1 PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT: FOCUS ON PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT CLASS 8 Pediatric Assessment: The Major Focus • Major differences between children and adults • Specific approaches and techniques to physical exam • Normal findings, variations and common pathological conditions • Interpretation of exam results Major Concepts in Pediatric Physical Assessment • Children are not little adults • Understanding differences from adults is important • Differences relate to both growth and development patterns • Differences exist in motor skills and coordination, and in physiologic, psychosocial, behavioral, temperamental, language, and cognition areas Skills Utilized in Working with Children • Knowledge of growth and development • Communication skills with children and their parents • Understanding of family dynamics and parent-child relationships • Knowledge of health promotion and anticipatory guidance Major Concepts for Assessment and Health Promotion • Development • Medical history • Nutritional status • Growth and vital sign measurements • Physical assessment • Guidelines for well child supervision • Anticipatory guidance • Immunizations
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PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT: FOCUS ON PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT CLASS 8 Pediatric Assessment: The Major Focus • Major differences between children and adults • Specific approaches and techniques to physical exam • Normal findings, variations and common pathological conditions • Interpretation of exam results Major Concepts in Pediatric Physical Assessment • Children are not little adults • Understanding differences from adults is important • Differences relate to both growth and development patterns • Differences exist in motor skills and coordination, and in physiologic, psychosocial, behavioral,
temperamental, language, and cognition areas Skills Utilized in Working with Children • Knowledge of growth and development • Communication skills with children and their parents • Understanding of family dynamics and parent-child relationships • Knowledge of health promotion and anticipatory guidance Major Concepts for Assessment and Health Promotion • Development • Medical history • Nutritional status • Growth and vital sign measurements • Physical assessment • Guidelines for well child supervision • Anticipatory guidance • Immunizations
• Inpatient • Moderate to severe illness • Anxiety and stress
• School setting or health office
• Children usually healthy • Illness visits primarily common acute problems and some chronic illness issues • Health screenings
Environmental Setting • Safety is primary • Pleasant, comfortable settings are helpful • Accessible toys for young children are distracters and may reduce anxiety • Age appropriate literature or items for teens and older children provide diversion in waiting areas Standard Measurements
• Gestational Age Assessment and Intrauterine Growth Charts Sensory Issues
• Smell: usually not tested; observe for unusual odors from child • Taste: usually not tested; infants often prefer sweet tasting foods • Touch: well developed in infant; if stimulated can invalidate other sensory tests • Vision: right eye (OD), left eye (OS), both eyes (OU) • Hearing: correlates with language development; localization requires both ears
Specific Evaluations
• Development • Vision • Hearing • Language
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Key Points to Assessment Procedure
• Head to foot exam is most orderly • Vary sequence according to child’s response • Examine young children in parent’s lap • Do intrusive examinations last
Approach to Physical Exam
• Consider age and developmental level; observe for “readiness” clues • Take time to get “acquainted” • Use play techniques for infants and young children • Determine best exam place ( table, parent’s lap, examiner’s lap) • Use systematic approach; but be flexible to accommodate child’s behavior • Examine least intrusive areas first (i.e., hands, arms) • Examine sensitive, painful or intrusive areas last (i.e. ears, nose, mouth) • Determine what exam you want to complete before possible crying (i.e. heart, abdomen)
Age Groups
• Neonate/Newborn Birth to 28 days • Pre-term Gestational age <37 weeks • Term Gestational age 37-42 weeks • Post-term Gestational age > 42 weeks
• Infant Birth to 1 year • Young, Immobile Birth to 6 months • Older, Mobile 6 to 12 months
• Young Child 1-5 years • Toddler 1-3 years • Pre Schooler 3-6 years
• School Age or Older Child 6-12 years • Adolescent 13 to 18/21 years
• Pre-Adolescent 10-12 years Approach to Infants
Birth to 6 months: If baby is comfortable and stress free, exam can be conducted on table. Sensory methods, such as voice, noise makers, toys to see or touch, or skin touch attract babies. They like a smiling human face. Do quiet things first, then head to toe.
6 to 12 months: Consider exam in parent’s lap due to separation or stranger anxiety (up to 4 years). “Warm up” more slowly with play techniques. Object permanence and ability to anticipate develops, so provide comfort measures after unpleasant procedures. Increased mobility leads to additional safety measures and limit-setting concepts , which continue with each age group.
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Approach to Toddlers
Exam in parent’s lap, due to need for parent security. Play games. Do least intrusive things first. Save ears, nose, throat for last. Avoid “no” responses or choices they can not make. Offer simple acceptable choices. Let them touch equipment.Approach to Pre-Schoolers
Keep parent close. Some will cooperate with exam on table. Protect modesty. Use dolls, animals or parents to “examine” first. Magical thinking may cause fearfulness or thinking equipment is alive. Let them play with equipment. Use familiar, safe, non-frightening words and approaches.
Approach to School-Age Child
Do a head to toe exam. Respect modesty. Address questions more directly to child. Explain in concrete terms. Medical diagrams or teaching dolls are helpful. Elicit their active participation in history, exam and care plan. Answer questions honestly.
Approach to Adolescents
Confidentiality, privacy, protection of modesty are important. Explain confidentiality parameters. Offer to examine alone, without parent present. Address questions to patient. Keep in mind, depression is more common in adolescents, especially girls. More common concerns among girls include body-image distortion, loss of appetite & weight, & lack of satisfaction. More common concerns among boys include irritability, social withdrawal & drop in school performance. A health promotion system such as GAPS, Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services can be useful
An Additional Growth and Development Handout is Available to Download This is a 5-page summary, including one chart and additional summaries of pertinent growth and development theories
General Assessment: Key Points
• Note general appearance • State of wellness • Degree of illness or distress • Behavior
• Thin, transparent skin, especially premature • Color Variations • Vascular Markings • Pigmentations • Lanugo (downy hair) more prominent in premature • Original hair may shed at 4-8 weeks, and be replaced
Skin Color Variations
• Jaundice: Pathologic in first 24 hrs. physiologic after 24 hrs. • Acrocyanosis Cyanotic, cool extremities; warm, pink trunk • Cutis marmorata Bluish mottling due to chilling or stress • Erythema toxicum Papules, vesicles on erythematous base @24-48 hrs. • Harlequin color change Lower side of body red, upper side pale – change reverses it • Milia White papular epidermal cysts with sebaceous retention • Miliaria (4 types) Obstruction of sweat ducts from head and humidity • Neonatal acne, prickly head Miliaria – crystallina, rubra, pustulosa, profunda • Pallor Anemia or anoxia • Plethora Erythematous flush, due to polycythemia
Skin Vascular Markings
• Capillary hemangiomas (telangiectasia or telangiectataic nevus or nevus simplex --- “stork bites,” “angel kisses”) --- usually fade
• Nevus flammeus (“port wine stains”), nevus vasculosis ---not likely to fade Can be associated with Sturge-Weber Syndrome
• Cavernous hemangioma: bluish red, more vascular than strawberry Skin Pigmentations
• Mongolian spots in darker pigmented infants • Pigmented nevi, • Café au Lait (<3cm and <6 in # are WNL – larger size or more spots associated with
Neurofibromatosis , or Von Recklinghausen Disease) – an autosomal-dominant disorder, with tumors on peripheral or cranial nerves
Yellow Skin Color
• Jaundice: Observed in sclera, skin, fingernails, soles, palms & oral mucosa . Does not blanche with pressure over chest or nose areas Is associated with liver disease, hepatitis, red cell hemolysis, biliary Obstruction & sever infection during infancy.
• Carotenemia: Observed in palms, soles, face, skin (not in sclera or mucous membranes) Blanches easily to pressure over chest or nose Occurs in older infants, with eating yellow vegetables
• Renal Disease: Yellowing of exposed skin areas (not sclera or mucous membranes) May be associated with chronic renal disease
Hemolytic Jaundice of Newborn: Biirubin above 5ml/dl
• Pathologic: Occurs first 24 hrs of life.
Bilirubin increases faster than 5ml/dl/day
• Physiologic: Onset after 24 hrs, with peak from 72-90 hrs. Declines at 4 to 7 days
• Breast Feeding: Early onset: Onset at 2 to 4 days. Peak at 3 to 5 days Late onset: Onset at 5-7 days. Peak at 10 to 15 days. May remain jaundiced for 3 to 12 weeks
Hair: Key Points
• Assess for dis tribution, color, texture, amount, quality and for infestations • Course, dry, brittle or depigmented hair may indicate nutrition deficiency or thyroid disorder • Alopecia may be related to tinea capitus, hair pulling or persistent positioning • White eggs (nits) attached to hair shafts indicate pediculosis • Hair tufts on spine or buttocks may indicate spina bifida
Nails: Key Points
• Inspect for color, shape, condition, nail biting and infection • Clubbing may indicate chronic hypoxia (respiratory or cardiac dis ease) • “Spoon” nails may indicate iron deficiency anemia • Pitted nails may indicate psoriasis • Splinter hemorrhages under nails may indicate trauma or endocarditis
• Head: Symmetry of skull and face • Neck: Structure, movement, trachea, thyroid, vessels and lymph nodes • Eyes: Vision, placement, external and internal fundoscopic exam • Ears: Hearing, external, ear canal and otoscopic exam of tympanic membrane • Nose: Exam of nose and sinuses • Mouth: Structures of mouth, teeth and pharynx
Head: Key Points
• Head Circumference (HC): Frontal Occipital Circumference (FOC) • Fontannels/sutures: Anterior closes at 10-18 months, posterior by 2 months • Symmetry & shape: Face & skull • Bruits: Temporal bruits may be significant after 5 yrs • Hair: Patterns, loss, hygiene, pediculosis in school aged child • Sinuses: Palpate for tenderness in older children • Facial expression: Saddness, signs of abuse, allergy, fatigue • Abnormal facies: “Diagnostic facies” of common syndromes or illnesses
Head: Variations
• Neonates: Molding (suture overlap) resolve 2 days Capput succedaneum (scalp swelling) resolve 2 days
• Fontannels: Tense and bulging with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) Depressed with dehydration
• Large HC/ICP: Increased HC due to increased ICP (before suture closure),
tense & bulging fontannels, dilated head veins, “sunset sign.” Head may tranilluminate. May indicate hydrocephalus, intraventricular hemorrhage, trauma, meningitis or tumors. In older child, after cranial sutures close, ICP increases are more like adult signs ( headache, vomiting, BP increases, change in LOC)
• Small HC: May indicate microcephaly or craniosynostosis
• Craniosynostosis: Asymmetric head shape due to premature closure of sutures.
Surgical separation corrects defect.
• Craniotabes: “Ping-pong” effect with pressure over temporo-parietal-occipital areas. May be WNL, or result of hydrocephaly, rickets or infection
• Macewen’s sign: “Cracked pot” sound with tapping over parietal bone.
May be WNL in infants, or associated with ICP & suture separation (i.e. lead encephalopathy, tumor)
• Chevostek’s sign: Spasm of facial muscle with percussion over zygomatic bone in front of
ear. May be associated with hypocalcemic tetany and tetanus.
• Flattened head areas: Especially occipital flattening with hair loss, may indicate persistent placement of baby in same position.
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Eyes: Key Points
• Vision: Red reflex & blink in neonate Visual following at 5-6 wks 180 degree tracking at 4 months E chart & strabismus check for preschool child Snellen charts for older children
Close set: hypotelorism Epicanthal folds or upward slants – ethnicity, Down s. Character of eyebrows
• Eyelids: Ptosis, lid lag, blepharitis (stye), swelling Dacryocystitis (blocked tear duct) may cause rednnes, swelling and discharge “Allergic shinner” (dark circles) may indicate allergy Perorbital edema may indicate renal problems Sunken eyes may indicate dehydration
• Conjunctive: Inflammation, pallor (anemia), Cobblestone appearance may indicate allergy
• Sclera: Jaundice (liver disease), injection (conjunctivitis), Hemorrhage, blue color (osteogenesis imperfecta)
• Cornea: Smooth, mo ist,clear (not injected with conjunctivitis red eye)
• Pupil & Iris: Brushfield’s spots (light speckling of iris) seen in Down s.
Coloboma (notch at outer edge or iris) may indicate visual field defect.
• Othalmoscope: Partial or dark red reflex indicates pathology, various retinal
anomalies or opacities of cornea, anterior chamber or lens (i.e. cataract) White retinal reflex indicates pathology (i.e., retinoblastoma, Retinal detachment chorioretinitis) Retinal hemorrhage is pathological, associated with a variety of causes: Is a specific diagnostic criteria in “shaken baby” syndrome. Papilledema of increased ICP more likely in olde child, with closed cranial sutures
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Ears: Key Points
• Exam last In younger children
• Restrain Young children in lap, head braced against parent’s chest
• Hearing: Especially if language delay or frequent otitis media
• Otoscope exam: Pull auricle down & back for infants, toddlers, preschoolers Pull auricle up &back for school aged & adolescents Cerumen removal may be necessary Use pneumatic otoscopy
• Tuning fork: Weber & Rinne tests to differentiate conductive vs sensorineural
hearing loss are not effective with younger children Ears: Variations
• External: Malformed auricle/pinna, or low-set or obliquely-set ears may be
Associated with many syndromes, or genitourinary & chromosomal abnormalities.
• Otitis externa: Pain with movement of auricle or tragus, discharge in canal, occurs More often in summer (“swimmer’s ear”)
• Otitis media: Proper position & holding of otoscope facilitates comfortable
As middle ear pressure or fluid increases, the tympanic membrane (TM) becomes less mobile with pneumatic otoscopy. Exam of TM: TM: Dull, gray, retracted, loss of light reflex, landmarks may be
more difficult to see, with possible superior injection near short process of malleus is associated with blocked or obstructed eustachian tubes.
TM: Dull, bulging, gray or with some injection is associated with
pressure, fluid or pus accumulating in the middle ear. TM: Red, dull/thick/bulging, with landmarks not visible is
associated with acute otitis media. TM: Orange-amber color, with/without bubbles/fluid lines is
associated with serous otitis media with effusion, often associated with viral URIs, or pressure changes, such as diving or flying. TM may be retracted, with landmarks easier to see.
Nose: Key Points
• Exam nose & mouth after ears (after crying from ear exam) • Observe shape & structural deviations • Nares: ( check patency, mucous membranes, discharge, inferior turbinates, bleeding) • Septum: (check for deviation) • Infants are obligate nose breathers • Nasal flaring is associated with respiratory distress
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Nose: Variations
• Allergy: Pale, boggy mucous membranes & interior turbinates, watery discharge, mouth breathing & “allergic salute” line across nose.
• Infection: Erythematous, edematous mucous membranes, with purulent yellow
or green nasal discharge
• Foreign body: Foul odor or unilateral discharge
• Excoriation: Irritating discharge, frequent wiping or nose picking
• Structure variations: Observe flattened nose or nasolabial folds that may indicate congenital anomolies. Asymmetry of nasolabial folds may indicate facial nerve impairment or Bell’s palsy.
Sinuses: Key Points
• Palpate maxillary & frontal sinus areas for tenderness of sinusitis in older children • Development of facial sinuses and location of sinus pain is listed below:
Sinus Pain Location Age of Development • Maxillary cheek & upper teeth present @ birth • Ethmoid medial & deep to eye present @ birth • Frontal forehead & above eyebrow approximately 7 years • Sphenoid deep behnd eye in occiput adolescence
• Count teeth & inspect for caries, malocclusion and loose teeth.
20 deciduous teeth, begin eruption at 6 months & continue adding approximately 1/month 32 permanent teeth, erupt from 6 to 25 years, with molar eruption from 1to 25 years
• Inspect uvula for symmetrical movement or bifid uvula (indicating cleft palate or WNL • Observe for quality of voice • Observe infants for rooting and sucking reflexes, Epstein pearls & thrush
• Observe breath for halitosis
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Mouth & Pharynx: Variations
• Newborn cysts: White retention epitheleal cysts occur in the newborn: Epstein’s pearls occur along midline of palate. Bohn’s nodules occur along gum line, resembling teeth.
• Vesicular eruptions: Can occur on lips, buccal mucosa & tongue, due to viral infections,
such as herpes simplex cold sores or aphthous stomatitis.
• Fissure/cracked lips: May be due to harsh climate or vitamin deficiencies.
• Color variations: Central cyanosis can be observed in lips & mucosa.. Pallor may indicate anemia. Cherry red coloration may be seen in acidosis.
• White patches: White ulcerated sores on mucosa ae cankers, related to mild trauma,
viral infection, mild trauma or local irritants. Koplik’s spots, small white, red rimmed eruptions on buccal mucosa next to first & second molars, appear and disappear before the onset of Measles (rubeola) rash. White curdy patches that cannot be scraped away, may be oral candidiasis (thrush), and is common in infants, especially following antibiotic therapy.
• Tongue variations: A smooth, red tongue may be related to vitamin deficiencies .
“Strawberry” and “Raspberry” tongue are seem in scarlet fever. A short frenulum with inability to touch tongue to upper gum ridge (“tongue tie” or ankyloglossia) may lead to later speech problems.
• Palate & uvula: With gag reflex, deviation of uvula to one side suggests either Glossopharyngeal or vagus nerve involvement or infection of peritonsillar or retropharyngeal abcess. An absent or bifid (notched) uvula may indicate submucosal or soft palate cleft.
• Tooth markings: Brown & black spots may indicate caries.
“Baby bottle” caries appear on teeth at gum line and are due to babies taking a bottle to bed, and milk pools around the teeth. Brown-white mottling may indicte excessive fluoride intake. Green & black staining may indicate oral iron intake contacting teeth An increase in tooth decay or evidence or eroded enamel may indicate frequent, self-induced vomiting, especially in adolescent girls. Callous marks on fingers/knuckles might also be observed
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• Pharynx: Large tonsils, due to developmental lymph tissue hypertrophy Are common in school aged children & adolescents
Large red tonsils covered with white exudate are suggestive of streptococcal tonsillitis, especially if palatal petichiae & red uvula are present. Thick, gray exudate may indicate diptheric tonsititis A gray, necrotic discoloration of tonsillar tissue may suggest infeftious mononucleosis . A unilateral, red, enlarged tonsil suggests peritonsillar abcess.
• Voice quality: Nasal voice may indicate enlarged adenoids
Hoarse cry may indicate croup, cretinism or tetany. Shrill, high-pitched cry may indicate increased ICP, such as head injury or meningitis.
Neck: Key Points
• Check for position, lymph nodes, masses, cysts or fistulas/clefts • Suppleness & Range of Motion (ROM) • Check clavicle in newborn • Head control in infant • Trachea & thyroid in midline • Carotid arteries (bruits) • Torticollis • Webbing • Meningeal irritation
Neck: Variations
• Head lag: Significant lag after 6 months may indicate cerebral palsy
• Torticollis: “Stiff neck” with resistance to lateral head turn as result of injury to sternocleidomastoid muscle, more often seen in newborn
• Clavicle: Check for fracture in newborn, associated with shortening, break in contour,
Crepitus at fracture site, and decreased motion of arm
• Webbing: Feature of “Turner’s syndrome” or other congenital abnormalities
• Meningeal: Irritation indicated by nuchal rigidiy, opisthotonos, tripod position with sitting, Positive Brudzinski’s sign (with patient supine, neck flexion produces pain and flexion of hips and knees). Positive Kernig’s sign (with patient supine, hip & knee flexed, extension of knee Produces pain & resistance
• Nodes: Lymphadenopathy common with infection in older children, upper neck areas, and below angle of jaw, usually bilateral. Should not be deep cervical or clavicular.
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• Mumps: Parotitis produces swelling over angle of jaw, usually unilateral, with redness & swelling of Stensen’s parotid duct in mouth & pain with sour tastes.
• Thyroid Ascends with swallowing (not normally palpable in young child). Check bruits, nodules or goiter (& accelerated growth, staring eyes)
• Nodes are proportionately large in older children & adolescents, and smaller in the elderly. • Lymphadenopathy in the head & upper neck area are common with various infections:
(Occiptal, pre & post auricular, superficial anterior cervical, posterior cervical, tonsillar, submandibular, submaxillary, submental, sublingual)
• Inguinal lymphadenopathy may be observed in some diapered children, but not usually otherwise.
• Deep cervical, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, axillary & epitrochlear lymphadenopathy may indicate pathology.
Thorax & Lungs: Key Points
• Structure: Observe for shape, symmetry & posture • Chest deformities: can be WNL, but significance varies with severity etiology
• AP diameter: round chest or 1:1 ratior during infancy, with transverse diameter increasing, with AP:lateral ration 1:2 during school age years.
• Pectus carinatum or pigeon breast: concavity of sternum • Pectus excavatum or funnel chest protrusive sternum • Harrison;s Groove: horizontal ression groove of lower ribs with lower rib flarring,
may indicate vitamin D deficiency (richets) • Beading or richitic rosary: protrusive deformities along costochondral junctions,
may indicate vitamin D defenciency (richets) Breast: Key Points
Tanner Stages for Female: I Prepubertal, elevation of papilla only II Breast bud, elevation of breast & papilla as small mount, enlargement of areola III Further enlargement of breast & areola, no separation of contours
IV Areola projected as secondary mound V Mature, recession of areolar mound to breast contour, projection of papilla only
• Rate, rhythm, heart sounds • Size, PMI • Auscultation: sitting, lying, left recumbent & bending forward • PMI: Lt. ventricular contraction during systole • location & size of heart: midclavicular 5th intercostal space (4th/infant)
Stethoscope Diaphragm: high pitch, S1 Bell: low pitch, S2 S1: Mitral & Tricuspid AV valves close (ventricles are full, prior to ventricular contraction--systole begins, best at apex S2: Aortic & Pulmonary semilunar valves close -- ventricles eject-- after ventricular contraction--diastole begins, atrial filling begins S2: may be split--widens during inspiration (increase venous return-- increase filling time--delayed pulmonic closing) S3: can be functional sound in childhood S4: not normally audible, associated with cardiac abnormalities Murmurs:may be systolic, diastolic or continuous (timing, location, quality (course, harsh, blowing, high pitched) GRADE: I - faint, may not be heard sitting II - readily heard with stethoscope III - loud, no thrill IV - loud with stethoscope, thrill V - loud with stethoscope barely to chest, thrill VI - loud with stethoscope not touching chest, thrill Functional Murmurs: Change or disappear with position change (usually loudest supine) Low grade, soft or musical Intensity range from I-III/VI Systolic (never diastolic) Do not radiate COMMON FUNCTIONAL MURMURS:
Cardiac murmurs occurring in absence of significant heart disease or structural abnormality • Still’s Murmur: 2 years – adolescence; midway between apex & LLSB,
Grade I-II/VI, mid-systolic, soft, low pitched, louder in supine position; may be Louder with fever or tachycardia
• Basal systolic ejection murmur: high pitched, blowing, systolic, best heard in pulmonic area, in supine position
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• Physiologic peripheral pulmonic stenosis, or pulmonary outflow murmur: disappears during infancy as pulmonary arteries enlarage; short systolic, grade I-II/VI, heard best in axillae
• Venous hum: usually after 3 yrs, UR&LSB & lower neck, continuous musical hum Grade I-III/VI; heard best in infra & supraclavicular areas; loudest in sitting position & decreases in supine position or with turning child’s head or occluding jugular vessels
Organic Murmurs & sounds:
• Diastolic murmurs: always organic • Systolic murmurs: may be functional or organic • Friction rubs • Before 3 yrs, usually congenital • After 3 yrs often acquired
Tanner Stages I Prepubertal. No true pubic hair II Sparse growth of slightly pigmented, downy hair, slightly curled, along labia III Increas in hair, courser, curled, darker IV Adult-type hair, but limited area. No spread to thighs V Adult distsribution & quantity with spread to thighs Male Genitalia
Tanner Stages I Prepuberal, no true pubic hair, testes, scrotum, penis childhood size II Sparse, slightly curled, downy hair (base of penis/along labia Enlargement of testes & scrotum, scrotal skin reddens & coursens
III Hair courser, curled, darker. Enlargement of penis (length), further growth scrotum/ testes IV Adult type hair, no spread to medial thighs. Enlargement of penis (width/length), enlargement of glans, scrotal skin darkens V Adult hair distribution (triangle) & adult genital development Musculoskeletal: Key Points
• Movement limitation: crepitus with joint movement meningeal signs, such as stiff neck, opisthotonous
• Muscular dystrophy Progressive muscular weakness (Gower’s sign) • Cerebral palsy or other muscular disease Pes equinus (weight bearing on toes) Short heel cords
• Balance, gait & leg coordination, ataxia, posture, tremors • Finger to nose (fingers to thumb) 3-4 yrs • Finger to examiner's finger 4-6 yrs • Ability to stand with eyes closed (Romberg) 3-4 yrs • Rapid alternations of hands (prone, supine) school age • Tandum walk 4-6 yrs • Walk on toes, heels school age • Stand on one foot 3-6 yrs
• Motor Function: Gross motor & fine motor movements
• Tested in cranial nerves • Sharp-dull • 2 point discrimination • Stereognosis • Graphesthesia • Infants: responsive to touch, vision, hearing, smell Present only one sensory stimulation at a time, if testing
• Reflexes Deep tendon: Biceps C5, C6 Triceps C6, C7, C8 Brachioradialis C5, C6 Patellar L2, L3, L4 Achilles S1, S2 Superficial: Cremasteric T12, L1, L2 Abdominal T7, T8, T9, T10, T11 Infant Automatisms: Primitive Reflexes • Cranial Nerves C1 Smell C2 Visual acuity, visual fields, fundus C3, 4, 6 EOM, 6 fields of gaze C5 Sensory to face: Motor--clench teeth, Corneal reflex---is C5 & C7 C7 Raise eyebrows, frown, close eyes tight, show teeth, smile, puff cheeks, Taste--anterior 2/3 tongue C8 Hearing & equilibrium C9 "ah" equal movement of soft palate & uvula C10 Gag, Taste, posterior 1/3 tongue C11 Shoulder shrug & head turn with resistance C12 Tongue movement • Infant Reflexes: Most disappear between 4-6 months of age
• Blink (dazzle) Blinks to bright light, 1st year of life, absence indicates blindness
• Root Turns direction cheek is stroked, disappears 3-4 months, may persist longer, absence indicates neruologic disorder
• Suck Sucks in response to stimuli, may persist during infancy, weak or absent reflex indicates developmental/neurological disorder
• Extrusion Tongue extends out when t ouched, disappears at 4 months, persistent extrusion may indicate Down’s
• Moro & Startle Arms & legs extend symmetrically & arms return to midline, when stimulated by position change or sudden noise, disappears by 4-6 months, absence or asymmetry of responses indicate injury, neurological disorder or hearing loss
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• Galant's (trunk incurvation) Back moves toward paraspinal side stimulated, present for 4-8 weeks, absence may indicate spinal cord lesions
• Dance or step Feet withdraw or step up, when foot touched to surface, present 4-8 weeks, persistence indicates neurological problem
• Palmar grasp Finger’s curve around object placed in palm or palmar aspect of fingers, disappears 3-4 months, persistence indicates neurologic disorder
• Tonic neck Fencing position: head turn-arm extend, leg extend to same side & all reverse with change to opposite side, appears strongest at 2 months & disappears by 6 months, persistence indicates neurological problem
• Neck righting When supine, shoulders, trunk pelvis turn to direction head is turned, absence or persistence beyond 6 months indicates neurological disorder
