Page 1
7
CH,ll ', Ugr,,tQ &,rte&sry1_* e_!
Ef{tl"n..{ ( e) =ulhul tlcu qel
-
kihqF qur hrrct ta P'1
lte \orger fhe errerXq^losses t.., g Bqere-rv1, S" looer ils e0-fiuen,rtRCuchc,is co.t/r co*e" '{rom L d|,l'Ferenf sc..*r.-eE:
I ProcesS Lim ilahbns:tn*gl \osses due lo practra.l e\eku\s .:F c^n' energl +r*as Formr,Ston fcrcSS
D fundcrrneilf&l U rnifc-fionS'.6^erq.a toSSeS ct-v^e-d.-r-e t?r ph.lstc-cJ lct-r-,--:s Fhcr,t c-c^-rvno4- be c;^c*,/Tf.l-Sd result Q-ron--t FLe- d,'F{-,tu"tq <>F hzrnqQ.irrrnis l-f.,e-rrnqr-\
*e.1q r,nto ot'{.-q*- forrrr'S oF e-nertq,
' Wc,,\\<rn3 up c. 9\i3rl+ o* s\z.rrs, ,-tout f nc-ne.crSe qor,r.f bodrl's 13 bV o.lmt)l lf(nT' Bo+ qi * u- tcoe\1 crse.d a-.[rc{ts -1 2r)oX oF eu"r-r.{.1 Fo c\inaf -FL.a. sk..j r 3
lnc-re.crs<- in ut - "b.-lr-,.-F q.r.^ oF' , -IzooJ \our b"\ r.'a€.s= "&Jh"..h r4.ouharJtdu
'1to1u'4 = (tool = o, ZS = Zb.L process
eQQ'c-l'erc1 is TLool -tLeu. e-|_Fr'c-ter.1 due lD ' 'I--rrrvrl'-1=*1'lrr-r=
\tr,it".l bI loioc,V.orntshcr,l of F"ocl diTt\bn r hiome-cjnco-vri"-s o! ho* .tctu rvrove
Nlol Cr. F.,ndcrnne-rrrFcr"\ Ltr*iF btc proc-e-ss c-ou\d r"q w.c-r-clq rv"r<;re- e-FQtc-,,e-nt-
, tr\e.c.lrrrccr-\ e-rne.rX1 vsed d..i5 rnuSts \o<- %n*1"d Fro""r olhet Sol-r.rc.e-g,tltucr-\\g cherntccr\ enerXtl G .r.^J or o\{^q.r Cossi\ eue\s
. E*r"n', Conve-rhe.d h 6*t to 1 butrnfnS , cta:v,), {-{"!- rr€utt\5 Er-v, converte.cl{L 6a.-*v''"'-\
e-: # = 3 sr - \rnxer.1 due- tu cr Rrndarnnenkr,\ LirnikrhbrtEa^ CcunOt be- h''rcrnsGrrr^-.-\ ha oH".e.-r €trrng O0 *""1t r^l\ [Oti'/- e-0hUeyrg.l
k 35'/"e t's ctose ltr h'{"c{rrejn<.c-\ ntc>a.t'rnuvn
6.erqr4 Ef&'a'enc"t ProbbmscrS "urV**b L{...( ql-\". this co.t\<1\ be- *ve- usek,.,\
qeqq o-lFgu! oF c..rr', e-nXtne or procsSs or H^€- tlorl< +4^cttk clo"e- ,',. corhilole.-h'n1 <PfO€\\. E('. U-)h!.n Llov Cimb c. Pl,'3nr .>& glcrirs, n'U"hc"+,,1ou
?r-t'= AU3
.(A"Lunc* qc,u had tu eof " r^,:ill Eereru-l\g be- the- \stc^I e.ne-rg.{ t.?uts nc.edeelfo o* entrne, ta6\\, 0r prcceS8 . A. i ulkn i1c,r.n r*n your c,,.l'. condihi.rne-r-
tAhoh qou F^ig" - e,\ec-hricsl *.xxf fngrriSo\vel )or,,. l\mr{ ned h do cdrliNc,lrc,-\ ii.,tc-*^tr^l'c}ns
-C-t)ff\PUK Vc"\uef iot t^fV,of t{y g^}" t "6hc.J-,r.!wpo-rd'' o B. sove- c,tl evrergt vr*tves t$"U,r**,.- CoVnpUte e = a hc"l- vp, ?*/ril.* .t* pcud
Page 2
7Pc-r--Z
-A Cr+r-\3 brc^ve-\;5 cio..15 c^- \e-rzel v^o<C\ e^Jr c.t St€,€.*a!1 $S ^ph (Offr* ?0%)t-'.jhc*. q"{qq frarrilforrrrrh'on\ cef\cl bvz"rrs.$brs ar-e- fs$(i^a p \c.r-e.-?
Akr Ar,t1;A&h+ AE r.e"., = W tCL Conse.rvcuh'c,n o& E e1. ftr on open sqtRrn, fnctr.rcIE
'&rod tg \ev<-\, so no \ - \F qrr iS rwrnr\ well,r
6<l,.rn does chonctr<-, clerx-ecr\inX aS &r.e.\ r's brrrneclAG.r."r, = frl rcl
.CC\!. mov1.n3@ coc\Sfsrrtsgeec\, n,raKl olttlg"S oF 6 {rJhigh rn,'ghf q{pt^.,t ta l'{.0.-c-c*r
i\ Se.nnp. r"r:ilt be c.ng1tl.{.\b, no AE"."
U*q tD cl o u.ny!1 [t" oF Ctyir€ Go.co * *u d-rayuEftr E aS h4c.i- ,tz> F{^a- e.rwrnt
r A c(L( an a-
hc..t a dr""3 coegfitjenl oF 0,60 ', CLfet* of Hlr (fovrtr <ll t{o Cf,*r = [,trnz, WhCtts
t/nin. pou/e;. doe-s thts cry neeel b yv'royg o c,gteadq spee.cl o4 3ofr/s on kvel ftround I'Cc* c\oing work blc of droq , Fshiry afrncnp\cre *i) F = in mcrtn ihrJe tu d.o.q h-c,e- b:
on l4^g €lWrn*.l-lnis is +\.t 6.cu thcri's ao5 r-,..rortr
D=icpAu. \. P= Fv =(zfuN)ts"*ts) -gloo\r
onc€-its
b= L(o 3px\.2*V*9(t.rr) [eo*ru; *2&os
-Tko c-orve-re-. ho* Fxlt'l ft r<*+<o] a+ zs rni(-o.s/guJtan o? go-s a* hr^6h,n*.7 sFecc)
fuhc.,fk fL" "*{blen'1 o? a Cav-va*<- clriw<,n 25 mite-s (ctctt<*.,) o,j- Sants?fa g.<ff6>n ,F tc.s cankr.,.r'ng 1."{xtor t aF c$sry1teel *ernq\aE*,., = PA! = P(+) =GroowXatrtr) =' lt.to* irrtT- -'t'&\
\au7'/.trtotT = o.ot 3 = 8. E"/,
O^\ t. 6Z oF l-{^.- c-l,unfe*.| e-n.t-17 Froy", {-i.c gas f s use-d lz evucaftedfclt. fl^-c- regt i6 ^'tc>sh-" crg h!c^-t- $" Y^R- q\v;ran*qr{.
in t1rnle--licr\r,l Enery.r' ln.,-td*S -t13lvc.r6e otly af*dxlde _ wcrler
=!rot-, L\te l"-"d.I\
bn erqq frui 'ft:or) i;I;;b..' Gd z-{, Lo,' (nt'+,o'ne-lo'ods\ -K tv('trlaurg v-4JZ.ipTiljr 1t.:--= S::1.1", -1:t.jl,f^ "i k=,, .cr'*b,'n<s u f e1\er9'
6f"lri*ft"--t o^Wx\ t-hcr-fS brerjftuc.l fn {-r' prodvre " '
eJts|l cc-rgor1 clr'oy,icle, uth;ch r'S e-yhoJ<d; t^:e,ler r-Jhic4
-.,,2' cr-q be uSe-c.\ ta1'l-he-_taa\)
?" *\1
. \. 4:*+-q$Lgt\, . ^ uOxic.,tahbn oF ti oF 3[rrcoae-b. <rX ot{^r cc,rb\- +l ef\erc4t4 t'S Use.gr bq. eff",rOq r.l.lit\ re\ecrse ctPProA ' 17 \<T oC en.er\tt
r^a r-- -,r.thr--rdR;;€du d- - a...-.-., L. -,\ r--. -- c- ^ - ^ tt --.- -u \ L-
\. O s c,{aqy\1iq^,\,+\ enen3Y fs useo trtl
oF H.,e- 0.,*t.1" TH"ffi;;"H* - purnr'n3 fzroal 1-'-.ns6aq1f..{l-'-t F*r*., lr>o.s Q$6,rk* J,.o-^*t E;{."t*. . Jill'un c<rn bq e'o*tt\3 w-rerr+r'rreel
fuut"t
cw * Q) E*..^ t tsucr.\\5 nnerrt,ur,recj r'h rn,:$ rt CalofreS(cg'f)
Ik.,a*t.j,..,$$ ",t q4 i= tsr:lb^ { ^r Cnwqq C{.)n\€J\I Oir tDoct \S Lr\Lrcr_tquoted in Cci\ories Ccaf) u-ll c. cr.pibr^l_"c
iCc.\u.ie (a-\so "at..t o'"€r94 cr^ltt'ia")=IOOO
"".lo',es sr 1kcc.J . lF a, ccrndq. bar:c.rn#r-u'ns 1?dCn.l . fl U,,rnn{ :l uLc-tulll nrr)..i'l n";6s " lSo C*t, i(-b -r nd, ;t f ;il4 -
p rr> d,, ceZ*,bCS cc-l (r,r 9&2KT) irl E*".^.-t
\.OO cs"\on'e- a 11,11\outes
Page 3
7& ll.s; trt,erg{ tn Fxd _Pe.s -- ft \Z aZ .o]^' o( sodcr cohta-u'1rg eqprax. '/oj (v;+Lss i-h6, 7r cr^p) "F 6ufr*,a simple cc,,rd>hyolr.,-c-.), Hot^t fvrvch C)t!.mtccJ <nerql in
.lstrles cl.:eS fhrs Scr{f,rf conta,r'n(
tb.- -"-nt cr^-lorr'e.S iS lhis ?
t g o( sf3c.r = t-T l<T 1- cat * L{, \1 jo,o\es\u3 =68011T - &Eo,ooo1 = \bzza\ c-c^l = \GoCaJ in !* c-..--, -P socl,e.*
6""-fl Us-e o$ J-s4\__
'bod'a ii a-[uc.qS Usinq (aeratL/ t ovex\ cr-h re.St-btrlo!,rn1 F repc^-irih3 hr'ssJ.re, d,3ue(.t-t.'3 F...a, q-.-tdjce-e-prn{ *.Lr"rr. il:", \e.3/3-". c:,-,4 ipo-er (.n w-l-fs)
'Enet^n1 c'orwteS F-o'n-lt 6-^-"n tn gtaur L-olra't 6.!zre.St 'd,.rtd ",-i t-r-lh^rrao-fel q ccrnwe-rlr-aa\ <.i^H-eJj t+ l-i"A-fmc.l €-h'c-h 13 i-rc<,nS{-t.d.4 cLS heaf- b H^e- e)1vi.oY1rvreo1-
'A Spirarne'l-er me,.svreg hoc', rnuch 0z \-he- bod,1 lffiff'\ S tcr\<t..o rrD + l\leo.SLrre-s khe tacrclq's 'l-ot-c^f
TakL\ d.tJoor.. En.,z1 Us. (fr"Frfr{1,),";[* \ge-h $c:7 rw'rt n3 to-r-,t oc+-,'"t ! )
()t'14c,..-n.._-<-
" Liv<--r-'Brc.a',^,
' l'teay {-'ht\ne^1s
zQI1-lLL\?r1
tcx)\U
'lf qnu elimb cL aet o€ 6{zdrs c,.l aAUq :-A E11' * A C-.1..o,, = o
.J \, '--.Gbolh ;a.rgas5 (n) be.rn3 "sed t-)
IAE ^"..\ = AUq o- A 6.nChevnr'ccrl eme-t"q.1 Fr"rd yuu.r bc,dliS ccrrrve-rted in'l-o^ po,l-ent,c;'\ eI\eyt'({
( He,3hr,is increa5l'-) and lhurna)\ rle1(nc- 1 5 | l\ c-r €(-(a I rEr I uI c4 { nJLf, Ienerbl Lbcx\ i s s{' gll"ttq ..-:c.r.r,.e-r)
x-fr,f Y," hf:" .o€ och'vitts, *f9c ere4 in
c.on€fcrrrt specd(no ake)
1-. Whc,f L16u X*', t*1 :. 3 A.tAil3: t6t\<3{9.tmls) 1z'.1"..) = itoc:.5-
2. 1t1hc.t tqou hac) b pnl The ..E+- is li^evrrekc.r.-)oo\;c enetnl Fl,'o- b.,d| arsec{ i ncorngl-h"1 Flr.{ r..s k . \t c1.,.^"\
flt. f ! Uu"\1i3, t:oaltciagt o-nA cUyitq,el"o
ra4dp a( Zo- Sd z oW15'/" ends up us t'f.-qrrncrl ,rr\rl lncr€crciecl t^l
&.tlq, I*uw rnc^n1 H|flhrs- lF u1". c-r,nELrrvlec\ c! \Zo a c.,-n oF sodc(r h.r^ **.1 *ttXt"t5 of sh^r'rS cou\d \artC.\tnn\o or'\ [,[i- 6-v.,.n" its c.onl-a^rhS3 f*ssuvv'te- .-. rvecrSS oF 6F {<} C-Lnc\ o. Fl,gtnt- tlSfotrs hc.s q- vev h'cg-\ he.rqh* .t z.-Inr .
I c-r^*-r sodo- = G86 lqS oV 6o^....,'l.\ Ssurne- ?5'/. ls trc.rrrk,rrnecl h>i,nrrpc.Serl t/,3
Aug = Lts,esXf" trr r ros 6) A.{ = ryla\l
A(g= [,]'l()sT 2,-1rn: 1-t F\iXhts of sk rrs
' h"q.i used f;er *.^cz:nd runnt\= proporhonc.r.I F6 lcrurr speealu'funnt\ 2x o-s R^.ef takes ofet". Zx as muc-h [rcru:€r, brlF cllso te"V4S 1w Zx ct0Lfb"*Bq quu. ttse- bu run a- ecrkcrin chEkrncs.- doetn'l- depend on your apeeal)
-For W fuf"t o€ och'v;6pg congdered,h \5-,".,.1 '-1ZpoT
Fr*[Z lat;?ffi'EH:,N,";'H'# EW -'":z:zoor ] o,::-:F!:,
Sr'nsq flvtg = m't'ArlAct= 4*a = 1,1'\ttsT--' *5 -tr,r,::ltq.t-r")
Reshhq pd!/er(V\ioF 6g fi.i i",a. '
Page 4
7Co En Gn w ht-1,'Fh^
lhe- F\o.rrSuccessran.
lb a P"si}1a,nAt- U^i- e" rrl
Rt,-tlov€1- h,S hce^d
oF fi,s eaerc{,s€
"A, we;XYrt-lrpl'er \,Pls q. 5o t.S bo.- P."..t
4 6lc-rn I ute-tVht'liFW * b-.tSnvrninh c,tt.:e-S na QorR on k1^4- aLiSrca'v't A F.tot,(LSSurr"ve- H^r- Hrn€- t'6 Shcrrh eni'rXl-r <'a-c-r'\ #'"Vr^e-H". t- fio hr-cr.!r g5 \r^e.r>s$c-rred Qr*, lht ^uSel'<-St{.c- s1;*--t t-a) 'H^-e- e.llvvaq+f, {'h;s e^erX"l
B--r t'S re-brlrnecJ, +r> its s!c{-hr^ru3 Fosih<:n cl.rrc}no cVrqn* in \-A3 .r kg)e l*toSt e*eraiSeS in [-f{ t 1- (ot-t\ Fl"e hcprrsfurpys;h'on oF
ctn), bccc1( ks H"1a FL,r6r- qtcq-n \O X inlJhc(F .41-n1 {-ra-nsFurrnc-honf hcuvt h;u-r p ) c..c-c-?
"A C*r" = 4)---Lre- bc,-a ;3 rot^s.) ot /ot"etu'l ,t:se' E.t e-rr, . U (l-'r.-r.**-11, qJl at
rS FraagQ'lntec| f., 5,-+"
iS rlod tuvtuial t So la<-re'S beet1-
1;fhnt .-*th}, runnrh3 c)v1 a. frec^-Lvr,tl) invaloE"-t-at--, + Er+-,
nL.eh rnejaba/ic q1gg11 tS" , re7u4
2<> mr\x (*{) = lr2-ac> 5
'A a.4c,l6t pe.cJc.ls tor 20 rniq a-v 6. 5;pe-ceJ og 15 l<*',1h.. Hau-s
'l8O W esecJ in c*1cl in3 c'-fffi be=?At
o- apeed a? t$ k-rnf hrAG= Llt'OW (r2oos) u-
Ae -sKoff
6ner.?1 Sh,rc, q('Boc)",1 cit,tg 6t"*.Jn frcr"n &rod, iF \{"rts e.l.e{t1 isn't wEed, iF u,i\\ be shured 4r
-Tha bd\ stoFeS &bcx^n- YOOa .,F csrbolqa"^*a. Aggrax. hc-,r.^.r 0<*r- c-zru\c.l u 68 t.3 run$€,
}rc.rr{ on Fhts s{-orecl qo7l 7
t1 t.T pu \oF c<^rr"ox.aa,"^re. (rlooor)(.{oo3) = Q.tr loo T
I \ 5o W useJ i n runrricl c!t- l5\<m[ l+r e .yrr \o& ,-A8.r.."r.,=Pct At": A.6.,n'-.^/p :-\\boi_-: b'tt3.oqAx= VAt
=(teKrn/*r)(t.t"U gt; Ax = L_1.ta \<rn - 25lcrn
usa 4"nrf 6 ua)k bl. ol merhano'o,/ ine-F&z-;et'tcr es t n oL,-r ?u<'f.-\(tne-he €-ne,ri.1 'frrnott{1 t-raltSfu"w1aA intz: ffu+rna} *uffi t'rt qoutl n/ruseles r ShoeS6dh-oecLr c.r-1 be- c)e-Si3ne.c[ +a r"'rinirniae lc,Ss oF e."er11
Lt A "p",nq rn l{.e Scl\€ ol {-he Shoe Ccu,r S\-Dre polen\'o-\ enert.{ ,uJhiohCAi^l bd re-turnecl t-D \<nerh'c, *."?Y dcr*-,n3 fL'-L MN+ stride.(Spr,hq maJc< {-l.e- calli;fon cu/ lhe X-t'attnd ,nc'}e e"las'ne).J
-A"\-F : srvrcJl on-ertnf o(-G tlco2zn I cs-\d glucose:
'Ha-lhhq actull rna.k 5d-ares
ne-cded Qr. rmrnecl,'cr-te 0.6eo.rwrvr,,h "r ?Htflsil-6cecl ir,
aF l-/.aae ec,rb'(a, h,#A rr-ro(e {-/T-1
rmrtsole hrtaerlt'v<tcc:n$urwel ln 7 du1
s = t.Gl Ftours
U"rvt/\c-r.a^r
* LlooT
Page 5
7P6.5
s -a/\'tre.lnre-nhe.il
v
"15{Sfb grnI=2
KeT
fi epeed is ProporFr'onc.l br> t'lne
{ o$ vhe Ternpe.rce}ure.
1-nlT
x A gc.s ,.llOn Crvercrsyq
l*th* cr.kornS r-r:i\{+an <>( tcrS tll
C'IH)
ho"ve- Qlster cr,hrrvrt,hecrvfer c.-FornS
_-lc- at
" ce,\si u s
tdeat 6crSL'".tr*S do nol_ inferccc-t tl[ er^c-l"r othe-r te-x.epF 6r collisfans:e\c.SHc,tro no
"*rtt is \ost) , {he sqst<rn, haS no Va+enh.J **X1 (U{ , anll Kineh'c
*T?-r'e nh*"*t enerXl oF en ideo.\ gas = ir"J'hDki ki.,e-Vtc.-en"r11SoBl o[* {-he o=turns {+c,=l rrLctke op f-h€- qc"-g
*,The ternperc"bure- oF cqf\ \'derd gcts. rg e.- rne-c+-€uy-€. o[- {tte avecctl-\(ineh'c <rre-rfl r$ H"e a,lrorns t-hc,!- rna)ca uF ++',L qa-s.
! zkouS -- Z rn.Vrrrs
c.tomtcmas" n r-oot rrrecr-q SqUA*1.e. Spe-er)nurnbe-r o$ qhornS
E'
N rnv.-*'
Tlwrgero.ture on tl.,e. Ke\ vin 6c<r\e (T=T. " 21 C
O K= Points o-h uJ\icj^ !L"a Ktne-hL ^uX1 crF aJzms i$ 'Ze;^o-'24\\ lernperc.h-:res on Hne- \<e,\vin S<.c--\e o{e Lr)
3kc..r3 = 2
_ .. Ka*r 1-e*.n9e-rc.:tute- c>F c\Jt\ rc1ec.I gcx in S<-rrvrS aF f{^{-
\<g dr,)er^c'ar- ktne-htc- e'nenxrl per a-tztnnku (fjottanrc.nn's conshanf) : t.3E x tO-tt %.
{he, lonl etv.lure, nots on fhe crC-om\ rncLrs3\<e'T
rnI
,' *h,gher kmpesalare c<rrresponclSi b ftrsfer alrcrnla or mr:leclrkrr epeecls
ChcrSin3 X \ c.fz.cJa,,'otC e-}atqts I b'{ 'tS,r+"c oQ- {ZUacd'ar d*- \c- rr'\= otfum\c rnqss r l,6Gx tt,^" 1<3
Ex l/.8iSpecd oF rrttr"gen w.'o\ec-u"\eS
&rcfor ots
Y L on l..r clerends on| lncrerrsinq x lrr c^ Scrctur oF cllncrerrsino x Lr-r c^ Scrclur oF cl
1,.rg-r^se-.d 1 \"i - e-'c'btrs oF2-
-l.liFroqrurr.,es (ti2-). tj 2o". ohc:]r r:s \-h!- rms speedjl_ilgw$bcgtes oG__qlqgi(n="78^*\]qb;lO.a?k3=T.2orL.l3V,*u=.F^@Vrr.ns:5(om/5y.,r= Ll,&sr.ro-11Jg 1-= z-g3 tq \ - - -V L\.Gb nlo'uus
Page 6
C-ort g*b\ % 11ner n c,.\ Ene.c61-YGr.b
x Therrnc-\ **t1 f s a\irac-l{.1
f1*.,= N'ko.,1 = t tq'Ke'lftherrnal F6*X1 Jg c.^ icJec,.\ Xa,s oQ
g roportr'c,ncr.\ \Q Te{Ylpe,{cr$ure
N a.rhurng A6,.^ = * U:ku'AT
\, Tne E*. oF o. s ubskrncr- f s p ro porfr6,ra^J; t?, H,.e- humber oQ cr.irornSA gcrs r-o\ m6re c^*orns hcrS rnore- 6*h Hac.n o, tci*s a.ts S-\ne-
Sdn4 e- Te-r.perer-h:re- w I Fe.rre-. cttt>rrrs.
2. A A in Ternpe-rzlfure- cr*u8es c:. \cropor{i'\'c,inc--L c-\,1c,-ng,L I n {"1 4*
5 $V2EV<u\ cets Vllerrnc.l *15 .t ; , A [arctr er tso,rvrporature cVrcuu.r-
(rrr.r€e.s a l*tgr chc*n1e t n thcrmc.,{ areft1
c.-tsrnosphere- pre-Ssrre- ancl81 ho.^t nnr-rc-[r 6[oe-S itsS $.l-rn..-l
^*1rt d'ea"rt-AT-= lo i<
AFr,., : i (2.5 r to'')[t .\tr,tol,l*X ror.)A 6*t =6, 5Z 5
2Lo c- c-ont-crjn: 2.5|{ r'{-s hq-+eol tzt
* lott rnole<-tr;\eg
%'c-?.
O, t'I,(a1 cto o c-r|,13 oF
r \+e.Ak ena\ W"'r\< o{e aimp\y Z d,'FFcrerrfenen1l bb or {..o"^ a, €lgFenn x
'Therrnc-\ ey\.r3t1 fs trci-ns$<r-rec.t b [,^r cr sqel-e-rrn crtrd ?l-!- €-v1vt ran *-,enlcLS cr C-oAseclue-rice o? a fer^np. ;1; p$<r<nce b l* Pt"-&1
''Whe*1 the fast - p,at-,\e.c,u\es in t4^e hoFler oblec-l- co\\icJ<- u,l lhe Src'ser
n,Tcr\ecr-r\e-S (n Vhe- r-a\er obierrt-NeJr Resol|l fi.ri1 4rc-xr'tslerrq) k*n hoHer --> Coole.r o61<c-f[{ ecr\ is Vhe- a\er% .1 trc.ns$<-J- d,
^ i\ o- tl^errnc.l 1 q Fer-i:.c-t-rc rr
rrrcr-L{-S oF {-ratrSf'.'etr rh3
Page 7
L-b.L6"6;s.{
n€''l-
)rZ Sqsferns p\c^c-e.din thermc"\ eonrferc-l
LDi I\ Frc^yrs$er *fiernrc^l
ene*tl t.l-nlil $.dr
Slow<-<)
Etc.s'Lr crol\isiohGrCrrnS Enerqq#'
Ore.vc-nks erlrprnS Ffotn nrro'rr'nq
Sqsk-rn I tD 2. bwts sbr\l o-\Pou5H^e.-rvr tu co\\icdg
Fro"t {-heU)o-rrnq- E;lcj€*he- asler St^c{e
5qe,+errl
1'la1 n bqJrr'erWem
(P_e'r.61
Tr tTi'AtsurvrS in SqstelnL hc'ra o.--hiXh.e* kr'u3
F-z^sl-Oa
Therrrn.) e"\ e''rXLI ( s h'crnS6erre-ct; .$o-tt*- t^lov\'^n c<-bpr-"-S 6n {-h..b ${-re, S\ot-se-r-"fvrcrvr'rt3 o-tsornS o11
Cotlt5;orn3 lrc.rtt&er eAe.tfqL,t Fr.or- l'[re u-EfmerSq're-/}1 +-?, H^-o- *-tu/ to-S ,vno"e enetTe'li<o-L*S \osa Cn€rrCq tb \eSS e-rrrerqeFl'qa*Fzr rnS . Th i s =." .i4v trc'ns$er = [ 915-q; tr-) qrhen
^*XrI i=' h.*l*$.u..d SpJ*
6fierr enerXl iS hr-ounskrredok c^ S.t6h€rn
F \{ecr"t
€co"n 6carrs u)1,\e4 the Sqs+<-tvts hc-re H^0. -tc,!r.aa-Ne-rcLc* tfc.n6lC--h^onc-l lcine,fi'c e1\er1r1o-y,d, f{r,.r.S Hne- sc}rne 1-crnpera}-iZllnd, e-o(l,Srbns sh'll tra-nsFere/^e-rqq t-"* LSrcte fr.r {-{^n- ofu, 6ra J-l,,e-re,k n" fr*r err."E1lrc.n s$cr )
6ner3t1 ln
Wclr\< bt{
EnerXl out
Q <c)Hec.l- &ro.n=c1arcrn
\stem.ruzfr-
,oJ"ELr.,o n€-.\- ^uI\ r's /as I r'n a* pere<c*11
a\ o qtr'c e-o l ti-s icrn)
-+&-'q71 franS$e.r(as Hec^'r)
I tr
(k,)c.u3
Q,<o
Q =(-)OUF
T+ lTrQz --l-Q, r
(l<.)"."1
&^*t ternperir*t^rcs
O{e t{"0- Scrrn.Lf
\S Fra.ns€e-r'qg9\
hoF to cokix
themcJ k1vilibr,utt
lJn" ls* Lc.* oF thermodqncrFn\'cs : [g*= VJ*QlZt sqstcrnS f n \^rhrcl^ on\1 {-he- Fhe."'..t €-nefil chc-n3es, lh" %ny,
^in fherr c-\ e-ne--n1 iS eluc^,\ +15 F{^e er1"t1 trc-.ns$err<d I'ata ar ouf'tYL-,e Sq6€i.n cLS tt)rk W ard/c,r herr-t- O
'sqslerns lL,crt c\ren't fnovinS Cno 6r) , Fhcrl_gun"n'9 q-hcst,\ c\ernicolrl(ca'-4, bul-
UhoSe. t€,,x pert'h-tre5 dcrn ohc{nx,e- -- the:rnaAlna-rnr'6
Wov\( onSqstern
w>osu st<rn'f,r) <O
Q>oHee* to6r.1S€rn
Srlsherrr
AE+v,=W rCl
Page 8
7
Conc-eo\,.rc-\ Ex lt,3'. CompreSsinc\ a q4s-|1pfrt" c( 3a-s is in a-n ins,r\c.$eol conta,jner, so |l.rcr-t no hec.i enoty qJn escq.{>e.
tF t pistan is used 4o arnyress *t^-o- g*s, uJha+ happe,',t /" l1- '|enp. oF t-/^o fq ?
"The pr'6fon cr"gg\,eS s frrr.e f0 Frr.l- $s, r.',.t\d {'h€re ts o. d;Ebrnr.errt, ih,Srns4rls thc* ,"n i< ts cLrne on .|il. qc,S bq {de pitton [Vrl to). No thervrar\ <.{\eJ(tuCOn be evciluna+d ill the Qnvironriient, theHninq Q=O. Sincr. ane-rqqrS lrr,rrd.rl.,inlo the.p,lt+r"^, h" tfu""""l qe"U?
"P +4i-a- fas rnus*,'nr-ui^e. Th,stTlgatts t/v-'#tnf rhusl ncrerts€ a-5" cae.//.
&. Il.lct', Wortt ond hea-l in a 4 tde.a-l Gds-Sup7ose u conVcrlner ho\ds 5.or lOtt r"ro\ec,*r\€s oF ar1 rclec,.,{ flqs, 5oT oF q:orK
o.fe- done on &'1",e toS b'-1 o pislan fLwf @rnpreSses r'1. the. +<:vtp oF th" 9ciaCha-rr,7cs by 3o'c- clurin3 *his proc-aes . Ilac': rnvc-h het* r^S *rans{<.rred Fa c..,-
$-."- n
t{.,e- '*uiron.-.-ri+7 AE*n=1 N'KB ar Q=tr6+q -WAE+r-, = ? (s.or. ro")(\.38 r ro-'3 Y*)( 3o \.) : 3tS- 5oT
,Yy, l;;:*' ilffii*e.\rwtcc)'fvrn€.rr1- in Lhis procs*ss
En *J, - Tra.nsfrr Dr\rcrns
'h*V, Re-Ssrt o,'r-; c.-n a blec'V or a- 6tart aF the- envirarnmcrtrts so \<,-r-1p
Hac--f ifs +emp. cl.oesn'f nohc-<.c.bt1 cJnc,nXe uhen hec^-|- ;s tra-ttSl<rr<dbt^ lt" 61stsern c-nc,\ &he Y?ser14;v-
(Tu) -\+Dt Re.gervoirl A re-servofr cr-F a higher +-e{\1p. +{"&-"1 Vhe sysFcrn(f") - CD\d Re-Eervoir I A reserv6jr o-k c\ loc.rer hp. 1-{ru---n +{"- s,1s}-<-{v^r
.+[-{er-r.t e$eql is }ra-yrS$errect bl* q Eqsl-ern a*tcl a- reservo(r r'f1+.e-1 hcve- dil(ere.n* *e-lrnp.eratrreS
he-c-+ t-rr-.r's&-rreci +o o( Somhec-! Frcrns$e,rrect ho o- etov^
c.gP$-s t'|oLQ&voir
- Cotd reserlar'r\-- a-I- -fc
PG.B
cr hot fe.s€rvoirct c-olc\ feServoir
y^gclurYes
QH=Qc
-^fr#au' 0 * , o-rnoon!Q c : &wroun|
Hedr*()l H lrc.nr
ofof
Qc-
HoF reservotta-+ .rr! -----r Fre \c-€
51shewr
.\+o+ rese(\/oir fs cr\tsc,.r-{s aF Fhe top (k53'f'(D\d re,&rvo-ir cr\,-rrarrs c.r.t T\s bo*owr'-lhe sqslem tg\FT"') b\* 2 reservorr5' Res"vuor.s c^vld alsratr 6,911aecfid b,t h;N" +W co^\d t//f//-
, **otrt/7
;s
-"'- J't " I Lrr,-sE4r bt+couF,_)t Spnlarrrus hranskrs go rn 1 direc-hbn ont.1( *' -*uf
fuuVr{-TrcrrrsW Dr'a6ro.rn
Page 9
7?csr
Cbncegfual 5, ll.'l : Anut, t**tdku-< . ', r l'lno 8"O,-)ldhy-in phlSr'cS &ercnS- r's i+ rylor<- tux;oj ort *he bou\ la ereretse tn "e*,/ hal
w e+^\+rer?Llor, fua1 cenhhuovsl7 c-ctnver*s Fohemo E*n, . E (q*r?r4zt"th a. cons'ic-n{r bocLq k-r,rtX"
Tourboel{ musi urnh'nrrl.zl1 {rransfu hr<* t- t1.*- ertv{rdftfte({1. Thts is ecLE.l fn c<,.t\tt'te-u.]-l*r : 'hrcol- ts Sponlclner*ts! t'rasrs|ered h tdt- €t-tvtn* , bu[- olkan l,l.a- o-t'.l*af i: h,Xt^rr |hclrl l1cr* b..{i ts€rnp ,L{N" b"t1 ec*nnaf aol idset? l'h,s cr6ll/rutd Muat ose olLt* rne.-hc"rlisrns *b fi-c.nsSe"r- this **Ajt Suc-h as fe.rspr'rrn5.Tl.,nSe rher)-lc,'-rt6zraS r eTur're a.ctcl,'han -t ener7 7 elqr<,,no\ ih.lf<.
ffiexq, f su'C,rwur,ua
Woor =aR _ec_
6e41au\& Evergl it'pul
6nerto{ f5 e-xhc{ckdht ru{ l-l.re S.*\
Fr.cess heal-
'i\e-,--u. bq f ru ""ST.-
tZ\ce^oo= \-T
\e.o reh'cc.l ry"\axl mum eFft C erc.t
o( o- h-e.^f e-n3ine-
deterrninedZnd La-,^t eF
br dte
dha('n-d{ra&lc:Hecrt ene{j1 is Q r+
trcsrs$erle'l €rorn theho,t- r.^rqtler
Stinu
e-^ Worr - Qrr-e.Qu a
" B lc er^c.x e I , ?\. werr\< done iso-\u:crr{S \e SS Y\"\c^rr^ {-L.r,e hec^} i vr p t-,r"t
(wo.,* . Q ")So !her. b-^.uST ba hec-t
Co\d /ksenroir
Qc exhc^.rs\<.l +" f{.re co\d Te.servoirq No hec+ enqfre- er.n corwqr\
\tci% o[- Lt-,y in&z \rsefi].\ r,oor-(
z-,b-r+ rg l-\''genercM rs'usecJ
hloun d'#.i"f=ff-l"^Yg1 l:,yi,Worl< Nou+
'h"nl flzr^ nac)a-r 7yr13;n tr4,o c.,(e ac e-\uc-\eqjr- rec-eh)r procluceS h^'Sh-PreSSt,re.
Sl-ect-gh al- Z\O-e-. +Fle-r ils use-cl FD spin c
'l-t,-rtine, ifts cr-nds6gqd (\ usiS cc-,a\r\3 .^.oher
(-c.. cr.- irec,-rr\o1 rive-.) bc,ctc h: Urcther qi ZO"C--'l'trre e-tce5s hor.l-rs,cleEei/ed ,n l/* nnq.'{1,,toxr.ber iS H^{t1 refur.lel,C}r\d +l."l. qde beginS off4'n
hrhcL!3 lLe rncrx. \ross i l"e 46tn^c*qi4,,s yb,n I ;,t)a , zlo"e +?-13= 5 L3 K A* zot +z1B= Z1#n
, LNLV'T€rvrr"X= l- /b63l<
€rrro* =L182
3.1h" rernarninq enerqqQc'Q *l - Wori is ex'krrrrs\d
h, ll,e. cc\d reservoir cLS
ui&Sl h4f^,k
5ysfer4
\ erlertl rs +tc.1s$<rrei"6. into !he- cotd tpcrter
Page 10
7
t\, J I \1 eerts P. nnps 16'\0
L>Ticrntf€{:s hec-\ i*ou !ro* "^ cotcl reservior fo o. hot resgvior
(tt"e o3'pcsifs .F the"ri,^l.rtol cdrrecht -,\6r.: Kgh''gnr*Vr:#rcc.nsffers h"a^h Fro* the cokl cur ins{a\e lhe refrinercrior tl fiine
W0rn^q otr in f{,,9 fo,lvn,Qtt= Q-rWin
'-fhu. arnou.,nt oF heo.t- 6nerq q ry'vusd-. b e conSerfccl
e,xl.arusd *o $re hoL I Ffecr.tu lep-si a-er-I in t-'Ls h"[ stde- rnr,si*.q"o-\ tt€ Surn o F k'Lve nec.*-
r€SB.rcvoir ,f lyrty ,thL,/, tQ t^e.rvro.rec\ &ror* $-{.q col._l -sioVga,mo,.mf & h!-I- e,X\ycrs-bed CLr\41 {-ha uoorl< inpr.lf-'
g"o"n {4a cold roS?yvo(y
\&+tnol eyv,<rs usel tofemove l,ta* harn a- alclfe,se.rvoir q-rd gxkr-us'l- hae,,f
t> c. ho\- reservoir
t.F llea* pump Is ussJ eor hecoh'n3',
COp = 3da 3 ener€q ardcled to t{'re k:h rescr voir ePc.tl r,oc,r\t ralur'rec| to per-$orr,, t+r4- hrctfss-r
-lhgore-hr:c*I nrcs coP
"1 "-i*^t e,*p-' COp-* = #*Oser.l Crr hecA'=
CoeE6'ql'*"\0 oF pa-[.t.,rrnc{rc€- (Coe) eseA far aKrreJl.lcoP= g = =_ 6;
l*1 c,>er\ r1a'ceA la ?e.fucrn {t,- $ran&r
C,op,".,.o =+€ Theore-fi,..-{
P u't-? Used L. coa\ig
)t A \cu3er CoP yneAnE clrr,tsre- e.Ffrcrerrf hec$
Qt*"W,'.1
QeWl'tr
r'ylcr.x C-c.t? oS o.- he-,or+
-'f(. tnsr'oliq aF qosc F"ra* is agrrav, Ooc-. t+e{+ S.o".., lhe- ineicle {E depositeaj rnto t-L(Cdr !. lour \citsc-\^.n , Lrhrch has c,. 't*p o( 2O'c-. UIE-+; phe n 1x co,lo( Vr, hdV".
'iH = 2o.c- 2a3k Tc-:Zl3\<. boP,-.,* - fr., : L13l< {tZ">cop o.i \3.(o rne(.{ls f4"$,i. uie- p(Jmp 13,Gil- Tv--\- ffis-----ot- her! (or c.l.r\ eret.{ ce6{- o& tf
" If.5 c,- hoh dA1, c-.-l.rc\ yoor c-ph, \s rctf\,-5r r^)cJ-c^. 1.,r. r.E>6,,4 ftv--t-e- so3get;;
Page 11
7
'{he #crlafer o$ he<rf firon^ hot h cod t8 qn \rrerersibte processAlthorSh inlerachons o-.1- i-he rnolecr-rlcrr te.va\ a.re ratq6ible, the sho$s at- lc.rg,r_.
hu\rnbers frtr'\(e, i{- overu.rhe\rnr'ng\1 \ikd1 tt^c}+ \4te sqslern U;itl s/o\ve-fou:cocl @utl,i'briam (it-s |te ,-ost prob,-be sh.,Fe- in whr,ch +o be)
&1m"ru I me4e*Jr.s {-he c.mourrq. oF o\tsoraer (n e,, Eqale'nn
\ncrecrseS &s lcru (nove- Sto* a.n c:r:oleleA sqolern to c- fl'tcsre cl&c'rclereet st|t4rr-t
'2 fherr'nc,r\\\ in\eraclig stlslen"rs u-tl al;((, l-engwcrturS \6ve a lor.,.l enkopqjrda<cl: hdkralorns Gle on o{\e Bio\e <l$ Fhe Vaorrt{, lhe sLt-ue, e'.-}ornt .. lfu o//*The rur.rsf rc"ndsn laossib)e drSlribu*bn oF enory1 (*l" ts.t'l- orde-*'er) st1s+e.m)
correEfruk +b r'thzn {he Z slslerr":s Afe l'n f{.rmrj quilibl'orn dlqr"rtl l-*,PS.
Fhopq incvec,r,seS os lhe 2 tqslews w\ rn,hc,r\t1 ollfferenl terngera,trxee n'byg
luwo,rd l-{rerrrc"\ equi I ilorium
zn"t L".,^ o9 Therrr,odqha-m\'c-a'. Thet e.,*'rcy1c,f o.n @clerrecrses. 1\e. errhopcl gfher incxecrsc, u,r"\tr\ t-lne aystunor, il +hu. sqs+ern b*Sl-. ln equi\ibritim, Starls I'he Sar
reazhzsSatn e-.
nn lsotc"ted sqsfern e.rlo\les sucj.\ thrrt:" 0rdey hrynS rnio dr6orcler a..nd nlurdorrvness' ln4o.-c.ha:n is los+ fct-tlr.cr +^ftc.n q.tt,,ed' fh,e- 6r1tb<.m *ru-rrg
du^-:nu .f other ftv*S oF **qq qre ha$ssorrneol +.)
therp,16,.1 "JrW1
' 1'fterrna\ e-rnerql^ hHs enkogcl, oHner t'or*s oF enerX\ do nofVtihen orroFher hovrvr ol a.rernl is converYe\ *o dterrnal *o(u|, fhe,re is
incfecrSe in ut/ropy. The proc-€ss usill_ ndf sytr*aneaslq re\/e-/se-(S^fi*'n= \DVy conve-rsionS c& of{.sr Fo..'.s "f **.11 \. t/v1a,crnc,1 <-r
is irre-ve-r-s ble) e6- e)"rwcr cz)rrr'> t'" gnqttl T.. Yr'T Y^c'\ *'-11
*' ff */il#//ru,"[[rinru.
t$, ?*ff , rF ffi"u,{s ci-clct€d tD t{,e- hec^} errgine
fhe work oul- coi\k$ns noQlrrtr4tt.The on\ \^rri{ H4Gl-€x\hoBg{ sa$ l€qrve iS rrikher.C,Sto.^: to lhe cor,dresejV(or
qoes ocrt o+ H^e hrea! ryrrrnq intu \heb'r*tyl rs f€.rvrovecl S.z,-u pfie he-a.t- er€roe.
la-ta-J aqs CVTepilibrlum,
---L.E\No.r\-
6+-f1Cod Pessvur: ,///iv'Tc
Page 12
7Pa,z
. UJhen 2 eqokms ctt diffuent )evnpercdwex intcnrcf, ha,rl
s€{r1 is hctrskrd S?* klneoun\1 Som \\" hotter io *heo\der 6q8iern, Fevor trom lYe co6.. b the hdfer
" \f ts nov ptai\o\t to wrcrke <r hecr\- e-rrqine \-h$tsconverK fhermo\ enetl in\o qn equivop-nF o,nnowr\ofr wciy\<,
'Hk nr! potsib\e to wnrke er hecrf pump thc^k nnnnel \s,ko"n cr co\o\ obleci ts c,. hot- o\e* ''^\lo on oxt€i-rurl
tu.ntt t nguF
'1he h'.. dire.han in rN\ric\ ?he *rna71 "[ on
iSalcr-lecl 16+€r0n \ncrecr.SeS tS "ttre Prr,t -lrot'
$
Alkrnc^hve 6t-0,\ernenk o$ fhe Znd trr^o d Xte,rwodqrv:rrrvrrcs
?h.*.rn.t*n*
Fec{i Tert..1 6pn}anecrs\r1Flor,ot tr.nh hot to co\d
" hnhogtl conetdera*h'ons \imt tfhe possib\e etftciencg oF uhq^t enXine
'\+ |o,kus ene,vtg lo rnovehel^f 0.u* c^ ci,ta objeci ioo. Vttcrfrn objes-l-
'Ihe- <x1hrcpl of crniso\cr-lecl €qsfern Wi\\ ne.'rer
5ponhcrneou$ 1 decrecrse
'We can! C,rfualh/ rotn od*- ,:t enetXl (tn.tq c<lrr't .r ol€st"ofd)hre Cnu ru"n ou# of htqh-9ue\i\ sttrrc-et .l!'eneratl (G"r-s {4rcd-co.n .oa,'U
be conver|..I inb other fiit^* o! -*tf) v r
E*'.Oi\+ cocrFc^aYr: c,!'.s.m"c€,\ ener"ll, h l&rc1). quqlh,l.l . Jf's c- ltc1uful,r5a rJ eoarllkcrnSpodd cqld ec,ei\r1 f,*.n".t in c* liust oS d,e,n",ices b 3ener.te. L,*i9\tclrtci\, ar rnobron.
'Vrlhen we lcqrn oi\, Wedon'l- useup ils eneql-Ne 6imgt1 eonueft il ,lu ['{u,r-rncul eAs we do +hs, v,redecreose lLe orrrunt ofi hrqh-quoti\ C"r,"-',. rn ile hovlclO.nc\ incretrSQ t4re SUggll ol- 5rt Ll.ss use-fu\ I aiFh'c*,tl F., .onwrr b o{o"6rmS'
t(Z*'t Lcrw oF therrntctqno.rnrts ontq agplries lb ltOr-nteU Scza+<ns (qsl.erns i-,tc^+
dcin'f ercfrurql erne"qtl Ul Fhr-ir environrrrent)&, )0,^, boc\r1 it nof e"n isokrted s\s\ern
' \her \.fou hu\(e in chrxnico{ enerfltt r)n t\e- {oo.l .1u., @l"t, rl5 us..J f". er,e€t.{, r'nosfr ali! eno\s up os t\srrv.cA €-nerxu1 Fh.rt qo* e-xhc"$.sV qs heolr hho l-{'e. envlranrr:.rrf-
!X\: ctvuctrl F\ne uxrbrop\ Vk$ ncrrurcA TJrcce-sses in qour bd.1 c-r'erdas
_ Eyrerqq lec.tves Uour{ t HFq T*T,qlarve1 \o.t" bd\ ,{v\o6q\{ '\tb fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otqero
:I$'R-enttoq N (oop1 .r.pon\ rol Fhe €nvirLnry*nt .H.c^t
'\tb fh,S cocfrinr.re'rA exc.krlrqr- otAerl,
toosE r*r ol ujelinnctlfes \o\)r \,\e -o.ncl *t\ t,te- j,SsibP
Page 13
CI+ [z', I'tcr\\erPG, \
-t) Gc^S: Q Sgslern in rihtoh eqdr lccrrho\e rnoves fted1 through :pace r.r.rrbi\ , dh6cccrs(on, il_ co\\rdes tuiHr onoYher pcrrHcle or' the uq\\ o$ ils c.on!c.'.r'oer
Lvlud: r.o ecrk bcrnds pe.r..tiF
\e*t"orrnotr'on,ovri\q \t-e.-eptn1 *h e- pcrrh^o\es c-\os(
)
a) Sol'c,l: A rrqrcl-sa\d h<:s cr. cleGnife etscf9 ar\d ec^n te- .ornpressed e)r
deh"t'"d on'l1 s\,g\rt{1 ,. \f c<.rns\ s\s .S e,\o'n3 conn e,c}€d \ epril- Iitlorno\e<.rr"\c,,.rr 6o\13.
Lrluiot: gcr-rt'tdeS hc.-ye- goc-c.J<- U"r.tcls !.l.cJ.i-
t Akee,p 'tsre c-\ose- toXe.t+^ec fl-eq;-,.::) pcrrtr'cle.s crrn s\ide c^ro.:n.\ ec<J\-? ot\er,so t\te- \q,,,id c<r-r'r Q\.r.*r
Airannt'c- N{e1s S r A t-ocnic- Hc!q> Nornlsrr ( f* e."rrpg = l4xrb sn).Atornf e nocrSS Nurnbe-c (p.) = * prohcns'+ nerrtr-orns (n= b t(c =tz)
Lt -ri!t<rr cr$ c! \ecrAin5 sobscrtlol c,h &f.e crJn5rn\c 6qm\ral ('tC)tnC, fcrdioc,c!-ive tsoiole used 9zr. ccrrbon dofrnl , !rc.,,3 b prohong+8ne..,tnu.
'Ato-i. mc^ss LrnftLly) = t.t t x lo tt \.qLadeFerrnrned bl ,T--\Zcr Cercrc-r-\1) t *t.")= \2vr
' !4h>rntc- nncrSeeS crre, Cd\ lefl hecr\1 e1'.rcr.r\ fo \\.dr gvto.nniC nur^\er LA)
tt1*, ,"r;r'lt A-\ , is tn- l,bOlt..)* 6r t-hiS h6k, juSl USe A cr-S t{,."- va\ue of U"- olrtirnts rnv-\5
-F{o\e-<r,r"\crr t{c^q = 6urm of }-he- cr-tornrc- fn(.rtsses o$ t\e- o.J-crns forntfnlfhe motecrlJle
ettl rn(O.) = 2*,('cf) = 32cr'A lln e)efnenfk, crf,crcn\E nr..crgS nur"nbay is Netr t*re 6cr.nr,e crq \\s Cr'Vornre-
num\oar " q!omts,, ttumbulSives t-\ne- dementS positioct tn thre- 6ricdic k$t*)ig !V,e CIr.irnber- ol locol-onS
&re rn fASclOrn
fnohon curd inferc.t-c.H.{ "n\e\€ts\'rc c-o\\ i sicrns
CnoStPo.rhL\es
.:\ Sat id : f\e Pc.-rf'k-\e-S a'<-e--) rffi\ q-a ne'q-.ts€.4 b\ re-\c.F't d1
ffi 6h +'+ slrinS- \ i\zs\oncls
w
Page 14
7
De& nihbn oF .eth. t{o\e
!-f\= Nn
P6.z
1 rt*rt" of tshgfcrnce,a-bbrevfc,.tecl 1 rnol., r's G.ozxloz3 fa"rorc- pc,rhcle5(1 rnde oF rncrf}et ,s ft" a*novnt= o$ et-lLstc*ne€ conlcuninl arS *"1 bcrsrcos lh€re Gre in iz 3 o$ ''c)
'{'{onatorrrtc Cnc,-s'. (e-x'. \t\irr9, l-he- bcrstc- por-h+cle rs t\e he-\tum c^borv\
G.oZ r\rfg he-\it,..n c-rlurnS c,re. t r',o\ o$ he-\iurn.-Dic^tO".ric Gac.S', (e-6r Orql&rl, of bcrsic- pc'-rtr.c,\e- = OL
\ rno\ cXqyn gcr"S ,'<irr\rrr'ns G.O?-x(oz3 rnb\ecr.,rleg "l& O2 c^rrcJ Ytr'.r,S
2 (G.oazr lo"t) 'ox11rrr cr-torn6
AvoXctdros Nurnber !S^) : Thq * of hac^trc pclrhE\es per mole- of subescrnc-€.
Nn=G.OLx1OtS nnol-l
f^rhttes
oQ cl. surbsY<rnc€ c.onkrr'nrinl
'Nt.:t"*.- rncrss (Hr"ol) eb ae €, sobskn(c rs Hne- rnoas \n €nrcrrns -SI mo\ of aobsyunc-e
Ex \Z.t'. Deterrnintnl quc.-nH\es o$ oxq?--A 5,16\ern c.r>rrtc^r'ns \oo1 og *fy-rr. !b,^t mo{\ rno\ss cAoeS i$ cantt^r'n? t*o,*. Yncu\y
Ox11cn (O r) H"i'-r = \Zg/i'.al Ft'..*\ rvrdte. cavrtcJnS Na mote.cur.*,, =-l**W$tf?n=!X{p_== 3.125 rno\ d \1. n,UR = 3.lLS ,L.ozxto'3*;t = 1.1;pzq.,..r\ecutes
v- rv.o\
Vo\unne (r"t)t'l-hg crrvrc,,-tr* g$ sp.^ce lhe eqtbenn occqpir$
I rnt = tou.-3 \ uiter = i ooo -*3, so \ r",t= \03 L(^ mrllililer (mr_) iS lhe so.dne c6 .Lcml
lZ. 2 i'Ihefmc^t &pc^-nsion
\ O+, Hne mo\cr - wrusg o( €. ttC is Hrr.,",t (ttC) = l2g/ rno\
fnoles at c^ sclbelrrncg in fervns oS ihS rrras5.
\ \nc-re-ereeS l+€- vo[urn& oF c.r) oQics-F c-LS fe.nnpeac.br.re- rtncres.se-5\'f hecr\- Cs Frc.nr$erreA '\-o on 6[\ecl-, tK fkfi.
"AY</ltpu*t*xF;aH'?"'r"*10:;ilhk'/ r, I ) I I I tt'''rfher c*'c^rt'
ttxher speeds ard m.ve
lVoluincl I L/ -B.trc\S c^<-< "Gfrehc]rec\' '. \ncrec^ses l+re-
Tennp. T; I Volttrne v+ I o\ dtstc,.^c-e blto c,$orns , Eo bhe cu"ue\Te-rg. G lo\urnet inerecrses t.l \g
Vo\ume 'llecrrre{ 6rP"nqi.^ '
AV=(3ViAT fo. rnost 6rrbstunceE, AV=V+-V; ia \inecs\1 rc-\c-tcct tD v!.,<-co9tfide-r"vh eG -itlliro;"g*l* tt:rt;:i[t o"r"rcJs oq the- ncrhr.e, of, rr"€- bonc]s. in cr r.r-*e-rio])
l-turnbev- oQ mo\e,s (n)N bc.r.6rt- gc*r\-r.c)eS
[U oa"tot3 shr>rrrl\\ oSN )
Page 15
7Linecr-r Th<-rrncrl Ftgccnsion I
A L=3 Li ar A6 o, solrd's \oltrme 'ncf,ecrs€S, ecrc-h o0 ifs ltnecrrA constroF:Ccie(f,i:r'enf of \Wt- erF:rfitlcr-l dirvrenSdors increcr8eS crS roel\.
'The- ex?reaaions for lhermc.l elpan6fon crre on\r{ c'-pfroyirncrh€ e+precci<rts, }-hcf
P(is-
Apgll over c^ \irni.lecl r"*r? 6$ |eryrpercrlweS.
"Ef.Pirt'ccr-\ Brrn,..,r\e^t: l-hrl're er So€l frt fu m"c.s.,red clc*cl, b.t| Fhel clonf
fegfe8en| Crnq [rrterltlinX fr^r.tdotnent "t tcurO L therc- crre, rncrfc.rrb! g ts{'.<r} cJc' UOT
*(r<-r)sr.r.bsf<rnc€ L r.., ec^*-
' A\rrntnurn Z3x \O-u.6lc.ss lxl6*c' lron ot 3lee-\ \Lx10:L' Gncrele tZxttfu
Btr.-l)V"\,^rn..
(s 1 n to'6Zl x t0-b3G xro-b
SGrtob' Efhql alct$o\ llC0x tot. \rlqrter 2tO x ltf' Air(*.a oflner Gs,s.s) 3t{6rtdk
e\oq to\\.:--.q. ei+her \.jlc.Jhtc,r.S:ta^r*e t2.3,, coefGic-ierr\s oF Line..--
\otvrn€ -lhermal e+po-r'eion a'l-20'c
e.\iquid
r-r .5'i-2
llIt.!
la
r Spoce Needle is Q.S<-nn tc^lte- in l-\e €clmher , taLE^.\ he.igVr\- = \8O.bG5rn
Con..fh.'", l-]1 t2.l I t,)h,f happens to !\e hote ?
-A rr€.tal ptc,,te krrs er slrc.ulcrr holein i|. As the plcute ls he^rec\, doe8 lhe hote get lcrrrtrr ocern<-rltr
*" lhe siee oF Fhe hok EXPAkT DS <-g the- g\c'...\e. e-x pc.nds
* Put thQ-ld of a 6k.ssjc-,.r order verl hcrh rp<^Fsr tt'er1both
_e'lgand, bc-it the stee-\ 1id- <ird lhe 6ge,ninX ic. $.e- tid
th6t $\S over {he g\<reS jc,!r-'e.npcrrrcls br.1 more Vhc^n \hq
Skrss .\c{r. fhe lor \id uliil be- \oqgr, c.rd con be- moce.
e*Sl[\ ae-n v:vecl '
Sgecl'ot\ Properhes oS \Nc^"tser crnC\ \ee.
- A rettr\F of, t\e cx.,."Oe ctigtrib\rh'on o-n
u.thtcrh c\e,lerrn tnes hot^r neclrbl molecrileS
-> As qrcrber c1pffoc11hs H"e keeeioX goin\ mc>\e<.LL\eS benin hr hrwr
ctusYers ll'rc*t alre rnore €hronqtq I'aonded, Hao mo\cgr.\eS rSw.rsldlL-"rr\^t s1l 6,Ioit g.itUrr-'a+erf+ 'i6 F'"ni eir-rr <-\utie.rs,-vnerr4i6q l\voturne-tnLrerraes,. Aeeet'rui' +he t+]eter nasrrlts tn <rrr €-rren v<irer.r-\er i ncrer.xse- r'n ve\ufteJ-> tc-e (so\rd) is l,oss de.ngc S'cr.nY^r +\ .e.r (\i c1u ro\) o.nd $\<rcd6
/-64ow 1o< S,s"t+€fue<.ooL'\ n&st.r,tts inqtrrreCr\R "dn Vo\,+me
r^rcr.|erH^e W\o\er.44.,\g/
intercrol o{ ect ot{"
*,r3\ t,-I -dr
l'aJl-l€l)tE
o L q E9tar<1rz.s!!)1a569<rc*hsre- ('Q
-Vcrriatr'1oq<]F-I{.,,e--v-oTi.,.) til^'le,fnPe.fc&Y.r.ce
-The- hrr'gh+ ol f'he €g*ce Nenakr ct steel .J1osq1r1cr$r'crr *orrrer th 6ec^|t.J</ is lt0rrrc-ters oncrO"c ,^rinVJ d.cq. !f6oo Yr,vcln Fc,tlter is rT on c-{- ho} Surnrner cicg{ toVrarnr t<rnp = 3O'c-J
AT= 3o\< AL="ILIAT -- AL= L\z*to-cla-').trc-)CBor.) Au= o.O(eS r-, .L.L,
\n.re..ggl-.,-:-:;l Temgwrtr.rrelffi*
AS |V.e +e.,ciP.necrrs O'i.'\rrcrker bg3fnSto e.y.p11d6\tgYrF\1 snce. th€.
/q)crher iS co\e.l
rt"'/1/ri,
F'qure- \2'5(c;\):J
o2-o .)€\J
Vl o)*-.ttJ"zo/e. .olb5'o \t.o\s
t8.o
\t'.ort
K.ti tt.or-l
Temg<rer.fu,e('c)
Page 16
fq.q-
'(ac^ses diP$er ho- gdltds or trlcluids in lhc^t lhe^1 c,re. t'hjht1 CornpestibleL> pt gqs ccrrt expond or conlrcrct not- ontl ro res?on\€ io ie*igetof.r.e,fo,-rFc.,ltolu Squeeanl the p.^rhq\eS .1.rge.r logerher or 7'*l\dng *harn f<,.rWr c{Pc'*.
l(fnehc Theonl: J
The e-xpqnrion o$ ?rogectres at the ffrS os cr \,Jhc\E fn lerrnS of rcudornllmovinl paHcle
Terngerctnr.re"Te-9q-rcditJre o$ On {deo,\ Aa-a I'n ferrns oS Hne wroh'ovq o$ tndivtduol ?""+c["So{ F{^. 8o.s.
' 6rqt Hnough di[€<rgrluo\ecules hove"V'*s =J@.^u- u:he.eo'\t fhc- rmlecrrietr velocih'es- (rrn$=
diFerent sgeecls, we c-crn de$tne- c.rr o.vercrqA(v'h,r"1 is $he ovg '.il\^e o+ +;;$J.-#'dY66F- il,.cr.n - Sc{u.G tr-€.
"g ".4)
Pre.ssr,lre
pc'.rhtles in hhe, TOSil
nef furre <rS
lhe collr\r'ons
-, l ou* =lttntv\ =)rn,j.-.'
Tl,a Ay3 \<Y.,ehb- e-necSy of the i.^s porhc-\e3 in texms oF l{re- rrrs seeecl
k ".,,q=* \<*f (\au = l.SE' to*7x , is the Bo\temc.nrlg c.rat<,.ntb €' direr-$1 gropochoncJ }o !Le. a-bso\ui€ {ernperot^re. CT)
'Te{np ercuhr,re rn<cr'Eu.res the qv€.c4tr- ki ne-\c *re.01 aF tlne. pcrrht le.s
in o, StlSlernXTP-rrrp K tnhmct\e\1 eonnedred to l{.re rcrnr<Jom rnohons o$ the
The- Qr..e - h: - a-r€-c\ raho [E), i"a"penc]enF o$ 'l-he- EurQrce., ec, rsed b,1
o$ [he g".s gc.rhcls u ith {he u-:cr,lls ol c. contc^r'ner.
; F "PreSSur€ is q. sccdcr quo$ti\['=[. 'Gos e*er*s o.. €occa -tr rre3ni]ude (p=p"A)
,| fre56ur" *urril -or*ffit ::ffi":**"^, is rss,-* vn. ecs ere-rtsG Rrrcg on o. 6qcft>cc.
, (ve.q 6rncr-\\, t^suc^,lr^a fe pressures fn \<i\opc^sc.-ts), olhu-,^e 1Wc^= \0[0Pa
-rh" &,1 PusccJ= tPa: t it'
b."ffil"t-n$."*t# rvrarl be luite lorrlt' b"t if F\e1 excu-l\1
(r'tl" \ol.l €orc-e ot t€- 6srftr<€ aS lour l'"d,{ d,.r.e trc l-lre press$re & il'*-cYrtncsgh€re- rs sver t{o,oco poundS,rbul i}s bc.Jqr,<.e-d b.{ * *1"dp re6s\rre- inSide \our bodq pU\hinq ouJk, J
. Ne| ftrceS Are exerkd anttl ^tten ft'lere3 cr. ?resau,re- dtf{er<no Ap,
Fneh on a turgelcg/a F*t= F -F, *PrA -P,A=Atp"-p) = AApoleo, oS A J
Page 17
7
lqs-'DecreoBinq l-he nurnber cF rnolecules in e con[,ainer decrec^ses Vhepres.^re Be.o.,o. lhere ore fe-we" eol\isians W ilh the wolts..nA pe.r$e.| vqcr^u-rn (p=Ofa) rs (rngoee,rb\e blc ccrrrno,l- rerno\e e\erl rrrilecdekoon c^- regiorn o9 Sg.*re..VcrCtturrr : (\n p.c*cbice) rS gn encjosecl 6Pc,ce in tlhtc,\ P a'Io.rFrn
(usin3 P=
OPo is +fun e' good ogproximafnn)
Mecrsu."ir.o P.ess,.^re*\)' lhe- pres-sure o$ Fhe c*lrnosphere (*osF irngcrrt<rnf pressure ftr ou" dai\\ h*) Vq,rr'es
t.\ith o.)lihrde ond $lte weother, tuF fhe g\obc,,\ e^verc*qa presaute-ql.!6€cr \ervelr1 Slun"\c-l'c) Atmcsghe,re = 1 er.hrn = IOl,EdSPcr = \o\,3 \<P..
'ln l\e U,S. to..-e is vnecrtr:red in Po.^nc\S otncl o.recr, in slucxre- incjuSPressrrre fs o$ben poonds per f nz to. gsi) I c'.tr^ = \L{,1 psi
'Gc,rute ?re.ss.r.. (P3) ie Fh.,e- pressere- in e-xcess oS- 1 c*n1PS= P-\ c,-trn (r.r,.rst cretd ! a.-tm=lol.3\<Pc. ho lhe r€{d{nc5 oT.^-
preggsye gc^uge ht fr'"€I the c.hEoti^Fe greStr-rre'(p)ne,ecled b. rnost q^\crrJc^HonS)
the- Pcrh'ents
lrec*tec\
A=ir to.'rs*/z)'A = o.H1zm'
tuFletio5 Cto"n de-cow,.gce-ss(on sic-\ness c^rnl a!\rr conc,\i&ronS n"c*.{ bgla er- hl"gerh*rc<- or,{ffn ohcunber ft\.a uf\ oxqX,crr o.h qrecrter thetrr ofmr:a-
pherte pre€Er.ne. h q\rhc\ria:J chcr.rrrl.er l,sir\ 8-t* ena qtctfes o$ dtosne-b<-r O.?S'n is fi'tfedWilL ol..{ko^ {u cgtdfP press\r.e- a>f L-l fPc.. r,dhcr.t's }f,e trne.,t- on t\r c,ltdefS -.1 3\u!
A=ntrE] Z-l\e?c,.=ap F=\lqZt-.zNApF = A'ApF = (0,1.{e*"X21,ero p.,")
F = \Z\<N
fror., Collistons b Pressr.rre. or,cl Fhg lcl€*t-Gs\ Lc.r*s, [ncreqBtnl the Temp le<rcB to an \ncrecrse in PreE\ure
L> ?c*rtic,\e\ {yn-ve c*}r higher epeec}6, fh"\hiV tlne- wcd\s ry.ro*.e oF\eq.ll msre- [orc9,
So {-hq-re: trnore presv}re'Decrecr.tin\ lL. Vo\ume- tec.cts b on Increr^Se in Pr.sture
L" Fto.e H.ealuent <,o\\i8\on\ *ll t\e- rOC,r.\S d' lt* <ocr\.riqcr, clnd &htrS fnore PresAuJe'\ncnec^sinq Vhe Number 6$ Pcrch'o\eS lec^cls io c*rr \ncrer,.te in PreEsuce
L" |.kf€- "trrrttiluenf cothsr'ont uf l l-he \r.rcilfs .f FLre conle.,.i.,-*-,errrd fhuS tnore. ?..sSwe
+Cotltstons in on io\ecrl gos 1ire per$eoH1 e\<t#tg6o no e^,""11 ts \osl in tf'e- <o\\isionthvr,\, lhe porhefe rebo,.^,njS g.*" t\o-,*ral\ u:l its ve\od\ **Zd &o* V ta -V
Page 18
" The F;3 erer\-el d**1 c. <o\\teion o$ d,,,.rahon At is re\c*!aA l"r k!.L
parhu\els cv'drqe in momennd* Of I ttro.,S)r At'APx = m(Vr)+ - rn (vl.);hiit5 (V*);"=y e*ncl CV*)e : -V, he L*3 o.' Fhe FclrFr<le i6',
(n*-.-,;axx=Yn[vx)+- h(vr\i = -i"r zuAI At
11lg Q:..e. oh {-he pe^r-h'cle is neXcrtive. blc- i] poinls to Fh<r tet+.
Ac<onCinl ,lo Ne'^ltern's E d-l.1r,.l, $+€ wall erperienceS l\e eg,.l but ogposirc Force
.Ii [-,'no\ *. n*k'pilT*u$rp\1 fhe %r." op 1 <or\ision \ r]e ]ohr nunnhr N.o*
o$ co\\rslons lhe^t ocr.uf, du*rir,<a t|'e h'-e to+exvc.I At. t[ lLrere- <'re- N p*hq,,\eS'lnor io1 ol s,g"od y in cr bo> oF vitu*e V, t-Vre- t+ o$ co\\isions i s',
t.\"ou = !$n.,a,t'\ncregei.,g \t t+gc.rt'aes).'r tVc- siae- oF lher,oq\\ A u.ri\\ \ncsecrse \..lcorr'\ncre-cr.Si",1 the- \ oQ {lne- box to\\\ Decrecrse the- Nc,orr [sprcads tLr. gcrrhe\es ouF)
N-Vllne
Fne-r = *+mv._J.ASlvidioJ tr^.+ b.1 A I F','ne\t1 hc.r"ve qn elpre66tor. {or +Le prcssore- i n t{^'c- t."ti
f = P = 5 Y*u.-"'= e +tlnnl,,.r)).nnv*at = c"v3 \rine-ht- e,ngrtl per perrhu\e- fn q<-^.\ r Eo )
?= 3 Sk*
'-f't1e Ne! 6rce on *-.he r,,aer"ll : F.,e-r= N)co[ ttrworr)*s, =HV^"'ot)tH) -reg\<rce V b.l VrrnS ond tUtc lhere c're 3 dimensk-,n.) 7. bl 3 I 6'rU lha}
un tsh woft b.1 cl vc^st hurnbcr of co\trsicrns iS'.
rnutA
(o..o- ercrted
Siondsrel Tgmperqlure qncl lr.ssur(StP) = 1 e^Frn ?ress$re-
--$B| .volvYn( ts oec*:gr'd
P= l.*to^ = 1"0L3 KPct
Tt O". = Z1g Rn=1 rnol
*The prestL\re ol-an idecr.l qcrs degenc\s on jutt z tht,.q\'.0lhe number o$ pc,r|''c-\qs per g|rbrc rn.i"r (N/v)6 ftQ- o.ve-r"cr*c6r kinehc errex-X1 o$ the pc.rhrc\eS ( \<c"q)
- pV=NkeT : \dec^.\^ g-s [-c.,.rrr Lve.roton t)tani\s oS pV rs e11:iva\ent +,r T t P"..m)
'fl= h \JnkgT= n g.T I \d,er^I-gc^S Lqr^r (vereion z) crncl o'cp,=xinrul tr,a',",r+= Gcrs crrrrsh-rrt
- ' (1 r''ol oT 8es e^'t- ETp r- z?'{LJ
PV=nRT"p I Aloto\ule prees,.rre Lin vnr'h5 o$ Pc") ' R ', Gc"s Conelc,'lf ( in uni]s o& *.r.r)'Vl Vo\ume oFthe6c\rniw, or c.\nk+ineroSqqs Lin u',ils "t ..t) '1:fa^fercr,l-ure [in units.g k)
'y1= Numt.- oF moles in rFhe scr.ry\p\e qe c.o6\uiner o( tcrs."$ c^ rno\q
q* a# FreSture of lc,hn ord c lemgb.{ 1 rno\c, o{ o-n \tlecr,\ gc-S q
V= tn W)/pv = (t.oo *or)tr. sr Y*d .Cf,zt a k)
V=0.022t{ rn3 ( \ ^3' to3 u)
V. ZZ.'{ L\ot,3 q 52*
o$ o'c-l
Page 19
lZ.q I \cler,l-frc^s ?roc=essesPq.l
L) Thg ideal -qF^S \c,*^f Xro.rtcles cr connealrtrn blur \{re gres8.rre, Volume-, crvrd tempercr}trres$ g qas. A"inq 1 o$ t-luse vcrricrb\eS ccl.rses L or boFh o$ the othets to ehcrn$-" Prop*Jhes of
tt|,rs ?ro.ess'.
' thg Quorrti\ d qlra iS Sxed. No G\r ls c^dcted ho o. rernovec) &orn +he- *rre"
' -Il.er.\ c\ we\\-defir'uc\ \nihcA Slrl.\e. The in\hc,.\ vcdr..r.eS <>Q press,*re, lo\urne,
arrd \ervrterq\rre. crr-e deSigr.c*"te,4 pi, !'ir'IT
The"e\ c-,* u:e\\-a\*a$fnec\ ffna\ Eh:,.,\e , vcr\ues desgrc'ted ?+,V{,G
6r qoS.S in Secr\ed conlqiners., ttte nuynlrer o$ mo\ss (* oF mo\ecr,rr.es) does llOT cJccrnl,t
ln lhc,.t ca5i,ss, the idecrt-qes lcrur c<rJn be rorib\en.. +S =CI.R.: eonE$cqntT
Xhc vcilueS oF $g vor\obles in +te fnihc"l ond S'r,r*l sfcrles are l-herr r<\*hecl br1',
'Blc p cnd VcTp:f'- prVC.=S;Vi \,riha"\ anct Fca,.\ stEltes C,r, crr, idecrl q<..sorr bc,t-h sicles o$tFfre {1fl- r r - r
€cru<r$icJc\ r r.rle w6q1 qgg l{ T ir\ cr se<-\ed cootcs'ner-
p\-"tF*;t'*tf ffil[l**, levnsorc,rhrrs b\usr be- i"r ke-Nin
6v; I
cf\ idec"\ <a<s5 ig ferpre.se-nteci -> kncr,-r'nq p qr'd V, ctnd crssumi,^ CrSePoinf <jf\ cA oV'dtC,tQfcMn gea1' 6 id k",o*ttl {tt- o.seo,te.d,t Lspe.cr'$es prcssside- crr.d, v&ucne-) <-onlc*i^e-c, 1ou coJn $r'ncr T-
c.o.d Vnorninq rr)\c.n l-hc- a-ir Fcvnp is o'<.
on !he- Iotcrc,l< *"a, Hnc- lcrnp o[ c.i. tnticle- \4^e,
f\nrs t.rt p ?
f+=P;4.r+r;'rt sobK \
P+ =[q't,1pti X zra rJ
p\I Dic^grc*rnsEc.ch slate- oS
V t*r) C-onBtrrr* - Vcr\utne P"ocess(bnstcrnt* PregEr"rre Proc-eSS
C,onatcrnh - Voluumq froce.sse.S tv+ * \ i)b {h* vc.\we of V doesn'+ crr*ntrl , Shor*rn cr3 cr vertr'c-c^,\ \ine- i-t$ 4on t{re- pV clie,Xrc.r
&, lZ.6'.Ccmpuhnc+ hre presrure on c. Llo+ b.^a*Tt,re- pre.ssu're fn a ccrr hr<- is 3o.opei oy\ G^
AS[€r g^g dc.{ {"{rc.rrns ug o-rd \oriXh} €trn ghrheS
h'ne r.r.dno-S 3O'e, t Jkrc,.tts llne h're, pressuye cF
Pilr =+.;-Yi- ?i= 3o'0 Psi t l'l'JpsiTr T p; =lL{,lpsi
I' = 0'C = Z?3 \( Tt = 3o"c = 303 \<
ft. L'l9,La pti - I.r.19oi
pP = 3{.1gsi
I = lcxrt< T-= 3btX:k Ts= Goo l<A pr6c-e-ss +hc!r cVrcrrrqeS the- qq5 frorn one Skrie \oOnb{+rer- is reprrraSerrH bq g $ic.ier-turq o? o pV c)\\'c.trc{.{/'y'\t (<-x'. he-c.tr'^3 i* or d.oyyrPretsstni it)
Page 20
Contlc*rrf - ?res6ure ProceEeeS ( P+ = P; ) Pq. tL: ff\so ccr\\ed c^n \sobc-,rrc- proce.GS'HggecrrS crs a lrlorraonh^,l line on c. PV diaXrom
-tThe gcrs pressure ls delermfned by i+e requirement lkrt the 3c.s mu$,|- suggorh bofl^fhe rnaES on hop oS the piston (qp6t{it cr const<.rr\-dorrnun-rcl fur.e tl3 on t\rq?iston) crncl
fhe Air pres6inl inwclrcJ ( lt e erir erlso pr€sses dr:.^n on lhe pishn)x-flnis p..s*.,.e is lnclepencler* of the ternp o€ fle gcrs or {}'e heiXvh oF the f,*tonse if s{rrl1s eorrs*c,rrl crs \on1 o-s l'{ iS trnchar,cttd tt
nnc.rSs fnCuinkc^.t'os e^ Constcrntp..se'.r.re in the c1\incJer
SA
is c-ooled qlF c.onstqnt Pressure r,tnt-i\ \le. {-e.rnp is (O'c-.
Ti=bdc=3z3b\<'llq= l0'c = ZE 3 \<r
. t ?E3.K.-\Vt = Eo,o.r"t t s4I,. jV+ = 93.Kcrr.s
V+= ,f.v; TfT\'y
Ex rz. com
-A qcs occuglioi 5o,C)cm" cl"l 60'e-
Qhcril lhe Hn&\ vciume-?
Const<^n\ - -le.rngeltr\^rc- Pybceas (Ta 'T;)bA\ss c.*\ed, c,."r. \solherwc*l pr<rcess
br.'. n piEton is beirg goshecl dor,'rn \a comgress a tG, buF the qcrs a$ircle.r ts e,"rbr',e.rg-ed {n Rlc.rctt eon\rrlnsr- oG \qu;rJ helcl cr-t e<rnstcrntTeir\?, l$ tt',e- pieYon is g.rshec\ a\ocll$, t{.4J\
hecl erver*, +nons6el: thn*th +he tr:c*\s -S lhe u{linaet u:i\ ke€f \'lre- gas c-+ 1!.r- sc\.rs
lernp crs tlne q.rr.o.,ndin5 \iqud L\sot\nsrn*.\ cornpreesc.rn)' \S.r}\6i.rrt c..\ eXg^.5e\oq : -Ihe- ravqfse. grae-tS, *sl the- ?ielbn g\on-r:\..1 guJ\ed outs
'Bo\\n ? c^nd V q,hcrn(g in crn iso+herrnc-A proc€Gs. As lo5 es Tr"r"'or'ns Stxcl,
'5 = ft Bf = qgls!g5,t- \*oH"lrrn: The qr<ph oF ar, lso$u.rrnc,l ?rbceRs..t
;$," il*"= o', Y^uur*" R€,\c^h,o.*hip blw p a.cr V, +he Br..gh 6g en botkrrnc./!-'u Pro@ss is a \perbo\crv1 v; Hn \so\\errrg\ Eypev'rsion wou\o\ rnove in lhe olgosile cJirech'on o,\on3 {-tne- hlpcrbo\c^-
The \occrHon oft the hlperbo\c,- de perrls on lhe vcc\*€- of fO* \o,rceat corltsi<rnrt {-ernp *(D=\4t!hes+ cpnsbcrr*r te-nnj.
- A gnort ek Fc^V.eg e. deeg brect-rh eldercqds to e de4Hn e'f S.owr , tDhere \l^q
cu'r tn lhp snor\thr-s lunqs1 Vt= Vi'P;P+
the s,ur&rcq, ftt\i* hts \un6s rpiv\.r H'Ou oF cri.. He-ttlpressure ts t.5 c!hn^, A t\is de,?\ , uJhc^Fb the volurn. oS
Vt-(.{,t,c)(ffi)V+= 2.b1 L
Page 21
\,lorK'AS gc.s evgc"ncK, tf does worK on cl-n ob\e-ct, F3* [s drre.io tlte qqs ?resstJre
Pq.1
bq AV'd.A
- 11,e q.ts
\olurv.{ cfnr,Xrg
\'Jl rnaSni\ude- ot^ 'xlv-
done b'{ ^ gc's in on isobc'rrc'
\rlgos= p(vr -vi) = pnVWg*=o,r€cr Wrder lhe gV qrc-ph blw Vi cr.nd V+
-i?t Vee.p tlre o6ton
in o!:rce. a-rl exltrn€^l6rl-a tn(er Ue. E,c.-g"t ory*i€ b qc,$
AS lhe pfs&on fnoveto distuoce d,the gcrs 6,.3 g'.rork E-",d
'\norcle. [.r" c* $os to do wc.rr\(, lhe- \o[uvne lnLr,Et Clr"nxt.Thus fto hrorK is done in a cont!un\-- volurr,e proceas r
h've when o.; *;;"tnu'o)b.,.t t)egc$irq (-"."i.3 wori. i\ dore oh t1'.e qc.O 6then lhe gas (s compressec) (AV.cl)
'hJgoS=PAV on\$ c*pp\ies to conskrnt-ptestwe Proces8ea, Er a-n.1 oFher [ct€a.,| -ga.sproceS, Y\u\t cc"\cu\cr\e the ar".^ under lhe p\ Xrcrph
'To Gilct,.\crFe \,rtcrrK) p'esEurernuStsbe tn ?o 656\ yeL"r-rne in wl3. The procluci .,fPc^ (?*, co,d tnt is Joole ( +he- u^-,nr'ts of wort< anrcl **g..4)
\{g* it wor\( done Bi tL'e sqSlern, whi\e Fhe \orK W +hcrr apyears in t-[,e- lo 1c..,. ef-Lo-r-'lAurwodqrfrrnics is (-rlorK done OAJ H-re selsferrr . B,-,-f \4f =- Ug-t , So *& lsn
Qrrr be \Nri+ten'. AE+t= Q- Wg* "":St).,1 o__ ..*J \
& l2,t,.Fn"r,'\ the r^,",'k rtr-,e by o G".S --I t \,-0,0lGg rol d$ ni\nog4n Tol\cr^l |'l'le iaec.l-gcrs pra.r-ss sh<r,sn be)o,o I i 1*
^q) hkl c,re lhe inihoJ enct fi'r'rc,rt tevngerafu,"s .f n"" qSE? I\ , { V(c-r')
li)tb* rnuch ur.r6 f s done tuj Hre g,.s? k:o,
p; Vi= nRT b) \nig..s= oLrecr encle-r pv S"oph
0 11 = (ttqr,oo.rp*Xo.ooor d) (o.oo"Z .n3),*zoo,oooTa) ' !(o.o.rcz-).zo,oooeq(o,olO0ro)(t.atY*o'r) NXe"s= ''lo,oT + ?o.oT
G=[o,or oO r"or)tt.ar Y"or. r)
T+=rlb\ K
k:o &o -la>
Wgat= bO .O f
Page 22
Ad iqb",t'" ?ro"..ss.s ?G. roLt Rn iclecr\-tos proeess in rqhteh no hec"t ehertl isfrc.ns$e-rrccl blur {de- nc8
qnd the Envrronmerrl tl'us Q=O,'L possible \$c{s it- ccrn occ{^-rl
)-U" €qstern is thermctlll tnsr-r\c*tr<dz prevtrrH.a hec.b t--crr,eSe-rz)The Fro<-ess \.rc.pge-ns foo quic-klt 6. c^ frc ns$er b occsr (ryroe| cotr.tt'.:o)
' Fl re.gid Corngression (Adiobcrhc csmgres6icn) dr ex?crrlqt.r, (odic^bc^h'L €x?crrsfon) oT .. tc^Sdoesn'f ollour fime C*/fl"-t .|. .*ui., ,/
. Rqises t\ne l5*gerreture of g<*s Lowe*s -t\" t*terc.{,ure o8 6c.$.l.I$es WorK, rg..\\er t\"c'.n heatsr to Oncvtlr- l*re- sgecds oS t-he- mo\e.cr.,r,Ie8,
c*nc,\ I\urs ehc'nXl Hne- Tqrnpercr*trre'.Fdrcrbcrh'c* CornPressic>Y\" Q=O r sc A6+11 = - \N$*= -
J.tu clo .*:crr\( On $he- qc's b carnprcss i],ao Hne- trsr\< aone -b\ Fhe go"S
rs negcrfive (Wgc.s-o).Thtx fl.,L F+r,, oS l\e gcr-S \nc-re-crses Cte+6t61crncl +he -Ieynp. goes up
r+ go-s. t-hqts does t^ror\<* on a pitFon b1 e+gc..no\,'5 ad,'ab..hb"lt
(VrlX..s >o)'q€Jbs co\der ttrf) os its Tt'urrrr.\ enertl decrarses [AE1'o)t?\2
6 Conceptrrc"\ & lz.zl Adirbcrh'c eurves cn q p V d,'otrorn Pz
+FV at*{rc.rn Ot c^ ffrS trnckrqoi,.l * i5o+krrrc,r\ compressdon&om pirrrt pr
la poinf Z. Rotlnhtl'ho.rl '.rlo,,t\d ilnegv J,5r.^- look i$ the ga$ uJere com?r€ts€d
dacm F"nt 1 +D +{E- Sq\rre S'norl PresEu.l€ bl . ragid 9d,ctU"^lr'c- corngressrbn? vL
Pz Jhe cwvg of the qdrkrbcrhett
\r.r.".o".= $q feYnp. o[ the gcla cs the
fLgher r, LowerT
v
\uror\<-
hec-r.F tc)
c. \s^"caL
h<sit
?z qorprEiaign rhoves from a-bver,ia;[.TJii.A- +o-.'[Bh;rH4. dorre- on the qos it frc*ns$rmecl in|o €u.'. Corsequerrtl$, t\G5SE:rn -
-----A^rve cr.rbs creross ihe- i66 i-harrnK fd ad on o- h,$*-F.r-FrsaFLrrm u)ht{ Fhe qcrs Pretsqr€ re.rraru-s p.
. -lhe $i..r\ vdurr€ k i* lf'ere$ore l*qN ldqn tfut for lle.isofurmcrj com?rea\ion.
P1
\trvz
Spe.i&c Heert Lsq,,.u.'\ rs .)Lrlhe cr.rvrcunt a$ hec$ t,,.r-.t rqi3e< lf.eTernp oS 1k3 oT "^ sr.rbstcrnce- b1 1\S
tt Dqends on\1on lhe m..'.te-tcl\ hovn sghidn at o\e$ i€ trcrele
the hecrt neectecl(o) to groclr-rce cr Ternp. c,hc^ncnL tAT) {t:r mc.ss [F\) wi\{r .r. age.rhcQ = H'c 'AT (\ = t tte6o ff"E q") Q = - (t*-p qss Dor^rn)
t1i %+C I ll tr^.t.eS Yyy3y€, hec.f entrttl to e-l.rc^rr1p +U,e- Te-rng. oF c^ sr.:\oskrn<< rrr[
Specit-nt- l,u-ah 'tf^errc\ {c AT oF o. aulbetqr.rrc- ro[ c'. snnc^,\\ spec-ih<-
bh Gpc,.nsioo:
Bl"
Page 23
7Fe,.U.6. lZ.?t6,'erttl f^. .,'n '. Fen".
-A 1ox3 stucf<rrt ccrfc,hes *1.'e $l,e,crnd \is hoal +€.r.? increcrteS $tom 31.Ooc(9t,G'F) fo 31.o'c-(1q12op'
l{o.*l rruc1 e11eql is reluirecl }o vc^ise hrs boclults f"rng, fSpec-iSL het^r oS the bod\" 3'\oo|g*'L
Q = '1-1b0OO 5a = tl,trlosTQ = H.c'ar
Q = (ro \<3)tsrcoT*u. r.\zr<)
Phcr8e Chc^nq<ST:lonsk n{- c."S 'tVre 6qS}<-rnTC'c) a.s iirom tcrjz. trqu,ct O 'lhe T"mp, r€.ryrcLins Rxecl qb o"c{ot an exterrled pgid of }tmt
'[htS iS fhe hrne intervcr.( durinX Ohrch llne- ice met16.
As ils rne\\5, |he \ce Ttr,(P'=Ooc- Gnd the \iclurd r.rxr.\er Temp"o"c-
' Euen though+he qsrcrn iS ber\ hec*erl, tl'€Ter"?.doesni- br1,o ttrise qfi+il ALL the tce hos rnelFstr,
Time'Erte.g1 b-\ o.IdeA tb tV€- sn<tern it being troecl b brec^K
worrhi\
0T*rn^0. o..h tohrchq €a\id =
cr
hnPr' iF llne
?sn+ or {-he @ (b"th phc,.te cVK,rqA).PhcrSe fru\\ibriurnl ftn1 omount o[ sottd con Coex,S\- *l anul ernounl- oF Lrqurd
0b0c"u.s t.lh.rn a sqshem iS ob fhe melhnt or fr"eA€ point'@ >lighHl , l-he €rrhre slgFem Soon becornes q Liquncl
, E\iqht\q, L[ enhre sqshern becomeS a sottd
bonds H,l the- u>qr-!er- ma\es.r'\es, Aiot the- Sorro oF +he-r*rc^.l<r
Fro* sot ie\ -> Lilurct
@ Bt,^l l-he Ltquic\ "."d tde GqS ?hc,se 1 c*nc( qnl curncxints o9 Lq,.rid cc^r| @ckic* d(Gntl o.nnounF cF (naS cr.* Fhts Te.rnp.
'As hec.$r ts aolded to lhe sqshern) +deRmg. skols fhe sctr''e. Added **11 raused fbrerot< brrts blu, the Uqu{d rvro\ecgt6, c-tb,,.rrh3 H^qrn [0 rnove iob Hre C6ri qtoSg.
@1*1. e^| r,;,htg,h o Gc's becorneS e Liquio\ -=
Cond<nso.hon Poinl oyA l.-r\uid be.connes cr Gc.g (iF E+n is \ncrerfeJ)' Boitrlng Point
-S 'qo"t
houe q \Narrn soda th$ g.r^wrsh"+ocoo\, woold i.t- be fnoreef*ec-frV{- ta' qclc,\ 5J oF \i$io\,ooher
al 0'C or 253 o urc$er rc€ qt O'C?
' Fbe Zt ol-qrr+er ice. ctf o"c- luai,\ ha^t \6* t^ri|l be hanskrrecl {rom +he scdc\ lo *.,e ica +<: .e)! i\trans{orminS lhe0'c- tce +o Ooc t,'q",b} t.:o.,ter.^ Hec$ uoit\ lherr be hentkdred b the \iq'ord \acr,ber.to rc^it€
i\ k^p" Thrs ,no* f*-, ulitl be rernrree.l korn the soc\cr, $ui$ \l q try\er finol Ternp,
'lf .1ot 6qJ{ \,iquid dh Ot l"cr,,[ uli\\ orrll b0 trcssfrrred G,"rm $'E g,ocl€( [r t+1€- u:a,[cr1 ra,stt l+refe'vri
oF t{rg ulqfer od b**"3 lhc.t d tl.e godfi, t.eSS E+q, (ernovd &rctn Pt-l. Uelqt hglrr G
Gncepbuc.J R lz.qr Es+ o- st.r.^> Boi\.?- \tootre oooKinl pcrsfcr. gn FLr- SWelt\s ur€.ler iscrFcr tgour boi\, UJi\\ \lne,pc'trr,, cod( rrrore elufc,k\ * luu\tr^rn up lhe b*Xe. on tlne gtuve so t\crf lhe ,,,s.r<r [s of a. &.s,t b-i\ ?
uhher boi[t ah \D'o; no rncrrt\er how vlprax\ i] bor\ig,lls-Ternp is k'torffi_ HLI|gprO*e $r^,#Kthat ae\errntneS Vuo 8S+ \te crrokrq3 occ.q5i ACAir{ h{rte &stcr ror,hgdi"tl'dt?,w urltt nor a,'l--orvl **[ ^irg*u
fs
Skrm istrrerrninS
Page 24
7
ore in phu6e ftuitihr'ovn PCr.lZ
Liqvicl c".e\ Gc.s Gre ir1 phcse €qui\ibriurn [.r p'.re-wet€ft/ fron\1 c.ppl\ g.,t 6hadond otrv,osph#J.'Sl*.rre
le\hn3 Point (o'c) *a BoitinX Poinh (roo"c)
eWhere lhe dol'|ed-\inQ oh P.1a"tu c.roaseS {lno5A\icl- ltqurd bourrdcrrl cl't- O"c- c.ncl th€liqu'el- gus locurndwq crFloo"e
ur \$ \tcrter crrnttl'ns 4i"sa\vecl Eubslonces, fnethnX
poinl- i1 lowered cmd the boitioX goint 1s rcd6q\.
c.cy Ltlf lou boi\ wqter in Derer, +he h,8h oth\x{e rescr,tts in
ofrnosphene pretsure s{$nihco.rt\ te6s fhan fhc^f a*uFefl tD.shc/rr' f
o o'ol tm 3?'{
ffifnt;r*"ir" fhctse Dug.orn forqnd ehosdchoneScf o arlost\.$-rc€ Vcrntwith b(rih fnnl o*l Rbelre
' Hec,.l r$ F,str'v'r Lug)
\lcrfe-r sec. [e.,vet , fie Boillnq Point= slr'6hf'11 bebu tOoc-
lk^tres a l,ffts longer ti'.ool p,st in Denver It on X))-t ?re-SSure Goke-rx: Q.tlouJs !l.re pressure irrsbte ttt wa,1ofr",-[hiS rcds6 ]he boilinq pornt, so 6"ot ,n bo'{,ir.ocfer ore o.f o. Tervrp >l@"e
uor,", cc*. &rster v
Hec^"! "$ 1i-rc-ngbrrncrStrrr (aq*ua= L)- t\* ^i:f :i *tr3:1,h : Hx; in therrnc.l 6rerg.1 'olo cr
\<3 oS c. s,ute,tJ.^nce. hDthe amo.^r,i "$ heo* e-ner$1 fht ccura€S "a.ln*T rn kr*psnde-5o o.
phase chcrnXe [on1 phr^se cV..'*"gp)
Q -- M .L '. -Hec.f
reluired &r thl. entire 6{sten, cF mrrst Htu urcter13o cr- ghcrSe- ehcrrtc6c.*
: Q--: t4'LS (Heq! neec\e<l U -nnlrtT
freeec. mc,.se t.\)The hecrf of lrc^r,sforrncrh'on bl,^r cr. Ea\,\3\ e^nd a- Liq.-riA
'He".f # Vsforizoh'on(U.r): O,=bHLv(Flecf neecleol bf,oil/-r,"\&,*" *.^.tst)the l"er^h o+ hc'r\s&rroh'on bl,^) cr L\utcl and cr Gcrs
6Q, = the heot tc worm tfe ftoa'r wcrben
b1 AT- l0e= lOK to the Melling poinh
$ep O the r'c.g fnus| be rnelted. L,\te" Ci.e,nof h\u''d un1rr =lclOf,tl$,000;t7Ocr:{-' qa= I{ecrh required to'melt lfu o$ ice Q*,*.r= Lza9rot= Z3,Ooot
set s) fte resuJ+ri5, ltqlut qJert€r, must be warmecl b hgc\ +ernp.
Qa- He"rt reluired f6 toc.rm \,\td ux*er h Af = 31"c = 3-1 K
-A gtr\ errlscr -L{53 troaen ?of6,'cle th"'f' L.\es, l:rKen af 4 q -loL &eeedcet, her bactt use l. brinq fhe- pgsic\q ug to badq t€rcyl?. ? Qz. H'L+-n- ,1, - .J A -rr A-T-- n -lnnrrr"C&r\ clsr,urne lhu ppu,"re id p,,"te;*!.. Ar=Hc,..rfT r Q1=k),0t{5rcg)C3.sa^Kfy*ANorwvr\ b.dllernp = 31"c O,--tg,olt(f,ZotoZrx.rC(tOt0 dr= tqffiSf= rt
\F.p \) 1tp popsrrlq rftNts be wqSqlad t0 0? A, = l'1oJ" Q s= H.c",..t.. bl
- lOL {reeen fb,^l rnrch ef€rrt1
\qq35T= \5,$oT\t p t) fie poprrfq rn6ts be wqrryyed t0 0?
6fl, = the tre"f ne€ded la worm tle Rna Qs = to,o.{br<X)('rrto7r3f,3f K)Qr=bl1Q i looOtr-
Q *our = Qr oQa 'Qs
[kry$Sdd $e rreoF recluired in eqch s]ep , 0,r'Q,- tQs-Qutr tTotu\ herrt rq^rrud)
Page 25
6rc,.porahon'qufer boils c^l tocl"c
Lfquid phose tb, but-
lhe
mioqteQ=At
; t}re rc*e d her* \ces isr1,2r. to*T = lzoo W
LoO s
- S- =WYower = ae at
12,bl C,ct\orirne+ruFbTle quonltlehve rneos.i.ennertl- of- l'he heo.f trc^nsfferrecl blw stletc.rns or evolvecl in rxns'Hec* enerXl wi\\ be- trar's$errecl $r"r the htt\er hu the c6;kCer sqsFern rrr,ti\ tX1 re.o.cln or
common €-,'nc,tTemprTe. + The Sqshems wi\\ therr be- in Thermo\ Equi\ibrdrrrn o.ncl {4"rf"*p. wi\\ nol chcr-n$ S.rrtt"er.
"\ntl\cthon prevents on1 hec^l enerctrl f.r"* bO.1 hanr$erred f6 or €ror. t|e- envtronrnent-'lhe tlolemS exshqff ehe"t\ '*l\ no ne\- \oss or gc,*in
Hecrt ene-\t1 rs trt nt$errecl F t rr, SqsQn 1* eqer.t t ZEnerXl conservofibn reqqire\ [Ur\ = \qt\Qnet=Qr+Qz-=O
'The e$etrtr1 Losb b1 lhe hot\er sqsl-e-rn = the s.t 1 gc*inedbq the coo\er <4rlexn Q r = - Q z- I{c,.ve oppcri}e. einns
'NO e1c€rgl K e.xchor.,q,..d r.r\ Hne- en.,ironmestatqehem 1at hec*E8tem ISqEbern ( x Thg Srqns cLre \eg\t rcnportr:rnt 1y1 +alerlc-n\ prtb\ern3
AT = Te - Ti , 6o AS c,.od Q ore- neg<"Five U) for ".n1
Pe,. rs
indivrduc.l rno\er-r.rles oQ wc-ler ecr-n ,move- ttovn VheGc'"s phcse e.-! Lotr:er ferngerc^tureS
exc-€s heqt & rnebboltsrn So Fhq environmen\
" A! ann temg.r 6oyne yno\<c,.r\e.s rrri\l be fnovin3 ftrst encroX\ tU 3o into the gFa PhoS..A" lhq do, lhel crrrrl E*, crrrrcnl toil-h ldem
'The rnolecutes fhcr* ler^"e the liquid crre |he rno\er,r,'..les lhat hcrve lhe h,qhest ktnefrL
t*t11 , Eo Evapc,ehbn reduees the Avt \(ineh'c enerfl ( c^r'o\ t\us the Temp;
of ltne Liquid t+l behindQ = \\'Lv
\lectl lo exo4orcrF cr- rwcrss M o$ t^r.*-ber, cmc\ Hnts conount oF hea,t- 15 re,movecl
fro* 1or bod,{. G\\or^rio3 1ou tu rncrin\ein cr 6head1 bodq l-"{tThq evc*to.c*h'on oP vrcr[er , boFh (..r"" 8wec,,.f qncl in rnoiShue 1ou ex!^ote, tt 1 of fle bd.{\rvrelhods of exhcrrsh'o3 !he.
I tres bq \€rspi
humc'*, bd1 ccrr produ€ c,.?gro*. 3oX of persyircr,tion Per min,.rte'. At tlhca rcr*<- is ttgossible to exho'rst hec'-t bu\ tVe crcrprc*ion of perage-robtorfr
Q = M'Lu - lkHe.<rt losl per-
Q = to , o3o x3)[ zr "
ros 7r<$
Q = -T.zxro*T
Enun1 fncrnsterred *ot S enertq Enbexs
- i$ enenfi t'ecr'rreS
Qrl EnerXl hvc'nsterred tu sq6hern 2Eqsbern whose femp. bscreos-b
Page 26
7
Solvl.,q Ca\ortrnetr./ ProblerrrSJJPq.f\
PAf1", lden+i$1 lhe inl,ercr.,t'a1 e1t+ernS. Assume theq're ttotofed from the tarcyr €nvironrvrent.
L-onverF cr\\ quonlihes lo g\ unitsSc,\ve-:{lne qhr^|eSnen| o( erc,er11 <$$6ef vCrbton iS
Qne.t-Qrf Qfr... =O-'B' 6t1s}emS ltnc* underso o t*P.chonge, Qar =H'g'tT+-"|r)-' Rr sqslems ttrr| underXo o phose chon1ll Opuc'se =r Fl'L
topplq flre corre<-| erXn laq observinl vt\ether enert,l enters (*) or lec.ves (, |.hetr1[f'ern dwinq ]he'l.rc'"r,eihbn
- SOWre S.lSkrnS -t*l txcleqo a ferng. Ch^T Aso c* p\-c'se "h*g^,
Trect\ F\ne e,hcrn?-s WTl"P hec^t enerqrl;s ffi
xTl ShotrH befnlhern,adte*of $"i^itnf fg \$ T- ," b"t\er or \ourer trnc^rr o.,li t!, tl'rrF\t c.^indtcc,Horl thctt eo{neFhinti vvronS r \r8ucr"\\1 cr 8'qn error }b
a Heh:'l-Zs\ oC c'-r. u-n\<-ns,*,n rne-!cr\ is hec.r<.cl hs zoo.o'c- fhen ch.rppecJ into Eo.Og of L$ckr cr$ Zo'oi
in on int*r\crtfed qorrkdaer. -[he t,so]€r lernp. ffses trf rn a. $er,s se<.onc\S \c 3\-1'c-, funo &rrH*. Henhfr{ +he rrrekrl,
1.= 296k Tr* =3tz'7t<I=Lt-I3\( 1r=3lL-l\<AT= - tbo,3h
-\tzrf ST =(o,zook$) cCICo.S\<)g= -'l\zt .rsT-
(0, zoorXttbo.6k)
t- 2o,ot AT- t\l.'lK
C = | !9.-1 3 *> Gotd tor possibll Ler.rd = lzt)
Qa' = [0. osoorX)tr r"oYKt.K)("" | 1. I f)Qrr= Y l2:t. tsf
6x \?..13'. Cer\orime\ wiS^ c^ ph.,se cl.,",.rr?q-\ow Soomu socla. is c^* bb,room **p., €d qtrr^ aAADoes cr.tt l\e trcl TYS\F? K gO, wl.*,'!b +he Rto,t $emp'? tf no\
toOg o$ fce Grotn +he, -2.o"c, Greexer,
r^rhc.b Qrcrctr'on "$ {-he- lce w,eltS ?
Assurne ycr.^ Vu*e q wetl- inscrlc.|ecl et^p'NeeO lo dishnquislr bluo Z 1rcasib\e. oohccrme$. \$ c*t\ Hne re-e rne-\bs, !h*Ie -o"c-, l*lso gossibl<
|hot Lhe toclc-r wi\\ coo\ to Ooc- beJore cl..\\ F\ne ic-e VrcrS rneJted, lec."ving H* 1q.e' c'{,d Ulurrfl_ in,e.e1ui\ibrforn cr..f, Ooc.. lsb: C."t.oto-te [d'. vt,'^-ts ne-edec] ha rne.\f 4l1 *u .-. ';;l'fft}*Y.OQrnett'HrceC,;""(261O + M,.e'Le ZdlCglcotc'te hou.r m,och her^,r er,er11 r.oi\\ \errve f'hc-aoclcd r:FirlQm.\l= 3l3s6o$=t3?,ocotr- cm\s c,\\ tfe $cu..l F0 Ooc-. { =ffimu = S.oortci\tl3, ik elensi\blc'rnuth cLc\d Vv<.-ts Fo rr,elF lhr ice
. eice.$eso"to,=o is !hc.l 4 ,*oh.", P=\oooWr"3r !h,rs Nts.,.t","=PV =o,5OOKJ
Qice = &;ocof- q,o+C,n+er(ot) Qcso\ = Hsoao' C.^orer CZot<) |hesoclc^ hrrs sqtqUenb ener6.310oo[r-${rtc.'c..rq}cr(I?-o'")tHscoo'c.,ot -(T!-zo"c-)=6 Blc lQ*"tl ) QmelF Fo rrne-\F cr-$ Hne- ic€
-T*= 2cl{.SegStgr$.r - ZlpextT }51r-.'H"e St.-f B\Erre\rrifl bo ett l\urd o} Ji >.O
fr--idC$Tffi tt$ lo.."rl <emeth, t{*rrr }he S'r*l *t",.t- t*r',.rtd rkr.re-loeer
Te=zotr.Sf.lXrtqo) -ar,.r=o{ T+ --\. t"c c''rv tte- -lquia nn; rtur<- c^t ci"c)to,r keXqtq o) I (o. 5 kgxq tlo)
Page 27
7
la.l ; Jte.nnc^\ Pro perf'es of Gc^ts . K'5b Tn" hecrts recluirecl to eo^rse o. tpeo'S'ed feqgerc^fure chcrrqe clepencts on the Proce-\S
by ohich the X9.S ehc.rrc6rs e[c**es.
Col ft,g fno\cr-r spec-rh.- hecr.f- a-.h consksf pressure. Q = nCp AI' tcttt-TerS tolc- in ced fEobcr.nt; FrG-esS, the B&s dr:e,s u:orR)
tU,r,ftS Lr.}*"f .fa )Cv : The Tyro\or spe-c-ihL hecrF c,-r cnnstcun\- ,\o\em<- Q = nCv AT
(lhe eome furcil\ tv\oncrtomi" $tNns blc- no crrorll is done-,) .rk"r specrftc hea*s o$ qertes crt- 20.c
-, .. -lquS = ?' ksT ' 6r a moncrbrnic 3cr$, 5t is simg\1ol |heqtos..s rr - r I . .c t,u r n .. rr r-(Jr tne qiDFl6
rn a tcrs f +lne aur tolc.l of l<,e i o'$ o\\ tl-re s*rms "Honcrtbyh(c. gp- Cy-h5$y9r1"urrr2/
-I\erets ho o,Rrr c- rnoncnhuvnre Sca\ tle 2o'\ \2.5
(osconsisft'- L crrn ehro p"'€rrrr.r Th.rs /-.-- rr- o].r-u^., N e lo.t \z'5ercrusNetq os tte Ctrn gt\re eneqY , Thus (u= n.Nn, R=Nnkc)
.ffiffiT$t5::*t*S-B)r=f ne'r .ffi r*,].,'=K n*:il crodeo{ r\acnd\rr-
'lf lhe temp. oF c. rnonotgrn;"G "!oo1r*
q AT, l'1. 28,1 zo.t{ oz' '
its Et* ev,crncoc-s brr AE*x = * n Kdi- [ i1'.', ?;,1
'\$ ure keeg lhe votume of fhe Xe: ccr,etcrrt so no :llnhorn,c
WetrK is done, lhts enert.t Clunclr con Cpme onll '\ttcttervc^Por 33,3 25'D
{to* t}(o.e,+hettr'i: Q=*h'RAT c-ornpcrrirrl il- r^rl +f^e- rnolc^r l?..ift. hecxbmolcrr ,"'-$€.r'&t hec,"t c.I constcrnt Volwm.e Ci(rnonc,homic qcrs) - t R' -- tz.5 Vmo\' k
ACpr ? (ws<,.s-p^)d^,:=ffiiffilfril).*' A=AEu., +\Nt^s,=?n,R.Ar +pAV
'l'lecrF neerJeJ {o chcrqe the temp. bu1 AT in er conshmi- preqslrre Frocess
Q = *p.RAT r fl ,RAF = +n.R.Af
'Co*?.^.i.,1 it ull the c\e[. of r"o\c*r egeci$c hqc.^tr 6hou>s Hnc'-+ :
CpGonc'horrrr. Xc.s) -+ 'R= Zo.8 Vrnol'\s
'Heofinl o dicrtsmic-Xc-'-s rrrr\t-s Flne cr\o.crrs (v\$ve ft^ster,'bul. i| a\Eo ccu-r\eS the-rn b rbtc.*te. yYlore rc^grdl1t \hl fhe gpecr€'t- hec-*Y is hr3\r {-hcrrr oF a mcrnc^\omic qc-3Lt friOtOrnic tcrs (u.r.,.Fer u$J) hc^r cr.n e.r,qn hin\u agecitrt- t\rc^h
Page 28
Hecrf Erqins. A device U.d+ kryes in hec,"F ener\l frorr, c^ hot reser'voir,
does rrseSr-rl v-rork ,
&nd e,xhcurS\S urc's\e hecri lc> c.r cr:k\ rese,rvoir
G f' e-."*uu$,H r\: r-eFd etdtbcfico
- Tn< tervrp, gndkffiiiW?.ffiEfrPY
PGl.t6
ahi [l - wcrrm corvrhrstrhv
ehgine,
9,The
l-he- ptl drcrqrorn.
Vertl rcrgrd i the.pispn preEsure' Pecrecrsg
d6n'+ rhoYg
rrditiS\ con'$r[?-'4\'n-"-,)
5. the co* es tl'ein the qlrtder.
QH
g. [rit ]h,s F,ry of th. c\derItne qcrSet crre doinl worl<. thiS WorK iS
I !he- p5"* oufg,tl- oS the
milture
3. Dcrrirrg tlo - 'CompreESiorl,
WorK iS beinq doneI
o.l ttle qaSb{.tkur= (l uicAV =C-)
:q/ /-\
//' 6l",arr8f/
-:-/ rrf,"i**",**1-\L ld* or* intrcle. /
the grcrgh
t t/\/\*1/\-{z.The Pisfbn
c-ompresres Fhe-/y t : t^et- c.j. sniltur?. ThS
t =--Ad,s.bahc (A -o) corngressk*
qhcusted t\ Flei'' ; Awi.onrnsrt
\O. T\e- exchcrrSe- oC
, hot exhc.ust- Scrsesbr {'\"e- c<>o\ Srel-crir
fnixtr.r.re- crmp\eles *he-
stcJe- e*rc) skrr{rs Hn€
nsxh
Cqc-l.e- Begiet+eJe
\. A c-<rol mixh.rre oS{ao-ses)
ailuc^nJ fuel eo"teS,
intu Fhe e1\rocler
QuSeS are exhruttec
h" +1. o{incler.
[{ec^t Qe is|erno. of the
fte fneog u,
tl. A smr\s
iXnites ilf
tue\-olrr'* +_\ 1rli
L/"-
i rnprhnt "1^t*^66jeriehc\{+rctf qppty qenenlll 'lo a\\ rr-,.ises }he bqn1. c,ncJ ?
kt€ah &qine\."'lhe S<c,pe-nce oF processeS tor"n= c* e\osed loog r n
rc,-ises lhe bqny. ond PreEarre
Thts rvttst be \rue tor Hne- errginc- lo go thro.rX\ ils cqc\e- over t 6v€r'her^t Qn fs k.Ken t. fiorvr o. hol EEervoir [$otnthe hrnrqfi;e1) otsoff€-poinf d,*t,ttluo{,1e.G rr.Or* $ns t€mp bc^cx- do,-rn @ €r\cl ol a4de, Hec^r Qc m,si be exhousfecl tu cr colo\-feEervoir
Thts l,rsaf s crlrried oir{- o'Q l-he enffroa bf S* hol e-xtnus+ qos"The work cbne bq lhe enqing (W"Jn) rs {*re clreq tntide +i',s closqJ toop ,xr }le
'Blc the terng returns to iK stirtim\ poinF_c.t the erc\ d eoch cqcle, +here'enel clo"ge in Thermc.l 6nertt.Jh.rs fro* *otq cooservafiorr
Wt,r*= Qtr-Qc
pV drc.grurnno
Page 29
F \?.\\'. Fndinl lhe Preest,re euo\ TenLerah:rre in q Gcrso\ine Fn$Le PGr,rl
-Tlnecrdtc^luc*hL comPr€SE\io\ shdke in crn aulot"oLi\e enEin€ rcrises She yressure bo l-lc"tm
q,"t We !ern?. h Ao'c. The- r'qnihon o{'l-\€ fr-^et-air"rnin+.are- tl''en pronicles Calfrdg h€errh.
titr a [.{p,k^l engine, }he qlinolir confuinL 0,0L1 rnol o{ flc^S, uJhc"f cde !4.e pressure onJ+€nnp. innsnedi,ctle\1 o$ler dSnih'on?
'lgnihon hcrPl-;ens sofost \hero\ rrofrrne fort\e-?Sbfi bo rnovgso fhegos fshea.fed tn e^
corrstc^nt -Vdql.g PrOceS\, Glsg= m*S\ cl.ir,Eo LtEe Cv= ?Cr,j Ymol,K
AT'= e = tOOT . - T,'= 3oo c F'P+F- P& =1.:,''t-loc^hmnCv (o,ozt .*rXz".t%r.r.) Tt = Zlql"c p+ =triltml(r-rco2. zrs)
AT:-- \t 3\.S"c. = \too'c
[2-, ? ' Her'] Trn nskr
fvct AV r Eo hew p I (*>"c r 213)
@ Gnc\uclion
Ll Bc.si. HechctrrErnS b,.l r,,lt'rch oblec,ts exchcrny !rer^-t r,-rf ol-\er oQeats or l{r.u'r furrourdinXs.
06lcrPorc.,-bion- - --,1h"tf ts h.c^rs$exr"A b1 _the rer,^o.,c^-\(Discussea in sechbn tz.6)
oe n'olecu.t* *1, *,Sh "Lffi.Bot,{. ,
'€neg1 is hrc.'.rs$exred bq direcl Contqcf.Fast-rnovinl ot<mS aI *}re ho| <-nd honster energl
'-- tb s\.r-er-i.nwfng qtoms c,* the. cor"J end.'T?encls- fn Dcrtcrl.i q lncrec.ses r'$ {-he Af blw lhe hol- end and fhe- cold_enol rs \ncrec^-sd
->q \nc,reaees f$ lhe c-ros8- sechon <erec^ A o8- the- rcl is incres.rseci-+ Q De.r..^s.s i$ Fhe lengl-h L .'9 the. nod is \ncrerrserl' So'me wroilerfo,.\s Lsueh crs rnehr\q) hc'"ve- o hr$h vcrhrte sF q 7 o lol d *ot1 r\ l-rc,nsferre"l
ol+€j- r.c.t<rio,\s kuc,h crs v\ioocJ) hcrve q low vcrlue of Q ) v€rt{ tiH.te s*tq fs #c.r,sfierre]Ra+e 4HedTrc^nsfu, T.ilr.ermcll ConcJuchv,t-,t oF +rre rrr-*\err'cr\ Lhcrrcrcterires g,*lhether *c rv-r,terri:rl
(unik c''" r> t'''- =(@a,l AT ,ji"fu3"Hfo;f$;-.T#Fi:3i"'SlH',lg hec{r corrr,,crortVs ) d \ L / (Gxceg\*:n=Dr'annonaf5r*.".",u*.$=."Fffii$qti
Rcule of condtrhon OF herrf crcross c. t<rnptrafurre clrPfuer,ce
I
-l\ o.1o rn \ l.Zrn wfncto,oi[c^pg"u* 3q.h (-t $'t)in e. horse is rnade oC cr singk- pq.ne- of 3.O-rvrm-|.4r,'6,f [opgror 7t iqgWs. The )emp, i,eii:le il* h^e N Zt?) ootsde its -5oc. hhcr] powerj in wo\rnust +\o fur",.r"-.- provide to axnpentc^te$r hec,.t \cs Ff,ro.rgh !{'re vtndowT
A = (0.9q-Xl,Z*) AT= Zl'c . b'C L= 3,o n.,rn = 0,0030rn x 1i compensc.te, t{n e &rncrce
A= \.08rnt = l.l-2 aT= 26 l< orr,6l- provrdQ -1l00hj oL
O = (0"-?5 YnJ5 Ym.r<)(.\. \^')(zc" x) 'Vrerrrrv'g porNer *i
At o . oo3onn
S = t\boN
lcO
H
The- cross-6ec5'cry.t o{eA<lF Fhe roo\=4
n3(zc"x)
Page 30
7
CO Gnue.f,ontPgs
(o P\vtc\)bEnergy is.frcrnsferred bq the motion c\C ms\eculd wilh Hgh'Iherrnc"l hott-)t)',Sllc^\ lhe rnctin mechc^ntsm 0or hecrt +rtnS$er rn glutd s{s}e-rn\" A pc,rr o$'ur*ier on fhe Stove- is l"r<c.feJ c"f t-he- bc,|horn, This neot d wede,c expc^ndS c^ncl
'becorreS less"ler,rse lhc^n l-he w.rt*-..b.,re- i],so-f nse.S {d lhestv-fuce urhi\e coolerl
denser wc,rl-er sinKs ta lure ir= thlceLer6e- eccr,\e,l Conv€clicrrn iS res?K.vnsibte ftr rnoXir'1 l'he wtrrol b\q^r ts ocecl'n cr,*rrerrtS ct.c^,tto.le
'Air iS venl <r-F$e-ttve crfr ilrur6fie.rin1 *.\.j bV q6y1ys:froh,
b Er therr',c^l tngdc-h'on r i|\ neressc.i.t h t*g lhq c,-ir in srnq"ll pocj€ts to tituil(e.xc^c+\1 w\c.l Qer^V\^us, S,rr, c\oubte.-pc^rred urtncla.^.rS, e.,€l S berltoss inSub$ic.irr"o)*n***
'Convech'on'fnrJoh ,nnor€ rc.pid in v{oter }hcr.' in CdrL'hh.{ pp\ ccu' die af, hqy"Ff.rrmicr in bb'Fwcrt<r bu* ltve cornftrdubty fn b6'F c^ir
F>rcect Qnvech'crnL> o<-c,.r.rs c^rlren $1,^t.,1 fs puShecl q eA F^mp or rncilor
exr f6sssil hol-atr heuh'n3 1tos6$ers hec,rt 9rovn lhe{rrrnc^ce lD the roolyrs in abulclirrl"\mgo'1c,..,,.b ftrr reau\o.!ln1 b.,Oq tserng
"- lf bodql too hot: bbJd vetsels oq'r t-he eooler skin ditc^]e t0 cc,rrl,nroyeb\CI.cl,
B\ec.l fto^ l-funsfcrS herr| f.o", d{4a core oF q.r.,. \rc,c\ to qow eKin O.nclfhert |o t1rrut,r sutrrourndi%s.
@ R"aighbn p vsiur,. hght tRorc"gtri colors oF h\e rc.innnr^\
-bhqf is hcrrrs$errecl bq e,,leef,romcrXnehc wcr,ves.(henerc.hcd b1 oseifle.h\
"\ec-trrc cl.E r1a.s in on obiecfs <r]ticnS
{l"€se uJo.ves cA.q *4f , trtrnskrs\n3 eneJn3.l {r * ge objec} thc.\ erni\s $"e- rcrctidu[u {he obier} thcrt adrbr i$.
' lntrar.i Rcdicll,o'n I E\<-trovnannehL usves o9 e<scne ulhc^.A- \o<ser $.reqre^c.^{LtCo,n'.| see- |-t,cte r-r6\^GFr b,,rt urq ccr{\ oq'\€-n sense lhe^ crS "hec.tr' 06 il.l1'.e-
ciloEorbed oh ou,r s\sin.rc*di<r,Fe rYlc,re e-nef,tyu1 r^cr-c\icr,tr'on a-l kmp,t$
of thc --$Qs6farg6gss o$ rcrdr'crtt'on
" f -f.*t t:b cun objec-b '. t$.g v iSorous osc-l'\\crh'on5Q = e6 AT "' P.c",\-e. o9 hec,* tsrc"neteraE
surstrcetecrL"^)= sbefun's LcrrAQ = €.fniSgiVr'Fr+ of c.r. Sr-rr€<rc€-. 14 yneqttre
' \crr.\Lres .+ L renq3 G.nor"r O -> L(\\x"t'(t
-F\<t. = vefct e-FFec-Five. fcrdrar\rrr a bod.l he-{'y\p. e-='
$' e5.G-l r..to-r VrntKa (m. g5e.ft*n-Bo\te.mc,-nn Cans\crrt\'!lclu\b h,fmc.n w\ bate s\r\r f n c. roorn @ <.orrn(r>r\ulo\e. Ferer\}.
a\rin,ternnp, of u.fp-x, 3toc . \piccJ vcJvre. For ft= \.t-'& traE o$ hecrttn:.ntter) = (lOW
lfu bodq ak reql eprrercrJrc-s crfforox, \oow oF EtrnLrNt Hnt: rcr\e, Ulaf I-e*.,{,. trooo\d c\ro1e \01 t'c e,'rcr1 -? wrin,rbc-s
o.t1)
Page 31
b.!3"6rnit-bed racl{c,,Horn loc^le*nc€d b\ the rct-dfc.rh'on Aboorb"a ,b,'{' the bocll
le"ff of ob5er-tgq= eoAt+iq-r'{\
' r 'o'v/- tevnp of €urralrcliin3 environme.n{-At,The nel- rc.r.te cr..b t,lthr'd1 fhe' obieef rcrctic*eS heat **t.l I
Qcrclr'ern-<tn o",;1becl - rodrc..bron alosovbed'An obiec.r shc.ni\J hc^,u. n6. ne| erren3t ht3.J)ster \ rcnt-ictha.\ l' ifs in
the"mh Equilibriurn tT= G )
- A 1rer6On wilh skrrr !er"F,*roneser bq rcdie-rhtrn?
B"dq Texnp = 33'c t Z?3 = 30&K1l = ZHtlz-lBk= Z9-?K
a roorn qt Zlt'e, (ahuY\ the ne"l rcrte p( herrl(CI qr)(5.G1 x to
*ftr.Xt,t-)(3ocr.- arrr<)33oc iS in
9net =atQ.ne-!zo. =9-1, -l ,? qt \l
Page 32
,-
[nJa" bo?r, Fiai""=l*,.' ") ,@ r
h91-, G0S3S qfe corviprfsSible- - lhWr Ya/urne r'S errsrlq rhcrea.sed or o\er-realeclbtOS3S q.fe corvip€SSiblg - lTWr laluag r'[ errsrll rhcrea.Sed or o\er-rea\ecl
A"@'rse7u,e-nr-- of ++1e "ay*g\ <yase-" bl,^i fJhc gto\ecr,uleS in a f,as
gcts wrohrrx\eS rv\ovtnc\ fuet1 flit,.r$ spc<B-
. r'ta{earl.\e5 Crr. frar orpqr], This rncr.YsS q flct$ c0ftpresSi\o\g
-Caqs mo\ecrr,teS occtr8roncilU,l cOilig,\e. tuith eoUh otLlr ". . or hl.s. cctnFCdnef wal/
Lig,yra" 6nre nerrr\1 \ncompreSvb\g (like s(\,'c9t' fh. nno\err,tLeS clie q-bouY cts o\ose- tonelher as l\e,1 vrn 1oY vl)o oornT ,",bcon\tr<-N tt:ilh eash oFln"r
-tLrluid* $lQ"\ a,",d dofrpn to S-rl t'{r,a,s*rge- oF it-s crn{-cr.iner-->\l-s Flu'd nq\-rre lelts u"slhcr"t- the vqtecu,\es ar. ln'.e to ncove o..ru.g\4 [t1u,c] hc.s e,,, utell<[ef;ned s,urf.-ce
t{o\ecu\es ,.1,ol<e- ,.pea,R borrels ,{ earn oilnr lh..+ hep Hnr-r.,r c.\ose NpUtuslBW Nhg r^okc.r,,,\es cctr' e\ide. qround errch ohgr: c,,\\owin1 the \iquio\ t'l Plql r ccm6,rm
lfu thq$re o[ rbs %\\cl,riler
Ps{
Flwtcl Stah'c-S', sidrc-tr'oc,S in uJhio\ {-he Q\urd r</noin\s c.h reA!
F\urid =girnp\.1 q su.bsfanc.e tfi.l+ $\ows.-f<*Ke- thc,shygl{ tlnerr,+n'Erq)r rafinqr H^Gn reJrcar'nic*, o- s'hcle "( W"
Densi\ Loo.. t"{ors Densi\ri\Lt ra,tio
frrr a\\4 Atkws
6f pnoss \o vo\un,q lhqY X]ves o SuEs&6nc€ ol quul''\ +.1'cd-has Nhg EGme ven\ue
tclrny\US , inclep"Aclenr oF LX" o\1ect's st'6e.
o- h - rnatsI -
-:-- oL c^-l Cb
< srtLsdo.na in W€rdJl ulo han'nog
I t rni t-6 = tt3/-t , "* - f-- ,
I ulo ha','nogty,i*tr
cl,fse,s ln"n,/ stb?t<'sc4*
uS &a ol,s61as5 Phe prryorhe: oF U suL*o-n? in
tlc.-ss lenliq V- nrftt,-e ffi-v ls/c*3 = 16qchV*s $Z'p-Io orilos! on1 o{.r
f>5bo7 va-q\h,ton r^,1 t-e-cnp, [ersiec &u d drl]qn ct blut ^iS"]$*. S,.SS h(r.ve \owsr <JenS,heS b\c rr'o\ectr\eg (l-ra- q".fur clpc.rt i'fu^n LQurdS
'Den61\ o? a ligu,'d varr^gJ anlq 5lig\r\ wl be^p. blr Fdrecurtes cl.r6e hgo]\er
6ts l3.I I Weighing khe c^tq in c^ \ivi\ roo\t\,0r*.*bom r|!66?rq= oV
r,, Ll'.eotsfl^r)tt o*.)ln="12t-3
-Wh""\-\s VhL *rS* ok q,r ;n a ilvir\ r06rnVo\ 0 rne = [9 . o
"nJ . (t .o
"n\ , tZ,t i",)
volu"ne-' b,0 *3
hovr..r dioncrrsrbns
rncLss'oL \\g cri.
Page 33
r=P=h LuniKi t poren\,lpq=
'Liquic\r ao.l tares exe* & [,sccs.ti).lru tu
ottQ.n[A) oF l-he ccrntc^iners woll
[-r,^ on o\\ puvls of t\e ll,,,,r'o\ itse\l'f Fn V(O\^{.^cn'. t f
nb?\blcl hrce triOrce due *r: Fhe, Fre$ure oF l-hQ. wc\letirexertee cn)\e \l r ,, .lb:.3'i"ftiil''*rlu\t"ol {-h.o,rqh ttu hol* lwnohed in'l.T[.re f k,rc] *JX% p.o5.lr.e-vnr.crRra.'r€-, A
13.2 : Presxqre
l.yl:^i-*fprslon v.q1 Srr&uc€.
wec^ (n). Ff,Hg
Phe suhsttrnce pushiq aXarng! c.," srncrt\
T(r,Z
holc {-Acd- ptnshes t4u' (1r6.,\ef
ftwn: p(esB\ re. Evurl^h*e ir, ct $[
Pressute ol one Brinf tn the $\uid
t\ lAe scr.rr€ no rnqll€r lvl0ldireth'o\
'f",, li$"''tr"?rt g i q dw ie p aio ts
Fno!:o
- i.-" .:. - t-.
- \-. _, ..-_ t.N\L6" )
X T\e force8 clrre {o (1 $totdi pre-ssure pvrheS 0^ fde wolls ol rk contoirrsv, bul-alSo
lrghind ecro!'
hlc,ul\s
{.
5'L, (orcZ C,Gftrorels
{1^e ss!r€t'[ok'rw1fH#r 00-q $,ncl pfes$,rre
fum y*r/^ind.r.lr;5 a-n"q ohl.rl- Qtuial on top I
weig\+ otl eir <l6ove t\.e- t,qv;cl
t /qa;d rcrke6 on f}re xl"+fe aF iK eontrr.iser ls[c. the hr.e. oP .6ro.vi\ putr\s ttciilrid do,.ln, ccrlnioX i\ t\'fi\l t\e bo!\onn oL 'b\e- eontr,.ioe,r
,,J";o,;ffia3h},:*'/gulo)tlncrF.sr4P.nsibtt6.G\iqi:id3P;e6B\:fePrA','Nhc,*\errer'f o,bove 1.1",q liqwd puehea dqwn
o n {hc hp o[- {4re c,q\ioo}erhori2611pr1 ftccBl'c{^J\e\ *.h oF\gr auy
3. ln a Llqttfi ,*he pres6ure lncro,ses
,q depth belu.l lhe r,rrft^c€
[ \n a {c-s, $o p{^6sure s nern\ ll,t
i sc^*" 6l al( porn)-s/deplis\r blc \c1u.,,o\ be\u* it betngslver-ess) lo1 e\t the \quid
",.Love
6r,r the surQrqg
Pr-ssure .. o\epllo kll) =" pH$rottirhc Prietqll,rg'. F\urcl ir ci| R.s!
[r:i*,,$W "rs.ilttffidi,1trrI thu lrqurd he.rreoF\", Fhe c^1\i,.'d.er gtr,y\ss dp 6n {Lr cr4\rnrler
I p: po' Pqd 'upwurc$ h".e- bo\qnceS khe- Z dqwno,*cd torcest P.*=s*re oi o \h",a ,11 ?enri\ [p)
a#i+q'v p A -- poA | ^t
. otV cJe\c$-{d) ''k liqvro\ ls a q\rne\er aF c,rost-sec\bn fr o^d her$+ d
. \k Vo\ur.rne- i( V= Ad , ils cnoss is ta =gV= S Ad'P" Po (ll Lhe turtc'ce, wlrere 4 =6
L> oFler' clve b \he otr or oYl"er Xcrt ciloove !le- \iq*dPo- to..trvr' lo\'3klq lor t lil,lb\ of{n lu crir ctV seo- \e-vd
.hry
Wffi
7n'///
'4J //.a // ,/7h/
?ir\%7// /tt/
w/K/// t///
(4
,W;:,,
'///rr/= f .
Page 34
7
EX 13 7: T1-,e Prersqr- on c Sub,rnc,,rtne-
-A tub*ar!'c\e cruises qt q, de-1t\ oF 3o0n'o.tfl\\5e,r bolh io pc'.scah ouw\ c,rtrncis?hese"5
Ps.s
Yvhqlk *\e p'ess, re cr! !\is c\ept\ ? q've t\et=ffi+
d = 3op T.. qrK P=I::!:.t*g..,"*-.,I iOeurel*. t- io,a|rt t". -..,-:ru"y"t) LlS"k'X3eo'*
d"= t e\Yrn'\o\.3\<Fa p= ?.1zaS *loo Pq = 3.\3xtok P = 3C,q q$na
Prperh0S r:l q Lqv"rC in F\dros!*hc Eqt,ri\ibritun
t) A c,onn".ted llqu,.d rn h\adrc6hc^ht eclu;\ibriurn rises to thelcrvne heiqht in h\l 6peh reqionS oP lhe elnhhiner5Pr.srurreuo\,qfi*"n.a ch,n*= Pie \q*''d !u $\tw fro* l'1.igh€-+
lower Press,r,re wnfr\ bolh std6 l^,rr,{e efuo\ hydrx&:,hc
prQESUreS, Lcr"F sc,.wre Hth*)
2)The PreES\,\re is \-he 6onoe c,.l o\\ p<ints on c\ hqri,Zonht\I@- \\urqh cr conrr€rted \iqu'"l i* hqd,'cs\uhcequi\ibriur*'ftt Vhoqh'*n*\ Lulbe ho\cJq rnore- \rquio\ .touu- dot-ted \ine-, Both psinFs [r a^o e)
cr.re o! the xc,"sne- dap|\. \lnus ?,=p,
GX\3.3', Pressure in q c\osed Tube- Wofer [i$t V\e hdbe bg\oh . Uthu"Vs !ha- Fres\ure o] t\e
t,s ts a hgu.id ,r ^rq!l2thht,:?"i!;Lf *f !-"l,l"tf)sr\ge. 1 c rooJ(, waxf- qe,r'n* ei:: j -ll* rYll.lllr,S.
";"..d'-p?F,G,Lte-rt sHlt. tr.'e ;c'yg .olo
ng honiartw,t lipfessufg $\ bnll trn's o(rJrrlE srv"J "wlteonuu tt't/L'
i p"=-55vre. a* bp oF etoeed b.d"g = fe,siur€-
\-tp o$ Vhq UoteC lu\"o 1
P-P"* P 3'JI =' rlo' sl,oE P* . t rooo%.)(t.yq9-
F= La 15,0 r".-Jt *;;gP( = l,Cfg c,-Frn '= L .( c+rn1-r.^ i "* b*,b"' o-ts d = boc-r"r
I
**lg Wcr\er fn lh" olen tr-rbe E^xh"s fLp wcr,Yer- in the- ",1o5ed
hibe- ,f o(ic*v1.5'tr lr-(.-
hy oI jau tu\9. \0, b+- vq'{4n o. hrce ot rwgtbde-
!ifA, th', ".rttla,rhs thi khe Pftx,sore ol !he- ti' ot- lh'o otomd hdoe, is t eo.\e-
l'lrrqn ohn^0*rtc- grcsBr/ro .
$P*ot', ?rincip\er 19 +hr gbs.ur. 6"s. one p.,nv in an qcsn^pressib\e Q\.,"*d isA"ogd, H.e preEsure of evu\ sther goin! in the t\*d charge-S b1fhe "XCrrne c.rnqrr*.
l- l? ocr clbove |h- oge-h h"Ue tn e..^ lt3.3 ,'5 6rwgre.d f6 a prcg5yre '( {.5-+1,v1
LOrq \r\cree6e- oF O.Sar..) / 'l-rtu ?re5sure c*,| l.t\o- b.y "€ J-L c-loseo{ {ub <
w i\\ ct\ so irvx6l6ps lo, r a , ?-{u F" [ ' t G-+-^n
Page 35
7
.uNr^..Fi Atrnosphe^c- Pr.ssoue- Id''J
T:M' L) Ai,. $"t= ("ss ottd less clense ,ar-/ r'o"r<rsin1 ho\ht r.^,nh\ you rer,rch c] i" Pt'cP'"\, vucu,,^,rri oL spact-, L\1'/.aV Vhgair in \r\q-Jv"ouiu,.(e rs lpe,loru q,boat 3o\rrn)
\ (r>c^c-o\t I
F>AJ" rS cocnprnxsibe r so l-hs wer[\{- ot- l-h" air' cr,boie. Ccrngresses {4.r-
[ *i. ]oelow ble h src"dq), ln.r<,,soi ik densrtyZ.dt" ol qrovi\, [.LL dens'\ crr,d
prc6s\+re.)...*su ,^r\ inc^recriin\ '&Vtnospher{c 1Jre6grture cr.lSo vorres Wr}\' l-*r\hl- r
0hq,,r$a in U", w".rllar,*.11"!.'t\e airk dtnxi\ or,o\ pressur€ L2 bg" -scc-l€ (eSiono o& lou -pressurc
iQ_..s lhe qrerlesl 6F eorlh's \urftrtl q)'r oreqhe-.,\ q! fhe ec1*crkur ''.tl).11e airk dtnxi\ or'o\ pressur€
a*-.ur\ hol qir naes *nd Slows to F\a. norlhtSouFh fen lperc"tt funeS, -> 0)'r f,a.lls,
'UJh{ do6n'f {-le ureiqhlo[-ar. cruth yw,r6rarm?, oreoJ.,'5 d,.gl press&re zonesR.xsur. o{ ar.ct} sea tevel =\0t,317o ' Lgcn-l ti,notj r w<)-l-lcr moallT ecusec)
fur.o.*i A=0,02m1 ,6o *4re frt.. oF Fhe q*'r bg Fd'@\ehce. }nnovgrner}f oF o.t'c rn4sses
pressirq ct{orn\L il is -ZOooulo'l6O punds) 0! .tr$ftri"c1 fie6Swce)r n iln,,'tt €xertsS Fressu,re {ot..s \
ln all dire-ah onS . Tl:.<=xe's G dot,'rn,,oo.rd
&n- oS o2ooofJ a^ L4outr 6reo-*, bul-fLe ou .lnc\ernec^Hrr \our €\rry1 e.,xer\s ortUpulc,ro\ €ot.e cr$ l-h.e- sc-rne- n',oqrvi fue\e
fr€)r c O Blc- s)e(e- S'tr rctur'rcJed bL,t {4{Pt, ia khAF €* t .,ehe- o+tp. ta ft"€-\y n10ve o.ro ,-rn<! f-orce,q, in Fluicl push r n
Auu olirech'onS
/n€l(6L0re\ lfu pressurt in cr- S
c-.ta-r'ngf c- sltn'^\ ,^t'd {-4^L EprirS\J
P{c,t,d
s1,ip\c.s-grhe.rt{- t'S r'oclte.l<4
Pr.ss*r. G<"rr7:'Fluid ptrshr.\
on c^ scc.lgTh-e- Ne,F pres6u<- Pt: P*l.- - PatttosFhere- -cle-tc,rwrineS t-he- m.rvernenF oF theS..'l
fo..x- o"r' ttng pistonl
(P*'o - P.+*os).A --' Thts !o".c qarnprexses{-he- tlcrr'ng t,.nf,i \ equi\ibrruwri< reo.c\-o^d
. Prr re-'. Exe-rK cr. [.r..* p Hre-.A on t{ne- F.o*t c"reo tA) oF di,',"- pitbunP*r",^os'. The er,tmoSphrric lre.E,Eqre e-XerFS c\ €trc.e, pc^.rr',os'A or-r{-lrvQ-
bc^r-\< of Fhe prstrun
Page 36
7Pa. q
--S o\vin3 \ dros\trNc Q rot\erns
() Drclur c^ pic-hfre,'. f,ho.^' oper.\ strr^tclce-s, pistung, bovnc\o.rre\, c'r,\c) ol+\r:
lce'hureS Fh&l <rPQe.c,Y pre-sstrre-. \nc-\,ldt- heiSft+ crnd e-Lce.c\ fne.asuYefienfs<!ncl tr\"ro\ c,\ensit es. \c\en[i\ the- gotots c ts t.ohid^ qo.,t neec\ ku frtdH"e- Q@s6u-re-.
DobernoinQ t[,e p regs\{re cLb Sii,rFa.r--s"6ur8<rc-eS c2pe-n t H",e- cr.ir 1 Po = pc."brnoS , v,(r,tcr\t1 L c"\-cn
, Strr$cr<-e c-overed b.1 cr. tcrs i pc>=pt*s'C\oSerj t.rrQ<rcc-t p - tr/R where- tr iS fhe $o.c-e- Vhe Sur[^te (i.." piBlo$
e,XerhS c)n t{.,e F\,,rio\
@ tlse \\ori&onkc,,\ L,nesPressure- ( n o eonnec-hec\ tr\'afd (t lhe
ErrrneoF- ant1 points cr\on5 ct hortgo.lp-1 \tne.
Pre.g5ure- tc^*WS recrd P3 - P - 1- crFrn
($ Use vhe hqc\ro\krhc P re*SSure. eqvc-rlnon=Po-Ptc\
O rot\o* for Gauge- Pre-€su,re-
?1=P,
P
- h : \ilu,'o\ l\ Lowe. on Hnt- riXht +h{^,un lhe \eS (pg..s a ! c^brn)
. I{ercwnl io utreo\\1, trred blc oF i\s hqvr denst\(P=,a,GOOKS/".3), 6,vg. cr^'r press,rre. cr,\ ser.r. \e,^rd
11''6 N cq\Ogarttrrftrre,
LrQuidl
6 P, qrx) z ctre-onci krcnaordItae, so p, =P._
Hcr,norn€rk rJ
[4AnOrneErS tusec\ \p sgrer-.r.Br-rce- gcrs pressur,re)t" t[-ShqpecJ tr,lbe connecjFerl fu l-he- tot at ore- eJMJ c^nd oPen b6 tlr'e- c^.ir qhthe ohher end.
'.l Tube h'\teel t,^Jt c^ \\utcl Lus,^.*tt1 rnerc,urrr) - of clensi\ p , W^" t.n slarticu'Scc^le- cr-llours trgers hs rne{^sure l-he Wrigrnv Cnl or +{"L' €c{\ti\ibrtumrt
rlght Eicr\e Clbov9 +\^r \,e.(-tr €r'cF h * h.1aro6hc.\hc pressurt- c.F dept\n tc\)
Pg* = ! qtm * P'3 ,h t h : liqurcl ts lh\hy on Fh<- rtci\t llr.unon F\q- \e,FF ( pt.o > L c.t-vn)
B c.ro rn e.ber ( mec^t,^res ctmotp htrtc-preEEure .^1.*"e)
Vcra.rwrre,?ero greSsore)
?r-P3hPa"*o= = P'3' h ccL\^Ees h = J bo rr6vv1, 5e
poscr*s = [\3, G0oKy-.)tQ,t'0*lrl(o.1borr.) = \ o \. 3 f Pq=1.'h.lF lhe a,\-mosgoherrg presg,qrg ft^lts 7lrqufcA hc.t U $\.ru,
orrl ok the h',be ls \(eep l\e preesureS al R and Pa ectual
tfr++la pt i. +hs s,trno\\o\-,; \rrc-recrses, il- preEsesdo,^sn on Se \qu,u\ i*thebeaKecr f"-"g lqurd up lhetube urtn\ the- presEures o'\ Q'ond pzcrre- ec{u.*\ (Pt--P.)
Page 37
7Pe.c,
?re6sure- U\nit€ tT<.ure- \3. z)
-
Convgrsion
.l,,tnil (Abbrev;c1.,*) -b
l c.\-m- t\Ee-s. -. gc.'.scrr\ (P"^ )
" Alrnosphere (on*)
s\ uniFr lPcl= 1u1*z
uSe r'n rnost ccr\culcrh'orS
&exrerc,,l
\o\,3 kPc^l.otAxtd ?"^.
1 c^rrn
PE\
tlne- btood uR b r{our bro..:in
'\t's o, ta1*.)te p-ssr.,.<. (t-lo Vn*'re- in e.yac,55 a? 7
,ic-c.u\ BP I '-o/*o S qsto\t'c : pa = t2o rrvt r oF tlc^"'l*r)
lLl,l
I3\oad, Pre.str.,-re'The herr"rt musc-\es csnchrc-<-\ c^-no\ pr,rsh b\ood ot-,..h tnho \our hec'rtr. tlhds
c-onbrcr.cjdor\ rc\tEe-S Fhg- press\r,re- in qo\^r he.c^rf. fhe- Pce-SGur<- inocesrSe- tS
FrcLn,snni'5.r=-\ F\rouctrVt q.\ \o\rr c^{-\eried.,
{he. gea\s gre-$su"se ta ' \\'g\ B\oocl Proserrre', r.r.swct\\1 rnec.,.ns
FhcAts L\c>u-r rrncxiicv,"vrn \Sq6to\tc) b\oocliS htXxer- r-\ac\n nece-s6cs-l1 far [\cod circqq
.LOrs f$\ooc\ PTe-tSUTC-., @-t.Li,e.S q.:,.1 ho {<^ir^n+
b\c l\<- pres8ure i6rr'5 crdeqr-.rcr,te- h6 F.Jr^p
'rniliimelerx ol trnm ol \) 160 TnmuF }Vxrngrcu,rl Bc.rornet-rrc p ressui€
'Gc6eg o,rtd
'\n.,Y,eS o$ rnerc.unl (,n) 21,9L i^ Bo.rcrnel-rrc pl"eS8trre jot"tE. weqfher [-ocerc^gt1 n1
tlr,s. erqineerinl o'f'cl {
l,ncru,ritnr -'PooPS per \ucr.re (pu i )lnc\
ccA\ed SqS\o\ic- pres8 t'r.re.tl's 5q \tt nurn\oei ,\^ BP. , -. felrc\\c't\
51-,'g boGe- $Dressure i6 cc*\\edDicrsls\tL pressr.lr€. \t\ !'her nc.lZ"-' numler tn RP rer^clingS
+ ts). 8\o66 preEture mer.reureA r'n rvrrn c'S H3
ttL o,.l O,( O,(B\ood PresS-qJ.e-dtr.r,rq, 1 o1-\e <)--o \-*L?'r"F*'
"S":i'iit",, :lr'*l .::: i7x^ -'-1-T)' = ptrH
"H"xtll?O rrvrr oF llc.bso\t.:be. pre5Surcl
't1,r.^" B\ood Pressr.,r"re's rnerr8urree\ t D jcrstf,r\ ic= 86rnrn "G H3 g=f8ommcf H3
' Dn preSturieeS l-!.,e c-{gF, ptares c^ stet-hoscope 6vsc 'fhe c.rlc\ in qurr *.1-r\z[fux.,
")*1 re-\ecrseS Fbe- pressure urhi\e roafrr;\ri5 q. pre-ssLrre
^ t-\nnh::r"[\, ?4" c*,rFf Squec-sss the c"r\<r1 c^rnc\-e-r,tF5 oF$ Hng b\ood f\o.^:tthen VU,eSESErJre c\rogs be\or^\ tshe Gqt\o\tc pressuire. , H^. Pressurq pu\6e durr,ir
.€{rdn be-cr.k oF \,\uuY he-c^r-l to..e-s kVe c.rt<..1 opn lorr'eS\1 curc,\ cr.Slutrb o[* \
loloocr\ toe,s t-hror3\, Dr. recore\S thq preseu.e, rerr"dir'5 trshen he- heorS Fhe-b\aoc\ gklr+ \o F\rnv. Thts iS )0rirr €qshs\rc- Pre.*E,.r.re.
" flrt's por"\sin1 oF t+,e- btooA FhrouXh \oq.r cr"rFerq tas+s '.r-nhr\ Une c,upF gressur^e'fbcU)neS F\"" d,tiqlo\tc pne*s,q.a. 1her4 tte- c-r$er\ re;cecu'c,q ope.r\ c^6'6\nu.rr.rs\1
-c.nc\ *trre
6k>od $\o*3 6mocskh\.1 , h,\ Lro.nsihan 66.1 e-osi\.l behe*""I in hV.q stelhorcofs Dthsfb\r'c P<eSw
Page 38
7
Ph.lFtr, \3.n', Herrscrrt\ B\"crcj Pressore-Durt'n\ cr. gP rne{gsyennen\, c\ mercr^irq-fr'tted rt\o-nom€-Er iS ogecl hr rneosr-rr€-
H"* i.="surc- f n hhe e*FG, hJh€r^ tt^" <.^^Fe E{sS<- elu".\s Fhe slstd\tc pr€6E{rr
Hnr- hCXt"r oQ- H^.\ rnercr-r.r1 tn l{^l- opeh s,iclg r's \ 3{) rnvn h,'nher l+q;.n on tl.4tiole scirr neo+eJ \.2 H",e- cr.^FC. \dhc-.,"F'S H"e- pc^hiQnF! slst-o\lc prcE€ore-? 1(co mnrlt
'pne6g*e r\ Fr^e cr.,.F$.= pcr,htenvrs b\ma \DreAsure. putoocl= ff.Sf.eo(#3*$' peuft= \ o-bnn * pth ' ctensi\ oT H1= ti,Gooltsf,',. pobrrdc\3o nnrn otr \putood - pc--fF - \ c.-Frr -- P3\ h= o. \ 3orn
! u'w{rir \ r' Jpsroocl* p.g.\," = (,3, co;\'51-)(q , fo ^ls)(o, l$ono)pu\aos1= t-1.3 \<Pq
)h B\ooel .presaure in vnrn o$ \lt = heaqh+ diF$eren e- oF fhe. rner<-qry colovnn
tht€ (S uJv.,c^h Hne rrnipg "rr,""' o& \o fne.rql', (^ gc* q,c (oregtore- oL tiOrr^4\u-riV\ puts\r H"e- q,gen er.c\ oF c\ mercr.'r\ colr.rrnrr \3orn", hinh* H"c^\ l''|.,g
PresEuri"ect encl.
oP fhe nrrn
--tdh.l 6fl is bloocl fcce(sure MCc'sured u^tl F[,e- gc"]tenk arnr ha\ot c"] cdocrJF t'lne sorn<hoohr aS her her^rri'uThe
hqdroafcrht- pressur€ of o. Plu,U Vcln6 .if haqh+. A\k\n.u6h Ho-t^5 btdc€I is n<s\- tnhqclrr:Slcr,fr'e e.luiliuriurn, i!\ sh'll l-rrae Yled- BP ine-rec^se-S .ll t-he clrs.bc,-r,c-e- [do-,S
- the heorl, orr) decre.cses g-\oove-i\ lF Fhe- pc,Jnent he\d her c"rrn s1t-*r'q\l- rrg,|fe pressure e,.l.Ff ulcu\cj bc c+ dnf".rt.o d*LS crn a}r.,ve* l',i{- hrc-rF €^/,c} t-de- qr-s8ur€
r.Dc:tb) be l.esS Fnr*t frr( pre€Eore <!ts +h€- heo.'-+ U1 Ap =putec).g .cl a-Zlrnrn -P \
13. q I Buovcsrcl,tL" Th" F*"c*furce.
F".,t- Frp-Fa.*^oF c^ Huto\ = Buolcrnh $rc€.
The- r\ets Force cts \he- $1*g orlHne eq\{ode.r ts Hne- Euolo.r{r Eae Fne.h= ft
frp tFoo*n bte tbue
PreSau(Q- iS 6rec'-$ea c^1
t V.n- to5ffovn. t+encs*. ttrRCturd e.xert8 o- ne-buptacrrstr &>rce-
a-rou.dcf .a<- p\ rncglirrer.rrl b o u nclon$crr.lricl e pe,-re-^e1
oF pt..rtd
uc'.l blc llneFc.r,cel iS in
A rc;hi m ec\e-E' Princig\e r
* ftuilo\ ole-rhs c.-n ogr^ro.rd buo,lcr*h Gor<-e- (E*) on cLn
o{ec5 trnrnersecl in or St.=.Lna rr^ the &t,+,cJ, t'he-oC H^e- [ar,ror{cr.-rnt F"rLe- elu cr\s k{n* w olght
ot- [\e- St.rr'.\ drsg\or-erl hq l-he- otiec-+,Fts=B*yol3 ' '4
/ )orrri'. oF Tt,i,t) V"zoHlL"* ;,=;iKEiF-d'{ il" ^.,^u*r?fu,,Lohen o.r, "\tu.lt ..^'^.*liti'1. {t.e!}i$t
f-**L,f"tif ,ffi f{lt-T""i-:l}.ex.^ sWffi{l'H :Hffi,$:$"i:[.$
stc h'c- equi\ibrturn
Page 39
7Ph.t
6.-13,_6r ls l-he cco.,r' Gotr.t?-A croq)y.\ we{Xhl'ng 8.3ou t'n crfr iS SuSg+ncted undgrWc*}e.r frorn cr etrirrX. {trQ-
l^gnal"t in Hne *H\ is rnecrsorec\ tu loe, -?.t\ N . ts lhe erouln Fur<- g<>ldl\t=ll. blc- l-\re- c.ror*s-= ff:.= poVo$ , ft-S d*EF f1 p. = tTP;tl;|X ...,^-' lt:'",.S*o v6=vs !'r'| Vo-vs=tr*t-a \)
-?;:i;i.9.p po = ffi =ft-, = !9o pc- ?*yi^. ts tn 6bcx+.c- -qui\ibr,:.,rq,F."iTl
I- \,, (tO?t F- rro r-ne-\--o fFJ :Es y\-*\nro:oFB = w",-T
'ytloPr ="U=!.!?o= Fg No-T ncrcrurris dcrnsi\ -c.onsiclerc^jo\ \c.^r<-{- $fS^$^ - t ? p^..\7rnr"r.k--ql*i r /^ 9 - tr--9 l.l.t/ ? b{ner'F of Fure- td'ttt =\,13r toqlth
xThe clcrs€r fhe le-nt(<,o LT) (-il-* cq6rc,r.re,ni- t.leiqhf) is fo uf, [tlle c,&'cll *o6h0, fhe hryrtt'e densi\ oF bhe ob5ec-t-,
Fl"c"F ,. €in'Y-?- fvlcrXni tr,c)e- sg F's = pe V+'t , No = Po Vo 3\Buh 61 corr1po,und Obje,c\- [Au"X e,< c^ Sc+Jbcq Jrtver) pnc^.l.1 l.rcrv<- p f e.c-c.s oS vorlr^n5
ctensi\. Averc^te. Denei\ - YT\.,/ Vo ,
t1-,e- ,-..retnVrts oF q C-6Tngcl.rnd c,f.1ec-F (r)., = Pc.*t V- t^, * ftn objecl F\oerts cr ,sfn\e a1pedtnX on
. wheVt"'T eh: Tlu,,iol .)'*Oq (Pe) tS
larXer clr \rncr\\er lhun 1-he o,\{e.e*'5 cr"ue"i,^ry- derert1 @'t) .,-.\rAbi,,o-r- sin\LS @ obje-c$ F\ocrlrs (9 obJecf hc^s
Fo
rRn objec-b i b war'ghg
inoy'e thc^n lhe F\ncl it clr\tacstr ik o\ereiq t s
t+€^n tdr
.hn obj€.crF F\ocrtS onlVre <sr-rk^re iF i Fr.oer\hs \e6S lhcrrr Hng
T\otd dl dtsjtc.rzrt i i+sar/g e\erei\ tt \ets h{4crr
the a\er,.i\'ot h\e- F\utd
P^us < P*
Nerrfrte-\ Buorlon
.Sn objec* hcrncnS
rho\'un\ess in fhe &t^.rtc[ tl
r'F r-re-rlhE ela-tt.{ tf,. Eonr
tl.'t tLL S\^d tt o\*p\oces.t I hc-s ne..rbra'[ b*.,t*-1r'F ihs a"r3_ densi\ = den<rqoF Hne F\,^id
P*"3 = P*
Xrec.-lt-rsl the hud
L( es r.r) - (r.? I N)
(D oug..+ srn\t-S
,//' ,";i u
P*g >pco densi\
Page 40
72Fs
rov'r ob5e.c-fr O[-
cnnc\ vo\vnr€-
o\ensi\ po Pc-. fV9 iS $\oc^,hVtra c,rn c(" \f L\oq ro\eaBe o b\oc,\c o&
Wood u^d.rw.^,\-n-, th. *e-rcrl$\es it- 'fD Ahoot Fc, F'lne-
6t"rn$<r.c.e,
'Nor.,,s Flnc,.ts F{r,e- ob\e-ct iS $\ac.h\ Objec}- is, ectucr-\ bo F\e- vo\r.rrne Vg
oF Fhe dr\g\c.r-ec\ P\ufcf,iFs in Shc^h'c- e-c1ui\i\oriurnrrTh. t-rp,-e*ro\ FB e-rc*-ct\\ ba\crnrgs
\-he do.,.nr.so.r6 t,.lo T-l-re vo\urne oF dtsp\c.cec! F\,lld + Vo\.-rwre of klne- d,o3e
Fg = P+ V+ S = W- = PoV" 3 V+ =. Po Vo H"e- rro\ur.n€- oS S\"rclontl "..f,pt,.= h U\niGorrn PF c\rsg\ca-eA bia o\ F\oorn'".5dbJec.ts Inot- bos\tsr ho\lor^, Eph<-re5ror Objec-tr- o$ u-niFcrrr., <ilenS\ot-he-r o\e-c-t-s o& non.rnfter"n c.oY4?osihbY\)
I
& \3.Lt hJhroh hc's fhe Crrer^r-e-r Buo..l-o-nr frrce (
-A blocl oF (ron sin\<-s F" H.,e- boFf.rrn oF q ve-tee-\ a>J- tsc.Ler t..rhi\<- c btoc,'l( oSt^loocl
Dl {-he- €crme- Eits t\o..-}-s. On dhic,h $ t-f.r- buoqc^n1- Sorc-e qrec'-Fer?' TL\e--1 buolc^+rt {or<-e- = Fhe- vol,.-:c,.rQ oF L$c*-tsex- cllsglac-rd. Tl^a' ,}orl }o\gc-\< fS
C-ornplele\y Sub.rner+d , So il dts?tc.ce cr- vc-,\,.Jrnq oF l'.sc^-\'or- = Fo i:fs ouyn .wetlvrv><,
Tr- u-tc>s) bioefi 4/oo,tS, Se it i,'spiacr-s ontl fhe- fzr^rfrtn o(- ihs Vol.-rrne- +,lLa^+
It w\del ttcrler, t^)htcj^ is a-e8S ,th"^n l'*S or)h vol,r"nq* 'Ge trg on lh<. \con b\ocla- iS Grrec+e-r ltlc.n or^ &he- t^rooel bloc,l(
L', Y\ Lto vr'd
-9otr rne-ec\ t'u o\e-Fcrrrninq Hfte denti\ a€ crn c:nk{r.'u.Jv1
Fto."rs in t-hrs \qurd ull "l,hc^ o& d1-.e- stcle- o$ !'t,e-
bloClz* cS ?\c,c-ed in u>cr-F<-r., iF o*\to F\o"^r1 br,rt w\
ru denqr ,& ffu Llnlt-rt
[tqu,'d, lou rrroh'se tAuh o- t\"c,\qbt<ic.\<. ELt\cr*erc-r-q1,, U{h4r^ F,,l^a
5 't ,-r-, u , Ul- er7cA. t"thcrt'3d ? $.al<" disp\c.. FS Vdluryre V.-, = A h*
r Vut= A \r,-, =T vo ( Povo =PrA.h* )I R\".t dr^gg\c'c-e5 vo\\r\,,nQ. Vw =A'h* o& fhe wq,\e-t
Vw=A.h*=kU., (VaUo=p*R h*)++= { worr'g/-s
l. t.q CW.l?* =
P*=Boc.bs and Bcr\\oons
{1,re- w hF oF v\.ei-t{ Fv€ The fouo.lc"nf F*.rSboo-t \
oF ertr..rcr-\ ka frhe- {.,-}eth}
\ 3oo t'? / vns t mosFh Li\cer1 G tyerrn)
'Buo.1c.'."1 ' F\o\r^h.on o-pp\res bu ",,11
l[,ur
Even Wroulh fh.- trg clue- to c,.ir r\, srnalcn ob\edr wi\\ $\oco\- r'n c^.-r'r l'F ,'f we-.rthslhe urc"ter drrs
Fhe hur\\ \e'ss +f.c'^ Hne Grr'r tF a\tspk-,,.ees,
"8. r. !ccl-\\oon to C\oc.tr, it- rnwsts beis h\\erf rnr\ ct S..s l-hc,"F hr,,s q Lawex"Ttr-te. vo[r*me- oG wa}er C\rsp\crc,ec\ o\ o sVre.\\
f{ocU LorXer {darr flnevote,^s .f f\q-hut\ iFse,\$ dersi\1 thc{n Wa^l rF c^rr.'A bo.^F sfnKE un!,| the \NerBh+ 4 dtxpetsed wa\e,r= We{gh} ".l the te<'t
&\.t'd Oe c\enei\ p r
..'ft" subrner3e-cl vo\srna .>t gne
f "/,h-=?*K,hwP.^ = -h;P *
g\ctccc\
tsog\o11
Page 41
7Por. \o
13"1 ', \-bur Bi- \Al hc\b c[r'e.-rrre-fcX- Fnu S ts cr* he\.!'m - R'\\ "c,t
t'.oa,\!oov-r \ra,v e- kb f\ oc'-t w t Fh r^eubvp
buo1"-r'04? T\'e- rncrsS oF t-4',e e-mP\ bqllo.,n r's 2 uX-l\e
bo\\oon v\il\ lloar wherr ifs we^3ht t\e''thr of flre e{r,,ph,{ bqltooi t-tlrel$F of helit^nn)=
the letght of ll"e or1 r.t disp\c^rs.
{he. vot.rrrne oQ -V{"te bc"\\oerr= Vbc..\\o-n
'th€- we-r3h\ ok l-he c\isp\c,.<-<d c!-I'r is: ttJo.'r = pc-irV<.rf '3 = pc.-i1-V'o..rr,*rn.t
(rhcrss .$ ea'te\ bailuic'n)
flne rye-rX\s is ". W.o\\",o^: {Y\b'3t'p*.Vs' 3
Bq,llen wfil Flocr-t r,.thj.{n tLose- Sz>rr=s ary eR'-reJ\ Vc.i'r = Voc.$eern
poi"Vu -{ = * ,'{* P.=V u'{ V. =-m-" -
U" =
A sphere h<rg \o\trrnQ V= C'€) F farr- ?wo' "=/3vo
Yt = /E--'(1&,"t-dlv3 r=o.6-Ts rn\'\"/ \ .t.rr / o\r'arte\.r- t5<-rn
o.octZUS,, =t.&rro-3*{\.3F3/-3 - o.r1Yns
@-s\tfol- ar'r ba\toona-Tf$-r,tcrJ w\ e^ \ow-d\errsi\ t.^St lr\r:+ at.\.Gas-s e-x[ae.no\ vpon he-c,.hn1 , Vhus \o*"-r.'3 Vhetr clenst\.USr'\ t'1^4- ioLe-c.,-t-3as lqt,.: i o\<-iei\ oS tOo"a €r-r'v rs on\u1 J1"/. fhe clensi\.rgfoofvr-tservrp. 4ir crl- ZO"c-.
A burst .* {-\.u*. \o.p<rs lhe densttq oF Hne c.ir c-nc\ Y\"-AS Fhe- bol\cron's wer3hl=
t-hc.n lhe werQhl- c€ 04.e "ort<rVh"e, \ac,,\\oon riEeS t^rVren its we-ighh be-c-orne-S \esSo.rr i + haS alrsp'lo. .c\.
l3. E: Flurcrs r^n Flohon
' Aesurnphcrnt cr,bout l'he eimptified rnode\ of cm lder+\ F\uriJ i
i-" Tt e $\,^id ts \ncomlrregsibte.Vertl good grssurnqh'on tar \iqudS 1 but- o,\so
€x Even ttjltrn q IOO rngh Wtncl slc.rns inh) a-
?-,Th* P\crr^r is SSer,.d.1Tlle frluid ve\cci\ at ec&h gorht-Chand{e wftd hme. FI ow vncJ.er
?,The f-L,a is Nonviscous.hlc\her Q\"-s fnuc,h fnore ecr-ti\1 thcrn co\c\ pcrnccr.\ce 6q.erp bf c fl.e sc.1rr..r1r is a verl v,scous
\'iqutd . Visco"i\: Resistc"rr-e- to Slcrur , 6d e,r€surni5 .^, €\u'd fs ^or\viscoss :
crsscrrnin3 pc,,rhc\e's fnr:hbn is {rich'onless, FctSes hcl,ve- u*\ lcw vrsco,si\ , r;,,ttc\ erei'l
. t'nro^1 liqurdS oJe- we\\ opproxir"rc.+ec.l c.s ber'n3 honvr\ccnS.
hotcJs resonc,Jolg we\\ fo. o rnovinl Xc*\wa-il, ils clensi\ anlT otntgcs ) oA'vF lol"
tn Vhe Ftrrtd r's aons\unvy i+ does nov dluc*uc-*e orkhe.Ee condihbn8 = L<,-rn{ner.r F\o.r
Page 42
7
the_ &1uarhan aF Gnfinui!Lz The Volt,rne oF an f crornpressib\e
h ynakh"d bq cLn eqLrcrl vctlume
'Fl.:.^r is F:rsle-{- in fictvrow<r
Pc_,.I I
V, Ar= Vz Az€lvicl enFerinS one p.rL ol a hu"be or pipe rvlu6f
lenvtno 6l0wngtre,$p*{-sJ oF o. fuue
6\ower- \n Wialer \
. VO[u rne- t=\oW Eer\e (.C{ ) t s(uni6 - ''/s) oe = AV = V.A
'An \clecA Ft.ri"\ hc.t'Ree^\ FLutds hrcwe
c^.ts +{,€- h-bds c.o cr\\ Hnc.n clb iFs ce;nte-r,b \Je* c&r\ Ah\\\ LrSe. t'i"-oSe equc.-krbns i€ de-
9x,l 1 3 .? : Speed oF Wc.v"- Hnrough c^ \\"se.- A gc.rz\efr FroSe- hc.s c.n tnstcl.e. o\rt-r^.e.t<r- .:t \G.^."t . Y1n"e- h.rSe carr S"\\ cn lo U\ouo\ce} in 2os.a. \Nhc,,1'g Vhe- speecl oF Fhe- Vvcu\e.r ouh oF !h<- ernd o& &r- hose-?b. tlU,-t clic,sre-lcr floeZl@ r,oo,rld CCruAe Lt,e- u,c^.Ft-r tr. e-xit ,^[ e Sgeec] tix grea]er
b. 4= vA ravncr^ns <rlnsv<$s,6t: +u rncrease .r b1 4X, rnusl t?drce. A b.{ {rA de,pandS on ,t , sa A ts se.d.,c-ed
l0e€ctec,\ nrreele clrc.rrne-ve-r-: K rnrn
b' 13.1:, BloocJ Flor"r in Cr^pil\ctrie-s.
- Th- vo\nirnq t\o.^' r*c,Jre of lo\oocJ \e-c.r\b.dt r's c.,bcr.jts 6L/n^r., C-" a-gertcl^ a-t
t \ {x iF fhe- rcrdtus is recloc--d b.1 Zx
FL'.e hec,'.rts h, circr-r"\c^!, € !hro5l-o,if il-t\. A\\ HniS lot"oc] <t"entusltl fnvsd- pdts-s
lh'rouq\ *he sr,.--\lesf .rF b\ood r.iesEe-\S [fhe- cr^4t\lor''es\.
\g,t-f cr,.pi\\crg: Garn in clic'rw+c.r, /e.ngd-h= lrnr-, , Gu3 spe.ect od bloocl SloW: \r-lSq,. 6shms.Fe fhe bok^\ nurnber o( capilkuies in $fie- 'krh1b.Eshirrrc"he ++" +DFc^] surfue<- c\,rec\ oQ al'I I'he. ec-'-prllc+rt'eS.
aThe Vcllume tlo* rc-,"|€ *trrouqh a\t &rpiltc'ries mruf e1'"r.J *'loe vctlurne pJoL"J rate lauirut ,ffi*a. A = sEor.Ht*ffi = s'*r.ljt *7s ' o"o* = firz ' 'r l
. A,.,r*t = 1} = 8x tcis % ,= o, oot rn2 = n (3xto-\nn)?v uJo..--|" N =ffi = o,ootrnz
le, A= Cirournfirencr. X te-ngHn Ar,,rt.,ce= [J.A f(3 rrtikr"'1'= 2 rt r.-L =(3xlo'Xero-t^9 lt)= 3 r\ol ,
ft=zw(3rto-!',.'1(o.g0lm) Ase.$c^a€-^= Gornz 'Lhr!c^\ p ok' crr8'l\orlcs
n - - .- -Eng-F"uJ*ff""-="^1 J**-r. arect o( c*g t4u &^4)lkLrte.sA = Zrlo -r
use {'t e A'S s pe=d oG {de &l,rrd
b, v* Q*
Ll"'c"rr Fhe sg..-d ins\b\e lhe-
o. Q :AV" : le! : <>.5 '/sAY 2ag
=*iL- = s.oi!Ei:.1:-Trr2 tf (o.o o [Lrrn)L
h.>se?t L= \OOO nnL = \Oi -*,= = \r:'= n'
Q:5.0 Krd'\ m37t
= €. 2,5 m/s
5re-t
pc.r\Sc-ontburrt- c,,.ts c-\\ 1>oinbS tn A h,,"bg
Atno $rtc\.rov. W\ Fhu- wc^\\s aQ ifs t-wbe L:p.ea =constg.ntJVtsc-osill So l-hs,V {'{re- specd o{- fhe- 9\uic\ is d''ff<rert+
Page 43
IPe,.tz
tr\ofd oa-rht-\e. .Ve\odt1 is.R"#. _--- V{-loc,\fi,t rStcrnr+nrtto tH.
tl t ndu,5,I6hrec,urn\rne-NherE ttre
"po..-Fic-\e oF S\utctu underSor'n3
arrc\ k{o r.rxrbe.:r- iS tt'\ccry\prcssibt<hnc-r-rlntscr,in ihs ide-vrh\ c"t iF Plo,.iecJ.
&er.1 Pluid PathcF tlt{ mcdceS
up +4,e alefienl
6eve8 Oh ltSoWn As the Sluri:,{
elemenF rrrsves, ih
Re4"*sen\ Flutcl l=tow', Sh*^,,v.hne.g &rvc^ trturcJ Ele.nrerrts
.6tfecrrn\l n g I
The- gc^-Fln or hrcicclr"l Cu\\o,-'c-o\ l,t1 qler,r"ir,"r..- Fl<r.^s . 9tc lhc- Ft.r.,- is gftcrcll*4"e- ht"1 ot"op a& rote'r-c-c\ cpc-"'\e'^r- Luoutd
c) strec^n lrnes nevcr- e.ross
Shaurr\tnc.s q.ye 6.\o6er $65p1.kr ct srncrll Volume o€ €luidf---\ .-- _louf itE Votume
3 lmgorlanF PnT..t n* 'F 5Fro,r,,rlrhe-S a. voturn< ecrnhc r'n\ nn,r*tr.,1 \" l"era61hg con 6dcrnl-
pcrrhutes oT frtutd'\lc,s Gr'r ocfucr,( shcqe ooe\ vo\urn<
t3.Lo : Fhatd D1oc"mtcs- -;
--A *\urcll[_llt\, t- 6pecc\
e\eynerrt coc,3l_t <+ Skavlq
iret*"**:tia:-*H"%_*\h't!f,\p"." j\H-.tr\^,er - lD y=s€ uye- s tcl[e
z-7As Fhe. Fturcl eJea"..r.1t SlouOS \.|"rroSl. t'l.rp- necJ<,
i+ sperds ug. Btc it is crcceJerc+i13, Vnexe
PtrS\- be a\ g"t - e\cjnq .'ra 'i\9 Flq'd eLemert ts poshecl h.rn boHn ercts
Vdq Fhe E.lrroondtn3 Ftutd {*" ?cessure 6r.es)
6et-= F'-Fra-=tp'-?L)A = AApflle.r3,'s c! Fnet- on t{.e F\urcj e.\ewrent 1 crrr.rsl\
,?re.S6ure dli+eeref,rce Ap b<_hr.reen f,he LPregture Gnadienh
n\.a" lhe gesSuTe \s chc'\\ Fro* onc poin* in cr. f-t,rrr:l ru <,.r\1"r-bPfg$:we |?"rrcr.5 61.u ec11;sect iq grc"5€t,rc- qncrcl,te.nb5
[An ldecr\ F\utd crccalef,e.hes whe-re.ver t\e-re's c^ ?re6ser€- qpc.clienv)
Bernsu\\i CFQe-ck ',
" ihe \rretture iS hiXher al cl ?oiot a-\crn3 a eira-mline u)here. t{".. P(ur^cJ rs
fovinS 6lower , ^' Press.iVeciruri Tobe
ig, Lclwer wh e-re lltz Flur'cj \s Y\crvr\c.r €tslrer&; [^ u- {,t:,X\strs8:i*?i':.il{:{riaqf"l,iffi..*q'i -K*" ru:ii"+3t
Skorn\tne
F lur'cl Elerrrelt: Shcqc- uq c,hsntre
-I-Rf\.
I
tb ta dncrnlc specot tF (hete.\ o-8*c-ul.
B \c tr= p A , *" .F,:ffir,fi") s" hlthT-
gressure SicI€- is \c.-rcre.r Hngn \hs tocce-
ovr t-he \c,wer-- p."[;Lit :lfiL
SlowY'm0vt4\uv:\,hiq\er ffi*^l ff ft*,'i*l"tx ry":.i?, €fil ffi JF Pffi 5j'' loiuZF Press{rre-'' A?:P'9(d'-ds)
Page 44
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Lf+t
.The- &lvre\ e\e.ync-nh [oll'*rs d-k&
5Fre.^"n\tnq.s Cudund lhe hi[[, *4re"nt.1hr-e Fhcr,F qc4n give it ct cerrfrtgefc..l
ctcce\€rqhon is a press.rte &rc.d,t,e fo fhe air abve qnct belor.t r'
c^cc-e-\<rc.hcln "t-a: L, the prqurre$ear l,|re
prcs6ur€' 6rcrclienk <4ti€es l4T eCenhri pehol fucc.e
'6rfiCr,r"r
OrY ptalewlhq#-.c
atre- clr>ser \OXellr''t*, (no64- be- L€sS \4^c^rf
the pc.trr,.s cr-l- gli
TL'e pre.s$ulr€- drf,$eren<-r.
kt",<- L €rds p\J6hes cLtr
bl.
Vlrvro".tr\n l{ne- [ru-rrov^-)'N.Jcrbt,re,l Ar'r Gn6[h*\
&e fo orEsEureaFth)p'
- Wod( -Pzv
\rVolurncr:AzAlew=tp,-p,)v fHls
\7/\AS t-l^e stlsilorn rhov€.$,
t\Nlork. ts ctotre- on its _,/I rhe- vc-(u*Is .,F u.e
shc^sled cq\'nd<rq eu€/ ealUc^,{l
bq the- R,,rcc. R dL'e tc, i .f"J*|re sre6srvra F, oF- r?> Pr€ssurel_Lu ,,F1,,.:.1 Fb{dLteft aF }rattr\l-hg'$lv,Ll bo{de-teft 4F }'6ttt\ \or{t +t"re 6,qStth\, Whilg *worl(tS d<.,ng otr *tre 3r{Sk-rtr lan t-hefurcc. F1 clue b p. c$ tti fltrSto tlne- rr'ght of '1'44e' Slsreetn
. k,=tpV.rrz q"t kr=f;pVur'AK= l(2*\(, =i pr'nf -5. pvr,2
ALI =1.\z--Ldq = pVg.Lla - pVq..l,
ryAF4-A'AXtG
A Sho"r\- krrne- At tc-te-q he-sqshewr \"c^5ryr<.,ved \o be !2e-\D€-€tl ptc.rres b crno\ c-l
Ptn* pnr"" pg 1==p, *) pV,'rpt.{,Bcrnc'otlf b 6c1. rela-h\ gressor<-lp), spe,ec,l (V) r a-rd
'A pc.rh'c-\e a\So urrclergoeS c-t\ crcrelercrh'on t$ il charrges il-s Dtrecl-,zrn ad- mah?*,
f\nc. preSsurc r'S-Po-rmos t11he,fe +he- mta-'.Ihe- c,:irrcl
F Qttg( aL\orrrrhs.hitl -)
Grurrdl lhe reqrirn Cenhri Pclcr.\ oucc.eJerakr'av->oF cr- gturd e..1,<alre-rt+
. {fp op-low ove)( oJt\ - 4 F,,?v - A praSSur€ qvaclie.rtb fS
n<€cded |u clcrelerc..fe, t|r-a.tr er.r^ard tha er.sved t;?ffSur&rce cF ,tl"e- *fr\, th"t [{,e
crir ju5f ctboue dAa c*rrh3 rs
l5 hr[hrr l"l^e{r th.e presfure aktttQ., b1 crec"f,'n5 .-'ne3vc'\
Wte;S A ne# r4ocrrc! Surce af\ pre-s8ureS Crbole orrd
dtL€- r^rrht. This is liPf. be-\eryr
Bgrnot^\li's Equahon"The fvioirinq Seqme.vrt of S\*rio\
Sq.ste.,rn &""t4^e "purpoe oF
"pd'linEnuq,a Akt AU:\d-word- UonC b1 PreS,Sti?€ ftt'e67
WsWr ttnta -1b,V-91V
lower fes6u,re.'tilre d."^,.; h$n,.l-* "* \{re grc.,unc\, trJLrere t-he sdlrqmlin<
eNcrhor8.
Tc-tt,ttron \,C.trrw<.'cf kr,t-f,{
"-qs the-g1Slerrn w]dw5,
Vra\hr L1) 6r en1 Z
foS,3:r'*q5H5D= k{,P'}-Ai4 a\,t w
por\rvts (n an ide4l €lqd
Page 45
& t3.ror
7
pdpe- tiso F t\re-
f cr,ocnn
* 1Q6tucl'\ lhe pip sfeeble il "on*Ko-s Vr tVi .
*Cncrin'i\ ele-vc^hiclcr a\so
1 o. o z0."r) L
Vz-* [t.ZS mlS
Pr=f5kPc^Fic..kr,.tp, = l-?G, 3ooo Pca
p 2 = "l5 kPq " (- 5,r.r B) . (- Iq. b), pz = Ll, b Z \<Pq -, LlQ ZO Pc^ + \ c,.tsrn
P z-= \o 59Oo Pc,' i-
clecrecrseS fhe prex6ul-e
trdu\rPq lhe preggssg
pr€ssr,r€- drops b{w:po'm-S 3 *4 I
P€56ure'toinoa 1
reErrJn, Phe Pre5S1*'€.cu '*es H"a glj,d t-D
oY't +{lL v scosi}r4 oF llre- Pl,ttd ,
Vtscoeihes oQ 'F\\,ric\S L'l?r,b\e- 13.8)
\n the-se rellms, c! Preisure grcrclient
fs neeclc€J stlnpll h> )1c€-p fhe Sturbt rn<rvr\with qovr.shcrnt- sg..c\
A fiectt FlutVJ feluireg a pres,uyre diFFerenc€.
bt- Fhe- encl5 oF q d\,rbe Qa \ce.e? tl"e $\utcJ
?rcsso''re" di€€rence ne.ecled tD \lF i{he F\utd rn.vrhg::
x Pr6poc['crrc"\ Hne c-onSta$F o&
x\qyglse\.aprog.rtrLn<\
IDA
+b r/a.vg and L #1nd L t-./ -,op:ml#prriyrftonq\\
r^nihS4*tha'lg,,r
oS vis"^ihj(!!s o.po'nrz
l{"e h.rbe'ftn \c\e-q,\ F\urd, t.rrlh\=o) tAilt k 4f,1ourq trrlo crnl ?rEs€ore. [email protected]
'A morc vfscr:us C\,lic\ necd,s cr tcr.rrttll-
h^o\n\ c^.b conS|urrt eP<4: The Sfee depencts pre^ssur€ d;$Cerenc-e- b p,rsh i| l-hrroulh
F lur'ol.\ir (Zo?-)
'Wo,Fer [zo'e)'Walert {O'c,),W &ler (bo.c)
Q (P"^'s)I.6 r to- s
\.0 n ro- 3
0,1x lO-j-4.0.5rlO J
{r'Visccrsi\ o$ hncrnl \tquicrsdecrecrees Vg{aY rcrgrdtg ,-'itsh
texnpevcrttr,re {-' Nhote bloocl tarz) 2'b'to3
'Hdbrof\ (-o'c) 3xtos'f'lohur oi I [{o'c) o. oJ'l'tcttr o\\ ttoo'c,) 0, o\,I'funeq (ra'c) (ooo
'lt>n4 (tto'c) 2o
P5Ll.
. ocl li1^e UPP€I- PtP€-,_pt = p.'r pv,t - t p u.t .Pt.1,- pty z V, A,.=VzAz
vz-= *, u,
' ! p ((5. o"ls) z- ( r t, 2 s -l s) z) r p n. S)(";!'li=. _(o . o3o rn)',6. o q
$lcurs HnrouS\ Hnre- gipe.-3 6hc*,-vr l2€lcr-.r. Tlte- q-rcrber& spe.cc,\ {-1"a,-,6h hlre- lri.^'er:5.0-15 aq\A cr ercsau,r<- gc^*ie rcc.d.s -15 kPc(. tr:hcr.Ps Hnc- rer-djn1
{) res sur€- tc\r$e of\ Hne uP Pe{- Ff P- ?
\n +hrsqrcrcliel*"sge-el uP
Page 46
7
The re\octtr,t
iS ZCn5 on &he
\^rod\S oe the h^be,C'fxc t*rer o[- Ptuid in contraeF,^riFh tte hrbe cLlesnrtrvuve
"Cf.c.I\)bq\V,*s d€Fsi6 tu ioui\d otr
lhe fnsrbi\e r,ro\\s .lt o. hu,"b e,
'Uncr-bte- lo c,,hcrra,clerf+e the Ftcl,^, oS cL.
G.rrtrb lcr-r Dt
PorSecri\\eb
a) Visco.:s F\,-rid
$1.o*' sgcecl (v)
b t\e pr?ssvr€-bl.^r llne eno\s oF }te pp
b) lctrea"\ Fluic.,\
11nq vc.locih{ b ttletcxnne <f otl gortnts
ip the tr-b<-
R+ =-o ,9 Z Rt [17, clerr"ose)
- n ghehoBt3 = hOtrrur+l\ o{- qo\.i(- c11.terl dve- Fo hfldp of plia,iue aegrsi{S o,t th,e. tht*t?r a,a-l'|, lF or
Sgcltcrn o( an uter7 lr,,s ncrrrvve) b1 Kt.,Lt1,rrhcr,\-'l. t1^us+ +he b\ed Pre.Eaura e\i[ffererce-
bl"r lhe riCr,rronrecJ \ech'cnE increuSe b trcE b\a"d flo*,13 a^+ \{re
$AE=L8 q L.Q),/"rnust tffir.n uncvurrcld i$ dhe- arlertlFo oleJi.r.r lhe trrrne F\o.o rcrhe- APs= Ki;
aPi "=/,]:;\q ^P;
=H:;^'ap. =6ft7'a'Pr#g \
R,' Api= \Lc' aP+(i"l q
ek(onze)r " r; tt,trbLt,ki
5q*crhbn
\k- decrccegeS a1urrrrkr.tcn, t-l&<- Cgc.:lgf,- !
: veloc-r'lr,rrrrcrx f6ptlag"^-5
c-crtter 4kuloe-,
L^Je ccu"r 5,ht\ cle-$t'ne the Av€rc/"(devrEcor.rS \iluicl b\ . SinXte
P\".o specA.I Direcl-\.l progorbrqncr\
cltPTcrer'.-- tAP)vou3= S*'Apf\o\J.\ rc^be A=tf $." o.{\ \o\ecr\ F\*.ir<r\ Q=vA
t3uSF re-p\cr.c-e- V r.^:ith |\e- c^^.3 6f"-..1 Voul r uSiS h= TrR? Sor .^ circorcxr- \o!r
() = {qvg A = #*'fifilil'';,3; T',;-TJ,l'"in\crgfh L.
r Ver^,{ $bronq QroporhonoJ cl<4err1e.nc-e crF lhe S\".,s oyr t4-',e *abet €ec,l,Vs
't$ pu doubte. tfre- fuberts rcrrJ(ut , l-he g\<1,^r rE^*e- ,^r'll rhcrer^se b7 q.
f"o*..,.,t_ f=lG.c-.rngfo<_f [.Flo.^, rc,-l-e o\egencl3 on the- qg'ec\ oF VV,e tt U<, c-r.:\rneV1 rS tro1orsron<-\
.I qiuH" | - h" \Zt ; L*y tqUes ccrrrl rnore- S\.^.r'cl,
K dqerUen.i L. (V^u 61ysr.at€- tpece\ lvnvg) is \cuc1.cr -int \c,-rqer t ^be- bte t\e. <rrrteroF Fhe h-:L1 u)tlue l1.e &b- ,'s ,&sF.s+, r'5' fr^-H.-+. Fto,n 1-he--"c1rct3"
Corcepfur-r,( exer-be-cl bq H.re '..r€.1\, Ava-c.ge Speecl iS e"\go grogochtru.^,\ b,J'R?
ts
Ag+ " l.Lt APi X Presstrre ai9$crence rnosf tncrtc.rse-
b1 L{07, to rnc.ltvtcu'q the- Plo.*-r
Page 47
7
{ti.tt,
ceilcrr,fc-r,k *he gre.s6w. l!"apu l-^ ont e.t'ol
VotumePlour rc,*\e of b\<pcl leavl'n3 l{re hec^rF lo circc.,\s.,le- *h."r5h }he bodl c 5L/rrt;n 6ro,19*&{15L/" tn- Kxlo-s miA N=3rtot<resiltc*ies !""tttt' l*,i , a.yg*p*l o[-brc=q[ .Fl*3o**
Q*p= fu=r*. - g*lti'*7s =2.1* tJ'-'%
!""tttt' lrnm , ayg epeect oFbt.=c[ .Fl.o=
C,{ia-rtreter= 6*i fhIl= 3.0'r,,10-um
L *'nls,
1..\ 3"toiAP= 6rl.L'Qfe
TI-RYoP'-8 x lo-3
Tr ( 3.clxro em)'l
Pc^
2\ooFy lg:+#fi't, x@_nrlof-ES-= \5.:;LIPBxrdpq \ qg.r s'
= lb rv*ma ,S\q
'Ihe c*5 btoc,.a pre6sur<. prr:vrD\ccl la1 H^.e h€c^rl (or3?I,16ta\fc- c.r.d
AJooLJl \0o tnnrl oS' \. P.c"*,r'- hc.S de-<ra'6eA +.5 35 rn-nenfers t-he nc,rti\\c.x-ie\ Qld t exft5 &r*, uqillqyte-S i rrlzTh.ts the, ?rcssuv€- dr.c? cucross {'tre. a^qi\\ancs it \f
cl,brE\'r5\r\ gtE€6"".) tsb.1 *de Hbae b).F,"t
d^e- qteths a,v 11 nrn.rv", oF b
Ab - Zl 22, Otub
AP = z\oo
