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Phylogeny(7) Science concepts. The student knows evolutionary theory is a scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life. The student is expected to:(A) analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental;
Phylogeny• Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary
relationships. • Organisms are grouped together based on
evolutionary classifications. • Evolutionary relationships show a common
ancestor based on fossil records, biogeography and homologies.
What animal is related to the modern elephant?
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/u4aos2p4.html
Phylogeny - Fossils• Common ancestry through the fossil record-• Look at the example of horse fossil record:
Based on this data the common ancestor of the horse was different in what ways?
1. Early horses were smaller
2. Early horses had 4 toes and a padded foot
3. Early horses’ teeth were specialized for eating soft vegetation (not grass)
Phylogeny - Fossils• By studying the fossil record scientists can:1. Determine homologies (similarities from
common ancestors)2. Date the fossil / organism3. Determine when extinction of the species
occurred
Based on the fossils what was here first?OCEAN OR FOREST
Phylogeny - Biogeography• Common ancestry through biogeography-• Recall that biogeography is study of: 1.where organisms lived;2.how many organisms lived there; and3.why they lived there.
http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm
Phylogeny - Biogeography• Biogeographically, the world can be divided
into these 6 biomes:1.Nearctic2.Neotropics3.Palaearctic4.Afrotropics5.Oriental6.Australasia
http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm
Phylogeny - Biogeography• Each biome has
unique plants and animals.
• Very few species are seen in different biomes.
• Let’s look at a few examples:
http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm
Phylogeny - Biogeography• Nearctic:• Can you name
these unique animals?
1.____________
2. ____________http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htmhttp://current.com/groups/veganism/92591533_geese-kill-protestors-to-rally-at-mayor-bloombergs-mansion-friends-of-animals-new-york-director-weighs-in-on-gassing-the-geese.htm
CANADA GEESE
PRAIRIE DOGS
Phylogeny - Biogeography• Where are these organisms from?
1.Nearctic2.Neotropics3.Palaearctic4.Afrotropics5.Oriental6.Australasia
http://www.nymphalidae.net/Biogeography/Biogeography.htm
Phylogeny - Homologies• Homologous traits are derived from a
common ancestor.• Analogous traits are similar but evolved
separately (not from a common ancestor). • What are the 3 types of homologies?1.Anatomical 2.Molecular3.Developmental
Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies
• Anatomical homologies include an organism’s anatomy and physiology.
• Anatomy is the internal and external structure of an organisms
• Physiology is the function and activities of the organism, physically and chemically.
Phylogeny – Anatomical Homologies
• Sort the words into the correct column:
Anatomy Physiology
ArmCellular RespirationHomeostasisHeart
Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies• Molecular Homologies1. DNA • DNA is transcribed into 2. RNA• RNA is translated into 3. Amino Acids• Amino acids with
peptide bonds make4. Proteins
Phylogeny – Molecular Homologies
Based on this table, which organism would be classified most closely related to humans?
A. LampreyB. DogC. FrogD. Macaque
TURN AND TALK – READ, PICK ANSWER, ASK YOUR NEIGHBOR
http://www.ecoindia.com/animals/mammals/bonnet-macaque.html
Phylogeny - Homologies - Developmental
• Developmental Homologies study embryos. • Which of these is an embryo?
http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/dd2/echino/cleavage/intro.htmlhttp://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Embryo-and-Embryonic-Development.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetus
ZYGOTES
EMBRYO
FETUS
D
E
Phylogeny – Developmental Homologies• Based on these Embryo pictures, which
organism is most closely related to humans?
Phylogeny Review
• Based on the 3 evidences of evolution, scientists can make evolutionary maps called cladograms.
• What are the 3 evidences of evolution?1.Fossils2.Biogeography3.Homologies (MAD)
Phylogeny - Cladograms• By studying fossils, biogeography and
homologies, scientist made this cladogram.• Which organism is least like the others?
Notice the “derived characters”
Review Questions
22 Fossil records can be studied to determine how organisms change through time. Which of the following methods for studying organisms could least likely be accomplished by studying the fossil record?
F Comparing sleep patterns of organismsG Dating organisms by the relative order of their
fossilsH Comparing homologous structures of organismsJ Determining when extinction of species occurred
Review Questions
31 Some snake embryos have small buds resembling limbs. These buds disappear at later stages of embryo development. These findings suggest that these snakes —
A had a parent with limbsB have functional limbs as adultsC will have offspring with limbsD evolved from an ancestor that had limbs
Review Questions
• Based on this cladogram, humans are most closely related to?
PhylogenyANY QUESTIONS
Answer the Analysis part of your notes.