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Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 1
Physics 111: Lecture 19
Today’s Agenda
Review Many body dynamics Weight and massive pulley Rolling and sliding examples Rotation around a moving axis: Puck on ice Rolling down an incline Bowling ball: sliding to rolling Atwood’s Machine with a massive pulley
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 2
Review: Direction & The Right Hand Rule
To figure out in which direction the rotation vector points, curl the fingers of your right hand the same way the object turns, and your thumb will point in the direction of the rotation vector!
We normally pick the z-axis to be the rotation axis as shown.= z
= z
= z
For simplicity we omit the subscripts unless explicitly needed.
x
y
z
x
y
z
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 3
Review: Torque and Angular Acceleration
NET = I
This is the rotational analogue of FNET = ma
Torque is the rotational analogue of force:The amount of “twist” provided by a force.
Moment of inertia I is the rotational analogue of massIf I is big, more torque is required to achieve a given
angular acceleration.
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 4
Lecture 19, Act 1Rotations
Two wheels can rotate freely about fixed axles through their centers. The wheels have the same mass, but one has twice the radius of the other.
Forces F1 and F2 are applied as shown. What is F2 / F1 if the angular acceleration of the wheels is the same?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
F1
F2
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 5
Lecture 19, Act 1Solution
We know
I mR2but and FR
I
so
mRF
mRFR 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
RR
mRmR
FF
F1
F2
Since R2 = 2 R12
FF
1
2
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 6
Review: Work & Energy
The work done by a torque acting through a displacement is given by:
The power provided by a constant torque is therefore given by:
W
PdW
dt
d
dt
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 7
Falling weight & pulley
A mass m is hung by a string that is wrapped around a pulley of radius R attached to a heavy flywheel. The moment of inertia of the pulley + flywheel is I. The string does not slip on the pulley.
Starting at rest, how long does it take for the mass to fall a distance L.
I
m
R
T
mg
a
L
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 8
Falling weight & pulley...
For the hanging mass use F = mamg - T = ma
For the pulley + flywheel use = I = TR = I
Realize that a = R
Now solve for a using the above equations.
I
m
R
T
mg
a
L
amR
mRg
2
2 I
TRa
RI
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 9
Falling weight & pulley...
Using 1-D kinematics (Lecture 1) we can solve for the time required for the weight to fall a distance L: I
m
R
T
mg
a
L
amR
mRg
2
2 I
L at1
22
tL
a
2
where
Flywheel
w/ weight
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 10
Rotation around a moving axis.
A string is wound around a puck (disk) of mass M and radius R. The puck is initially lying at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface. The string is pulled with a force F and does not slip as it unwinds.
What length of string L has unwound after the puck has moved a distance D?
F
RM
Top view
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 11
Rotation around a moving axis...
The CM moves according to F = MA
F
M A
AF
M
D AtF
Mt
1
2 22 2 The distance moved by the CM is thus
RI
1
22MR
MRF2
MR21
RFI 2
===
The disk will rotate about its CM according to = I
1
22 2t
F
MRt So the angular displacement is
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 12
Rotation around a moving axis...
So we know both the distance moved by the CM and the angle of rotation about the CM as a function of time:
D
F
DF
Mt
22
F
MRt 2
F
Divide (b) by (a):
(a) (b)
D R
2
R D 2
L
The length of stringpulled out is L = R:
L D2
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 13
Comments on CM acceleration:
We just used = I for rotation about an axis through the CM even though the CM was accelerating! The CM is not an inertial reference frame! Is this OK??
(After all, we can only use F = ma in an inertial reference frame).
YES! We can always write = I for an axis through the CM.This is true even if the CM is accelerating.We will prove this when we discuss angular momentum!
F
R
M A
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 14
Rolling
An object with mass M, radius R, and moment of inertia I rolls without slipping down a plane inclined at an angle with respect to horizontal. What is its acceleration?
Consider CM motion and rotation about the CM separately when solving this problem (like we did with the lastproblem)...
R
I
M
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 15
Rolling...
Static friction f causes rolling. It is an unknown, so we must solve for it.
First consider the free body diagram of the object and use FNET = MACM :
In the x direction Mg sin - f = MA
Now consider rotation about the CMand use = I realizing that = Rf and A = R
R
M
f
Mg
y
x
RfA
RI f
A
RI 2
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 16
Rolling...
We have two equations:
We can combine these to eliminate f:
f IA
R2
+=
IMR
sinMRgA 2
2
A R
I
M
sing75
MR52
MR
sinMRgA
22
2
=+
=
For a sphere:
mafsinMg =-
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 17
Lecture 19, Act 2Rotations
Two uniform cylinders are machined out of solid aluminum. One has twice the radius of the other.If both are placed at the top of the same ramp and released,
which is moving faster at the bottom?
(a) bigger one
(b) smaller one
(c) same
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 18
Lecture 19, Act 2Solution
Consider one of them. Say it has radius R, mass M and falls a height H.
H
Energy conservation: - DU = DK MgH MV 12
12
2 2I
I 12
2MR VR
but and
MgH MRV
RMV
12
12
12
22
22
MgH MV MV MV 14
12
34
2 2 2
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 19
Lecture 19, Act 2 Solution
H
MgH MV34
2So: gH V34
2
V gH 43
So, (c) does not depend on size,
as long as the shape is the same!!
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 20
Sliding to Rolling
A bowling ball of mass M and radius R is thrown with initial velocity v0. It is initially not rotating. After sliding with kinetic friction along the lane for a distance D it finally rolls without slipping and has a new velocity vf. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the ball and the lane is . What is the final velocity, vf, of the ball?
vf= R
f = Mgv0
D
Roll bowling ball
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 21
Sliding to Rolling...
While sliding, the force of friction will accelerate the ball in the -x direction: F = -Mg = Ma so a = -g
The speed of the ball is therefore v = v0 - gt (a) Friction also provides a torque about the CM of the ball.
Using = I and remembering that I = 2/5MR2 for a solid sphere about an axis through its CM:
D
x
2MR52
MgR ==R2g5
=
f = Mg
tR2g5
t0
=+= (b)
v f= R
v0
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 22
Sliding to Rolling...
We have two equations:
Using (b) we can solve for t as a function of
Plugging this into (a) and using vf = R (the condition for rolling without slipping):
D
x
tR2g5
=v v gt 0 (a) (b)
tR
g
2
5
v vf 5
7 0
f = Mg
Doesn’t depend
on , M, g!!
vf= R
v0
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 23
Lecture 19, Act 3Rotations
A bowling ball (uniform solid sphere) rolls along the floor without slipping.What is the ratio of its rotational kinetic energy to its
translational kinetic energy?
I 25
2MRRecall that for a solid sphere about
an axis through its CM:
(a) (b) (c)
255
1 12
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 24
Lecture 19, Act 3Solution
The total kinetic energy is partly due to rotation and partly due to translation (CM motion).
rotational
K
translational
K
12
2I 12
2MVK =
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 25
Lecture 19, Act 3 Solution
VR
Since it rolls without slipping:
rotational
K
Translational
K
12
2I 12
2MVK =
2
2
TRANS
ROT
MV21
I21
KK
52
MVRV
MR52
2
2
22
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 26
Atwoods Machine with Massive Pulley:
A pair of masses are hung over a massive disk-shaped pulley as shown.Find the acceleration of the blocks.
m2m1
R
M
y
x
m2g
aT1
m1g
a
T2
For the hanging masses use F = ma -m1g + T1 = -m1a -m2g + T2 = m2a
Ia
RMRa
1
2
Ia
R
I 1
22MR(Since for a disk)
For the pulley use = I
T1R - T2R
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 27
Atwoods Machine with Massive Pulley...
We have three equations and three unknowns (T1, T2, a). Solve for a.
-m1g + T1 = -m1a (1)
-m2g + T2 = m2a (2)
T1 - T2 (3)
am m
m m Mg
1 2
1 2 2
1
2Ma
Large and small pulleys
m2m1
R
M
y
x
m2m1
m2g
aT1
m1g
a
T2
Physics 111: Lecture 19, Pg 28
Recap of today’s lecture
Review (Text: 9-1 to 9-6) Many body dynamics Weight and massive pulley (Text: 9-4) Rolling and sliding examples (Text: 9-6) Rotation around a moving axis: Puck on ice (Text: 9-4) Rolling down an incline (Text: 9-6) Bowling ball: sliding to rolling Atwood’s Machine with a massive pulley (Text: 9-4)
Look at textbook problems Chapter 9: # 53, 89, 92, 113, 125