Physics 362 – week 5

Modern Physics Seminars

Atmospheric TransmissionAtmospheric Transmission

Pioneering work

18 June 1962 first extra-solar X-ray experiment by Riccardo Giacconi

Discovery of the first X-ray source (Sco X-1)and first evidence of a diffuse X-ray emission

X-ray Generation Thermal radiationThermal radiation Synchrotron radiation Blackbody radiation

Kinetic equilibrium of electrons and ions at T

greater than 105 K

Thermal bremsstrahlung+ Emission lines

X-ray Generation

Fast Electrons accelerated by strong

magnetic fields

Thermal radiation Synchrotron radiationSynchrotron radiation Blackbody radiation

Thermal bremsstrahlung+ Emission lines

Magnetic bremsstrahlung

X-ray Generation

Thermal bremsstrahlung+ Emission lines

Thermal radiation Synchrotron radiation Blackbody radiationBlackbody radiation

An object at High T emits blackbody

radiation in the X-ray

Blackbody emissionMagnetic bremsstrahlung

Detectors Imaging Spectral analysis

Detectors ImagingImaging Spectral analysis

Mechanical collimatorsMechanical collimators

Honeycomb - front viewHoneycomb - front view

X-rays HoneycombDetector

Honeycomb – lateral viewHoneycomb – lateral view

Detectors ImagingImaging Spectral analysis

Mechanical collimatorsMechanical collimatorsMirrorsMirrors

Detectors ImagingImaging Spectral analysis

Mechanical collimatorsMechanical collimatorsMirrorsMirrors

Imaging Spectral analysisSpectral analysis

Proportional countersProportional counters

+ ++

++

+

-

-

--

-

-

++

++

++

-

--

-Anode

Cathode

X-ray window X-ray

Detectors

Imaging Spectral analysisSpectral analysis

Proportional countersProportional countersDispersing detectorsDispersing detectors

Detectors

• Bragg Crystals (reflection)

• Diffraction gratings

Imaging Spectral analysisSpectral analysis

Proportional countersProportional countersDispersing detectorsDispersing detectorsMicrocalorimetersMicrocalorimeters

Detectors

Imaging Spectral analysisSpectral analysis

Proportional countersProportional countersDispersing detectorsDispersing detectorsMicrocalorimetersMicrocalorimeters

Detectors

Instruments

Sounding rocketsSounding rockets

Instruments

Sounding rocketsSounding rockets

Sounding rocket trajectory

Instruments

Sounding rocketsSounding rockets SatellitesSatellites

The XMM-Newton Satellite

Instruments

Sounding rocketsSounding rockets SatellitesSatellites The Space ShuttleThe Space Shuttle

The DXS experiment

Instruments

Sounding rocketsSounding rockets SatellitesSatellites The Space ShuttleThe Space Shuttle

The DXS experiment

Instruments

Sounding rocketsSounding rockets SatellitesSatellites The Space ShuttleThe Space Shuttle The Space StationThe Space Station

The International Space Station

The XQC sounding rocket

XQC launch

The Astro-E satellite

The XRS detector on Astro-EThe XRS detector on Astro-E

Launched from Japan in February 2000

The Astro-E satellite

The XRS detector on Astro-EThe XRS detector on Astro-E

X-ray Objects Supernova remnants

Binary Systems

Active galactic nuclei and Black holes

Diffuse X-ray background

X-ray Objects Supernova remnantsSupernova remnants

Binary Systems

Active galactic nuclei and Black holes

Diffuse X-ray background

Supernova remnants

X-raysvisible

Cas A

Cassiopeia A

visible X-rays

infrared radio

X-ray Objects Supernova remnants

Binary SystemsBinary Systems

Active galactic nuclei and Black holes

Diffuse X-ray background

X-ray Objects Supernova remnants

Binary Systems

Active galactic nuclei andActive galactic nuclei and Black holes Black holes

Diffuse X-ray background

X-ray Objects Supernova remnants

Binary Systems

Active galactic nuclei and Black holes

Diffuse X-ray backgroundDiffuse X-ray backgroundInterstellar mediumVery far objectsIntergalactic medium