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Physics Project File
Logic Gates
Made By
Shashwat Pandey
XII DRoll No. 2
!
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Inde"
2
S.No. Contents
PageNo.
I. Introd#ction !II. Princi$le 2III. Basic Gates %
IV. &R Gate 'V. (ND Gate )VI. N&* Gate VII. N&R Gate +
VIII. N(ND Gate ,IX. -X&R Gate /X -XN&R Gate !0
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*eachers Signat#re
Acknowledgement
First and 1oreore3 I wo#ld e"tend o#r dee$est
gratit#de to the (lighty Got 1or showering lo4eand grace on e and ade e co$lete the$roject.
I wo#ld li5e to a$$reciate the coo$eration and
4i4acity o6ered 7y e colleag#es and 1riends
%
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that ade this $roject easy and 1easi7le. *heyhel$ed e in the doains o1 creati4eness3designing3 anaging and in deostration o1 new
ways to acco$lish y tas5s.
Sincere than5s to y 5ind and hel$1#l $hysicsteacher Mrs. 8$asna 9handra3 who alwaysenco#raged e in y $rojects and its
co$letion and in the recti:cation o1 y do#7ts.
Shashwat Pandey
Principle
( gate is de:ned as a digital circ#it which1ollows soe logical relationshi$ 7etween thein$#t and o#t$#t 4oltages. It is a digital circ#itwhich either allows a signal to $ass thro#gh as
sto$3 it is called a gate.
'
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*he logic gates are 7#ilding 7loc5s at digitalelectronics. *hey are #sed in digital electronicsto change on 4oltage le4el ;in$#t 4oltage< into
another ;o#t$#t 4oltage< according to soelogical stateent relating the.
( logic gate ay ha4e one or ore in$#ts3 7#t ithas only one o#t$#t. *he relationshi$ 7etweenthe $ossi7le 4al#es o1 in$#t and o#t$#t 4oltageis e"$ressed in the 1or o1 a ta7le called truthtable or table of combinations.
*r#th ta7le o1 a Logic Gates is a ta7le that showsall the in$#t and o#t$#t $ossi7ilities 1or the logicgate.
George Boole in 1980 in4ented a di6erent5ind o1 alge7ra 7ased on 7inary nat#re at thelogic3 this alge7ra o1 logic called BOOLEANALGEBRA. ( logical stateent can ha4e onlytwo 4al#es3 s#ch as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF,CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTINGetc. *he two 4al#es o1 logic stateents onedenoted 7y the 7inary n#7er ! and 0. *he7inary n#7er ! is #sed to denote the high4al#e. *he logical stateents that logic gates1ollow are called Boolean expressions.
)
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(ny Boolean alge7ra o$eration can 7eassociated with in$#ts and o#t$#ts
re$resent the stateents o1 Boolean
alge7ra. (ltho#gh these circ#its ay 7eco$le"3 they ay all 7e constr#cted 1ro
three 7asic de4ices. =e ha4e three di6erentty$es o1 logic gates .*hese are the (NDgate3 the &R gate and the N&* gate.
L&GI9 S*(*-S
! 0
>IG> L&=
?4 &4
&N &FF
9L&S- &P-N
RIG>* =R&NG
*R8- F(LS-
@-S N&
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Basic Gates
;a< *>- &R G(*- is a de4ice that co7ines ( with B to gi4e@ as the res#lt.
*he &R gate has two or ore in$#ts and one o#t$#t. *helogic gate o1 &R gate with ( and B in$#t and @ o#t$#t isshown 7elowA
In Boolean alge7ra3 addition sy7ol ;?< is re1erred asthe &R. *he Boolean e"$ressionA
(?B@3 indicates @ eC#als ( &R B.;7< *>- (ND G(*- is a de4ice that co7ines ( with B to
gi4e @ as the res#lt.*he (ND gate has two or ore in$#ts and one o#t$#t.*he logic gate o1 (ND gate with ( and B in$#t and @o#t$#t is shown 7elowA
+
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In Boolean alge7ra3 #lti$lication sign ;either " or.< isre1erred as the (ND. *he Boolean e"$ressionA(.B@3 indicates @ eC#als ( (ND B.
;c< *>- N&* G(*- is a de4ice that in4erts the in$#ts. *heN&* is a one in$#t and one o#t$#t. *he logic gate o1N&* gate with ( and @ o#t$#t is shown 7elowA
In Boolean alge7ra3 7ar sy7ol ;
< is re1erred as theN&*. *he Boolean e"$ressionAE @3 indicates @ eC#als N&* (.
The OR Gate
AimA
TO DESIGN AND SI!"ATE T#E OR GATE $IR$!IT.
Componn!"#
*wo ideal $n j#nction diode ;D!and D2
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in the $resent case< corres$onds to le4el !. *he o#t$#t @ is 4oltage at 9w.r.t. earth.
*he 1ollowing inter1erence can 7e easily drawn 1ro the wor5ing o1electrical circ#it isAa< I1 switch ( H B are o$en la$ do not glow ;(03 B0
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The AND Gate
AimA
TO DESIGN AND SI!"ATE T#E AND GATE $IR$!IT.
Componn!"#
*wo ideal $n j#nction diode ;D!and D2
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The OR Gate
AimA
TO DESIGN AND SI!"ATE T#E NOR GATE $IR$!IT.
Componn!"#
*wo ideal $n j#nction diode ;D!and D2
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T%)!$ T'+#
!%
In$#t ( In$#t B t$#t @0 0 !! 0 0
0 ! 0! ! 0
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The E%NOR Gate
AimA
TO DESIGN AND SI!"ATE T#E E% NOR GATE $IR$!IT.
Componn!"#
*wo (ND gate3 an &R gate3 three N&* gate.
T$o%& 'n( Con"!%)*!ion#
*he o$eration -XN&R chec5s 1or the e"cl#si4ity in the 4al#e o1 thetwo signals ( and B. It eans i1 ( and B are not identical ;i.e. i1 (0and B! or 4ice 4ersa
