1. Nuclear Physics Review & Interactions in Matter Nuclear Medicine 4327

2. OverviewPart 1:Nuclear Physics -Types of decay and decay equationsPart 2:Interactions of Radiation in Matter-Ionizing radiations, particles vs.photons 3. NomenclatureNUCLIDES Unique Z and N ISOTOPES Same Z, Different N C-13, C- C-12, 14, etc.ISOTONES Different Z, Same NISOBARS Same AZ = Proton #N = Neutron #A = Mass # 4. Nuclear Stability1500Nuclides280 Stable Excess Energy Particle Arrangement 5. Stable Nuclides248 Stable IN NATURE requires pairedStability generallyprotons, paired neutrons, or pairedpsunpairedand ns pairedunpaired paired proton protons neutron neutronsSn has 10 stable isotopes 6. Nuclear Stability metasta exciteStable groun d ble dUnstab state state state le metastable > 1 picosecond > excited metastable = ISOMERIC 7. IsomersSame nuclide, higher energy levelMetastable 8. Line of Equal #protons &neutronsNeed more neutrons tohold together larger# of protons 9. Radioactive DecayGamma ray transitions UNSTABLE Beta Decay positron decay electron capture Alpha DecaySTABLE 10. Alpha DecayLarge nucleus size =unstableCharged 4 HLarge 2eDAMAGING 11. Beta [-] DecayNuclide X ->Nuclide Y-+Y is z+1, A+0Gain in + charge 12. Beta DecayA AX Y + - +Z Z+1 Excess Energy antineutrinoNo massNo ChargeNo interaction w/matter 13. Beta Decay Max energy of the beta is well- defined decay energy Q= DECAY BETA TYPICALEMITTERSPURE BETAENERGY DECAY Q = Parent Energy Daughter EnergyExcited State beta antineutrinbetao0 keVmax excited Ground State Less keV gamma Avg. Energy = 1/3 EmaxGround State 14. Positron [+] Decay X -> Y Y is z- 1, A+0+MUST HAVE AT LEAST 15. Positron DecayWell defined max EnergyEnergy shared between B+ andneutrinoAvg 511 keV?B+ energy is 1/3 Emax +positron 16. Electron CaptureWhat if theres excess (+) charge, butnuclear energy < 1.022 MeV? Excited State - 17. Positron vs. Electron CaptureEQUATIONS:Positron & ElectronCaptureA+X -> Y 0z-1 p -> n 18. Positron vs. Electron CaptureEnergyrequired for B+ decay 19. Gamma Decay= energy released FROMNUCLEUSFollowing otherdecaysMetastable states 20. Excited vs. IsomericGroun Excited 1 ps Isomeri 2 psd cStateNuclear configuration never changes,only energy 21. Gamma vs. X-RayX-Ray Gamm a 22. Gamma vs. X-RaysGAMMANuclear energy transitionsMatter/Anti-matter annihilationX-RAYSBremsstrahlungCharacteristic 23. X-Rays1 keV 2 keVElectron Capture 24. Internal Conversion Internal conversion Characteristic x-ray electron 25. Internal Conversion vs. GammaExcitedNucleus InternalGamma? Conversion? Long Isomeric state = I.C. Higher Z = I.C. 26. Decay Modes vs. Stability Line Proton Rich excess (+) charge deficient (+) chargeaka Neutron Rich 27. Decay SchemesDecay ModeParent vs.DaughterEnergy Atomic Number (Z) 28. Decay SchemesAlpha[]Z2 Z1 Z1ElectronCapturePositro[EC] n [+]Beta [-] Gamma[]Z+1 29. Abundance, Branching Fraction, Yield 30. Energy Diagrams/Decay SchemesX-- - z+1 Y z+1Y137 CsEmax = 0.51 MeV -2 5595%-1Emax = 1.17 MeV= 0.6625%MeV137 Ba56 31. Image References http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=1410&obj_id=6530&dt_code=NWS&lang=en http://www.nucleonica.net:81/wiki/index.php/Help:Karlsruhe_Nuclide_Chart http://fys246.nuclear.lu.se/topics.asp http://www.cortlandschools.org/buildings/jshs/science/chem/honors/atomicconcepts2/index.htm http://www.sr.bham.ac.uk/xmm/fmc2.html