PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF

EUROPE

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LANDFORMS

1. “Peninsula of peninsulas” (pg.273)

Glaciers formed them

Carved the fjords (U-shaped valleys) in Norway

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2. Mountain Ranges and Uplands

Separate the people of Europe (pg.

274)

Construct travel

Alps block winds

                                                    

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3. Major Rivers

Allowed for ease of transportation of people, goods, & services.

Ex: Danube and RhineLink to the Black Sea and into

Southwest Asia and Russia

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RESOURCES

1. Fertile Land

Northern European Plains (flat and produces plenty of food.

Sweden, Hungary, & Northern Italy.

33% of the land produces crop.

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2. OilFound in the North Sea

3. Coal and IronNeeded to produce steel

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CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

1. Marine West Coast

Warm summers and cool winters

Alps colder climates bc of elevation.

North Atlantic drift-warm winds and water from the tropics

2. Humid Continental

Warm/hot summers and cold/snowy winters

Plenty of rain

Lost many of its forest

Fertile land

3. Mediterranean

Mild climate (hot/dry summers and mild/wet winters)

Mountains protect area from cold winds

Beaches

Farmers grow citrus fruits, olives, grapes and wheat.

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4. Tundra and Subarctic

Permafrost

Harsh winters

Few days of sunshine

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How have Europeans changed their environment?

1. TUNNELS

The French and British joined together and built the “Chunnel”(underwater tunnel)

http://www.ncccusa.org/gifs/chunnel.jpg

2. The Dutch constructed polders (land that is reclaimed from the sea or other body of water by diking and drainage)

Ex: Deltawerken

POLDERS

• Reclaiming the land• Mostly in the Netherlands

• A wall is built around land

• Pumps will pump out the water to make the land dry

3. The Italians in Venice built canals (man-made waterways).

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4. Rail System5. Deforestation

Uncontrolled logging

Acid rain caused by pollution

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6. THE CHUNNEL

Tunnel Benefits:Tunnel Benefits:

60,000 jobs during 6-year construction period 60,000 jobs during 6-year construction period

Increase in cross-channel trade will lead to Increase in cross-channel trade will lead to tourism & other business ties tourism & other business ties

One-stop clearance for customs & immigration One-stop clearance for customs & immigration proceduresprocedures

Improvement in the road & rail networks of Improvement in the road & rail networks of England, France, & BelgiumEngland, France, & Belgium

7. ACID RAIN

INDUSTRLIAZTION BRINGS ACID RAIN

►Acid rain is Acid rain is measured using a scale measured using a scale called "pH." The lower called "pH." The lower a substance's pH, the a substance's pH, the more acidic it is.more acidic it is.

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

• Fossil Fuels: burning of petroleum, gas and coal causes the formation of smog which reacts wit sunlight to create harmful chemicals.