PHP Notes By Deepak Mitra

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PHP Array Functions

These functions allow you to interact with and manipulate arrays in various ways. Arrays are essential for storing, managing, and operating on sets of variables.

Installation:

There is no installation needed to use these functions; they are part of the PHP core.

Runtime Configuration:

This extension has no configuration directives defined in php.ini.

PHP Array Constants:

Constant Description

CASE_LOWER Used with array_change_key_case() to convert array keys to

lower case

CASE_UPPER Used with array_change_key_case() to convert array keys to

upper case

SORT_ASC Used with array_multisort() to sort in ascending order

SORT_DESC Used with array_multisort() to sort in descending order

SORT_REGULAR Used to compare items normally

SORT_NUMERIC Used to compare items numerically

SORT_STRING Used to compare items as strings

SORT_LOCALE_STRING Used to compare items as strings, based on the current locale

COUNT_NORMAL

COUNT_RECURSIVE

EXTR_OVERWRITE

EXTR_SKIP

EXTR_PREFIX_SAME

EXTR_PREFIX_ALL

EXTR_PREFIX_INVALID

EXTR_PREFIX_IF_EXISTS

EXTR_IF_EXISTS

EXTR_REFS

PHP Notes By Deepak Mitra

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List of Functions:

PHP: indicates the earliest version of PHP that supports the function.

Function Description PHP

array() Create an array 3

array_change_key_case() Returns an array with all keys in lowercase or

uppercase

4

array_chunk() Splits an array into chunks of arrays 4

array_combine() Creates an array by using one array for keys and

another for its values

5

array_count_values() Returns an array with the number of occurrences for

each value

4

array_diff() Compares array values, and returns the differences 4

array_diff_assoc() Compares array keys and values, and returns the

differences

4

array_diff_key() Compares array keys, and returns the differences 5

array_diff_uassoc() Compares array keys and values, with an additional

user-made function check, and returns the differences

5

array_diff_ukey() Compares array keys, with an additional user-made

function check, and returns the differences

5

array_fill() Fills an array with values 4

array_fill_keys() Fill an array with values, specifying keys 5

array_filter() Filters elements of an array using a user-made

function

4

array_flip() Exchanges all keys with their associated values in an

array

4

array_intersect() Compares array values, and returns the matches 4

array_intersect_assoc() Compares array keys and values, and returns the

matches

4

array_intersect_key() Compares array keys, and returns the matches 5

array_intersect_uassoc() Compares array keys and values, with an additional

user-made function check, and returns the matches

5

array_intersect_ukey() Compares array keys, with an additional user-made

function check, and returns the matches

5

array_key_exists() Checks if the specified key exists in the array 4

array_keys() Returns all the keys of an array 4

PHP Notes By Deepak Mitra

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array_map() Sends each value of an array to a user-made

function, which returns new values

4

array_merge() Merges one or more arrays into one array 4

array_merge_recursive() Merges one or more arrays into one array 4

array_multisort() Sorts multiple or multi-dimensional arrays 4

array_pad() Inserts a specified number of items, with a specified

value, to an array

4

array_pop() Deletes the last element of an array 4

array_product() Calculates the product of the values in an array 5

array_push() Inserts one or more elements to the end of an array 4

array_rand() Returns one or more random keys from an array 4

array_reduce() Returns an array as a string, using a user-defined

function

4

array_reverse() Returns an array in the reverse order 4

array_search() Searches an array for a given value and returns the

key

4

array_shift() Removes the first element from an array, and returns

the value of the removed element

4

array_slice() Returns selected parts of an array 4

array_splice() Removes and replaces specified elements of an array 4

array_sum() Returns the sum of the values in an array 4

array_udiff() Compares array values in a user-made function and

returns an array

5

array_udiff_assoc() Compares array keys, and compares array values in a

user-made function, and returns an array

5

array_udiff_uassoc() Compares array keys and array values in user-made

functions, and returns an array

5

array_uintersect() Compares array values in a user-made function and

returns an array

5

array_uintersect_assoc() Compares array keys, and compares array values in a

user-made function, and returns an array

5

array_uintersect_uassoc() Compares array keys and array values in user-made

functions, and returns an array

5

array_unique() Removes duplicate values from an array 4

array_unshift() Adds one or more elements to the beginning of an

array

4

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array_values() Returns all the values of an array 4

array_walk() Applies a user function to every member of an array 3

array_walk_recursive() Applies a user function recursively to every member

of an array

5

arsort() Sorts an array in reverse order and maintain index

association

3

asort() Sorts an array and maintain index association 3

compact() Create array containing variables and their values 4

count() Counts elements in an array, or properties in an

object

3

current() Returns the current element in an array 3

each() Returns the current key and value pair from an array 3

end() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its last

element

3

extract() Imports variables into the current symbol table from

an array

3

in_array() Checks if a specified value exists in an array 4

key() Fetches a key from an array 3

krsort() Sorts an array by key in reverse order 3

ksort() Sorts an array by key 3

list() Assigns variables as if they were an array 3

natcasesort() Sorts an array using a case insensitive "natural order"

algorithm

4

natsort() Sorts an array using a "natural order" algorithm 4

next() Advance the internal array pointer of an array 3

pos() Alias of current() 3

prev() Rewinds the internal array pointer 3

range() Creates an array containing a range of elements 3

reset() Sets the internal pointer of an array to its first

element

3

rsort() Sorts an array in reverse order 3

shuffle() Shuffles an array 3

sizeof() Alias of count() 3

sort() Sorts an array 3

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uasort() Sorts an array with a user-defined function and

maintain index association

3

uksort() Sorts an array by keys using a user-defined function 3

usort() Sorts an array by values using a user-defined function 3

array()

Syntax

array(key1 => value1, key2 => value2...)

Definition and Usage

Returns an array of the parameters. The parameters can be given an index with the => operator

Paramters

Parameter Description

key Optional. Specifies the key, of type numeric or string. If not set, an integer key

is generated, starting at 0

value Required. Specifies the value

Return Values

Returns an array of the parameters.

Example

Try out following example

<?php

$a=array("a"=>"Dog", "b"=>"Cat", "c"=>"Horse");

print_r($a);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [a] => Dog [b] => Cat [c] => Horse )

The following example demonstrates how to create a two-dimensional array, how to specify

keys for associative arrays, and how to skip-and-continue numeric indices in normal arrays.

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<?php

$fruits = array (

"fruits" => array("a"=>orange", "b"=>banana", "c"=>apple"),

"numbers" => array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6),

"holes" => array("first", 5 => "second", "third")

);

?>

array_change_key_case()

Syntax

array array_change_key_case ( array $input [, int $case] )

Definition and Usage

Returns an array with all keys from input lowercased or uppercased. Numbered indices are left as is.

Paramters

Parameter Description

input The array to work on

case Either CASE_UPPER or CASE_LOWER (default)

Return Values

Returns an array with its keys lower or uppercased, or false if input is not an array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input_array = array("FirSt" => 1, "SecOnd" => 4);

print_r(array_change_key_case($input_array, CASE_UPPER));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [FIRST] => 1 [SECOND] => 4 )

array_chunk()

Syntax

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array array_chunk ( array $input, int $size [, bool $preserve_keys] );

Definition and Usage

Chunks an array into size large chunks. The last chunk may contain less

than size elements.

Paramters

Parameter Description

input The array to work on

size The size of each chunk

preserve_keys When set to TRUE keys will be preserved. Default is FALSE which will

reindex the chunk numerically

Return Values

Returns a multidimensional numerically indexed array, starting with zero, with each dimension containing size elements.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input_array = array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e');

print_r(array_chunk($input_array, 2));

print_r(array_chunk($input_array, 2, true));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array (

[0] => Array

(

[0] => a

[1] => b

)

[1] => Array

(

[0] => c

[1] => d

)

[2] => Array

(

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[0] => e

)

)

Array

(

[0] => Array

(

[0] => a

[1] => b

)

[1] => Array

(

[2] => c

[3] => d

)

[2] => Array

(

[4] => e

)

)

array_combine()

Syntax

array array_combine ( array $keys, array $values );

Definition and Usage

Creates an array by using the values from the keys array as keys and the values from

the values array as the corresponding values.

Paramters

Parameter Description

keys Array of keys to be used

values Array of values to be used

Return Values

Returns the combined array, FALSE if the number of elements for each array isn't equal or

if the arrays are empty.

Example

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Try out following example:

<?php

$a = array('green', 'red', 'yellow');

$b = array('avocado', 'apple', 'banana');

$c = array_combine($a, $b);

print_r($c);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array([green] => avocado [red] => apple [yellow] => banana)

array_count_values()

Syntax

array array_count_values ( array $input );

Definition and Usage

Returns an array using the values of the input array as keys and their frequency in input as

values.

Paramters

Parameter Description

input The array of values to count

Return Values

Returns an associative array of values from input as keys and their count as value.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input_array = array("orange", "mango", "banan", "orange" );

print_r(array_count_values($input_array));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [orange] => 2 [mango] => 1 [banana => 1 )

PHP Notes By Deepak Mitra

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array_diff()

Syntax

array array_diff ( array $array1, array $array2 [, array $array3 ...] );

Definition and Usage

Compares array1 against array2 and returns the difference.

Paramters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

Return Values

Returns an array containing the differences.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input_array1 = array("orange", "banana", "apple");

$input_array2 = array("orange", "mango", "apple");

print_r(array_diff($input_array1, $input_array2));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [1] => banana )

array_diff_ukey()

Syntax

array_diff_ukey ( $array1, $array2 [, $array3...,callback $key_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

Compares the keys from array1 against the keys from array2 and returns the difference.

This function is like array_diff() except the comparison is done on the keys instead of the values.

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Unlike array_diff_key() an user supplied callback function is used for the indices comparision, not internal function.

Paramters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared

with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

key_compare_func

Required. callback function to use. The callback function must return an

integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is

considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the

second.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the entries from array1 that are not present in any of the

other arrays.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function key_compare_func($v1,$v2)

{

if ($v1===$v2)

{

return 0;

}

if ($v1>v2)

{

return 1;

}

else

{

return -1;

}

}

$array1 = array(0=>"banana", 1=>"orange", 2=>"grapes");

$array2 = array(3=>"apple",1=>"apricot", 5=>"mango");

print_r(array_diff_ukey($array1,$array2,"key_compare_func"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [0]=>banana [2]=>grapes )

PHP Notes By Deepak Mitra

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array_diff_uassoc()

Syntax

array_diff_uassoc ( $array1, $array2 [, $array3..., callback $key_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

Compares array1 against array2 and returns the difference. Unlike array_diff() the array

keys are used in the comparison.

Unlike array_diff_assoc() an user supplied callback function is used for the indices comparison, not internal function.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The array to compare from

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

key_compare_func

Required. callback function to use. The callback function must return an

integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the first argument is

considered to be respectively less than, equal to, or greater than the

second.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the entries from array1 that are not present in any of the other arrays.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function key_compare_func($a, $b)

{

if ($a === $b) {

return 0;

}

return ($a > $b)? 1:-1;

}

$array1 = array("a" => "green", "b" => "brown",

"c" => "blue", "red");

$array2 = array("a" => "green", "yellow", "red");

$result = array_diff_uassoc($array1, $array2, "key_compare_func");

print_r($result);

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?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [b] => brown [c] => blue [0] => red )

array_diff_key()

Syntax

array array_diff_key ( array $array1, array $array2 [, array $...] );

Definition and Usage

Compares array1 against array2 and returns the difference.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the entries from array1 that are not present in any of the other arrays.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array('blue' => 1, 'red' => 2, 'purple' => 3);

$array2 = array('blue' => 4, 'yellow' => 5, 'cyan' => 6);

var_dump(array_diff($input_array1, $input_array2));

?>

This will produce following result:

array(2) {

["red"]=>

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int(2)

["purple"]=>

int(3)

}

array_diff_assoc()

Syntax

array array_diff_assoc( array $array1, array $array2 [, array $array3...] );

Definition and Usage

Compares array1 against array2 and returns the difference. Unlike array_diff() the array

keys are used in the comparison.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The array to compare from

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the values from array1 that are not present in any of the other arrays with the same keys.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input_array1 = array( a=>"orange", b=>"mango", c=>"banana");

$input_array2 = array( a=>"orange", b=>"apple", c=>"banana");

print_r(array_diff_assoc($input_array1, $input_array2));

$input_array1 = array( a=>"orange", b=>mango", c=>"banana");

$input_array2 = array( a=>"banana", b=>"apple", c=>"orange");

print_r(array_diff_assoc($input_array1, $input_array2));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [b] => mango )

Array ( [a] => orange [b] => mango [c] => banana )

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array_fill()

Syntax

array array_fill ( int $start_index, int $num, mixed $value );

Definition and Usage

Fills an array with num entries of the value of the value parameter, keys starting at

the start_index parameter.

Parameters

Parameter Description

start_index The first index of the returned array

num Number of elements to insert

value Values to use filling

Return Values

Returns the filled array

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$a = array_fill(5, 6, 'apple');

print_r($a)

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[5] => apple

[6] => apple

[7] => apple

[8] => apple

[9] => apple

[10] => apple

)

array_fill_keys()

Syntax

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array array_fill_keys ( array $keys, mixed $value );

Definition and Usage

Fills an array with the value of the value parameter, using the values of the keys array as

keys.

Parameters

Parameter Description

keys Array of values that will be used as keys

value Either an string or an array of values

Return Values

Returns the filled array

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$keys = array('foo', 5, 10, 'bar');

$a = array_fill_keys($keys, 'banana');

print_r($a)

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[foo] => banana

[5] => banana

[10] => banana

[bar] => banana

)

array_filter()

Syntax

array array_filter ( array $input [, callback $callback] );

Definition and Usage

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Iterates over each value in the input array passing them to the callback function. If

the callback function returns true, the current value from input is returned into the result

array. Array keys are preserved.

Parameters

Parameter Description

input The array to iterate over

callback The callback function to use

If no callback is supplied, all entries of input equal to FALSE will be removed.

Return Values

Returns the filtered array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function odd($var)

{

return($var & 1);

}

function even($var)

{

return(!($var & 1));

}

$array1 = array("a"=>1, "b"=>2, "c"=>3, "d"=>4, "e"=>5);

$array2 = array(6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12);

echo "Odd :\n";

print_r(array_filter($array1, "odd"));

echo "Even:\n";

print_r(array_filter($array2, "even"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Odd :

Array ( [a] => 1 [c] => 3 [e] => 5)

Even:

Array ( [0] => 6 [2] => 8 [4] => 10 [6] => 12)

PHP Notes By Deepak Mitra

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array_flip()

Syntax

array array_flip ( array $input );

Definition and Usage

array_flip() returns an array in flip order, i.e. keys from input become values and values

from input become keys.

If a value has several occurrences, the latest key will be used as its values, and all others will be lost.

Paramters

Parameter Description

input The array to be fliped

Return Values

Returns FALSE if it fails otherwise fliped array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array = array("a"=>1, "b"=>2, "c"=>3, "d"=>4, "e"=>5);

print_r(array_flip($array));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [1] => a [2] => b [3] => c [4] => d [5] => e)

array_intersect()

Syntax

array array_intersect ( array $array1, array $array2 [, array $array3 ...] );

Definition and Usage

Returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments.

Note that keys are preserved.

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Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the entries from array1 that are not present in any of the other arrays.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("a" => "green", "red", "blue");

$array2 = array("b" => "green", "yellow", "red");

$result = array_intersect($array1, $array2);

print_r($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [a] => green [0] => red)

array_intersect_assoc()

Syntax

array array_intersect_assoc ( array $array1, array $array2 [, array $array3 ...] );

Definition and Usage

Returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments. Note that the keys are used in the comparison unlike in array_intersect().

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

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Return Values

Returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("a" => "green", "red", "blue");

$array2 = array("a" => "green", "yellow", "red");

$result = array_intersect_assoc($array1, $array2);

print_r($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [a] => green )

ray to be compared with the first

array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first

array

Return Values

Returns FALSE if there is any error.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array('blue' => 1, 'red' => 2, 'green' => 3 );

$array2 = array('green' => 4, 'blue' => 5, 'yellow' => 6,);

$result = array_intersect_key($array1, $array2);

print_r($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [blue]=> 1 [green] => 3 )

array_intersect_uassoc()

Syntax

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array_intersect_uassoc($array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., callback $key_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

Returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments. Note that the keys are used in the comparison unlike in array_intersect().

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared

with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

key_compare_func Required. User defined call back function.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("a" => "green", "b" => "brown", "c" => "blue", "red");

$array2 = array("a" => "GREEN", "B" => "brown", "yellow", "red");

$result = array_intersect_uassoc($array1, $array2, "strcasecmp");

print_r($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [b] => brown )

array_intersect_ukey()

Syntax

array_intersect_ukey ( $array1, $array2 [, $array3..., callback $key_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

Returns an array containing all the values of array1 which have matching keys that are present in all the arguments.

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Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. The first array is the array that the others will be compared with.

array2 Required. An array to be compared with the first array

array3 Optional. An array to be compared with the first array

key_compare_func Required. User defined call back function.

Return Values

Returns FALSE if there is any error.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function key_compare_func($key1, $key2)

{

if ($key1 == $key2)

return 0;

else if ($key1 > $key2)

return 1;

else

return -1;

}

$array1 = array('blue'=>1, 'red'=>2, 'green'=>3, 'purple'=>4);

$array2 = array('green'=>5, 'blue'=>6, 'yellow'=>7, 'cyan'=>8);

$result = array_intersect_ukey($array1, $array2, "key_compare_func");

var_dump($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

array(2) {

["blue"]=>

int(1)

["green"]=>

int(3)

}

array_multisort()

Syntax

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array_multisort(array1,sorting order,sorting type,array2...);

Definition and Usage

This can be used to sort several arrays at once, or a multi-dimensional array by one or more dimensions.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array

Sort order Optional. Specifies the sorting order. Possible values:

SORT_ASC Default. Sort in ascending order (A-Z)

SORT_DESC sort in descending order (Z-A)

Sorting type Optional. Specifies the type to use, when comparing elements. Possible

values:

SORT_REGULAR Default. Compare elements normally

SORT_NUMERIC Compare elements as numeric values SORT_STRING Compare elements as string values

array2 Optional. Specifies an array

Return Values

Returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("10", 100, 100, "a");

$array2 = array(1, 3, "2", 1);

array_multisort($array1, $array2);

print_r($array1);

print_r($array2);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[0] => 10

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[1] => a

[2] => 100

[3] => 100

)

Array

(

[0] => 1

[1] => 1

[2] => 2

[3] => 3

)

array_merge_recursive()

Syntax

array array_merge_recursive ( array $array1 [, array $array2...] )

Definition and Usage

Merges the elements of one or more arrays together so that the values of one are appended

to the end of the previous one.

If the input arrays have the same string keys, then the values for these keys are merged

together into an array, and this is done recursively, so that if one of the values is an array itself, the function will merge it with a corresponding entry in another array too.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required.Specifies an array.

array2 Optional.Specifies an array.

Return Values

It returns the resulting array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1=array("a"=>"Horse","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Dog");

$array2=array("d"=>"Cow","a"=>"Cat","e"=>"elephant");

print_r(array_merge_recursive($array1,$array2));

?>

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array_merge()

Syntax

array array_merge ( array $array1 [, array $array2 [, array $array3...]] );

Definition and Usage

Merges the elements of one or more arrays together so that the values of one are appended

to the end of the previous one.

If the input arrays have the same string keys, then the later value for that key will overwrite the previous one.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required.Specifies an array.

array2 Optional.Specifies an array.

array3 Optional.Specifies an array.

Return Values

It returns the resulting array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1=array("a"=>"Horse","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Dog");

$array2=array("d"=>"Cow","a"=>"Cat","e"=>"elephant");

print_r(array_merge($array1,$array2));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [a]=>Cat [b]=>Cat [c]=>Dog [d]=

array_map()

Syntax

array array_map ( callback $callback, array $array1 [, array $array2...] );

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Definition and Usage

Returns an array containing all the elements of array1 after applying the callback function to

each one. The number of parameters that the callback function accepts should match the

number of arrays passed to the array_map().

Parameters

Parameter Description

callback Required. The name of the user-made function, or null.

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Optional. Specifies an array.

array3 Optional. Specifies an array.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the processed elements of array1.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function cube($n)

{

return($n * $n * $n);

}

$a = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

$b = array_map("cube", $a);

print_r($b);

?>

array_keys()

Syntax

array_keys ( $input [, $search_value [, $strict]] );

Definition and Usage

Returns the keys, numeric and string, from the input array. If the optional search_value is

specified, then only the keys for that value are returned. Otherwise, all the keys from the

input are returned.

Parameters

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Parameter Description

input Required.Specifies an array.

search_value Required. You can specify a value, then only the keys with this value are

returned.

strict

Optional. Used with the value parameter. Possible values:

* true - Returns the keys with the specified value, depending on type: the

number 5 is not the same as the string "5".

* false - Default value. Not depending on type, the number 5 is the same as

the string "5".

Return Values

Returns the keys, numeric and string, from the input array

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$a=array("a"=>"Horse","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Dog");

print_r(array_keys($a));

$a=array("a"=>"Horse","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Dog");

print_r(array_keys($a,"Dog"));

$a=array(10,20,30,"10");

print_r(array_keys($a,"10",false));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [0] => a [1] => b [2] => c )

Array ( [0] => c)

Array ( [0] => 0 [1] => 3 )

array_key_exists()

Syntax

bool array_key_exists ( $key, $array );

Definition and Usage

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Returns TRUE if the given key is set in the array. key can be any value possible for an

array index.

Parameters

Parameter Description

key Required. Key to be searched.

array Required. Array to be searched

Return Values

Returns TRUE if the given key is set in the array otherwise FALSE.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$search_array = array('first' => 1, 'second' => 4);

if (array_key_exists('first', $search_array)) {

echo "The 'first' element is in the array";

}

?>

This will produce following result:

The 'first' element is in the array

array_pad()

Syntax

array_pad ( $array, $pad_size, $pad_value );

Definition and Usage

Returns a copy of the array padded to size specified by pad_size with value pad_value.

If pad_size is positive then the array is padded on the right, if it's negative then on the left.

If the absolute value of pad_size is less than or equal to the length of the input then no padding takes place. It is possible to add most 1048576 elements at a time.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required.Specifies an array.

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pad_size Required.Specifies the number of elements in the array returned from the

function.

pad_value Required.Specifies the value of the new elements in the array returned from

the function.

Return Values

It returns the resulting array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1=array("a"=>"Horse","b"=>"Cat","c"=>"Dog");

print_r(array_pad($array1,7, "COW"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[a] => Horse

[b] => Cat

[c] => Dog

[0] => COW

[1] => COW

[2] => COW

[3] => COW

)

array_pop()

Syntax

array_pop ( $array );

Definition and Usage

This function pops and returns the last value of the array, shortening the array by one

element. If array is empty (or is not an array), NULL will be returned.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

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Return Values

It returns the last value of the array, shortening the array by one element.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

print_r(array_pop($array));

print_r("<br />");

print_r(array_pop($array));

?>

This will produce following result:

orange

apple

array_product()

Syntax

array_product ( $array );

Definition and Usage

It returns the product of values in an array as an integer or float. That is it multiplies all the values and return final result.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

Return Values

Product of values in an array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array(5,6,3);

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print_r(array_product($array));

?>

This will produce following result:

180

array_push()

Syntax

array_push ( $array, $var1 [, $var2...] );

Definition and Usage

This function treats array as a stack, and pushes the passed variables var1, var2... onto

the end of array. The length of array increases by the number of variables pushed.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

var1 Required. value to be pushed.

var2 Optional. value to be pushed.

Return Values

Returns the new number of elements in the array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

print_r(array_push($array, "mango"));

print_r("<br />");

print_r($array );

?>

This will produce following result:

4

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Array ( [a] => banana [b] => apple [c] => orange [0] => mango )

array_rand()

Syntax

array_rand ( $input [, $num_req] );

Definition and Usage

This function pick one or more random entries out of an array.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

num_req OPtional. Specifies how many entries you want to pick - if not specified, it

defaults to 1.

Return Values

If you are picking only one entry, array_rand() returns the key for a random entry.

Otherwise, it returns an array of keys for the random entries.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

print_r(array_rand($array));

?>

This will produce following result, This result will vary every time you will execute script:

b

array_reduce()

Syntax

array_reduce ( $array, callback $function [, int $initial] );

Definition and Usage

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This function applies iteratively the function function to the elements of the array , so as

to reduce the array to a single value. If the optional initial is available, it will be used at the

beginning of the process, or as a final result in case the array is empty. If the array is empty and initial is not passed.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

function Required. Callback function.

initial Optional. Specifies the initial value to send to the function.

Return Values

Returns a reduced array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function call_back_function($v1,$v2)

{

return $v1 . "-" . $v2;

}

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

print_r(array_reduce($array));

print_r("<br />");

print_r(array_reduce($array, 10));

?>

This will produce following result:

-banana-apple-orange

10-banana-apple-orange

array_reverse()

Syntax

array_reverse ( $array [, $preserve_keys] );

Definition and Usage

This function reverse the order of all the elements of a padded array.

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Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

preserve_keys Optional. Specifies if order of keys also has to be changed ofr not. By

default its FALSE.

Return Values

Return an array with elements in reverse order.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

print_r(array_reverse($array));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [c] => orange [b] => apple [a] => banana )

array_search()

Syntax

array_search($value, $array [,$strict]);

Definition and Usage

The array_search() function search an array for a value and returns the key.

If value is a string, the comparison is done in a case-sensitive manner.

Parameters

Parameter Description

value Required. Specifies a value to be searched.

array Required. Specifies an array.

strict Optional. If it is set to TRUE then the array_search() will also check the types

of the search in the array.

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Return Values

Returns the key if it is found in the array, FALSE otherwise.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

print_r(array_search("apple", $array));

?>

This will produce following result:

b

array_shift()

Syntax

array_shift ( $array );

Definition and Usage

This function shifts the first value of the array off and returns it, shortening the array by one

element and moving everything down. All numerical array keys will be modified to start counting from zero while literal keys won't be touched.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

Return Values

Returns first element of the array and if array is empty (or is not an array), NULL will be returned.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array=array("a"=>"banana","b"=>"apple","c"=>"orange");

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print_r(array_shift($array));

print_r("<br />");

print_r(array_shift($array));

?>

This will produce following result:

banana

apple

array_slice()

Syntax

array_slice($array, $offset [,$length [,$preserve_keys]] );

Definition and Usage

This function returns the sequence of elements from the array array as specified by

the offset and length parameters.

If offset is non-negative, the sequence will start at that offset in the array. If offset is

negative, the sequence will start that far from the end of the array.

If length is given and is positive, then the sequence will have that many elements in it. If

length is given and is negative then the sequence will stop that many elements from the

end of the array. If it is omitted, then the sequence will have everything from offset up until the end of the array.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

offset Required. Numeric value. Specifies where the function will start the slice.

lenght Optional. Numeric value. Specifies the length of the slice.

preserve_keys Optional. TRUE to preserve keys and FALSE to reset keys. Default is

FALASE.

Return Values

Returns the sequence of elements.

Example

Try out following example:

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<?php

$input = array("a", "b", "c", "d", "e");

print_r(array_slice($input, 2, -1));

print_r(array_slice($input, 2, -1, true));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[0] => c

[1] => d

)

Array

(

[2] => c

[3] => d

)

array_splice()

Syntax

array_splice ( $input, $offset [,$length [,$replacement]] );

Definition and Usage

This function removes the elements designated by offset and length from

the input array, and replaces them with the elements of the replacement array, if

supplied. It returns an array containing the extracted elements.

Parameters

Parameter Description

input Required. Specifies an array

offset Required. Numeric value. Specifies where the function will start removing

elements. 0 = the first element. If this value is set to a negative number, the

function will start that far from the last element. -2 means start at the second

last element of the array.

length Optional. Numeric value. Specifies how many elements will be removed, and

also length of the returned array. If this value is set to a negative number, the

function will stop that far from the last element. If this value is not set, the

function will remove all elements, starting from the position set by the start-

parameter.

replacement Optional. Specifies an array with the elements that will be insertet to the

original array. If it's only one element, it can be a string, and does not have to

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be an array.

Return Values

It returns the last value of the array, shortening the array by one element.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

array_splice($input, 2);

print_r($input);

print_r("<br />

$input = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

array_splice($input, 1, -1);

print_r($input);

print_r("<br />

$input = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

array_splice($input, 1, count($input), "orange");

print_r($input);

print_r("<br />

$input = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

array_splice($input, -1, 1, array("black", "maroon"));

print_r($input);

print_r("<br />

$input = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");

array_splice($input, 3, 0, "purple");

print_r($input);

print_r("<br />

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [0]=>red [1] =>green )

Array ( [0]=>red [1] =>yellow )

Array ( [0]=>red [1] =>orange )

Array ( [0]=>red [1] =>green [2]=>blue [3]=>black [4]=>maroon )

Array ( [0]=>red [1] =>green [2]=>blue [3]=>purple [4]=>yellow )

array_sum()

Syntax

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array_sum ( $array );

Definition and Usage

Calculate the sum of values in an array and returns the sum of values in an array as an integer or float.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

Return Values

It returns the sum of values in an array as an integer or float.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$a = array(2, 4, 6, 8);

echo "sum(a) = " . array_sum($a) . "<br />";

$b = array("a" => 1.2, "b" => 2.3, "c" => 3.4);

echo "sum(b) = " . array_sum($b) . "<br />";

?>

This will produce following result:

sum(a) = 20

sum(b) = 6.9

array_udiff()

Syntax

array_udiff( $array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., $data_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

Computes the difference of arrays by using a callback function for data comparison and

returns an array containing all the values from array1 that are not present in any of the other arguments.

Parameters

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Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Required. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

array3 Optional. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

data_compare_func Required. The name of the user-made function.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the values from array1 that are not present in any of the other arguments.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function call_back_function($v1,$v2)

{

if ($v1===$v2)

{

return 0;

}

return 1;

}

$array1 = array("a"=>"orange","b"=>"mango","c"=>"banana");

$array2 = array("a"=>"orange","b"=>"mango","c"=>"apple");

print_r(array_udiff_assoc($array1,$array2,"call_bak_function"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [c]=>banana

array_udiff_assoc()

Syntax

array_udiff_assoc ( $array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., $data_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

Computes the difference of arrays with additional index check, compares data by a callback

function and returns an array containing all the values from array1 that are not present in any of the other arguments.

Parameters

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Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Required. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

array3 Optional. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

data_compare_func Required. The name of the user-made function.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the values from array1 that are not present in any of the other arguments.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function call_back_function($v1,$v2)

{

if ($v1===$v2)

{

return 0;

}

return 1;

}

$array1 = array("a"=>"orange","b"=>"apple","c"=>"mango");

$array2 = array("a"=>"orange","b"=>"mango","c"=>"apple");

print_r(array_udiff_assoc($array1,$array2,"call_bak_function"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [b]=>apple [c] => mango )

array_udiff_uassoc()

Syntax

array_udiff_uassoc ( $array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., $func1, $func2] );

Definition and Usage

The array_udiff_uassoc() function compares two or more arrays, in two user-made

functions, and returns an array containing the elements from the first array, if the user-

made functions allow it. The first user-made function compares array keys, and the second

compares array values, and both returns a numeric value, a positive number (1) if the returned array should contain this element, and 0, or a negative number (-1), if not.

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Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Required. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

array3 Optional. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

func1 Required. The name of the user-made function that compares the array keys.

func2 Required. The name of the user-made function that compares the array values.

Return Values

Returns an array containing all the values from array1 that are not present in any of the other arguments.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function func1($v1,$v2)

{

if ($v1===$v2)

{

return 0;

}

return 1;

}

function func2($v1,$v2)

{

if ($v1===$v2)

{

return 0;

}

return 1;

}

$array1 = array("a"=>"orange","b"=>"mango","c"=>"banana");

$array2 = array("a"=>"orange","b"=>"mango","c"=>"apple");

print_r(array_udiff_uassoc($array1,$array2,"func1", "func2"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [c]=>banana )

array_uintersect()

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Syntax

array_uintersect ( $array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., $data_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

This function returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments. The data is compared by using a callback function.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Required. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

array3 Optional. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

data_compare_func Required. The name of the user-made function.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("a"=>"green", "b"=>"brown", "c"=>"blue", "red");

$array2 = array("a"=>"GREEN", "B"=>"brown", "yellow", "red");

print_r(array_uintersect($array1, $array2, "strcasecmp"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[a] => green

[b] => brown

[0] => red

)

array_uintersect_assoc()

Syntax

array_uintersect_assoc( $array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., $data_compare_func] );

Definition and Usage

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This function returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments array2, array3.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Required. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

array3 Optional. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

data_compare_func Required. The name of the user-made function.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("a"=>"green", "b"=>"brown", "c"=>"blue", "red");

$array2 = array("a"=>"GREEN", "B"=>"brown", "yellow", "red");

print_r(array_uintersect_assoc($array1, $array2, "strcasecmp"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[a] => green

)

array_uintersect_uassoc()

Syntax

array_uintersect_assoc( $array1, $array2 [, $array3 ..., $func1], $func2 );

Definition and Usage

This function returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments array2, array3.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

array2 Required. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

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array3 Optional. Specifies an array to be compared with the first array.

func1 Required. The name of the user-made function that compares the array keys.

func2 Required. The name of the user-made function that compares the array values.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array1 = array("a"=>"green", "b"=>"brown", "c"=>"blue", "red");

$array2 = array("a"=>"GREEN", "B"=>"brown", "yellow", "red");

print_r(array_uintersect_uassoc($array1, $array2,

"strcasecmp", "strcasecmp"));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[a] => green

[b] => brown

)

array_unique()

Syntax

array_unique ( $array );

Definition and Usage

The array_unique() function removes duplicate values from an array. If two or more array values are the same, the first appearance will be kept and the other will be removed.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array1 Required. Specifies an array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$input = array("a" => "green", "red", "b" => "green", "blue", "red");

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$result = array_unique($input);

print_r($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[a] => green

[0] => red

[1] => blue

)

array_unshift()

Syntax

array_unshift($array,$value1,$value2,$value3...)

Definition and Usage

This function returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments array2, array3.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

value1 Required. Specifies a value to insert

value2 Optional. Specifies a value to insert

value3 Optional. Specifies a value to insert

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$queue = array("orange", "banana");

array_unshift($queue, "apple", "raspberry");

print_r($queue);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

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(

[0] => apple

[1] => raspberry

[2] => orange

[3] => banana

)

array_values()

Syntax

array_values ( $array );

Definition and Usage

This function returns all the values from the input array and indexes numerically the array.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$array = array("a"=>"green", "b"=>"brown", "c"=>"blue", "red");

print_r(array_values($array));

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[0] => green

[1] => brown

[2] => blue

[3] => red

)

array_walk()

Syntax

array_walk ( $array, $funcname [, $parameter] );

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Definition and Usage

This function returns an array containing all the values of array1 that are present in all the arguments array2, array3.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

funcname Required. The name of the user-made function.

paramter Optional. Specifies a parameter to the user-made function.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function call_back_function($value,$key)

{

echo "The key $key has the value $value<br />";

}

$array = array("a"=>"green", "b"=>"brown", "c"=>"blue", "red");

array_walk($array,"call_back_function");

?>

This will produce following result:

The key a has the value green

The key b has the value brown

The key c has the value blue

The key 0 has the value red

array_walk_recursive()

Syntax

array_walk_recursive( $array, $funcname [,$parameter])

Definition and Usage

The array_walk_recursive() function runs each array element in a user-made function. The

array's keys and values are parameters in the function. The difference between this function

and the array_walk() function is that with this function you can work with deeper arrays (an

array inside an array). Returns True or False.

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Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

funcname Required. The name of the user-made function.

paramter Optional. Specifies a parameter to the user-made function.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

function call_back_function($value,$key)

{

echo "The key $key has the value $value<br />";

}

$array1 = array("a"=>"green", "b"=>"brown", "c"=>"blue" );

$array2 = array($array1, "d"=>"yellow", "e"=>"black");

array_walk_recursive($array,"call_back_function");

?>

This will produce following result:

The key a has the value green

The key b has the value brown

The key c has the value blue

The key d has the value yellow

The key e has the value black

arsort()

Syntax

arsort( $array [, $sort_flags] );

Definition and Usage

This function sorts an array such that array indices maintain their correlation with the array

elements they are associated with. This is used mainly when sorting associative arrays where the actual element order is significant.

Parameters

Parameter Description

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array Required. Specifies an array.

sort_flags

Optional. Specifies how to sort the array values. Possible values:

SORT_REGULAR - Default. Treat values as they are (don't change

types)

SORT_NUMERIC - Treat values numerically

SORT_STRING - Treat values as strings

SORT_LOCALE_STRING - Treat values as strings, based on local settings

Return Value

Returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$fruits = array("d"=>"lemon", "a"=>"orange", "b"=>"banana" );

arsort($fruits);

print_r($fruits);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [a] => orange [d] => lemon [b] => banana )

asort()

Syntax

asort( $array [, $sort_flags] );

Definition and Usage

This function sorts an array such that array indices maintain their correlation with the array

elements they are associated with. This is used mainly when sorting associative arrays where the actual element order is significant.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array.

sort_flags Optional. Specifies how to sort the array values. Possible values:

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SORT_REGULAR - Default. Treat values as they are (don't change

types)

SORT_NUMERIC - Treat values numerically

SORT_STRING - Treat values as strings

SORT_LOCALE_STRING - Treat values as strings, based on local

settings

Return Value

Returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$fruits = array("d"=>"lemon", "a"=>"orange", "b"=>"banana" );

asort($fruits);

print_r($fruits);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array ( [b] => banana [d] => lemon [a] => orange )

compact($var1, $var2...);

Definition and Usage

This function takes a variable number of parameters. Each parameter can be either a string

containing the name of the variable, or an array of variable names. The array can contain other arrays of variable names inside it; compact() handles it recursively.

Parameters

Parameter Description

var1 Required. Can be a string with the variable name, or an array of variables.

var2 Optional. Can be a string with the variable name, or an array of variables.

Return Value

It returns the output array with all the variables added to it.

Example

Try out following example:

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<?php

$city = "San Francisco";

$state = "CA";

$event = "SIGGRAPH";

$result = compact("city", "state", "event");

print_r($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

Array

(

[city] => San Francisco

[state] => CA

[event] => SIGGRAPH

)

count()

Syntax

count($array, $mode );

Definition and Usage

Count elements in an array, or properties in an object.

If the optional mode parameter is set to COUNT_RECURSIVE (or 1), count() will recursively

count the array. This is particularly useful for counting all the elements of a

multidimensional array. The default value for mode is 0. count() does not detect infinite recursion.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array

mode Optional. Specifies the mode of the function.

Return Value

Returns the number of elements in an array.

Example

Try out following example:

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<?php

$a[0] = 1;

$a[1] = 3;

$a[2] = 5;

$result = count($a);

print($result);

?>

This will produce following result:

3

current()

Syntax

current ( $array );

Definition and Usage

Every array has an internal pointer to its "current" element, which is initialized to the first element inserted into the array.

The current() function simply returns the value of the array element that's currently being

pointed to by the internal pointer. It does not move the pointer in any way. If the internal pointer points beyond the end of the elements list, current() returns FALSE.

Parameters

Parameter Description

array Required. Specifies an array

Return Value

Returns the current element in an array.

Example

Try out following example:

<?php

$transport = array('foot', 'bike', 'car', 'plane');

$mode = current($transport);

print "$mode <br />";

$mode = next($transport);

print "$mode <br />";

$mode = current($transport)

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print "$mode <br />";;

$mode = prev($transport);

print "$mode <br />";

$mode = end($transport);

print "$mode <br />";

$mode = current($transport);

print "$mode <br />";

?>

This will produce following result:

foot

bike

bike

foot

plane

plane