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Physical Pheno mena in Granular Materials

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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-41005-3 - Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Volume 195:Physical Phenomena in Granular MaterialsEditors: G. D. Cody, T. H. Geballe and Ping ShengFrontmatterMore information

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MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 195

Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials

Symposium held April 16-20,1990, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

EDITORS:

G. D. CodyExxon Corporate Research Laboratory, Annandale, New Jersey, U.S.A.

T. H. GeballeStanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A.

Ping ShengExxon Corporate Research Laboratory, Annandale, New Jersey, U.S.A.

IMIRIS1 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETYPittsburgh, Pennsylvania




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This Material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMR-8920808.




Contents

DEDICATION xii

PREFACE xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvi i

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS xviii

PART I: OPTICAL PHENOMENA

•INFRARED ABSORPTION BY GRANULAR METALS 3D.B. Tanner, Y.H. Kim, and G.L. Carr

*FAR INFRARED MAGNETO-OPTICAL ABSORPTION IN SMALLBISMUTH PARTICLES 15

Robert P. Devaty and Ralph E. Sherriff

INFRARED OPTICAL GUIDED MODES IN PLASMA DEPOSITEDGOLD CLUSTERS EMBEDDED IN A POLYMER MATRIX 25

F. Parmigiani, M. Jurich, E. Kay, and J.D. Swalen

OXYGEN-INDUCED REVERSIBLE STRUCTURAL CHANGE OF SUPPORTEDFINE SILVER PARTICLES OBSERVED BY IN SITU OPTICALABSORPTION AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION 31

Akihisa Yanase, Hiroshi Komiyama, and Kazunobu Tanaka

•OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR MATERIALS: HOW TO MODELCOATINGS FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT WINDOWS 37

C.G. Granqvist

•OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR METALLIC MEDIA NEAR THEPERCOLATION TRANSITION 53

J. Lafait, S. Berthier, M. Gadenne, and P. Gadenne

THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-CONTINUOUS METAL FILMS:A SCALING BASED MODEL 65

Y. Yagil, M. Yosefin, D.J. Bergman, and G. Deutscher

INFLUENCE OF THE MORPHOLOGY ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFNANOCERMET FILMS: A RENORMALIZATION APPROACH 71

S. Berthier and K. Driss-Khodja

SIMULATION OF COMPOSITE OPTICAL PROPERTIES CLOSE TOPERCOLATION THRESHOLD 77

F. Brouers, J.P. Clerc, and G. Giraud

•CLASSICAL AND NONCLASSICAL OPTICAL DIFFUSION 83J.M. Drake and A.Z. Genack

•PHONON DISPERSION IN SUSPENSIONS OF HARD SPHERE COLLOIDS 93D.A. Weitz, J. Liu, L. Ye, and Ping Sheng

DIFFUSION OF LIGHT IN ANTARCTIC SEA ICE 103R.G. Buckley and H.J. Trodahl

•Invited Paper




CALCULATION OF LOCAL FIELDS FOR CLUSTERS OF ELLIPSOIDSWITHIN THE T-MATRIX APPROACH 109

Manuel Gomez, Luis F. Fonseca, Luis Cruz,and William Vargas

PART II: ELECTRICAL TRANSPORT

*MAGNETORESISTANCE IN GRANULAR METALS 117W.L. McLean

TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR Nix(SiO2) 100_xTHIN FILMS 129

John R. Beamish, B.M. Patterson, and K.M. Unruh

A QUANTUM PERCOLATION MODEL FOR MAGNETOCONDUCTANCEOF GRANULAR METAL FILMS 135

Zhao-Qing Zhang and Ping Sheng

CONDUCTIVITY FLUCTUATIONS IN TWO-COMPONENT FINITESYSTEMS 141

Jorgen Axe11 and Johan HeIsing

A STUDY OF THE VOLUME FRACTION, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSUREDEPENDENCE OF THE RESISTIVITY IN A CERAMIC-POLYMERCOMPOSITE USING A GENERAL EFFECTIVE MEDIA EQUATION 147

David S. McLachlan, Michael Blaszkiewics,Shoko Yoshikawa, and Robert E. Newnham

*PERCOLATIVE PROPERTIES OF Al-Ge COMPOSITE THIN FILMS 153A. Kapitulnik, J.W.P. Hsu, and M.R. Hahn

PARTICLE INTERACTION MODEL OF PERMITTIVITY ENHANCEMENTIN METAL-INSULATOR COMPOSITES 165

W.T. Doyle and I.S. Jacobs

MICROWAVE PROPERTIES OF NON-PERCOLATING METAL-INSULATORCOMPOSITES 169

I.S. Jacobs, H.J. Patchen, S.A. Miller,F.J. Rachford, and J.O. Hanson

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PERCOLATING NANOCRYSTALS 175P. Marquardt and G. Nimtz

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN GRANULAR METAL FILMS 181J.E. Morris, A. Mello, and C.J. Adkins

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HOPPING CONDUCTIVITY INGRANULAR METALS 187

L.F. Chen, Ping Sheng, B. Abeles, and M.Y. Zhou

ANDERSON LOCALIZATION IN ANISOTROPICALLY RANDOM MEDIA 193Ping Sheng, Weige Xue, Zhao-Qing Zhang, andQ.J. Chu

A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CERMET RESISTIVITY DATAUSING THE GENERAL EFFECTIVE MEDIA (GEM) EQUATION 199

David S. McLachlan

*Invited Paper




THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF TWO COMPONENT COMPOSITES 205Ohad Levy and David J. Bergman

CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN DISCONTINUOUS COPPER FILMS 211P. Biegariski and E. Dobierzewska-Mozrzymas

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND PERCOLATION MODEL OF COMPACTIFIEDMETALLIC MIXTURES SINTERING BY ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE 217

A.B. Pakhomov, B.P. Peregood, A.K. Sarychev, andA.P. Vinogradov

*FIELD EFFECT EXPERIMENTS ON DISCONTINUOUS METAL FILMS 223C.J. Adkins

TUNNELING AND PERCOLATION BEHAVIOR IN GRANULAR METALS 233I. Balberg, N. Wagner, Y. Goldstein, and S.Z. Weisz

THE FORMATION OF NEW CRITICAL SYSTEM BY ELECTRICBREAKDOWN IN PERCOLATION SYSTEM 239

V.A. Garanov, A.A. Kalachev, A.M. Karimov,A.N. Lagar'kov, S.M. Matitsin, A.B. Pakhomov,B.P. Peregood, A.K. Sarychev, A.P. Vinogradov,and A.M. Virnik

PART III: EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORIES

*BULK EFFECTIVE MODULI: THEIR CALCULATION AND USAGE FORDESCRIBING PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MEDIA 247

David J. Bergman

•INVERSE TRANSPORT PROBLEMS FOR COMPOSITE MEDIA 257Ross C. McPhedran and Graeme W. Milton

EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORY OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT OFGRANULAR MATERIALS IN THE PRESENCE OF SKIN EFFECT 275

L.V. Panina, A.N. Lagar'kov, A.K. Sarychev,Y.R. Smychkovich, and A.P. Vinogradov

AN EXTENDED THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH TO TRANSPORTPHENOMENA IN POROUS MEDIA 283

J.A. del Rio and M. Lopez de Haro

EFFECTIVE-MEDIUM APPROACH FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALSCONTAINING CONDUCTIVE STICKS 289

A.K. Sarychev and Y.R. Smychkovich

USE OF DIELECTRIC MIXTURE EQUATIONS FOR ESTIMATINGPERMITTIVITIES OF SOLIDS FROM DATA ON PULVERIZEDSAMPLES 295

Stuart O. Nelson and Tian-Su You

PART IV: SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

•GRANULAR ASPECTS OF HIGH Tc SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 303Guy Deutscher

•Invited Paper

vii




•STUDYING SUPERCONDUCTING GRANULAR ALUMINUM WITHMICROWAVES: AN APPRENTICESHIP 317

K. Alex Muller

STUDY ON THERMAL HYSTERESIS OF ELASTIC MODULUS INGRANULAR Y-Ba-Cu-0 AND Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-0 321

Yening Wang, Linhai Sun, Jin Wu, and Min Gu

THE RESPONSE OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL GRANULARSUPERCONDUCTING FILMS TO LIGHT 327

J.C. Culbertson, U. Strom, and S.A. Wolf

MAGNETIC PENETRATION DEPTH MEASUREMENTS ANDINHOMOGENEITY IN YBa2Cu307-5 SUPERCONDUCTINGTHIN FILMS "* 333

Steven M. Anlage, Brian W. Langley,Jurgen Halbritter, Chang-Beom Eom, Neil Switz,T.H. Geballe, and M.R. Beasley

SUPERCONDUCTING AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFYBa2Cu30?_x/SILVER GRANULAR SOLIDS 341

H.K. "Niculescu, P.J. Gielisse, Y.S. Hascicek,and L.R. Testardi

•DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF WEAKLY COUPLED JOSEPHSONSYSTEMS 347

K.H. Lee, T.-K. Xia, and D. Stroud

PHASE TRANSITIONS IN DISSIPATIVE JOSEPHSON CHAINS 357P.A. Bobbert, R. Fazio, Gerd Schon, andG.T. Zimanyi

QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS IN GRANULAR SUPERCONDUCTORS 363R.S. Fishman

NON-OHMIC NORMAL STATE BEHAVIOR AND THE ONSET OF GLOBALSUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN PARTIALLY ANNEALED QUENCH-CONDENSEDFILMS OF TIN 369

Carl A. Sniffman, Robert S. Markiewicz, and Wen Ho

•SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY IN GRANULARAND HOMOGENEOUS QUENCH CONDENSED THIN FILMS 375

J.M. Valles, Jr. and R.C. Dynes

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN GRANULAR Snx(SiO2) 100_x THIN FILMS 385John R. Beamish, B.M. Patterson, and K.M. Unruh

SURFACE IMPEDANCE AND GRANULARITY IN SUPERCONDUCTINGCUPRATES 391

J. Halbritter

INDIUM-IMPREGNATED POROUS GLASS: MAGNETOTRANSPORTAND SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION 397

M.J. Graf, C.A. Huber, T.E. Huber, and A.P. Salzberg

ON THE OPTIMIZED MIXING OF ORDER AND DISORDER INHIGH-TC CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS 403

E. Mezzetti

•Invited Paper

viii




PART V: MAGNETISM

•GRANULAR MAGNETISM 411C.L. Chien

SYNTHESIS AND MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GRANULAR CoDISPERSIONS IN A POLYMER MATRIX 423

Eric Kay, C. Laurent, S.S.P. Parkin, and D. Mauri

STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Fe/Al2O3 GRANULARSYSTEMS 429

J.L. Dormann and D. Fiorani

SPIN GLASS MAGNETIC BEHAVIOR OF IRON/SILICA GELNANOCOMPOSITES 435

Robert D. Shull and Joseph J. Ritter

PERCOLATION EFFECTS IN THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFGRANULAR N i - A l ^ THIN FILMS 441

T.E. Schlesinger, A. Gavrin, R.C. Cammarata, andC.-L. Chien

MAGNETIC AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF GRANULARIRON-SILICON DIOXIDE THIN FILMS 445

M.J. Carey, F.T. Parker, and A.E. Berkowitz

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED Fe/Ag COMPOSITEMETAL FILMS 451

S.H. Liou, Y.X. Zhang, and R.J. DeAngelis

PART VI: POROUS MEDIA

*WAVE VELOCITIES IN SEDIMENTS 459Dominique Marion, Amos Nur, and Hezhu Yin

EFFECT OF SODIUM IONS ON THE DIELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITYOF POROUS SILICA IN HUMID ENVIRONMENTS 471

Wanqing Cao, Rosario Gerhardt, andJohn B. Wachtman, Jr.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL GELS SUBJECT TOPARTICLE REARRANGEMENTS 477

Wan Y. Shih, Wei-Heng Shih, and Ilhan A. Aksay

A CHORD DISTRIBUTION DESCRIPTION OF POROUS GLASS 485M.Y. Lin and S.K. Sinha

TRANSPORT OF TOLUENE IN MICROPOROUS VYCOR GLASS 491Ben Abeles, L.F. Chen, J.W. Johnson, andJ.M. Drake

•ELEMENTS OF THE DIAGENESIS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 497Morrel H. Cohen

HEALING OF PORES IN METALS BY MAGNETIC PRESSURE PULSES 511V.I. Betechtin, A.B. Pakhomov, B.P. Peregood,A.I. Petrov, and M.V. Razuvaeva

•Invited Paper




SELF-REGULATING BEHAVIOR OF FERROMAGNETIC GRANULES ININDUCTIVE SINTERING PROCESS 517

L.S. Bulatova and A.V. Dmitriev

DIGITIZED DIRECT SIMULATION MODEL OF THE MICROSTRUCTURALDEVELOPMENT OF CEMENT PASTE 523

Dale P. Bentz and Edward J. Garboczi

OBSERVATION OF LARGE-SCALE STRUCTURES IN UNSATURATEDMATERIALS 531

J.E. Maneval, M.J. McCarthy, and S. Whitaker

•TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR POROUS MEDIA 537Lawrence M. Schwartz

INFLUENCE OF MICROGEOMETRY ON MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OFSHALY SANDS 549

Pabitra N. Sen

MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTIVE DIFFUSIVITIES INTHREE-DIMENSIONAL PORE STRUCTURES 553

Sebastian C. Reyes, Enrique Iglesia, andYee C. Chiew

THE GRANULAR NATURE OF HIGH RANK COALS 559George D. Cody Jr., John W. Larsen,Michael Siskin, and George D. Cody Sr.

PART VII: THERMODYNAMICS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES;OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOCRYSTALS

*MELTING BEHAVIOR IN GRANULAR METAL THIN FILMS 567Karl M. Unruh, B.M. Patterson, and S.I. Shah

MELTING AND THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL GRANULARPARTICLES 579

Ping Sheng and Min-Yao Zhou

STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF GRANULAR NOBLE METALCATALYSTS 585

H.W. Deckman, S.C. Fung, M.G. Matturro, andJ.A. McHenry

•PARTICLE SHAPE EFFECTS ON OPTICAL ABSORPTION INSEMICONDUCTOR COLLOIDS 591

P.D. Persans, E. Lu, J. Haus, G. Wagoner,and A.F. Ruppert

RECENT ADVANCES IN SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCLUSTERPREPARATION 597

A.P. Alivisatos, V.L. Colvin, A.N. Goldstein,M.A. Olshavsky, and J.J. Shiang

•Invited Paper




PART VIII: FABRICATION AND APPLICATIONS

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF Co/Si02 AND Co304/Si02COMPOSITES 605

W. Win, E.M. Logothetis, R.E. Soltis, H.K. Plummer,and L.E. Wenger

PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINEGRAINED METALS 611

B. Gunther, A. Baalmann, and H. Weiss

NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS PREPARED BY COMPACTINGNANOMETER-SIZED PARTICLES 617

J. Weissmiiller, J. Jing, A. Kramer, R. Birringer,U. Gonser, and H. Gleiter

FABRICATION OF GRANULAR MATERIALS BY HIGH-PRESSURESPUTTERING 623

G.M. Chow, R.L. Holtz, C.L. Chien, andA.S. Edelstein

•CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD INELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC GRANULAR SYSTEMS 627

L.B. Schein

*OXIDE NONLINEAR CONDUCTORS: A REVIEW 639Lionel M. Levinson and Herbert R. Philipp

Pt-SiO% GRANULAR METALS FOR CRYOGENIC THERMOMETRYIN HIGH MAGNETIC FIELDS 659

Elida De Obaldia, T.D. Moustakas, Jeff Hettengier,and J.S. Brooks

EFFECT OF GRANULARITY ON CuInSe2 SOLAR CELL RESPONSE 663James R. Sites

AUTHOR INDEX 669

SUBJECT INDEX 673

MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 679

*Invited Paper




Dedication

BEN ABELESSummer of 1990

Annandale, New Jersey, USA

xii




Preface

Granular materials constitute a wide class of artificiallymade or naturally occurring disordered media with a granularmicrostructure; included in the generic title are granularmetals, discontinuous films, composites in general, porousmedia, aggregates, colloids, etc. Today, granular materials arean important area of research, not only for the basic scientificquestions raised by many of their novel physical character-istics, but also for their numerous practical applications.However, what is generally recognized today was not recognizedin the early 1960s, and it could be argued that granularmaterials research did not even exist as a cohesive area ofstudy 25 years ago. As a preface to this proceedings volume, wewould like to give a personal perspective on how the fielddeveloped from its beginning in granular metals and the roleplayed by one of its pioneers, Ben Abeles, for whose 65thbirthday this volume is dedicated.

The history of granular metals goes back to the beginningof this century. Maxwell-Gar nett in 1904 explained the rubycolor of gold suspensions in silica through an effective mediumtheory (known today as the Maxwell-Gar nett theory), and Swann in1914 observed phenomena in the electrical conductivity of ultrathin metal films that in today's language would be referred toas percolation and hopping conductivity. In the 1930s, Bruggmanformulated a number of effective medium theories that wereinfluential in the development of modern concepts of in-homogeneous media. However, it was not until the early 1970sthat granular metals became a generic area of experimental andtheoretical research. The group of solid state physicists atRCA Laboratories made major contributions to this development.

The story of how granular metals were discovered at RCALaboratories is a textbook case of serendipity and the un-predictable ways of research. In 1965 Ben Abeles and YedudaGoldstein were studying phonon assisted tunneling in Pb-Alsuperconducting tunnel junctions. An anomalous feature of theiraluminum films was the high superconducting transition tempera-tures, in the range of Tc = 2.2-3.7 K, compared to the 1.18 Kliterature value. This was good news from the point of view ofexpanding the temperature range for cryostats cooled by liquidhelium, but it was bad news from the point of view of a paper onsuperconductivity in Al. It turned out that Abeles andGoldstein, relatively inexperienced at the time in thin filmdeposition of aluminum, had used alumina boats instead of theconventional tungsten filaments for the evaporation of theiraluminum films. Oxygen outgassing from the alumina boats duringthe deposition gave rise to films consisting of very finealuminum grains surrounded by thin aluminum oxide. Abeles andco-workers discovered that this granular structure was respon-sible for the enhancement of Tc as well as other unique andinteresting properties of this new class of granular supercon-ductors. Soon after this discovery, the range of granularmaterials, and phenomena that could be studied, were greatlyenlarged by a more versatile and controllable technique of co-sputtering metals and insulators introduced by Joe Hanak.




What followed was a remarkably productive and creativeperiod at RCA as well as at other laboratories in which many newgranular materials were synthesized and their interesting andnovel phenomena investigated. In fact, the case can be madethat there is a connection between granular aluminum and therecent discovery of the high Tc oxide superconductors. Accountsof this interesting historical point are given by Alex Mttllerand Guy Deutscher in these proceedings.

Following the discovery of granular superconductivity, oneof the organizers of this symposium (6.D. Cody) became curiousabout the optical properties of the granular metals. The adviceof his colleagues with expertise in optics was that granularmetals would be dominated by dirt effects so why bother withexperiments. His curiosity, coupled with lack of familiaritywith the literature, prevailed and with the enthusiastic supportof Ben Abeles, he began a systematic study of the optics ofgranular Ag and Au. As the experimentalist of the team, he ranthe Cary spectrometer at night while functioning during the dayas a laboratory director. Roger Cohen, as the theorist on theteam, reinvented to his later surprise, a more generalizedversion of the Maxwell-Garnett theory! Despite this broadeningof the granular metals research at RCA, the generic nature ofthe granular phenomena was still not grasped.

Another of the organizers (P. Sheng) came to know granularmetals in 1971 as a graduate summer intern at RCA laboratories.At that time, the transport characteristics of granular metals,such as the temperature and electric-field dependence of theconductivity, were not known. As a young graduate studentjoining the granular group, he vividly recalls the excitement inthe air and the anxious anticipation of results from thelaboratory. As in the optical work, there was a feeling that,with Ben Abeles leading the charge, the group was getting intoa large unexplored territory.

In spite of the intrinsic fascination of the material andthe large amount of work done to clarify their properties,granular metals continued to be a "not-quite respectable" fieldof research in the early 1970s due to its "dirty" nature.However, the mid to late 1970s witnessed a transformation in thestatus of granular research as interest in disordered materialspicked up. In particular, the use of granular metals forpercolation, localization, superconductivity, and opticalstudies essentially integrated this once peripheral area ofinquiry into the main stream of condensed matter and materialsresearch. The first ETOPIM (Electrical Transport and OpticalProperties of Inhomogeneous Media) conference of 1977, held atOhio State University, signaled this transition. This fact wasparticularly brought out in the seminal review presented at thatmeeting by R. Landauer. At about the same time, the rise of oilindustry research laboratories in the late 1970s and early 1980sadded a geological and chemical perspective that broadeneddisordered material research into porous media, nanocrystals,aggregates, colloids, and other disordered systems, all of whichmay be classified as having a granular microstructure.

Concurrent with this broadening of the perspective wereexciting theoretical developments in effective medium andpercolation theories, as well as in classical wave and

xiv




electronic localization phenomena in granular systems. In theformer, improved bounds for physical characteristics of com-posite systems, e.g., electrical conductivity and elasticmoduli, were found through new mathematical techniques, and therecognition and incorporation of microstructural effects incomposites have improved the accuracy of effective medium theorypredictions. In the latter, knowledge about the structure-scattering relationship has enabled the extraction and identifi-cation of new types of symmetry in random media, i.e., that offractals. In short, what appeared initially as something dirtyand peripheral to the mainstream of physics research has, in thespan of 20 years, blossomed into one of the most exciting andfruitful areas of experimental and theoretical study. In thiscontext, it is perhaps accurate to denote the RCA granularmetals research of the late 1960s and early 1970s as one of theseeds whose germination and maturation contributed significantlyto the robust character of disordered materials research today.

The idea for this symposium grew out of discussions betweenthe organizers in late 1988, in anticipation of Ben Abeles' 65thbirthday in 1990. It soon became clear to the organizers thatBen's scientific career, with its numerous significant contribu-tions in diverse areas, actually coincides and spans thedevelopment and maturity of the entire field of granularmaterials research. The organization of this symposium servednot only to pay tributes to a noted pioneer of the field, butalso to review and capture a snapshot of its present status.

It is the organizers' hope that this symposium and itsproceedings will serve as a medium for interdisciplinary crosspollination so that even more scientific fruits may result inthe future.

G.D. CodyT.H. GeballeP. Sheng

July 1990




Acknowledgments

These proceedings are the permanent record of Symposium S,entitled Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials, which waspart of the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting held inSan Francisco, California, U.S.A., April 16-20, 1990.

The meeting was organized by the symposium chairs in honorof the 65th birthday of Ben Abeles, whose scientific careerreflects his significant contributions to the physics ofgranular materials and spans the growth and maturity of theentire field. The success of this remarkably interdisciplinarymeeting required the enthusiastic response of physicists,chemists, applied mathematicians, and geologists from all overthe world as well as the willingness of government and in-dustrial sponsors to assist in their travel expenses. Thehighly professional assistance rendered by the MaterialsResearch Society staff from early in 1989 to the present time,was an essential ingredient that made it possible to transformthe vision of the symposium organizers into this volume.

The editors extend their sincere thanks to all the men andwomen who contributed to the symposium. We are particularlygrateful for the encouragement of Donald Polk of ONR and RogerCohen of Exxon. Their early support for the concept of aninterdisciplinary symposium in granular materials and phenomenaencouraged us to persevere in what turned out to be a never-ending task.

Symposium Sponsors

Army Research OfficeNational Science FoundationOffice of Naval Research

David Sarnoff Research CenterDeposition Technology

Exxon Research and Engineering CompanyGE Corporate Research and Development

IBM CorporationKurt J. Lesker Company

Materials Research CorporationNEC Research Institute

Schlumberger Doll Research




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Volume 170—Tailored Interfaces in Composite Materials, C.G. Pantano, E.J.H. Chen,1989, ISBN 1-55899-058-5

Volume 171—Polymer Based Molecular Composites, D.W. Schaefer, J.E. Mark, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-059-3

Volume 172—Optical Fiber Materials and Processing, J.W. Fleming, G.H. Sigel,S. Takahashi, P.W. France, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-060-7

Volume 173—Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid-StateMaterials, L.Y. Chiang, D.O. Cowan, P. Chaikin, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-061-5

Volume 174—Materials Synthesis Utilizing Biological Processes, M. Alper, P.D. Calvert,P.C. Rieke, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-062-3

Volume 175—Multi-Functional Materials, D.R. Ulrich, F.E. Karasz, AJ. Buckley,G. Gallagher-Daggitt, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-063-1

Volume 176—Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XIII, V.M. Oversby,P.W. Brown, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-064-X

Volume 177—Macromolecular Liquids, C.R. Safinya, S.A. Safran, P.A. Pincus, 1989,ISBN 1-55899-065-8

Volume 178—Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilizationand Disposal VI, F.P. Glasser, R.L. Day, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-066-6




MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

Volume 179—Specialty Cements with Advanced Properties, H. Jennings, A.G. Landers,B.E. Scheetz, I. Odler, 1989, ISBN 1-55899-067-4

Volume 180—Better Ceramics Through Chemistry IV, CJ. Brinker, D.E. Clark,D.R. Ulrich, B.JJ. Zelinsky, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-069-0

Volume 181—Advanced Metallizations in Microelectronics, A. Katz, S.P. Murarka,A. Appelbaum, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-070-4

Volume 182—Polysilicon Thin Films and Interfaces, B. Raicu, T.Kamins,C.V. Thompson, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-071-2

Volume 183—High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Defects in Materials, R. Sinclair,D.J. Smith, U. Dahmen, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-072-0

Volume 184—Degradation Mechanisms in III-V Compound Semiconductor Devices andStructures, V. Swaminathan, S.J. Pearton, O. Manasreh, 1990,ISBN: 1-55899-073-9

Volume 185—Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, J.R. Druzik, P.B. Vandiver,G. Wheeler, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-074-7

Volume 186—Alloy Phase Stability and Design, G.M. Stocks, D.P. Pope, A.F. Giamei,1990, ISBN: 1-55899-075-5

Volume 187—Thin Film Structures and Phase Stability, B.M. Clemens, W.L. Johnson,1990, ISBN: 1-55899-076-3

Volume 188—Thin Films: Stresses and Mechanical Properties II, W.C. Oliver,M. Doerner, G.M. Pharr, F.R. Brotzen, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-077-1

Volume 189—Microwave Processing of Materials II, W.B. Snyder, W.H. Sutton,D.L. Johnson, M.F. Iskander, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-078-X

Volume 190—Plasma Processing and Synthesis of Materials III, D. Apelian, J. Szekely,1990, ISBN: 1-55899-079-8

Volume 191—Laser Ablation for Materials Synthesis, D.C. Paine, J.C. Bravman, 1990,ISBN: 1-55899-080-1

Volume 192—Amorphous Silicon Technology, P.C. Taylor, MJ. Thompson,P.G. LeComber, Y. Hamakawa, A. Madan, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-081-X

Volume 193—Atomic Scale Calculations of Structure in Materials, M.A. Schluter,M.S. Daw, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-082-8

Volume 194—Intermetallic Matrix Composites, D.L. Anton, R. McMeeking, D. Miracle,P. Martin, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-083-6

Volume 195—Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials, T.H. Geballe, P. Sheng,G.D. Cody, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-084-4

Volume 196—Superplasticity in Metals, Ceramics, and Intermetallics, MJ. Mayo,J. Wadsworth, M. Kobayashi, A.K. Mukherjee, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-085-2

Volume 197—Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp, Paper, and Wood Industries,J.D. Passaretti, D. Caulfield, R. Roy, V. Setterholm, 1990,ISBN: 1-55899-086-0

Volume 198—Epitaxial Heterostructures, D.W. Shaw, J.C. Bean, V.G. Keramidas,P.S. Peercy, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-087-9

Volume 199—Workshop on Specimen Preparation for Transmission ElectronMicroscopy of Materials II, R. Anderson, 1990, ISBN: 1-55899-088-7

Volume 200—Ferroelectric Thin Films, A.I. Kingon, E.R. Myers, 1990,ISBN: 1-55899-089-5

Earlier Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings listed in the back.




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