+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the...

Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the...

Date post: 28-Mar-2018
Category:
Upload: dangmien
View: 221 times
Download: 2 times
Share this document with a friend
24
Physical Asset Management
Transcript
Page 1: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Physical Asset Management

Page 2: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

123

Nicholas A. J. Hastings

Physical Asset Management

Page 3: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

ISBN 978-1-84882-750-9 e-ISBN 978-1-84882-751-6DOI 10.1007/978-1-84882-751-6Springer London Dordrecht Heidelberg New York

British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009935958

© Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010

Exel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be repro-duced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.

Cover design: eStudio Calamar, Figueres/Berlin

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Dr. Nicholas A. J. HastingsQueensland University of TechnologyCentre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management (CIEAM)Gardens Point Campus, Level 7, O BlockBrisbane QLD 4001Australia

Page 4: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

v

Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, buildings and infrastructure. This book presents a systematic approach to the management of these assets from concept to disposal. It introduces the general principles of physical asset management, so as to make these accessible to a wide audience, and covers all stages of the asset management process, including initial business appraisal, identification of fixed asset needs, capability gap analysis, financial evaluation, logistic support analysis, life cycle costing, management of in-service assets, maintenance strategy, outsourcing, cost-benfit analysis, disposal and renewal. Industries to which this is applicable include: electricity generation and supply; oil and gas; water; roads; railways; mining; aviation; shipping; hospitals; retail centres; manufacturing; distribution; defence facilities and defence materiel; recreation and sporting facilities and local government.

The book addresses the needs of existing and potential asset managers and pro-vides an introduction to asset management for professionals in related disciplines, including finance. It provides both an introduction and a convenient reference work, covering the main areas of physical asset management.

This book is based on my involvement in asset management in a range of indus-tries and organizations over a period of many years, in the course of which I have absorbed material from many sources. Thanks are due to staff members present and past at the Centre for Integrated Engineering Asset Management, Queensland University of Technology, Mount Isa Mines, Powerlink, Rio Tinto and the Defence Materiel Organization. Particular thanks are due to Andrew Jardine, Joesph Mathew, Melinda Hodkiewicz, Peter Knights, Tony Healy and Brian Jenney. Special thanks are due to my wife Tina, who developed a wonderful family and garden while I was stuck in the study or away on site.

There is a substantial amount of organizational documentation in this field, but relatively few conventional books. I wish particularly to acknowledge the follow-ing key references. These and others are included in the bibliography. PAS 55 Asset Management Specification, British Standards Institution 2008;International Infrastructure Management Manual, www.ingenium.org.nz;IEC 60300 series of standards;Benjamin S. Blanchard, books on logistics and related topics;Defence Capability Development Manual, and DMO Acquisition and Sustainment Manual, Australian Defence Publishing Service, Canberra;A.S. Goodman and M. Hastak, Infrastructure Planning Handbook, Mcgraw-Hill 2006.

Melbourne 2009 Nicholas Hastings

About this Book

Page 5: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

vii

Nicholas Anthony John Hastings is the training coordinator for the Cooperative Research Cen-tre in Integrated Engineering Asset Manage-ment, and an Adjunct Professor at the Queen-sland University of Technology, Brisbane.

His early career was in the British Army and he attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and the University of Cambridge where he graduated in engineering. He served in the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engi-neers, initially working in maintenance man-agement, and later in asset management policy. From 1968 he lectured in Operations Research at universities in Britain and Australia. He was Professor of Operations Research at Monash University, Melbourne, from 1977–93.

In 1994 he took up the Mount Isa Mines Chair in Maintenance Engineering at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, and was involved in work on projects in mining, electricity transmission and other asset intensive industries. He is the developer of RelCode software for the analysis of reliability data which is widely used in industry. In 2006 he was awarded the Medal of the Maintenance Engineering Society of Australia for contributions to reliability and engineering asset management.

He is a director of Albany Interactive Pty. Ltd., a consultancy firm in engineering asset management. He enjoys country walks and watching local sport.

About the Author

Page 6: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

ix

Chapter Table of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Chapter Outline of this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

Chapter 1 Introduction to Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 What is an Asset? – An Accountant’s View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.3 What Is Asset Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3.2 Alternative Definitions of Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . 41.3.3 Why Do We Need Asset Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4 Asset Management Basic Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.5 The Asset Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.6 Business Organization and Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.6.1 Asset Management a Matrix Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.7 Business Planning and Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.8 The Asset Death Spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.9 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.9.1 Holiday Resort Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.9.2 Pacific Earth Moving Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

1.10 A Top Level Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 2 The Asset Management Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1 The Asset Management Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.2 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.2.1 Asset Management Groups Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3 Asset Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3.1 Asset Management Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.4 Asset Management Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172.5 Asset Management Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.5.1 Capital Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.5.2 In-Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202.5.3 Business Strategy and Asset Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.6 Personnel Roles in Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.6.1 Competencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Contents

Page 7: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contentsx

2.6.2 Personnel Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242.7 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.7.1 Pacific Earth Moving Part 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252.8 Asset Management – Who Needs It? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Chapter 3 From Concept to Project Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273.1 Project Initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.2 Types of Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.3 Business Development Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.3.1 Major Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.3.2 Minor Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.3.3 Developmental Flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

3.4 Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.5 Capability Requirements Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

3.5.1 Development Planning Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333.5.2 Needs Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343.5.3 Un-augmented Capability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.5.4 Remaining Life and Retirement Schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.5.5 Capability Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.5.6 Capability Requirements Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.6 Creating the Development Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.7 Pre-feasibility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.7.1 Feasibility Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.8 Development Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.9 Development Plan Detailed Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403.10 Considerations in Development Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

3.10.1 Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.10.2 Existing Processes and the Status Quo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.10.3 Lead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.10.4 In Service Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.10.5 Date of Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.10.6 Operational Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.10.7 Function and Performance Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443.10.8 Level of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.10.9 Financial Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.10.10 Acquisition Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

3.11 Project Maturity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.12 Implementation Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.13 Capacity Planning Exercise – Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.13.1 Gap Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.13.2 Pre-Feasibility Planning and Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.14 Bottling Plant Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.15 A Business Imperative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Chapter 4 Developing a Business Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514.1 Business Case Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Page 8: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contents xi

4.2 Development Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524.3 Business Case Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534.4 Smaller Project Business Case Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.5 The Final Decision to Proceed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.6 Approved Development Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.7 Wine Selection Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.8 Experience required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Chapter 5 Implementing Development Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595.1 Project Team and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

5.1.1 Team Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.1.2 Project Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605.1.3 Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.2 Project Milestones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.3 Evaluation of Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.4 Equipment Selection and Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.5 Through Life Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.6 Financial and Contract Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625.7 Project Maturity Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.8 Assigning Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645.9 Project Management Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.9.1 Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655.9.2 Financial Overview Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

5.10 Project Progress Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.10.1 Delays and Overruns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665.10.2 Scope Creep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.11 Project Progress Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685.12 Project Portfolio Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695.13 Commissioning and Introduction into Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.13.1 Operational Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.13.2 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

5.14 Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.15 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.15.1 Pacific Earth Moving Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725.16 An Acquisition Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Chapter 6 Management of In-Service Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.1 Deployed Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.2 In-Service Support Aims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.3 In-Service Support Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.4 Organization for In-Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.5 Engineering and Technical Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786.6 Configuration Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

6.6.1 The Need for Configuration Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786.6.2 Configuration Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796.6.3 Configuration Management Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Page 9: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contentsxii

6.6.4 Configuration Change Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.7 Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806.8 Roll Over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Chapter 7 Asset Continuity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.2 Planning Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

7.2.1 Pre-Plan Gap Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857.2.2 Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

7.3 Capability Continuity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887.4 Vehicle Fleet Capacity Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Chapter 8 Capital Planning and Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898.1 Capital Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.2 What is a Budget? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.3 Types of Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908.4 Budget Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.5 Devolution of Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918.6 Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

8.6.1 Planning Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 928.6.2 Source and Application of Funds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

8.7 Capital Requirement Plans for Asset Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938.8 Capital Rationing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

8.8.1 Capital Rationing Example – Postal Vans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948.8.2 Replacement Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958.8.3 Condition/Criticality Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968.8.4 Financial Return and Risk in Project Ranking . . . . . . . . . 97

8.9 The Capital Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988.10 Managing the Capital Project Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

8.10.1 Capital Budget for Current Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998.11 Long River Ferry Company Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998.12 Are Your Assets Liabilities? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Chapter 9 Discounted Cash Flow and Asset Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049.2 Discounted Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

9.2.1 Interest Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059.3 Debt and Equity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059.4 Discounted Cash Flow Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

9.4.1 Future Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069.4.2 Present Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1069.4.3 Discount Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079.4.4 Net Present Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079.4.5 Cash Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

9.5 Equivalent Annual Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1089.5.1 Annuity Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Page 10: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contents xiii

9.5.2 Capital Recovery Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099.5.3 EAC Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

9.6 Equivalent Unit Cost (EUC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1109.7 Repair/ Replace Decision for Ore Loading Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

9.7.1 Situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119.7.2 Factors Involved in the Repair/Replace Decision . . . . . . . 1119.7.3 New Ore Loader Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129.7.4 Cash Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129.7.5 Excel Function NPV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149.7.6 Excel Function PMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149.7.7 Payment or Cost at End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1159.7.8 Life Cycle Cash Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169.7.9 Old Ore Loader Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

9.8 The Excel Function PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189.9 Inflation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

9.9.1 Adjusting Historical Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199.9.2 Real Rate of Interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1209.9.3 Adjusting Future Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

9.10 Discounted Cash Flow Revision Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219.11 Standby Generator Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219.12 Solar or Diesel Power Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Chapter 10 Profit,Depreciation and Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12310.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12410.2 Profit and Company Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12410.3 Capital Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12510.4 Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

10.4.1 Acquisition Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12610.4.2 Book Value (or Written Down Value, WDV) . . . . . . . . . . 12610.4.3 Effective Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12610.4.4 Straight Line Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12710.4.5 Declining Balance Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

10.5 Cash Flow after Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12810.5.1 Tax Credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12910.5.2 Tax on Resale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

10.6 After Tax Cash Flow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13010.7 Ore Loader Decision Analysis with Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10.7.1 New Loader Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13110.7.2 Old Loader Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

10.8 Impact of Downtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13210.8.1 Physical or Service Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13310.8.2 Cost of Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13410.8.3 Loader Policy Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

10.9 Loan Repayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13510.10 Asset Valuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13510.11 Asset Value Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Page 11: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contentsxiv

Chapter 11 Asset Investment Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13911.1 Net Present Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14011.2 Payback Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

11.2.1 Payback Period Example – Materials Handling System . . 14111.3 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

11.3.1 Excel Function IRR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14311.3.2 IRR Example – Communications System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14311.3.3 Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return (MARR) . . . . . . . . 144

11.4 Profitability Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14411.5 Project Financial Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14511.6 Comparison and Selection of Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

11.6.1 Planning Horizon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14511.7 Leasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14611.8 Fixed Costs, Variable Costs and Breakeven Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 14611.9 Financial Analysis of a Turbo-Generator Project – Exercise . . . . . . 148

Chapter 12 Cost-BenefitAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14912.1 Introduction and Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15012.2 Non-Financial Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15012.3 Cost Benefit Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

12.3.1 A Basic Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15112.4 Needs and Wants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15212.5 User Pays Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15212.6 Measures of Benefit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15312.7 Cost Benefit Analysis Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

12.7.1 Planning Balance Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15312.8 Regional Health Clinics Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15412.9 Cost Benefit Spider Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Chapter 13 Risk Analysis and Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15713.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15813.2 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15913.3 Management of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15913.4 Legislative Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16013.5 Types of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

13.5.1 Sovereign Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16113.5.2 Solution Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16213.5.3 Technical Development Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16213.5.4 Performance Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16213.5.5 Commercial or Financial Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16213.5.6 Administrative Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16213.5.7 Safety and Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16313.5.8 Supplier Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16313.5.9 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

13.6 Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16313.7 Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16313.8 Risk Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Page 12: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contents xv

13.9 Contingency Allowance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16513.9.1 Retirement of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

13.10 Mitigating Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16513.10.1 Design for Safe Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16613.10.2 Facility Siting and Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16613.10.3 Fitness for Service Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16613.10.4 Safety Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16713.10.5 Tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16713.10.6 Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16813.10.7 Danger Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

13.11 Contingency Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16813.12 Quantitative Risk Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16913.13 Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17013.14 Layer of Protection Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17013.15 Safety Integrity Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17113.16 Event Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17213.17 Project Risk Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17213.18 Water Supply System Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

13.18.1 Hazard Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17313.18.2 Risk Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17413.18.3 Monitoring and Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Chapter 14 Logistic Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17914.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18014.2 Value Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18114.3 Reliability Centered Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

14.3.1 Equipment Commonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18214.3.2 Asset Appraisal and Acceptance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18214.3.3 Test and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18314.3.4 Preferred Suppliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

14.4 Logistic Support Analysis (LSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18414.4.1 Logistic Support Basic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18514.4.2 Logistic Support Detailed Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18514.4.3 Level of Repair Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

14.5 Integrated Logistic Support (ILS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18914.6 Configuration Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18914.7 Logistic Support Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18914.8 Through Life Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19014.9 Through Life Support Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19114.10 Logistic Support Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19114.11 Supplier Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19214.12 Cunning at the Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19314.13 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

14.13.1 Logistic Support Analysis – Tooth Brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19414.13.2 Racing Cycle Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19514.13.3 Level of Repair Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

14.14 Revision Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Page 13: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contentsxvi

Chapter 15 Life Cycle Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19715.1 Aim of Life Cycle Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19715.2 Life Cycle Asset Management Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915.3 Input to Project Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915.4 Life Cycle Costing Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19915.5 Life Cycle Costing Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20115.6 Economic Life Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20315.7 Economic Life Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

15.7.1 Undiscounted Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20515.7.2 Discounted Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20515.7.3 Economic Life with Discounting and Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

Chapter 16 Equipment Replacement Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20916.1 Replacement Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21016.2 Reasons for Equipment Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21116.3 Technical Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21216.4 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21216.5 Cost Analysis for Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

16.5.1 Like-with-Like Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21316.5.2 Equivalent Annual Cost of the Challenger . . . . . . . . . . . . 21316.5.3 Steadily Increasing Cost Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21416.5.4 Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21516.5.5 Unevenly Changing Cost Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21516.5.6 Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

16.6 Spend Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21716.6.1 Spend-Limit Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

16.7 Risk with Ageing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21816.7.1 Risk-Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

16.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21916.8.1 Water Pump Replacement Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21916.8.2 Transformer Replacement Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21916.8.3 Spend-Limit Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Chapter 17 Outsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22317.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22417.2 Non-Core Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

17.2.1 Minor Player . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22417.2.2 Peak Load Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

17.3 The Owner/Operator Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22517.4 What NOT to Outsource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22517.5 Benefits of Outsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22617.6 Costs of Outsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

17.6.1 Formalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22617.6.2 Intangible Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22717.6.3 Other Potential Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

17.7 Types of Contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Page 14: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contents xvii

17.8 Contract Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22917.9 Outsourcing Risk Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

17.9.1 Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23017.10 Outsourcing Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23117.11 Contractor Viewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23117.12 Build Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23117.13 Public Private Partnerships (PPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Chapter 18 Know Your Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23318.1 Awareness of Key Assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23418.2 Block Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

18.2.1 Information Required Per Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23618.3 Criticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

18.3.1 Expert Teams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23818.4 Bottlenecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23918.5 Backlogs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24018.6 Plant Criticality Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Chapter 19 Asset Management Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24319.1 Information System Role and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24419.2 Base Data and the Need for Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

19.2.1 Functional Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24519.2.2 Mobile Plant Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24619.2.3 Location Code Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24619.2.4 Activity and Trade Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

19.3 Resourcing and Managing the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24919.3.1 Data Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24919.3.2 Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24919.3.3 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

19.4 Implementing Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25019.5 Reports and their Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25119.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

19.6.1 Asset Data Setup Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25219.6.2 Pacific Earth Moving Part 4 CMMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Chapter 20 Maintenance Organization and Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25520.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25620.2 Total Productive Maintenance or Asset Basic Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

20.2.1 Workplace Tidiness and Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25620.2.2 Maintain Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25820.2.3 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25820.2.4 Machine Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

20.3 Basic Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25920.3.1 Assign Housekeeping and Basic Maintenance Tasks . . . . 26020.3.2 Routine Maintenance by Technicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26020.3.3 Accredit Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Page 15: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contentsxviii

20.4 Performance Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26120.4.1 Performance, Quality and Reliability Improvement . . . . . 261

20.5 Asset Basic Care / TPM – Management Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26120.5.1 Asset Basic Care / TPM Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26220.5.2 Asset Basic Care /TPM Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

20.6 Maintenance Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26220.6.1 Maintenance Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26320.6.2 Maintenance Work Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

20.7 Maintenance Budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26620.7.1 The Business Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26620.7.2 Creating the Budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26720.7.3 Using the History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26720.7.4 Walking Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26820.7.5 Sources of Maintenance Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26820.7.6 Forecast Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26920.7.7 Direct Labour Estimates – Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26920.7.8 Non-Routine and Breakdown Labour Estimate . . . . . . . . 27020.7.9 Specific Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27020.7.10 Indirect Labour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27020.7.11 Overheads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27120.7.12 The Maintenance Iceberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27120.7.13 Arrive at the Resource Requirement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27220.7.14 Correct the Imbalances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

20.8 Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27320.9 Survey and Quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27420.10 Budget Cost Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27420.11 Budget Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27520.12 Activity Based Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27620.13 Revision Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27720.14 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

20.14.1 Maintenance Budgeting Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27720.14.2 Pacific Earth Moving Part 5, Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Chapter 21 Reliability,Availability,Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27921.1 Specification and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28021.2 Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280

21.2.1 Design for Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28121.3 Reliability Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

21.3.1 Operator Records and Incident Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28121.3.2 Failure Reporting and Corrective Action System

(FRACAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28221.3.3 Pareto Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28221.3.4 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA or FMECA) . . 28221.3.5 Root Cause Analysis (RCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28221.3.6 Condition Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28221.3.7 Failure Patterns and Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Page 16: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contents xix

21.4 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28421.4.1 System Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28521.4.2 Cost of Downtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28521.4.3 Availability When Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

21.5 Availability Related to Total Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28721.6 Maintenance Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28821.7 Maintenance Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28921.8 Maintenance Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28921.9 Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

21.9.1 Design for Maintainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29021.10 Maintainability Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29121.11 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

21.11.1 Pacific Earth Moving Part 6. Reliability and Availability . . 29221.11.2 Cost of Downtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29221.11.3 Availability Related to Total Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

21.12 Desert Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

Chapter 22 Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29522.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29622.2 Initial Spares Purchase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29622.3 Cataloguing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29722.4 Aims of Inventory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29722.5 Inventory Management Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

22.5.1 Stock Keeping Units or SKUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29822.5.2 Spare Parts Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

22.6 Procedure When Item Is Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29922.7 Stock Control Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30022.8 Dependent Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30122.9 Independent Demand Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

22.9.1 Fast Moving Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30222.9.2 MIN and MAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

22.10 Target Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30322.11 Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30422.12 Reorder Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

22.12.1 Safety Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30522.12.2 Lead Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30522.12.3 Reorder Rules Fast Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30522.12.4 Other Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30622.12.5 Consignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30722.12.6 Cannibalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30722.12.7 Returned Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30722.12.8 Storekeeper Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30722.12.9 Overstocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

22.13 Repair Pools and Rotables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30822.13.1 Repair Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

22.14 Item Criticality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Page 17: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contentsxx

22.15 Slow Moving Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30922.16 Insurance Spares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31022.17 Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310

22.17.1 Service Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31022.17.2 Days Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31022.17.3 Value Turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31122.17.4 ABC Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31222.17.5 Inventory Improvement Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

22.18 Accounting for Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31322.18.1 Inventory in the Balance Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31322.18.2 Inventory in the Profit and Loss Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31322.18.3 Overstocking and Write Downs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

22.19 So How Did We Win? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31422.20 But Problems Remain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Chapter 23 Key Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31923.1 Functional Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

23.1.1 Railway System Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32023.1.2 Water Supply System Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32023.1.3 Electricity Transmission or Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32123.1.4 Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

23.2 Overall Equipment Effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32223.3 Maintenance Related Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Chapter 24 PAS-55AssetManagementSpecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32324.1 Introduction and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32324.2 Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32424.3 PAS-55 Asset Management Manual Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

24.3.1 Outline Content of PAS Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32724.4 Functional Gap Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Appendix A – Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Appendix B – Solutions to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345B.1 Holiday Resort Exercise 1.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345B.2 Pacific Earth Moving Part 1: 1.9.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346B.3 Pacific Earth Moving Part 2: 2.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346B.4 Capacity Planning Exercise Generators 3.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346B.5 Bottling Plant Exercise 3.14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347B.6 Pacific Earth Moving Part 3: 5.15.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348B.7 Vehicle Fleet Capacity Exercise 7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349B.8 Long River Ferry Company Exercise 8.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351B.9 Standby Generator Exercise 9.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351B.10 Solar or Diesel Power Exercise 9.12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352B.11 Financial Analysis of Turbo-Generator Exercise 11.9 . . . . . . . . . . 353B.12 Regional Health Clinics Exercise 12.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

Page 18: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Contents xxi

B.13 Logistic Support Analysis Exercise – Tooth Brush 14.13.1 . . . . . . . 355B.14 Cycle Team Logistic Support Exercise 14.13.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355B.15 Level of Repair Analysis Exercise 14.13.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355B.16 Water Pump Exercise 16.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356B.17 Transformer Replacement Exercise 16.8.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356B.18 Spend Limit Exercise 16.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357B.19 Plant Criticality Exercise 18.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357B.20 Asset Data Setup Exercise 19.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358B.21 Pacific Earth Moving Part 4 CMMS 19.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358B.22 Maintenance Budgeting Exercise 20.14.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359B.23 Pacific Earth Moving Part 5. Maintenance. 20.14.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359B.24 Pacific Earth Moving Part 6. RAM. 21.11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359B.25 Cost of Downtime 21.11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

B.25.1 Availability Related to Total Time 21.11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

Page 19: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

xxiii

Fig. 1.1 Balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Fig. 1.2 The asset life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Fig. 1.3 Asset management – a gray area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Fig. 1.4 Business activities and asset management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Fig. 1.5 Asset management in the organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Fig. 1.6 Asset management in the organization (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Fig. 1.7 Business factors in asset management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Fig. 1.8 The asset death spiral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Fig. 2.1 Asset management group structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Fig. 2.2 Asset management groups example – electricity transmission . . . . . 16Fig. 2.3 Asset policy statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Fig. 2.4 An asset strategy model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Fig. 2.5 Personnel roles in asset management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Fig. 2.6 Spider diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Fig. 3.1 Capability example – fire station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Fig. 3.2 Inputs to capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Fig. 3.3 Capability requirements planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Fig. 3.4 Development planning teams in the organizational structure . . . . . . 34Fig. 3.5 Sources of development team representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Fig. 3.6 Needs analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Fig. 3.7 Determining year of expiry and year of decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Fig. 3.8 Retirement schedule, numbers retiring each year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Fig. 3.9 Capacity gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Fig. 3.10 Pre-feasibility and feasibility analysis stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Fig. 3.11 Asset development plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Fig. 3.12 Stakeholder groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Fig. 3.13 Capital equipment lead time activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Fig. 3.14 Feasibility stage maturity status scoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Fig. 3.15 Steps in the asset management process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Fig. 5.1 Equipment rating and selection summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Fig. 5.2 Capital project financial and contract stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Fig. 5.3 Implementation project maturity scores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Fig. 5.4 RACI chart for acquisition project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Fig. 5.5 Project progress scorecard for a plant upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Fig. 5.6 Time and cost milestones – plant upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Fig. 5.7 Progress data – plant upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Table of Figures

Page 20: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Table of Figuresxxiv

Fig. 5.8 Bulls-eye chart for project progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Fig. 5.9 Summary report for a project portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Fig. 6.1 Organization for management of in-service assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Fig. 7.1 Transformer purchase planning data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Fig. 7.2 Gap analysis calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Fig. 7.3 Gap analysis graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Fig. 7.4 Transformer purchase planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Fig. 7.5 Transformer purchase capital requirements graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Fig. 7.6 Projected vehicle demand and disposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88Fig. 8.1 Budget planning levels and time horizons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Fig. 8.2 Planning and budgeting outline steps for type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Fig. 8.3 Capital asset budget aggregation across types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Fig. 8.4 Capital rationing – van replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Fig. 8.5 Classification descriptors for condition and criticality . . . . . . . . . . . 95Fig. 8.6 Replacement prioritization by condition and criticality . . . . . . . . . . 96Fig. 8.7 Condition/criticality plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96Fig. 8.8 Project rankings with returns and risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Fig. 8.9 Capital planning budget summary, $k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Fig. 8.10 Current year capital budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Fig. 8.11 Small boats cost data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Fig. 8.12 Large boat cost data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Fig. 9.1 Cash flow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Fig. 9.2 Net present value and equivalent annual cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110Fig. 9.3 Load-haul-dump truck at work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Fig. 9.4 New ore loader costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Fig. 9.5 Cash flow diagram for new loader costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Fig. 9.6 NPV of life cycle cost of new loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Fig. 9.7 Loader equivalent annual cost using PMT function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Fig. 9.8 PMT function with payment at end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Fig. 9.9 Life cycle cash flow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Fig. 9.10 Old loader overhaul and maintenance costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Fig. 9.11 Old loader cash flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Fig. 9.12 Calculation of NPV and EAC for old loader option . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Fig. 9.13 The Excel function PV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Fig. 10.1 Profit and loss account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125Fig. 10.2 Examples of effective lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126Fig. 10.3 Straight line depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Fig. 10.4 Depreciation by declining balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Fig. 10.5 Tax adjusted cash flow diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Fig. 10.6 New loader option – cost analysis with tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131Fig. 10.7 Old loader option – cost analysis with tax credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Fig. 10.8 Cost factors of failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Fig. 10.9 Loan repayment calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Fig. 10.10 Summary of asset valuation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Fig. 10.11 Asset value index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Fig. 11.1 Investment data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Page 21: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Table of Figures xxv

Fig. 11.2 Payback period cumulative plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Fig. 11.3 Materials handling system cash flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Fig. 11.4 Materials handling payback period calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Fig. 11.5 Cumulative NPV at the internal rate of return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Fig. 11.6 Communication system savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Fig. 11.7 Communication system IRR using Excel function . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Fig. 11.8 Profitability index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Fig. 11.9 Fixed and variable costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Fig. 12.1 Value analysis questionnaire for cost-benefit project . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Fig. 12.2 Cost benefit spider diagram for health clinics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Fig. 13.1 Risk management outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Fig. 13.2 Satisfying a duty of care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Fig. 13.3 An adverse consequence of risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Fig. 13.4 Risk level matrix (AS4360) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164Fig. 13.5 Contingency plan for passenger ferry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Fig. 13.6 Layer of protection analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171Fig. 13.7 Flow chart for water supply system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Fig. 13.8 Risk ranking scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Fig. 13.9 Water supply risk documents (3 pages) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Fig. 14.1 Iceberg diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Fig. 14.2 Value engineering check list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182Fig. 14.3 Logistic support and level of repair elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187Fig. 14.4 Integrated logistic support factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188Fig. 14.5 Through life support systems required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190Fig. 14.6 Logistic support example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Fig. 15.1 Life cycle stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Fig. 15.2 Life cycle cost for circuit breaker bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Fig. 15.3 Economic life – cumulative cost plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203Fig. 15.4 Economic life – cost per unit time plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Fig. 15.5 Vehicle life cycle cost data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Fig. 15.6 Economic life analysis without discounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Fig. 15.7 Cash flow for 3 and 4 year lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Fig. 15.8 Economic life analysis with discounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Fig. 15.9 Economic life analysis with depreciation and tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Fig. 16.1 Replacement analysis flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Fig. 16.2 Replacement analysis – steadily increasing costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214Fig. 16.3 Cumulative cost graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215Fig. 16.4 Variable cost case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216Fig. 16.5 Long life equipment with risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218Fig. 17.1 Organizational strengths in public private partnerships . . . . . . . . . . 232Fig. 18.1 Mine site assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Fig. 18.2 Power station block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Fig. 18.3 Block diagram and criticality – chemical plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237Fig. 18.4 Criticality analysis of mining assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238Fig. 18.5 Expert team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Fig. 18.6 Cost-effectiveness of de-bottlenecking – example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

Page 22: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Table of Figuresxxvi

Fig. 19.1 Asset management information system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244Fig. 19.2 Functional location coding – electricity substation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Fig. 19.3 Plant area location coding example (part) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247Fig. 19.4 Functional location coding for an electric train (part) . . . . . . . . . . . 248Fig. 19.5 Activity codes and trade codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249Fig. 19.6 Data flows in a CMMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Fig. 19.7 Steps in implementing data changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Fig. 19.8 Chlorination blower bill of materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Fig. 19.9 Trade and activity types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Fig. 20.1 Asset basic care or total productive maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Fig. 20.2 Assignment of basic care tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Fig. 20.3 Maintenance organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Fig. 20.4 Maintenance services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Fig. 20.5 Maintenance layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Fig. 20.6 Maintenance activity and information flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264Fig. 20.7 Work management activities and typical roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Fig. 20.8 Job scoping, planning, scheduling, controlling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265Fig. 20.9 Job priorities scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Fig. 20.10 Weekly scheduling process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266Fig. 20.11 Basic logic of the maintenance budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Fig. 20.12 Labour estimates for routine work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Fig. 20.13 Labour estimates for non-routine work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Fig. 20.14 Specific items (headings only shown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Fig. 20.15 Monitoring budget expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Fig. 20.16 Budget actual versus planned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Fig. 21.1 Reliability improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Fig. 21.2 Condition monitoring techniques and medical parallels . . . . . . . . . 283Fig. 21.3 Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Fig. 21.4 Elements of downtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Fig. 21.5 Inputs to availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Fig. 21.6 Availability related to total time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Fig. 21.7 Inputs to maintenance effectiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Fig. 22.1 Inventory system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Fig. 22.2 A parts explosion diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Fig. 22.3 Extract from a parts catalogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Fig. 22.4 Inventory status report screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300Fig. 22.5 Dependent demand inventory projection report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Fig. 22.6 Fast moving items – reorder cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303Fig. 22.7 Repair pool and rotables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308Fig. 22.8 Days supply report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Fig. 22.9 Inventory value turns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Fig. 24.1 PAS-55 outline structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Fig. 24.2 PAS-55 clauses and sub-clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326Fig. 24.3 PAS-55 gap analysis template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333Fig. 24.4 Asset management techniques and PAS-55 clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

Page 23: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

Table of Figures xxvii

Fig. B.1 Generator capacity planning option 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Fig. B.2 Generator capacity planning option 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Fig. B.3 Vehicle fleet planning template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348Fig. B.4 Vehicle fleet planning solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349Fig. B.5 Vehicle fleet planning – Excel® solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350Fig. B.6 Standby generator Excel solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Fig. B.7 Water pump replacement options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356Fig. B.8 Plant criticality block diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Page 24: Physical Asset Management - Springer978-1-84882-751-6/1.pdf · Physical asset management is the management of fixed or non-current assets such as equipment, plant, ... Chapter 7 Asset

xxix

The chapters in this book are arranged in a sequence designed to introduce mate-rial in a logical sequence. However, some chapters link together to address specific areas of asset management. The following listing shows this grouping.

General introduction1. Introduction to Asset Management2. The Asset Management Function

Acquisition and development of assets3. From Concept to Project Approval4. Developing a Business Case5. Implementing Development Plans

Managing in-service assets18. Know Your Assets6. Management of In-Service Assets7. Asset Continuity Planning8. Capital Planning and Budgeting17. Outsourcing

Financial analysis9. Discounted Cash Flow and Asset Decisions10. Profit, Depreciation and Tax11. Asset Investment Criteria12. Cost-Benefit Analysis16. Equipment Replacement Decisions

Technical Background14. Logistic Support20. Maintenance Organization and Budget21. Reliability, Availability and Maintainability22. Inventory Management

General enablers13. Risk Analysis and Risk Management19. Asset Management Information Systems23. Key Performance Indicators24. PAS-55 Asset Management Specification

Outline of this Book


Recommended