Physics to Be Studied

8/6/2019 Physics to Be Studied

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Physics (from Ancient Greek: physis "nature") is a natural science that involves the studyof matter

[1]and its motion through spacetime, as well as all related concepts, including energy

and force.[2]

More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understandhow the universe behaves.[3][4][5]

Science (from Latin: scientia meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds andorganizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world.

[

Branches ofScience

A

y Acoustics: It is a branch of science related to the study of transmission of sound waves. Itusually refers to the characteristics of theaters, auditoriums and studios and includes thebehavior of sound in buildings and noise and noise control.

y Aerodynamics: It is associated with the study of forces of air acting on objects in motionrelative to air.

y Aeronautical Engineering: It is a branch of science that is related to the study of designand manufacture of flight-capable machines as well as the techniques of operating

aircraft.y Agriculture: It is the science of cultivating the ground, harvesting the crops and rearing

and management of farming, husbandry and livestock. It is associated with the productionof food, fiber, feed and other goods by systematic harvesting or growing the plants and

rearing the animals.y Agronomy: It is a branch of agriculture that deals with field crop production and soil

management. It involves the scientific study of crop production and its usage for food,feed, fiber and fuel.

yAlgeb

ra

: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of structure, quantity andrelation. It includes the use of symbols, letters and/or characters to represent numbers and

express mathematical relationships.y Algology: see Phycologyy Anatomy: It is a branch of biology, related to the study of structure and organization of

living things. It involves human anatomy, plant anatomy (phytotomy) and animal

anatomy (zootomy).y Angiology: It is the science that includes the study of blood and lymph vessels and their

disorders.y Anthropology: It involves the study of both past and present human cultures. It is

associated with physical and social characteristics of humanity through the study ofhistorical and present geographical distribution, acculturation, cultural history and

cultural relationships.y Apiculture: It is the science and art of raising and management of honeybees, Apis

mellifera. It involves the cultivation of bees on commercial scale for the production ofhoney.

y Applied Mathematics: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the mathematicaltechniques, which are used in the application of mathematical knowledge to other

domains.


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y Archaeology: It is a subdiscipline of anthropology that involves the study of physicalevidence of past human societies, recovered through excavation

y Astronomy: It is the scientific study of celestial bodies such as stars, comets, planets andgalaxies and phenomena that originate outside the Earths atmosphere such as the cosmic

background radiation.y

Astrophysics: It is a branch of astronomy that is associated with the physics of celestialbodies (galaxies, stars and interstellar medium).

y Atomic Physics: It is a field of physics that is associated with the study of internalstructure of atomic nuclei as an isolated system of electrons. It mainly involves the studyof arrangement of electrons around the nucleus.

B

y Bacteriology: It is a branch of microbiology, which involves the scientific study ofbacteria in relation to disease as well as agriculture.

y Biochemistry: It deals with the study of chemical substances and vital processes that takeplace in living organisms. It primarily focuses on the structure, function and role ofbiomolecules. It includes the study of organic chemistry of compounds and processes

occurring in organisms.y Bioengineering: It is an application of systematic, integrative and quantitative

engineering principles to living structures, such as creating chemicals, drugs, tissues andartificial organs.

y Biology: It is also known as biological science, which includes the scientific study of life.It involves the study of structure, origin, growth, evolution, function and distribution of

living things.y Biophysics: It is a branch of science that involves an application of methods and

principles of physics to understand the biological systems.y Biotechnology: It is associated with the industrial application of living organisms and/or

biological techniques developed through basic research. Biotechnology is applied forproducing the pharmaceutical compounds and research materials. It is mainly applied in

genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.y Botany: It is also referred to as plant biology, plant science or phytology. It involves the

scientific study of plant life.

C

y Cardiology: It deals with study, diagnosis and treatment of various disorders of heart andmajor blood vessels.

y Chemical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that deals with design, constructionand operation of machinery and plants for different products such as dyes, acids, plastics,drugs and rubber, applying the chemical reactions.

y Chemistry: It is a branch of natural science that is associated with the composition ofsubstances and their properties and reactions. It is the science of matter and its

interactions with energy and itself.


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y Civil Engineering: This branch of engineering deals with the planning, designing,construction and maintenance of structures (roads, bridges, etc) and altering the

geography to suit the human needs.y Climatology: It involves the study of climatic data, analysis of climatic changes and

investigations of its phenomena and causes.y

Com

puterS

cience: It includes a systematic study of computation and computing system.It involves different theories for understanding the computing systems and methods,algorithms, design methodology and tools, methods of analysis and verification and

methods for testing the concepts.y Cosmetology: It is the practice of beautifying the face, skin and hair, using different

cosmetics.y Cosmology: It is a branch of physical science that is associated with the nature of

universe, its origin and overall structure.y Craniology: This branch of science is related to the study of physical characteristics of

the skulls of different human races.y Cryogenics: A scientific study that deals with the production, control, application and

uses of very low temperature.y Cryptography: It is the science of protecting the information by transforming it into an

unreadable, unintelligible, enciphered format with the use of a key and an algorithm.y Cytology: It is a branch of biological science that is associated with the study of

structure, origin, function and pathology of cells.

D

y Dactylography: It is the science of using the fingerprints for the purpose ofidentification.

y Dermatology: It is a branch of medicine that deals with the skin disorders such as moles,skin cancers, contact dermatitis, psoriasis and other skin conditions, related to other

diseases. It also includes the disorders of hair, nails, mouth and external genitalia.y Dentistry: This branch of medicine deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the

diseases associated with teeth, oral cavity and related structures.y Dynamics: It is a branch of mechanics that includes the study of various forces, their

action on bodies and changes in motion they produce.

E

y Ecology: It includes the study of interrelationships between living organisms and theirenvironment.

y Electronics: It is a branch of technology, which is associated with the development andapplication of circuits or systems, using electronic devices such as magnetic amplifiers,transistors, etc.

y Endocrinology: It is a branch of medical science that is associated with the study offunction and pathology of endocrine glands.

y Engineering: It is an application of scientific, mechanical, physical and mathematicalprinciples to design process, structures and products that are meant for improving the

quality of life.


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y Entomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of insects in their relationsto forests and forest products.

y Environmental Science: It is the study of interactions among biological, physical andchemical components of environmental system.

y Epidemiology: It includes the study of cause and distribution of diseases in humanpopulation.

y Ethnology: It involves the study of mental and physical differences of mankind.y Etiology: It is the study of causes or origins of disease/abnormal condition.y Etymology: It includes the study of history of words and their meanings.y Eugenics: It deals with the study of hereditary improvement of human race by controlled

selective breeding.y Evolution: It is the sequence of changes involved in evolutionary development of a

species or taxonomic group of organisms.y Exbiology: It is a branch of science that deals with life or possibilities of life present

beyond the earth.

F

y Forestry: It is the art and science of managing and using forests and their associatedresources to produce various products such as timber for human benefits.

y Floriculture: It is a discipline of horticulture, related with the cultivation of floweringand ornamental plants for the gardens and floristry, including the floral industry.

y Forensic Science: It is a branch of medical science that deals with establishing theevidence for legal proceeding.

G

yGenetics: It is a branch of biology that focuses on the heredity and variation of organismsas well as the patterns of inheritance of specific traits.

y Gemology: It is the science and art of identifying, grading, evaluating and marketing thegemstones.

y Geography: It includes the study of the earth as well as its features phenomena andinhabitants. It also deals with climate, topography, vegetation and soil.

y Geology: This branch of science involves the study of origin, history, evolution andstructure of the earths crust. It also involves the examination of soil and rocks.

y Geometry: It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the questions of shape, size andrelative positions of figures as well as with the properties of space. It is associated with

polygons, vertices, triangles, meshes and associated operations to be done with them in3D applications.

y Geophysics: It involves the study of physical and geological properties andcharacteristics of the earth, minerals and rocks.

y Gerontology: It deals with the scientific study of psychological, biological andsociological phenomena related to aging and old age.

y Gynecology: It is a discipline of medicine that is concerned with disorders of women,particularly reproductive and sexual function and diseases of reproductive organs.


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H

y Heliology: It deals with the study of the Sun.y Hematology It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of function and

disease of blood as well as diagnosis and treatment of disorders of blood, lymph glands

and spleen.y Hepatology: This branch of medical science incorporates the study of functions and

disorders of liver as well as biliary tree, gallbladder and pancreas.

y Histology: It includes the study of structure and behavior of cells and body tissues, usingmicroscopic examination of tissue slices.

y Horticulture: It is an agricultural technology that is associated with growing ornamentalplants, flowers, fruits and vegetables.

y Hydroponics: It is a branch of science that deals with growing the plants, particularlyvegetables, in water containing essential mineral nutrients, instead of in soil.

y Hydrotherapy: It is the science of treating a disease using hot or cold water, internally orexternally to maintain and restore health. This treatment involves full body immersion,

saunas, steam baths, colonic irrigation, sitz baths and hot or/and cold compresses.y Hydrology: It deals with distribution, occurrence, properties, chemistry and circulation

of water on the earth. It includes the study of streams, rivers, lakes, etc.y Hydrostatics: It involves the mathematical study of forces and pressures in liquids.

I

y Ichthyology: It is the study of fish.y Iconography: It is a system of using images, symbolic pictures, or figures to represent a

theme or structure.y Immunology: It deals with the study of diseases and bodys immune system and its

functions.

J

y Jurisprudence: It is a branch of philosophy associated with study and structure of lawand legal system.

L

y Lexicography: It is the science of compiling, writing and editing the dictionaries. It isdone on the basis of study of meaning, form and behavior of the words in a given

language.y Linguistics: It incorporates the study of structure, form, sound, function, variety and

development of specific languages and human speech in general.

M

y Mammalogy: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of mammals.


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y Mammography: It is a special examination breast using an X-ray. It is one of the mosteffective methods for an early detection of breast cancer.

y Marine Biology: It is associated with the scientific study of living organisms in the oceanand other brackish or marine bodies of water.

y Mathematics: It is the body of knowledge that focuses on different concepts such asstructure, quantity, change and space. It is also one of the academic disciplines.

y Mechanics: It is a branch of physics that is related to the behavior of physical bodiesafter subjecting to forces or displacements and the subsequent effects of bodies on their

environment.y Mechanical Engineering: It is a branch of engineering that includes the study of design,

construction and operation of machinery.y Medicine: It is the science of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the

study, diagnosis and treatment with non-surgical techniques.y Metallurgy: It is the science of extracting the metals from their ores. It also involves

purifying the metals and casting useful items from them.y Meteorology: This branch of science involves the study of chemistry, physics and

dynamics of atmosphere and its direct effects on the earths surface, oceans and life onthe earth.

y Microbiology: It is a branch of biology that is concerned with the study of structure andfunction of microorganisms, including bacteria, moulds and pathogenic protozoa.

y Mineralogy: It is a scientific discipline that includes the study of chemical composition,physical properties, internal crystal structure, origin, occurrence and distribution in nature

of different minerals.y MolecularBiology: It is a discipline of biology that includes the study of structure,

formation and function of essential macromolecules such as RNA, DNA and proteins. Italso deals with the process of replication, transcription and translation of genetic

information.y Morphology: It is the science of structure and form of organisms, including animals,

plants and other forms of life, with special emphasis on external features.y Mycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the study of fungi and fungal infection.

It involves the study of fungi, their taxonomy, their biochemical and genetic propertiesand their use to humans as a source for food, medicine and tinder.

y Myology: This science includes the study of structure and function of muscles andmuscle tissues.

N

y Nephrology: It is a discipline of medical science that focuses on diagnosis and treatmentof various kidney disorders, including fluid and mineral balance.

y Neurology: It is related to the structure, functioning and disorders of nervous systemincluding the brain, spinal cord, as well as related muscles, nerves and blood supplies.

y Nuclear Physics: It is a branch of physics, which includes the study of atomic nuclei,their interaction with each other as well as with constituent particles.

y Numismatics: This branch of science deals with the study and collection of coins, papermoney, medals, tokens and similar objects.


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y Nutrition: It is the study of foods and nutrients and their effect on growth, developmentand health of an individual.

O

yObstet

rics: This branch of medicine deals with the health and care of a woman and fetusduring pregnancy, parturition and puerperium.

y Oceanography: It is the study of chemistry, physics, geology and biology of oceans inthe world.

y Odontology: It is associated with the scientific study of anatomy, development anddiseases of teeth.

y Oncology: It is associated with diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumors.y Oneirology: It is a scientific study of dreams and their contents.y Ophthalmology: It is a branch of medical science that includes the study of structure,

function and diseases of the eyes, such as conjunctivitis, cataracts, glaucoma, etc.y Optics: It is a branch of physics that focuses on the physical properties of light and

interaction of light with matter.y Organic Chemistry: This branch of chemistry is associated with the study of carbon-

containing compounds, which includes their structure and reactions.y Ornithology: It is a branch of zoology that includes the study of birds.y Osteology: It is a branch of anatomy, which involves the scientific study of structure,

functions and pathology of bones.

P

y Paleontology: It is a branch of biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life, basedmainly in fossils of animals and plants.

yPa

thology: It is a medical discipline that is related to cause and nature of disease. Itmainly involves structural and functional changes in tissues and organs caused by the

disease.y Particle Physics: It is a branch of physics that includes the study of particles and their

fundamental reactions.y Pedology: It is a branch of science that deals with the study of soil, including its

formation, composition, structure and classification.y Petrology: This science incorporates the study of history, origin, structure, occurrence

and chemical classification of rocks.y Pharmacology: It involves the study of drugs/medications and their nature, origin,

properties as well as their effects on living organisms.y Philately: It involves the study and collection of postage stamps.y Philology: It is the science of language and linguistics.y Phonetics: It is the study and classification of sounds of human speech.y Phycology: It is a branch of botany that includes the scientific study of algae. It is also

known as algology.

y Physical Chemistry: It is a discipline of chemistry, which includes the application oftechniques and theories from physics to study the microscopic, macroscopic, atomic,

subatomic and particulate phenomena in chemical systems.


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y Physics: It is a branch of science that is concerned with the study of properties andinteractions of time, space, energy and matter.

y Physiology: This branch of biology deals with the study of physical, biochemical andmechanical functions and activities of living organisms.

y Physiography: It is the study of natural features of earths surface and its naturalphenomena such as climate, currents, land formation and distribution of flora and fauna.

y Plasma Physics: It is a branch of physics that deals with the study of interaction ofplasma with itself, radiation and particle beams.

y Pollution: It involves the study of undesirable changes in biological, chemical andphysical characteristics of water, air, soil or food, which can cause a number of adverse

effects on the living beings.y Pomology: It is a branch of science that includes the study of fruits and cultivation of

fruits.y Protozoology: It is a branch of zoology that deals with the study of protozoans.y Psychology: It is the scientific study of mental and behavioral processes.

R

y Radiology: It is a medical discipline that focuses on using radiation and other radioactivesubstances to diagnose and treat various diseases.

S

y Seismology: It is a scientific investigation of earthquakes as well as structure of the earth,based on the study of seismic waves.

y Sericulture: It is also referred to as silk farming. It is rearing of silkworms for producingthe raw silk.

y Serpento

logy: It is a branch of zoology, which deals with the study of snakes.

y Sociology: It is the scientific study of society, human social interaction and socialrelationships.

y Speech Therapy: It includes the evaluation and treatment of speech, language and voicedisorders. It is the rehabilitation treatment for the patients with difficulties in swallowingor communication.

y Statics: It is the study of forces that act on the bodies at rest.y Statistics: It is a branch of applied mathematics, associated with the collection, analysis,

explanation or interpretation and presentation of data. It can be applied to a variety ofacademic disciplines, from social and natural sciences to humanities and to business and

government.

T

y Taxonomy: It is the science of classifying all the living things by arranging them ingroups according to their relationships with each other.

y Therapeutics: It is the science of healing or medical treatment of disease.


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y Thermodynamics: It is a branch of physics which deals with general properties ofenergy and matter. It includes the study of amount of work, heat and other energy related

to chemical reactions.

V

y Virology: It is a discipline of microbiology or pathology, which includes the study ofevolution, structure, classification and pathogenesis of viruses.

Z

y Zoology: It is a branch of biology that is related to the study of animal kingdom,including evolution, classification, distribution, structure, habits and embryology of

animals.

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS

EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS

THEORITUCAL PHYSICS

Classical MechanicsThis is the oldest branch of physics which analytically describes motion of all objects on the

macroscopic scales. It describes everything from why large objects like balls bounce, whypendulum swings to why planets revolve around the Sun! It describes 'mechanics' of all kinds on

the large scale and its classical, because it cannot explain motion at atomic level. Fluidmechanics is one specialized sub-branch of classical mechanics, which describes the physics of

all types of fluids.

Mathematical PhysicsThis is the branch of physics, which gives theoretical physics its tools of analysis. Mathematics

is the language of nature and therefore if one wants to understand nature, one must understandmathematics. Mathematics brings precision to physics. It is the branch which is an overlap of

pure mathematics and physics. Mathematical physics techniques form the toolbox of a physicist.Just like a workman must use the right kind of tools to get his job done, so must a physicist use

the right mathematical tools to solve a problem! The more and more deeply we explore nature,every new law discovered can only be expressed in a new form of mathematics.

Classical Electrodynamics

This field is the most broadly applied of all the branches of physics. Classical electrodynamics isbased on Maxwell's laws ofelectromagnetism, which describes all kinds of electromagnetic

phenomena from atomic to global scales. It is the theoretical basis of optics, telecommunicationand many other sub-fields. Its domain extends over all of nature, as the 'Electromagnetic Force' is

all pervading and we live in an electromagnetic world.

Quantum MechanicsThis branch describes a new kind of mechanics, which can explain phenomena at the sub-atomic


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level, which classical mechanics fails to describe. It provides the clearest picture of nature at thesub-atomic scales. Quantum physics, is based on the principle of uncertainty, and predicts all

phenomena in terms of probabilities. It describes a weird sub-atomic world, which is totallydifferent from the world at macroscopic scales. Studying quantum physics requires quite a bit of

mathematical expertise and it is the theoretical basis of all branches of physics, that describe

phenomena at atomic or sub-atomic scales. For more on this read, 'Basics of QuantumMechanics for Dummies'.

Thermodynamics and Statistical MechanicsThermodynamics and statistical physics is one of the core branches of physics, which gives a

theoretical mechanism to describe the motion of and phenomena in multi-particle systems. Eventhough a single particle motion can be analyzed by quantum mechanics, it cannot describe multi-

particle systems analytically, as the variables of calculation there are too many. So, a statisticalapproach is needed that describes motion of matter in bulk. Thermodynamics is a predecessor of

statistical mechanics. Statistical mechanics combined with quantum mechanics, forms quantumstatistical mechanics.

Condensed Matter PhysicsCondensed Matter Physics is a sub-branch of quantum physics and statistical mechanics, whichdescribes all phenomena that occur in matter, which is in condensed form. This includes

everything from liquids, solid and gases. The physics ofsemiconductordevices, which maketoday's age of information technology possible, is a result of research developments in

condensed matter physics. It describes all phenomena in bulk matter like ferromagnetism,superfluidity and superconductivity.

Nuclear PhysicsNuclear physics describes all the phenomena that occur at the level of the atomic nucleus. Itdeals with and explains phenomena like radioactivity, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

Developments in nuclear physics led to the production ofnuclear weapons like the atom bomb,the Hydrogen bomb and made nuclear energy source available to mankind. For more on this,

read 'List of Radioactive Elements'.

QuantumField theoryThis is the physics which describes the physics of particles, which are very small and very fast. It

is also known as particle physics. It is based on the three theoretical foundations of quantummechanics, special theory of relativity and the concept of fields. It is based on the unification of

all these three foundations and it describes the physics of fundamental particles of matter. It isone of the most difficult branches of physics, which describe the ultimate building blocks of

nature.

Non-Linear DynamicsThis is a sub-field of classical mechanics, which solves the problems on macroscopic scales,

which cannot be solved by classical mechanics. It is an advanced branch of mathematics, whichattempts to solve non-linear differential equations of motion, which are not amenable to a

solution by conventional techniques. A greater part of it is also known as 'Chaos Theory', whichdelves in to the organized chaos that exists in the macroscopic world. It is the most happening


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branch of physics currently. For more on this read, 'An Introduction to Chaos Theory'.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsAstronomy is the observational study of the universe in all its manifestations and astrophysics (a

confluence of all branches of physics), is the theoretical basis, which can explain all those

phenomena. It is the most all encompassing of all the branches of physics, which has a singulargoal of explaining every phenomenon that occurs in the universe.

General Theory of Relativity and CosmologyThe general theory of relativity is the correct theory, which describes gravitation at all scales. It

interprets gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of space-time. Spacearound massive objects actually gets warped and bent. Gravity is the result of this warping of

space time. Special relativity unifies space and t ime in to 'Spacetime' and general relativitymakes 'Spacetime' interact with matter. How much space warps, depends on the content of

matter and energy in it. In simple words, general relativity is described by, 'Matter tells spacehow to bend, space tells matter how to move!' For more read 'Does the Fourth(4th) Dimension of

Time Exist'.

The power of the principle of general relativity is such, that it gave birth to the new science ofcosmology, which provides the framework, that can describe the evolution of the Universe in

totality! For the first time, thanks to cosmology, physics can provide an answer to the question,'How was the Universe Created? '.

This was a whirlwind tour of all the main branches of physics. I hope, when somebody asks you,

'What are the branches of physics? ', you will direct them to read my article! There are manymore specialized branches of physics like 'Biophysics' (a confluence of biology and physics),

which describes the physics involved in biological systems. Hope this article has given you anidea of the vastness of physics and the power it provides at your disposal!

By Gray Pilgrim

Galileo Galilei

Portrait of Galileo Galilei by Giusto Sustermans


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Born 15 February 1564[1]

Pisa,

[1]Duchy of Florence, Italy

Died8 January 1642 (aged 77)[1]

Arcetri,[1]

Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy Residence Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy Nationality

Italian (Tuscan) Fields Astronomy, physics and mathematics Institutions University of PisaUniversity of PaduaAlma materUniversity of Pisa Academic advisors Ostilio Ricci[2]Notable students

Benedetto CastelliMario Guiducci

Vincenzio Viviani[3]

Known for

KinematicsDynamics

Telescopic observational astronomyHeliocentrismSignature

NotesHis father was the musician Vincenzo Galilei. Galileo Galilei's mistress Marina Gamba (1570

August 21, 1612?) bore him two daughters (Maria Celeste (Virginia, 16001634) and Livia(16011659), both of whom became nuns) and a son Vincenzo (16061649), a lutenist. Gamba

later married Giovanni Bartoluzz

Nicolaus Copernicus

Portrait, 1580, Toru Old Town City Hall

Born 19 February 1473,

Toru (Thorn), Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland


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Died 24 May 1543 (aged 70),

Frombork(Frauenburg), Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, Kingdom of Poland

Fields Mathematics, astronomy, canon law, medicine, economicsAlma materKrakw

University, Bologna University, University of Padua, University of Ferrara

Known forHeliocentrism, the Copernicus Law

Signature

Johannes Kepler

A 1610 portrait of Johannes Kepler by an unknown artist

Born December 27, 1571

Weil der Stadt nearStuttgart, Germany

Died

November 15, 1630 (aged 58)

Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany

Residence Wrttemberg; Styria; Bohemia; Upper Austria

Fields Astronomy, astrology, mathematics and natural philosophy

Institutions University of LinzAlma materUniversity of Tbingen


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Known forKepler's laws of planetary motion

Kepler conjectureSignature

Tycho Brahewas born on December 14th, 1546 in a town calledKnudstrup in Scania, Denmark. His early years were filled with pain, as he

was kidnapped by his uncle and raised in his castle in Tostrup, Scania. His

education was backed by his uncle, and he went to the University of Copenhagen

to study law from 1559-1562. It was during this time that Brahe developed a

love for astronomy. He saw a solar eclipse of the Sun which was predicted for

August 21st 1560, and he found it fascinating how a prediction of that nature

could be made. He also developed small globes with the help of some of his

instructors at Copenhagen. In 1562, Brahe was sent to the University of Leipzeg

where he studied until 1565. During this period, he made his first astronomicalobservation. He saw an overlapping of Jupiter and Saturn, and saw that the

almanacs and ephemerides of the time were inaccurate.

Between 1565 and 1570,

he traveled Europe, studying at Wittenberg, Rostock, Basel, and Augsburg. During

this time he gathered astronomical and mathematical instruments, including

a large quadrant. In 1571, he settled in Scania after inheriting the land of

his father and uncle and built a small observatory. Here, he discovered a star,

one which had not been seen, that was brighter than Venus. This supernova in

the constellation Cassiopeia shocked the scientific community because it suggested

that the universe was not in fact perfect and unchanging, as it was believedto be at the time.

With the discovery of this "new" star, Brahe dedicated

himself to astronomy. Frederick II, king of Denmark and Norway, provided Tycho

with funds to construct and equip an astronomical observatory on the island

of Hven in 1576. Brahe named this observatory Uraniborg. For 20 years, the

observatory was the center for astronomical study and discovery in northern

Europe. In 1577 he proved that the orbit of the comet of 1577 did lay beyond

the moon. He also charted accurate positions for more than 777 fixed stars.

He also proposed a modified Copernican system which suggested that the planets

revolved around the Sun which in turn moved around the Earth, which was stationary.Frederick II died in 1588 and his son Christian IV took over as king. Brahe

lost most of his income as a result. Tycho left Hven and his observatory in

1597.

He was offered a grant to Bohemia from the Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf

II, who gave him a pension of 3000 ducats and an estate near Prague. He started

building a new observatory, but died in 1601 before it could be completed.


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Brahe's work was indeed significant. His data that he had accumulated during

his lifetime was extremely accurate, and it allowed his assistant Johannes

Kepler to formulate his three laws of planetary motion. He also laid the ground

work for Sir Isaac Newton. Much of what we know about astronomy is thanks to

Tycho Brahe. His last words in Prague were, "Ne frustra vixisse videur," or,

"May I not seemed to have lived in vain." He indeed did not.

Sir Isaac Newton

Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton(age 46)

Born 4 January 1643[OS: 25 December 1642]

[1]

Woolsthorpe-by-ColsterworthLincolnshire, England

Died31 March 1727 (aged 84)

[OS: 20 March 1726][1]

Kensington, Middlesex, England

Residence England

Nationality EnglishFields Physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, Christian theologyInstitutions University of Cambridge

Royal SocietyRoyal MintAlma materTrinity College, Cambridge

Academic advisors Isaac Barrow[2]

Benjamin Pulleyn

[3][4]


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Notable students Roger CotesWilliam Whiston

Known forNewtonian mechanics

Universal gravitation

Infinitesimal calculusOpticsBinomial series

Newton's methodPhilosophi Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Influences Henry More[5]

Polish Brethren

[6]

InfluencedNicolas Fatio de DuillierJohn Keill

Signature

NotesHis mother was Hannah Ayscough. His half-niece was Catherine Barton.

MichaelFaraday

Michael Faraday

Born 22 September 1791

Newington Butts, Surrey, England Died 25 August 1867 (aged 75)Hampton Court, Surrey, England Residence England Nationality British Fields Physics and

chemistry Institutions Royal Institution Known forFaraday's law of induction

Electrochemistry

Faraday effect

Faraday cage

Faraday constant


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Faraday cup

Faraday's laws of electrolysis

Faraday paradox

Faraday rotator

Faraday-efficiency effect

Faraday wave

Faraday wheel

Lines of force Influences Humphry Davy

William Thomas Brande Notable awards Royal Medal (1835 & 1846)

Copley Medal (1832 & 1838)

Rumford Medal (1846) Signature

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Physics to Be Studied

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