadbat,loadpv,
E
EE
Opportunities for Power Electronics Brazilian Industry
Thank you for your attention
Roberto Zilles
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE ELETROTÉCNICA E ENERGIA LABORATÓRIO DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICOS
