Dr. Kathryn-Daphne M. OngUE-College of DentistrySY 2008-2009

I. Composition of BloodII. Erythrocytes: RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocritIII. Erythropoiesis : RBC production and degradationIV. Leucocytes: types, functions, leucocytic reaction during

infection, pathophysiology of some blood diseasesV. Immune System (Humoral Immunity) : characteristics of

immunoglobulins, mechanism of humoral responseVI. Immune System (Cellular Immunity) : T cell subclasses and

characteristics, mechanism of cellular responseVII. Blood Groups: ABO System, Rh system, Blood Typing,

erythroblastosis fetalis, ABO incompatibility, blood transfusion

VIII. Thrombocytes: functions, platelet countIX. Hemostasis: role, sequence of eventsX. Blood Coagulation: steps in coagulation and fibrinolysis

Fluid component Cellular component

General Characteristics: Size Shape Lifespan

Functions

Hemoglobin formation

Hematocrit

Location Stages

Regulation

Maturation

Anemia

Polycythemia

General Characteristics Types Functions Reactions Abnormalities

Most abundant (60-70%) Granular, phagocytic Life span – 8 days Seen in acute inflammation Band forms/ stabs –

Monocyte immature macrophage Largest formed element 1-8% of WBC Highly mobile and phagocytic

1-4% of total WBC Life span : 8 days Parasitic infections Allergic reactions

least abundant (<1%) Granules contain HH

second most abundant (25-35%) Seen in chronic infections, viral

infections 2 types: ▪ B-lymphocyte▪ T-lymphocyte (most abundant)

Reactions Inflammation▪ 1. vasodilatation▪ 2. increased permeability of capillaries▪ Migration of cells▪ Walling off, killling

Abnormalities Leukocytosis – high WBC count Leukopenia - Low WBC count Leukemia – excessive WBC count

NON – SPECIFIC DEFENSES

(INNATE)

SPECIFIC DEFENSES / IMMUNITY(ACQUIRED)

Skin and mucous membranesInterferon and complement sys.

Natural killer cellsPhagocytic cells (Neutrophils ,

macrophage)

Lymphocytes (B &T)Antibodiescytokines

Innate Immunity (general)▪ Phagocytosis▪ Secretions▪ Skin▪ Blood

Acquired Immunity (specific) Cell (location, development/processing) Types▪ Cellular▪ Humoral

T-lymphocytes B-lymphocytes

Origin Thymus dependent Bursa of Fabricius/ Gut-Assoc. LymphT

Distribution Numerous; 75% of circulating lymphocytes

Less numerous; 25% of circulating lymphocytes

Life span Long lived Short lived

Antibody production

None Present; secreted by Plasma cells

Nomenclature Helper cellsKiller cellsSuppressor cells

Give rise to Plasma cells

Type of Immune response

Cell mediated immune response

Humoral Immune response

Cells involved Types of T lymphocytes

Primary vs Secondary Response Antibodies

Types Actions

Specific protein molecules that circulate freely in blood and lymph or bound to lymphocyte

Secreted by plasma cells 5 broad classes (A, D, E, G,M)

IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM

comprises almost 75% of the Ig of normal human serum.

the only class that crosses the placenta and produces passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.

neutralize bacterial toxins or effective against viral infections.

Largest immunoglobulin

comprise about 7% of the Ig.

capable of activating complement; thus readily induces lysis of foreign cells

comprises 15% of Ig found in secretory

products such as saliva, tears, colostrums, nasal and tracheobronchial mucus and released into the intestinal lumen.

plays a protective role at the surface of mucus membrane.

Immune Tolerance Abnormalities

AIDS Autoimmune Diseases

Active immunity vs Passive immunity

comprises 0.2% of Ig. main immunoglobulin on

the surface of lymphocytes in the newborn.

no proven antibody activity

the least amount of immunoglobulins.

mediates allergic reactions and parasitic infections

ABO system Agglutinogens Antigens Transfusion reaction Rh system

General Characteristics Shape Lifespan

Function Development Count

1 megakaryocyte 2,000-4,000 platelets

1. Vascular Constriction2. Formation of platelet plug3. Formation of blood clot4. Fibrous tissue growth into the blood clot5. Fibrinolysis

1. Platelet Activation2. Platelet Adhesion3. Platelet aggregation

Procoagulants =Anticoagulants

1. Formation of prothrombin activator2. Prothrombin to thrombin3. Fibrinogen to Fibrin4. Stabilization of the fibrin clot

Plasminogen to Plasmin T-PA

1. Vitamin K deficiency2. Hemophilia3. Thrombocytopenia