Physics AS - Unit 1 - Revision Notes.pdf

8/14/2019 Physics AS - Unit 1 - Revision Notes.pdf

1/28

!"#$%&$ !"!!"#$ &!!"#$%&'()* ,-".$-/!"#$%$' '$) *+#,-./,/-0 !!"#$%$&' )&*"%

!"#$%&'( !*+,%&,-.,%/( $*( 0$12

!"#$%&'( *(#+,%-.#"/ $0,&+#12 -( 30#""3 ,(1 34530#""3 ,&'4(1 (4$"#43 64$"#43 $'78'3-(+ '9 8&'%'(3 *8'3-%-.#"/ $0,&+#12 ,(1 (#4%&'(3 !"#$%&'( * 8&'%'(3 ,(1 (#4%&'(3 +&"$&,- .+/ * :(-% '9 $0,&+# #;4," %' %0# #"#$%&-$," $0,&+# %&,(39#& 5/ , 3%#,1/

$4&(% '9 < =78# -( < >#$'(1

0$%,%'1234 +5236% .!" 7 !"#$%&-$ $0,&+# $,&&-#1 5/ , 8&'%'( '& #;4-.,"#(%"/ %0#,53'"4%# .,"4# '9 %0# #"#$%&-$ $0,&+# $,&&-#1 5/ , #"#$%&'( *,3 #"#$%&'( -3 (#+,%-.#"/

$0,&+#12

! # $%&'($)&*+),$'-$.

?,&%-$"# @#",%-.# A,33 =53'"4%#

A,33 *B+2

@#",%-.# C0,&+# =53'"4%#

C0,&+# *C2

?&'%'( <


2/28

#"#$%&'7,+(#%-$ 1#$,/D T0# N#,O -(%#&,$%-'( -3 ,%;:21%; -4 B 2'; D E&(&'(

*#"#7#(%," 8,&%-$"#32

o ($" =(&"+

J %/8#3 '9 ^#%, @,1-,%-'(S !+ ,(1 !! 4

56#2(7 !8.$%,-./3

?&'%'( 1#$,/3 -(%' , (#4%&'( #7-%%-(+ ,( #"#$%&'( (#4%&-(' ,(1 , 8'3-%&'(Sp! n+ v

e+ e

+

496#2(7

6#4%&'( 1#$,/3 -(%' , 8&'%'( #7-%%-(+ ,( #"#$%&'( ,(1 ,( #"#$%&'( ,(%-I(#4%&-('Sn!p+Ve + e

"

9!D 617 1677?3< ?3F?:1>!F >G1> ?> ?2 >G! 13>?HB17>?:;! :!7B17>I >G! !;!:>7G?2 74;! 13F ?32>!1F >G! B7


3/28

@'(&$#12"7.($%& A"G?2 :13 1;2< :13 6! 2G,7# % #(#&+/ ,3 $'&&'(1-(+ 8,&%-$"#3o Y88'3-%# $0,&+# *-9 %0# $'&&'(1-(+ 8,&%-$"# 0,3 $0,&+#2

9!D /3>?B17>?:;!2 17! 4241;;K F!3!F J?>G 1 ;?3! 16


4/28

E! = 2E

0

12 E = hf

hf = 2E0

0..%*%'"$%1.

T0-3 '$$4&3 N0#( , 8,&%-$"# ,(1 -%3 $'&&'(1-(+ ,(%-I8,&%-$"# 7##% ,(1 $'(.#&%%0#73#".#3 %' #(#&+/ -( %0# 9'&7 '9 J 80'%'(3 ,3 3##( -( 1-,+&,7D

=3 J 80'%'(3 , 8&'14$#1 43-(+ %0##;4,%-'(3 ,5'.# -% $,( 5# 30'N(S

2E! = 2E

0

S!3:!D

E = mc2

hf =E0

!"#$%&'( -.$(#"&$%1.

@'(&$#12"7.($%& 81#&(

Y$$4&3 '("/ 5#%N##( $0,&+#1 8,&%-$"#3So Y88'3-%# $0,&+#3 ,%%&,$%o >,7# $0,&+#3 #"

T0# H%;:21&3( '9 %0# 9'&$# , .-&%4," 80'%'(3b %0#/ , $,""#1 3' ,3 N# $,(('% 1-$%"/1#%#$% %0#7 ,3 -9 N# 1-1 N# N'4"1 3%'8 %0# 9'&$# 9&'7 '$$4&&-(+D

A("C :9&'("# 81#&(

@#38'(3-5"# 9'& ^#%, 1#$,/ *5'%0 %/8#32 _#,O -(%#&,$%-'( '("/ '$$4&3 N-%0 "#8%'(3 ,(1 0,1&'(3U %0-3 #G8",-(3 N0/ (#4%&-('3 ,

3' "4$%,(% %' ,$% N-%0 ,(/%0-(+ T0# H%;:21&3( '9 %0-3 9'&$# , 5'3'(3 '9 N0-$0 %0# , M %/8#3S _K_I,(1 dU T0# _

5'3'(3 , #,$0 '%0#&3 $%-.# ,(%-I8,&%-$"# *'88'3-%# $0,&+#32 N0-"# %0# d 5'3'( -3

-%3 'N( ,(1 3453#;4#(%"/ 0,3 (' $0,&+# *d 5'3'(3 , ('% $'.# -( %0# 38#$-9-$,%-'(2D

B E&(&'(Jo 6'(Ie#&' % 7,33o >0'&% &,(+#b ^'3'(3 , ",%-.#"/ 7,33-.# ,(1 $'(3#;4#(%"/ , 0-+0 -( #(#&+/

N0-$0 7#,(3 %0#/ 0,.# , 30'&% "-9#%-7# N0-$0 "#,13 %' %0#7 '("/ 5#-(+ ,5"# %'

,$% '.#& 37,"" 1-3%,($#3 *%/8-$,""/


5/28

8(+.2". =%"7#"2, ?,&%-$"# -(%#&,$%-'(3 ,(1 1#$,/3 $,( 5# #(%#1 .-34,""/ 5/ %0# 7#,(3 '9 , [#/(7,(

1-,+&,7 *(,7#3 ,9%#& @-$0,&1 ?D [#/(7,(2

T0# -(%#&,$%-'( -3 #(%#1 '( %0# 1-,+&,7 ,3 9'""'N#1So ['""'N-(+ 9&'7 %0# 5'%%'7 %' %0# %'8 '9 %0# 1-,+&,7

30'N3 %0# -(%#&,$%-'(f3g1#$,/f3 $0,(+# N-%0 %-7#

o T0# '%0#& ,G-3 *"#9% %' &-+0%2 30'N3 %0# 8,&%-$"#3 8'3-%-'(-( 38,$# ,% ,(/ +-.#( %-7#

R?5!

TB1:!


6/28

:#',-./9:#',-%/. ;/,#-(2,%./

6'%#S A#1-,%'& *_ ^'3'(2 -3 #-%0#&

8'3-%-.#"/ '& (#+,%-.#"/ $0,&+#1 1#8#(1-(+

48'( '( %0# $0,&+# $0,(+# '9 %0# 8,&%-$"#3-(.'".#1


7/28

@)#2,-./ !A .- B3 C(8,'-#

T0-3 '$$4&3 N0#( , 8&'%'( &-$0 (4$"#43 %4&(3 , 8&'%'( -(%' , (#4%&'( 5/ $,8%4&-(+ ,(#"#$%&'( 9&'7 %0# B '& i 30#"" *


8/28

6'",,%5%&"$%1. 15 !"#$%&'(, _# $,( $",33-9/ ,"" %/8#3 '9 8,&%-$"#3 ,$$'&1-(+ %' %0#-& 38-(S *38-( -3 , $0,&,$%#&-3%-$

8&'8#&%/ '9 #"#7#(%," 8,&%-$"#3b \43% ,3 $0,&+# -32S

o @%3,:&'(! j,.# 0,"9I-(%#+#& 38-(U -D#D , 74"%-8"# '9 1

2

! C,( 5# , #"#7#(%,&/ '& $'78'3-%# 8,&%-$"# *$'78'3-%# 8,&%-$"#3 ,,1# 48 '9 , (475#& '9 #"#7#(%,&/ 8,&%-$"#32

! ="" O('N( 9#&7-'(3 , k-&,$ 9#&7-'(3U %0,% -3 9'& #.#&/ 8,&%-$"# %0# -3, 1-3%-($% ,(%-I8,&%-$"# *, 8,&%-$"# N-%0 $#&%,-( '88'3-%# 8&'8#&%-#3 34$0

,3 $0,&+#2

! [#&7-'(3 , %0# 5,3-$ `54-"1-(+ 5"'$O3a '9 7,%%#& ] %0#/ 7,O# 488&'%'(3 ,(1 (#4%&'(3 ,(1 -($"41# #"#$%&'(3 N0-$0 %'+#%0#& -3 %0#

$'78'3-%-'( '9 ,%'73

!


9/28

@'(2(.$"#+ !"#$%&'(,

0$%,%'1234 9231:#$%( * , 94(1,7#(%," 8,&%-$"#3 %0,% 0,.# (' -(%#&(," 3%&4$%4U %0#/, %0# `54-"1-(+ 5"'$O3a '9 #.#&/%0-(+U \43% ,3 N# %0-(O '9 #"#7#(%3 ,3 `54-"1-(+ 5"'$O3a

'9 7'"#$4"#3

!"#7#(%,&/ 8,&%-$"#3 $,( 5# 3#8,&,%#1 -(%' #-%0#& 5'3'(3 '& 7#3'(3 *1#8#(1-(+ 48'(%0#-& 38-(2 ,3 N# 3,N ,5'.# 7#3'(3 0,.# 0,"9 -(%#+#& 38-( N0-"# 5'3'(3 0,.# N0'"#

-(%#+#& 38-( _# $,( %0#-& 9'& 38"-% %0# #"#7#(%,&/ 8,&%-$"#3 1#8#(1#(% 48'( -9 %0#/ , 5'3'(3 '&

7#3'(3S

o @%3,:&'( * L 7?3< !C

="%0'4+0 , %,5"# '9 "#8%'( (475#& N-"" 5# +-.#( -( %0# #G,7 #75#& %0,% ,"" "#8%'(30,.# , "#8%'( (475#& '9 K< ,(1 ,"" ,(%-I"#8%'(3 0,.# , "#8%'( (475#& '9 I


10/28

)*+,-'

T0# 54-"1-(+ 5"'$O3 '9 ,"" 0,1&'(3 *$'78'3-%# 8,&%-$"#3 ] '(#3 7,1# '4% '9 , $'75-(,%-'('9 94(1,7#(%,"2

j,.# 0,"9I-(%#+#& 38-( l4,&O3 $,( (#.#& 5# 9'4(1 5/ %0#73#".#3 14# %' $'"'4& $'(9-(#7#(% *5,3#1 48'(

,('%0#& $0,&,$%#&-3%-$ 8&'8#&%/S $'"'4&2

T0# ;4,&O3 ,(1 3'7# $0,&,$%#&-3%-$ 8&'8#&%-#3S!2,% .$./$

A#1-,%'& 8,&%-$"#3 *'(#3 %0,% , #G$0,(+# 8,&%-$"#3 9'& %0# 94(1,7#(%," 9'&$#3 '9(,%4 , $,""#1 +,4+# 5'3'(3

T0# 5'3'(3 ,(1 3'7# $0,&,$%#&-3%-$ 8&'8#&%-#3SG231:#$% #"9 H !"#$%&'7,+(#%-$*m-&%4," ?0'%'(2

C'(9-&7#1

_ ^'3'( W!

+ 13

I< *W+

K#"9 H _#,OW(%#&,$%-'(3

C'(9-&7#1

j-++3

^'3'(H

0 >#"9 H 6'(# :($'(9-&7#1

V"4'( g >#"9 H >%&'(+

W(%#&,$%-'(

C'(9-&7#1

V&,.-%'( G >#"9 H V&,.-%,%-'( :($'(9-&7#1

9!D ]3;K 6?B17>?:;! ?2 >G! [ 6


11/28

61241,%$( !"#$%&'(,

C'78'3-%# 8,&%-$"#3 , 8,&%-$"#3 %0,% , 7,1# '4% '9 '%0#& #"#7#(%," 8,&%-$"#3 5'4(1%'+#%0#&U 8&'%'(3 ,(1 (#4%&'(3 , $'78'3-%# 8,&%-$"#3 ,3 , ,%'73 ,(1 #.#( 7'"#$4"#3

E(&-./$ j,1&'(3 , 3%&'(+I-(%#&,$%-(+ $'78'3-%# 8,&%-$"#3 j,1&'(3 , #-%0#&S

o C'78'3-%# 9#&7-'(3 *0,"9 -(%#+#& 38-(2U %0#3# , $,""#1 5,&/'(3o C'78'3-%# 5'3'(3 *-(%#+#& 38-(2U %0#3# , $,""#1 7#3'(3

="" O('N( 0,1&'(3 , $'78'3#1 '9 ;4,&O3 ,(1 ,(%-;4,&O3.+,/%&' 01",23%&'4

^,&/'(3 0,.# 0,"9 -(%#+#& 38-( T0#/ , 7,1# 48 '9 %0# ;4,&O3 *0#"1 %'+#%0#& 5/ %0# 3%&'(+ 9'&$#2 =(%-I^,&/'(3 , 7,1# 48 '9 %0# ,(%-I8,&%-$"# 8,&%(#&3 '9 %0# $%-.# ;4,&O3 -( %0#

('&7," 5,&/'(

=3 #.#&/ ;4,&O 0,3 , 5,&/'( (475#& '9 +13

U ,(/ 5,&/'( 0,3 , 5,&/'( (475#& '9 K< *,3

, 5,&/'( -3 7,1# 48 '9 M ;4,&O32D i-O#N-3# ,( ,(%-I;4,&O 0,3 , 5,&/'( (475#& '9 !1

3U

%0#'& ,( ,(%-I5,&/'( 0,3 , 5,&/'( (475#& '9 I< *,3 7,1# 48 '9 M ,(%-I;4,&O32

I G3&1&' * 0,3 J 48 ;4,&O3 ,(1 , 1'N( ;4,&O 30'N( 5/ uud I !%"13&' *0,3 J 1'N( ;4,&O3 ,(1 ,( 48 ;4,&O udd I' I'1:IG3&1&' * 0,3 J ,(%-I48 ;4,&O3 ,(1 '(# ,(%-I1'N( ;4,&O udd T0# 8&'%'( -3 %0# '("/ 3%,5"# 5,&/'(U #.#( ,A7!! (#4%&'( *'4%3-1# ,( (4$"#432 1#$,/3

-(%' , 8&'%'( "#,3-(+ ,( #"#$%&'( ,(1 ,( #"#$%&'( ,(%-I(#4%&-(' ,3 -( !!

)*+,-' +&5 ."$+ 6"7+/

W( %0# #G,7 7,/ 5# #G8#$%#1 %' #(% !! '& !+N-%0 +,&1 %' ;4,&O $0,(+# ,88'3#1 %' 5,&/'( $0,(+#

=3 3%,%#1 5#9' !! -3 , (#4%&'( 1#$,/-(+ -(%' , 8&'%'(N-%0 %0# #7-33-'( '9 ,( #"#$%&'( ,(1 , ,(%-I#"#$%&'(

(#4%&-('U -( %0-3 1#$,/ , 1'N( ;4,&O -3 %4&(-(+ -(%' ,(48 ;4,&O N0-$0 $0,(+#3 %0# ;4,&O $'78'3-%-'( 9&'7

411 *, (#4%&'(2 %' 441 *, 8&'%'(2D T0-3 $0,(+# -(

;4,&O $'78'3-%-'( $,( 5# #(%#1 -( %0# [#/(7,(

1-,+&,7 %' %0# &-+0%

!+

1#$,/ -3 , 8&'%'( 1#$,/-(+ -(%' , (#4%&'(#7-%%-(+ , 8'3-%-'( ,(1 ,( #"#$%&'( (#4%&-('D W(

%0-3 1#$,/ ,( 48 ;4,&O $0,(+#3 -(%' , 1'N(

;4,&OD T0-3 $0,(+#3 %0# ;4,&O $'78'3-%-'( 9&'7

441 *, 8&'%'(2 %' 411 *, (#4%&'(2D T0-3 $0,(+#

-( ;4,&O $'78'3-%-'( $,( 5# #(%#1 -( %0#[#/(7,( 1-,+&,7 %' %0# "#9%


12/28

8935"&7" 1%, :;,""%,(9'&1 "-(#,& ,$$#"#&,%'&

T0# #"#$%&'(3 $'""-1# ,% 0-+0 38##1 N-%0 8&'%'(3U %0# ""%3 30'N#1 %0,% %0# #"#$%&'(3N# 3$,%%# 5/ %0# 3$,%%#&-(+ $#(% -( #,$0 ,%'7

.+,/%& ?7$"$ 083@;$1%>5 A+/4

T0# 9,7-"/ '9 5,&/'(3 N-%0 X 38-( $'78'3#1 '9 %0# 48U 1'N( ,(1 3%&,(+# ;4,&O3 $,( 5##(%#1 -( , Y$%#%S

T0# !0 ,(1 ! 8,&%-$"#3 1-99#& '("/ -(#(#&+/

="'%&' 0B%'%&'4

A#3'(3 0,.# -(%#+#& 38-( ,(1 , %0#'& 5'3'(3 T0# , 7,1# 48 '9 7' %0,( '(# #"#7#(%," 8,&%-$"#3 ,(1 , %0#'& $'78'3-%#

5'3'(3

A#3'(3 , 7,1# 48 '9 '(#;4,&O ,(1 '(# ,(%-I;4,&O

T0# 9,7-"/ '9 7#3'(3 N-%038-(PH $,( 5# #(%#1 -( ,

('(#% 3##( %' %0# &-+0%

T0# K 3#&-#3 '9 7#3'(3 ,O('N( ,3 %0# B,'(3

T0# !'9 3#&-#3 , O('N( ,3%0# ?-'(3

6'%-$# %0,% %0# M 4($0,&+#17#3'(3 * K

0,K

0

,!0

2

['& %0# #G,7 %0# 8-'( ,(1O,'( $'78'3-%-'( -3 (##1#1 %'

5# O('N(

ds us

du uu,dd,ss ud

su sd


13/28


14/28

F9".$92 !*(.12(."

@'(&$#12"7.($%& A"


15/28

=( #"#$%&'( $,( "#,.# %0# 7#%," 34&9,$# -9 %0# #(#&+/ +,-(#1 5/ %0# 3-(+"# 80'%'( #G$##13%0# T&3C ="'#1:&'S !U '9 %0# 7#%,"D T0-3 -3 %0# 7-(-747 #(#&+/ (##1#1 9'& ,( #"#$%&'(

%' #3$,8# 9&'7 %0# 7#%,"f3 34&9,$#

j#($# -% $,( 5# 3##( 0,% %0# 7,G-747 O-(#%-$ #(#&+/ '9 ,( #7-%%#1 #"#$%&'( 9'""'N3S

Ek(Max) =

hf!

! !7-33-'( $,( %,O# 8",$# ,% , 34&9,$# ,% e#&' 8'%#(%-," ,3 "'(+ ,3 %0# #"#$%&'( #7-%%#1 0,3

3'7# O-(#%-$ #(#&+/S Ek(Max) >0

T0# B&3C @"'#1:&' '9 , 7#%," -3 ",%#1 %' %0# O53%(5&$; =3%F"%'#4Jfmin

=

!

h

9!D JG!7! G # M;13:NO2 :13> &%&PQ$'HP*

=( #"#$%&'( 7,/ 0,.# #(#&+/ "#33 %0,( %0# 7,G-747 O-(#%-$ #(#&+/ '9 8-$%#1 5/ %0#9'&74", ,3 %0# #"#$%&'( 7,/ ('% 5# '.#1 9&'7 %0# 34&9,$# '9 %0# 7#%," -% 7,/ 5#N-%0-( %0# 7#%," %0#'& -( '&1#& 9'& %0# #"#$%&'( %' #3$,8# %0# 7#%," -% 0,3 %' 7'.#

%0&'4+0 %0# 7#%,"U 1'-(+ N'&O ,(1 %0#'& "'3-(+ #(#&+/ -( %0# 8&'$#33 %0#'& %0#

#(#&+/ -% 0,3 '( "#,.-(+ %0# 34&9,$# '9 %0# 7#%," N-"" ('% 5# #;4," %' %0# #(#&+/ -%,53'&5#1 9&'7 %0# 80'%'( *#75#& %0,% &'% 80'%'( 0-%3 &'% #"#$%&'( +-.-(+ -% ,"" %0#

#(#&+/ -% 0,12


16/28

G*( !*1$1('(&$#%& @55(&$ ;(4#(,(.$(/ 1. " ?#"4*

W9 %0# 7,G-747 O-(#%-$ #(#&+-#3 '9 %0# #7-%%#1 #"#$%&'(3 ,% 1-99#(% 94#($-#3 ,O('N( %0# N'&O 94($%-'( ,(1 %0'"1 94#($/ '9 %0,% 7#%," $,( 5# $,"$4",%#1 5/

7#,(3 '9 , +&,80-$," 7#%0'1S

9!D _71BG2 1Q!2 17! 3 >< 2:1;!

T0# .#&%-$," ,G-3 #(%3 %0# #(#&+/ '9 %0# #"#$%&'( %0,% 0,3 5##( #7-%%#1o = 8'3-%-.# #(#&+/ #(%3 %0# O-(#%-$ #(#&+/ '9 %0# #"#$%&'( #7-%%#1o = (#+,%-.# #(#&+/ #(%3 0'N 74$0 #(#&+/ %0# #"#$%&'( *%0,% ,53'&53 , G! !^41>?< A?3F GD

h =E

f

/2E

f

7!B7!2!3>2 >G! L71F?!3> G! L71BG ?> :13 6! 2!!3 >G1> >G! L71F?!3> G! L71BG 7!B7!2!3>2 G

b M;13NO2 X13>c


17/28

61''%,%1., 15 @'(&$#1., K%$* 0$12,

G*( @'(&$#1. L1'$

T0# #"#$%&'( .'"% -3 , 4(-% '9 #(#&+/U ,(1 -3 43#1 #38#$-,""/ -( ,%'7-$ ,(1 (4$"#,& 80/3-$3N0# %0# #(#&+-#3 %0,% , 34#1 , .#&/ 37,""

O5% %$%#13&' ?&$1 ] -3 1#9-(#1 ,3 %0# ,7'4(% '9 #(#&+/ +,-(#1 5/ ,( #"#$%&'( ,3 -% -3,$$#"#&,%#1 %0&'4+0 , 8'%#(%-," 1-99#($# '9 < .'"%

1eV =1.6 !10"19

J9! GG! !;!:>7< >G! !;!5!3>17K :G17L!

@H&%$"$%1. "./ -1.%,"$%1.

W9 , .,8'&-3#1 3,78"# '9 ,( #"#7#(% 0,3 ,( #"#$%&-$ $4&(% 8,33#1 %0&'4+0 -% 3'7# '9 %0##"#$%&'(3 '9 %0# ,%'73 '9 %0,% #"#7#(% 7,/ ,53'&5 3'7# #(#&+/ ,3 , ""% '9 , $'""-3-'(

N-%0 %0# #"#$%&-$ $4&(% 8,33-(+ %0&'4+0 %0# .,8'4&

_0#( #"#$%&'(3 , -( %0#-& "'N#3%I#(#&+/ 3%,%#3U ,( ,%'73 -3 3,-1 %' 5# -( -%3 63&"';(121%

0R#:121:&' -3 N0#( ,( ,%'7-$ #"#$%&'( +,-(3 #(#&+/ ,(1 ,3 , ""%3 7'.#3 %' , 0-+0#&;4,(%47 3%,%# *#"#$%&'(-$ '&5-%2

8&':(21:&' -3 N0#( ,( ,%'7-$ #"#$%&'( +,-(3 3' 74$0 #(#&+/ %0,% -% $,( 5,O 9# '9 %0#,%'7 ,(1 5#$'7# %'%,""/ 1-33'$-,%#1 9&'7 %0# ,%'7

8&'( , $0,&+#1 ,%'7U %0#/ $,( 5# 9'&7#1 N0#( #"#$%&'(3 , '.#1 '& ,11#1 = (#+,%-.# -'( -3 9'&7#1 N0# %0# , 7' #"#$%&'(3 %0,% 8&'%'(3 = 8'3-%-.# -'( -3 9'&7#1 N0#( %0# , 7' 8&'%'(3 %0,( #"#$%&'(3

D%.( 34(&$#"

_0#( ,( #"#$%&-$ $4&(% *3%,7 '9 #"#$%&'(32 -3 8,33#1 %0&'4+0 , .,8'4& '9 ,( #"#7#(%U%0# #"#$%&'(3 $'""-1# N-%0 %0# ,%'73 '9 %0# .,8'4& ,(1 "-+0% -3 +-.#( '99 *('%#S '%0#& N,/3

'9 #G$-%-(+ %0# .,8'4& ,"3' #G-3% 34$0 ,3 "-+0% ,(1 0#,%2 T0# "-+0% #7-%%#1 $,( 5# 3#8,&,%#1 -(%' -(1-.-14," "-(#3 '9 1-99#&-(+ N,.#"#(+%03 5/ 43-(+

, 1-99&,$%-'( +&,%-(+ *%0# ,(+"# , $#&%,-( N,.#"#(+%0 '9 "-+0% +#%3 1-99&,$%#1 1#8#(13

48'( '( -%3 N,.#"#(+%0 ,(1 9'""'N3 %0# 9'&74", dsin! = n",(1 -3 43#1 -( 4(-% J2

T0-3 8&'14$#3 , $:'% (9%#132 T0# "-(# 38#$%&, '9 0/1&'+#( -3 30'N( 5#"'NS

T0# 38#$-9-$ "-(#3 '9 %0# "-(# 38#$%&, $,( 5# .#&/ 43#94" -( 9-(1-(+ '4% 0'N %0# #"#$%&'(3#G-3% ,&'4(1 %0# (4$"#43

_# $,( 43# %0#3# 38#$%&, "-(#3 %' "''O ,% %0# `3%,%-'(,&/ 3%,%#3f '9 %0# #"#$%&'(3 ,&'4(1%0# (4$"#43

T0# #"#$%&'( ;4,(%47 3%,%#3 ,(1 %0#-& $'&&'(1-(+ #"#$%&'( #(#&+-#3 9'& %0# 0/1&'+#(,%'7 $,( 5# 3##( 5#"'NS


18/28

9!D >G! !^41>?7G! ;^413>45 2>1>! @3#$C G1E! >< L1?3 >G! 5 !3!7LK >< 6!:1>! :13 6! >G G! !3!7LK 7!^4?7!F >< A7!! >G1> !;!:>7


19/28

1)'.-#$2#/, F'G#

= 9"4'$#(% %45# #7-%3 .-3-5"# "-+0% N0#( #G$-%#1 5/ %0# 7#,(3 '9 ,( #"#$%&-$ $4&(% W(3-1# %0# %45# -3 7#&$4&/ .,8'4& ,% "'N 8 T0# -(3-1# '9 %0# %45# -3 $',%#1 N-%0 , 9"4'$#(% $'78'4(1 %/8-$,""/ 80'380'& = .#&/ 3-78"-9-#1 #G8",(,%-'( '9 0'N %0# %45#3 N'&OS

o _0#( %0# "-+0% %4&(3 '( %0# #"#$%&'1# 0#,%3 48 ,(1#7-%3 #"#$%&'(3

o W'(-3,%-'( ,(1 #G$-%,%-'( '9 %0# 7#&$4&/ ,%'73'$$4&3 ,3 %0# #"#$%&'(3 #7-%%#1 $'""-1# N-%0 %0#

7#&$4&/f3 ,%'7-$ #"#$%&'(3

o T0# 7#&$4&/ ,%'73 #7-% :"%&,.-'"#% 80'%'( ,3 N#"",3 .-3-5"# 80'%'(3 ,(1 80'%'(3 '9 74$0 "#33 #(#&+/N0#( %0#/ 1#I#G$-%#

o T0# 4"%&,.-'"#% 80'%'(3 , ,53'&5#1 5/ %0# -(%#&(,"80'380'& $',%-(+ $,43-(+ #G$-%,%-'( '9 %0#-& ,%'7-$

#"#$%&'(3

o T0# ,%'7-$ #"#$%&'(3 %0#( 1#I#G$-%# #7-%%-(+ .-3-5"#80'%'(3

["4'$#(% ",783 , 74$0 7' #99-$-#(% %0,( 9-",7#(% ",783 14# %' %0# 9,$% %0#/ "'3#74$0 "#33 #(#&+/ -( %0# 9'&7 '9 0#,% *, 9-",7#(% "-+0% 54"5 "'3#3 LHn '9 %0# #(#&+/

3488"-#1 %' 0#,% N0-"# 9"4'$#(% '("/ , 9#N 8#&$#(%2

["4'$#(% %45#3 43# 7#&$4&/ .,8'4& ,% , "'N 8 -( '&1#& %' #(34 %0# #"#$%&'(3+,-( #('4+0 #(#&+/ 5#%N##( $'""-3-'(3 9'& %0# $'""-3-'(3 %' ""% -( %0# 4-

#G$-%,%-'( '9 %0# 7#&$4&/ ,%'73 *-( '&1#& %' #7-% :m "-+0%2U ,3 %0# #"#$%&'(3 7'.# 9&'7

'(# 3-1# %' ,('%0#& %0#/ , 5#-(+ ,$$#"#&,%#1 %0#'& +,-(-(+ #(#&+/

A"


20/28


21/28

;(,%,$".&( U%(:(12'#%-3 , 7#,34 '9 %0# 1-99-$4"%/ '9 8,33-(+ , $4&(%J %0&'4+0 , $#&%,-(

7,%#&-,"U %0# ",&+#& %0# -3%,($# %0# ",&+#& %0# .'"%,+# (##1#1 %' 8&'14$# , 38#$-9-$

$4&(% -( %0,% 7,%#&-,"

!"#$#%&'(" !!"#$%#&"%'(!"##$%&'($ !"#$%%!"#$"%&%'

!"##$%&!"##$%&!!!"#$!!"#$"%&'&( V5,( $2T 3%,%#3 %0,% %0# 81 ,$&'33 , 7#%,""-$ $'(14$%'& -3 8&'8'&%-'(," %' %0# $4&(%

%0&'4+0 -% 8&'.-1#1 %0# 80/3-$," $'(1-%-'(3 1' ('% $0,(+# *%#78#&,%4 #%$D2

R =V

I V = IR

;(,%,$%13:! E1;4!I / ?2 >G! :7?G! ;!3L>G G! J?7!

9!D [G!3 >1N?3L >G! F?15!>!7 G! J?7!I >1N! 2!E!71; 7!1F?3L 13F >1N! >G! 1E!71L! >< 7!F4:!?31::471:?!2

1mm =1!10"3m

1mm2=1!10

"6m

2

394(#&1./9&$%48#&$'(14$%'&3 , 43#1 %' 7,O# 0-+0I8'N#&

#"#$%&'7,+(#%3 %0,% +#(#&,%# .#&/ 3%&'(+

#"#$%&'7,+(#%-$ 9-#"13 ,(1 %' $# #(#&+/ "'33

-( #(#&+/ %&,(39#& %0&'4+0 N-

>48#&$'(14$%'&3 , '("/ ,""/ 43#94" -9 %0##(#&+/ 3,.#1 -3 "#33 %0,( %0# #(#&+/ 4- %' 7,-(%,-( %0# 348#&$'(14$%'& ,% '&

5#"'N %0# $&-%-$," %#78#&,%4

G(24(#"$9#( "./ ;(,%,$".&( %. 61./9&$1#, "./ G*(#2%,$1#,

8' ,%12$$:# #&';"#1&3(,3 %0# %#78#&,%4 -($,3#3 %0# 7#%,"f3 .-5&,%-(+ 8'3-%-.# -'(3+,-( #(#&+/ ,(1 %0#'& .-5&,%# 7'U %0# ""% '9 %0-3 -3 %0,% %0# (#+,%-.# $0,&+#

$,&&-#&3 *#"#$%&'(32 $'""-1# 7' N-%0 %0#3# 8'3-%-.# -'(3 %0# 7' %0#/ .-5&,%#D =3 %0#%#78#&,%4 -($,3#3 -( , 7#%,""-$ $'(14$%'& 3' 1'#3 %0# -3%,($#

A =!d

2

4= !r

2


22/28

8' 15%3,:(1&3( , 37,"" $0,(+# -( %#78#&,%4 ""%3 -( , ",&+# $0,(+# -( -3%,($#DT0#&7-3%'&3 0,.# , '%621:?% 1%,9%321"3% #&%==:#:%'1 .!O+/ -9 %0# %0#&7-3%'& -3 ,(

-(%&-(3-$ 3#7-I$'(14$%'& 34$0 ,3 3-"-$'(W ,3 %0# %#78#&,%4 '9 %0# %0#&7-3%'& -($,3#3

%0# -3%,($# 1#$,3#3D =% 0-+0#& %#78#&,%4 %0# -'(3 '9 %0# 3#7-I$'(14$%'& .-5&,%#

7' ,(1 7'U %0-3 N'4"1 ('&7,""/ $,43# %0# -3%,($# %' &-3# 0'N#.#& ,3 %0#

%0#&7,"gO-(#%-$ #(#&+/ '9 %0# -'(3 -($,3#3 -% -3 #('4+0 %' "#,3# 7' ,(1 7'

$0,&+# $,&&-#&3 *#"#$%&'(32D ="%0'4+0 $'""-3-'(3 , 7' 94#(% %0# "#,3# '9$'(14$%-'( #"#$%&'(3 -3 1'7-(,(% #99#$% %0#'& -3%,($# ,$%4,""/ 1#$,3#3D

J(",9#%.7 ;(,%,$%


23/28

6*"#"&$(#%,$%&, 15 " A%#( 1# ;(,%,$1# MN*2%& 61./9&$1#O

m'"%,+# ,"N,/3 8&'8'&%-'(," %' $4&(% *%0#'& Y07-$ C'(14$%'&2

6*"#"&$(#%,$%&, 15 " 3(2%B61./9&$1# =%1/( M:1.BN*2%& 61./9&$1#O


24/28

6%#&9%$ ;9'(,

3(#%(, ;(,%,$1# 6%#&9%$,

W( 3#&-#3 %0# 3,7# $4&(% 9"'N3 %0'&'4+0 ,"" $'78'(#(%3 14# %' $'(3#&.,%-'( '9 $0,&+#

_# $,( %0#'& +#(#&,"-3# %0,% -( 3#&-#3 $-&$4-%3SV

total =V

1+V

2+V

3+...+V

n

T466?3L ?3>< >G! !^41>? F4! >< :?


25/28

P%#&**155Q, 6%#&9%$ D"K,

P%#&**155Q, 69##(.$ D"K

>%,%#3 %0,% %0# ,"+#5&,-$ 347 '9 $4&(%3 9"'N-(+ -(%' , \4($%-'( -3 #;4," %'e#&'

C4&(% 9"'N-(+ -(%' , \4($%-'( -3 +,&1#1 ,3 8'3-%-.# N0-"# $4&(%%&,.#""-(+ ,N,/ -3 +,&1#1 ,3 (#+,%-.#

I! = 0 P%#&**155Q, L1'$"7( D"K

W( ,(/ $"'3#1 "''8 %0# ,"+#5&,-$ 347 '9 %0# !5A @!;!:>7

I =V

I

I=!

R+ r

!= I(R+ r)

9!D JG!7! !?2 >G! !5AI a ?2 >G! >1; !Q>!731; 7!2?2>13:! 13F 7 ?2 >G! ?3>!731; 7!2?2>13:!

:3-(+ B-&$0'99f3 [-&3% ",N N# $,( 3##S

'&


26/28

!1K(# "./ @J8

T0# 8'N#& 3488"-#1 %' %0# #G%#&(," $'78'(#(%3 -3 #;4," %' %0# 8'N#& 8&'.-1#1 5/ %0#$#"" 7-(43 %0# 8'N#& "'3% %' -(%#&(," -3%,($#

:3-(+ p =I2R ,(1 I= !R+ r

S

P =!

2

(R+ r)2R

="%0'4+0 ('% (##1#1 -( 38#$-9-$,%-'( -% $,( 5# 3##( %0,% ,2R:,", 9&T%3 :(132'(=%33%; 1& 15% X$&2;Y.%R1%3'2$ #&,9&'%'1(/ T5%' 15% $&2;Q%R1%3'2$ 3%(:(12'#%

:( %F"2$ 1& 15% :'1%3'2$ 3%(:(12'#%

6('', %. 3(#%(,

W9 %0# J $#""3 , $'((#$%#1 %0# 3,7# N,/ *8'3-%-.# %' (#+,%-.#2S !t =!

1+!

2

W9 %0# J $#""3 , $'((#$%#1 '88'3-%# N,/ *8'3-%-.# %' 8'3-%-.#2S !t =!

1!!

2

6('', %. !"#"''('

C-&$4-% N-%0 3 -1#(%-$," $#""3 -( 8,&,""#" %0# $4&(% %0&'4+0 #,$0 $#""S i = In

`i'3% 81a -( #,$0 $#"" '& 5&,($0 43-(+ V = IR S v = Inr

j#($# #,$0 $#"" $,( 8&'.-1#S V =!! Inr

@#7#75#& .'"%,+# -( 8,&,""#" %' #,$0 5&,($0 -3 #;4,"!1$(.$%"' =%488"/ , 81 5#%N##( H ,(1 %0# 3'4&$# 81

*.'"%,+# -(2 %' , $'78'(#(%

o >488"/ , .,&-,5"# 81 %' , $'78'(#(%o >488"# .,&-,5"# 81 1#8#(1-(+ 48'( 80/3-$,"

$'(1-%-'(3

_# $,( $,"$4",%# %0# .'"%,+# '4% '9 , J -3%'& 5,3#18'%#(%-," 1-.-1#& ,3 9'""'N3S

V1=V

in

R1

R1+ R

2

9!D JG!7! e$ ?2 >G! E1L! ?A J! :!F >G! f6713:Gg >< >G! >!75?31;2 G! A?72> 7!2?2>G! B!3>?1; F?E?F!7

6'%-$# %0,% %0# #;4,%-'( -3 5,3#1 48'( %0# &,%-'3 '9 %0# 8,&,""#" 3#$%-'(f3 -3%,($#$'78, %' %0# %'%," -3%,($# '9 %0# 8'%#(%-," 1-.-1#&

>0'4"1 5# ('%#1 %0,% %0-3 -3 ('% , 8#&9#$% 9'&74", ,3 ,11-(+ , $'78'(#(% %' %0# $-&$4-%N-"" ,"%#& %0# %'%," -3%,($# '9 %0# #G%#&(," $'78'4(13 ,(1 %043 %0# $4&(% 9"'N-(+

%0&'4+0 %0# $-&$4-% ,% ,(/ +-.#( %-7#


27/28

0'$(#."$%.7 69##(.$, =(I$1%3'21:'6 #"33%'1 -3 , $4&(% %0,% #,%#1"/ .#&3#3 -%3 1-$%-'( T0# =3%F"%'#4'9 ,( ,"%#&(,%-(+

$4&(% -3 %0# (475#& '9 $/$"#3 -%

$'78"#%#3 8#& 3#$'(1

T0# 9%2C P2$"% '9 ,( ,"%#&(,%-(+$4&(% -3 %0# 7,G-747 $4&(% '&

.'"%,+# N0-$0 -3 %0# 3,7# -( #-%0#&

1-$%-'( *,3 7,G-747 $4&(% '$$4&3

N-%0 7,G-747 .'"%,+#2

S("$%.7 @55(&$ 15 ". 0'$(#."$%.7 69##(.$

W9 ,( ,"%#&(,%-(+ $4&(% '9 , "'N 94#($/ -3 ,88"-#1 %0&'4+0 , 0#,%-(+ #"#7#(% %0#0#,%#& N'4"1 +&,14,""/ 0#,% 48 %0#( $''" 1'N( %0#( 0#,% 48 ,+,-( %0#( $''" 1'N( ,+,-(

,(1 3' '( ,(1 3' '(

T0# 0#,%-(+ #99#$% '9 %0# $4&(% $,( 5# 1#3$&-5#1 ,3 %0# 8'N#& %&,(39#& %' %0#0#,%-(+ #"#7#(% N0-$0 $,( 5# 9'4(1 43-(+ %0# 9'""'N-(+ 9'&74",S

9!D [G!7! B ?2 >G! BG! :477!3> >G7G! G!1>!7 13F a ?2 >G! 7!2?2>13:! G!

G!1>!7

6'%-$# %0'4+0 ,3 N# , 43-(+ ,( ,"%#&(,%-(+ $4&(% %0,%So =% 8#,O $4&(% %0# 8'N#& 3488"-#1 -3 #;4," %'

I0

2R *N0# I

0-3 %0# 8#,O $4&(%2

o =% e#&' $4&(% %0# 8'N#& -3 e#&' ['& , 3-(43'-1," $4&(% %0# ,.#&,+# 8'N#& '.#& , 94"" $/$"#

-3 0,"9 %0# 8#,O 8'N#& T0# 1-$% $4&(% %0,% N'4"1 +-.# %0# 3,7# 8'N#& ,3 ,(

,"%#&(,%-(+ $4&(% -3 O('N( ,3 %0# 3&&1 ,%2' (F"23%;

?2$"% '9 %0# $4&(%

U&&1 ,%2' (F"23%; ?2$"% '9 ,( ,"%#&(,%-(+ $4&(% -3 %0# .,"4# '9 , 1-$% $4&(% %0,%N'4"1 +-.# %0# 3,7# 0#,%-(+ #99#$% ,3 %0# ,"%#&(,%-(+ $4&(% -( %0# 3,7# -3%'&

RG!7!AC

Vrms

=

1

2V0

A,-(3 $4&(% -3 ,"%#&(,%-(+ ,(1 '8#&,%#3 ,% , @A> m'"%,+# '9 JMHm ,(1 , 94#($/ '9QHje N0-"# $'4(%&-#3 34$0 ,3 %0# :>= '8#&,%# ,%


28/28

T,%.7 ". N,&%''1,&14(

=( '3$-""'3$'8# -3 , 38#$-9-$,""/ 7,1# #"#$%&'( %45# ,(1 ,33'$-,%#1 $'(%&'" $-&$4-%3"#(&%/0 (/ J$2%)).$2.8#

= $'77'( '3$-""'3$'8# $,( 5# 3##( %' %0# 5#"'NS

=( '3$-""'3$'8#f3 1-38",/ 1&,N3 , +&,80 '9 .'"%,+# ,+,-(3% %-7# '9 , 38#$-9-$ -(84%f3 3-+(," Y( %0# 0'&-e'(%," ,G-3 -3 %-7# Y( %0# .#&%-$," ,G-3 -3 .'"%,+#

T0# rI3#(3-%-.-%/ -3 , 3#%%-(+ %0# 43#& $,( ,"%#& -( '&1#& %' $0,(+# N0,% #,$0 `3;4,a '91-.-3-'( #(%3 .#&%-$,""/ -( %#&73 '9 .'"%,+#b 9'& #G,78"# -9 %0# /I3#(3-%-.-%/ N,3 3#%

%' ZU %0-3 N'4"1 7#,( #.#&/ 1-.-3-'( .#&%-$,""/ N'4"1 #(% Z .'"%3

T0# GI3#(3-%-.-%/ '& `%-7# 5,3#a -3 ,('%0#& 3#%%-(+ %0# 43#& $,( $0,(+# %' ,"%#& N0,% #,$01-.-3-'( 0'&-e'(%,""/ #(%3 -( %#&73 '9 %-7#U 9'& #G,78"# , %-7# 5,3# '9 J N'4"17#,( #,$0 1-.-3-'( 0'&-e'(%,""/ #(%3 J 3#$'(13

Date post:	04-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	arvindersinghh
View:	224 times
Download:	0 times

Physics AS - Unit 1 - Revision Notes.pdf

Documents