PHYTOMINING INITIATIVES FOR LOW-GRADE ORES25 August 2021
Phytomining = Fitomining
SITI KHODIJAH CHAERUN
Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Mining & Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung
Biosciences and Biotechnology Research Center (BBRC), Institut Teknologi Bandung
Educational Background B. Eng (Ir.) – Environmental Engineering, ITB, Indonesia (1988-1993)
M. Eng (M.T.) – Environmental Bioengineering, ITB, Indonesia (1996-1999)
Ph.D. – Petroleum and Environmental Geomicrobiology, Biomining/Bio-metallurgy, Minerals Biotechnology and Bioremediation, Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan (2001 - 2004)
Research Interests
Work Background
Geomicrobiology, Biomining, Bio-metallurgy, Petroleum & Environmental Biomineralogy, Biocorrosion, Soil Microbiology, Bioremediation, Biogeochemistry, Microbial Taxonomy, Minerals Biotechnology, Bioenergy, Bionanotechnology (Bionanometallurgy = Bio-nanometals)
Postdoctoral Researcher, ZALF Centre, Berlin, Germany, 2006
Visiting Scientist, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, 2007
Visiting Scientist, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan, 2008
Postdoctoral Associate, Dept. of Microbiology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2008-2009
Visiting Research Fellow, Dept. of Energy & Resources Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 2011-2014.
Phytomining = Fitomining =Agromining
Miscanthus sinensis (Chinese Silver Grass)(Tazaki & Chaerun, 2008)1
2
3
Definisi Fitomining
1997
The Streptanthus polygaloides plant is a hyperaccumulator of nickel, with hyperaccumulation defined as the presence of at least 1,000 µg nickel per gram of dry mass. This species averages 2,430 to 18,600 µg/g. This trait helps protect the plant against many types of pathogens.
4
5 Sheoran, 2009
- Extraction of metals from soil into the plant roots by active transport or sorption
Phytoextraction
- From the roots transfer/ translocation into the shoot parts
Willscher, 2018
Foto SEM dan analisis EDX dari sel tanaman Miscanthus sinensis yang memperlihatkankemampuan menyerap berbagai elemen Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca dan logam berat Fe, Cu, Zn dan Pb(Tazaki & Chaerun, 2008).
Phytoaccumulation
6
Hyperaccumulator plants High biomass plants (crops)
- High metal uptake (metallophytes)
- Partially low biomass yields
- High ash contents of metals
- Lower metal uptake
- High biomass yields
- Higher metal extraction per square unit
7
Willscher, 2018
Visioli & Marmiroli, 2013
8
Hyperaccumulator plants
More than 400 plant species known for their use for phytoextraction
e.g. Thlaspi species, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Salix caprea, Populus tremola, Phragmites species
Co – Thlaspi caerulescens, Brassica juncea 3 g/kg
Cu – Haumaniastrum catangense, Ipomea alpine 8.36 g/kg
Ni – Alyssum bertolonii, Berkheya coddii, Phyllanthus serpentinus 13.4 – 17.8 g/kg
Zn – Thlaspi calaminare, Noccaea cerulescens 10 g/kg
Cr – Dicoma nicilifera
Mn – Macadamia neurophylla 55 g/kg
Ag – Brassica juncea, Medicago sativa
Au – Brassica juncea, Berkheya coddii, Cichorium intybus 0.326 g/ kg
Pt – Sinapis alba, Lolium perenne
REE – Dicranopteris dichotoma, Pronephrium simplexWillscher, 2018
9
Se – Astrogalus racemosus 38.1 g/kg
Sb – Agrostis capillaris
Ge – Phalaris arundinacea
As – Pteris vittata
Cd – Thlaspi caerulescens, Brassica juncea 3 g/kg
Pb – Thlaspi rotundifolium 8.2 g/kg
Tl – Iberis intermedia
U – Atriplex confertifolata
Berkheya coddii (Co, Ni, Au)
http://redlist.sanbi.org/imgs/photos/3077-31_54_8762.jpg
Willscher, 2018
10
11
Brooks et al., 1997
Requirements for the application
Bioavailability of the metals/ metalloids (mobility)
Occurrence of the metals in the rhizosphere
Tolerance of the plants to high metal concentrations
Satisfying growth of the plants
12Willscher, 2018
13
Advantages of Phytoextraction
•Many similarities to biosorption processes
•Good applicable processes (agricultural or forestry methods)
•Application in remote areas in all climatic zones where plant growth is possible
•Utilization of residues e.g. for bioenergy winning
•Performance on solid substrates (difference to biosorption)
•Improvement of soil and groundwater quality of the site
Willscher, 2018
14
Improvement of Phytoextraction
Application of chelators
- Natural chelators: Citric acid, other organic acids
- Synthetic chelators: EDTA, NTA, DTPA (diethylenetriamine pentaacetate)
Examples for chelators for the phytoextraction of Au
- Ammonium thiocyanate NH4SCN, sodium thiocyanate NaSCN
- Ammonium thiosulfate NH4S2O3
- Thiourea CH4N2S
- Potassium iodide KI, Potassium bromide KBr
- Potassium cyanide KCN, sodium cyanide NaCN
- Chelators have to be applicated according to the geochemistry and solution chemistry of the metals
Willscher, 2018 15
Organic complexes formed by plants and microorganisms
- Carbon- and hydroxy-carbon acids (acetic, lactic)
- Keto acids (pyruvic, -ketoglutaric)
- Dihydroxy aromatics
- Aldehydes, polyphenols, amino acids
- Glycoproteins (substances of bacterial slimes)
- Humic substances, esp. fulvic acids
Biogenic substances (plants, microorganisms
Solubilization and mobilization of heavy metals in the underground
Uptake by the plants (rhizosphere)
Willscher, 2018
X-ray tomography images of Co (red) and Ni (green) in hydrated Alyssum murale leaves
Chaney J. Environ. Qual. 36 (2007)
16
Agronomic practices
- Addition of fertilizers
- Utilization of inorganic acids (soil pH)
- Addition of elemental sulfur
- Co-cropping
- Field crops
Further factors for improvement
- Application of rhizosphere microorganisms
- Improvement of metal tolerance
- Accumulation of metals in harvestable plant parts
- Improvement of biomass/ growth rate
- Profuse root system
- Protection from predators and insectivores
Willscher, 2018 Tazaki & Chaerun, 2008
17
Plant extract- based biosynthesis of metal(loid) nanoparticlesSe – lemon leaves
Ag – many species: leaves, fruits, roots, peels, e.g. citrus peels
Au – many species; full plants, seeds, leaves, flowers
Pt - plant: Cacumen platycladi
TiO2 – leaves: Eclipta prostrata
Au/ TiO2 – leaves: Cinnamonum tamala
Au nanoparticles in leaves www.scinexx.de
Willscher, 2018
18
Phytomining
Substrates for application
- Low grade ores
- Overburden material
- Mill tailings
- Remainders of dump leaching
- Mineralized soil
- in all substrates uneconomical for conventional mining/ processing
- A large part of the processed mineral material contains low metal concentrations
- After the closedown of mining operations for the removal of lower amounts of the mined metals and first revegetation/ stabilization Foto Crop of Ni metals: SKC Lab
Willscher, 201819
Advantages of phytomining
- Less intrusive, low energy demand
- Soil recovering effect (improvement of soil ecology)
- Groundwater protection for the case of not too extensive application of chemicals
- No erosion effects like other mining activities
- For sustainable closure of mining sites
- Reduction of acid mine drainage formation
Challenges
- Solubility and availability as one of the key factors
Appliction of lixiviates (mostly complex forming agents)
- Phytoextraction only in the root zone of the plants
Engineering for mass transport
Willscher, 2018
20
Further factors for enhancement of phytoextraction
- Knowledge of geochemistry/ of the soil/ ore substrates/ tailings substrate
- Improvement of translocation of metals into stems, leaves and flowers/ seeds
- Application of solubilizing agents
- Low pH sulfidic tailings are well suited
- High pH (unoxidized) tailings have only low extraction yields
- Improvement by addition of organic/ inorganic chelating compounds
21
Economics of phytomining
Important parameters
- Metal content of the soil / solubilization behaviour
- Metal content of the plants
- Biomass production per area and time unit (e.g. ha/ a)
- Energy winning in the process (e.g. thermal energy, biogas)
- Metal price
Input costs
-Chemicals (metal mobilization in soil; processing from plants/ ashes
-Fertilizers
-Agronomic techniques (planting/ seeding, irrigation, care, pesticides, harvest)
-Pyro- and hydrometallurgical processing
-First cost/ benefit tables do exist22
Sheoran et al., 2013
23
Further research
- Search for appropriate plants
- fast growth
- high biomass
- good metal accumulation behaviour
- Bio-ore processing
- Pyro- and hydrometallurgy of plant ashes and remainders
- Soil parameters
- Soil geochemistry / soil transport to the roots
- Microbiology
- Agricultural parameters
- Environmental engineering
- Mass transport and groundwater protection 24
Summary
- Utilization of low grade ores, tailings and remainders
- Removal of valuable or toxic metals
- Better soil functions/ revitalization
- Improved soil fertility
- Coupled process with renewable energy production
- Lowering of the process costs
Advantages of the method
- Environmentally benign
- Non-invasive for the soil
- Low energy demand 25
A Proposed phytomining concept: SKC
Mine
Crushing plant
Phytomining(Concentrator)
Improved phyto-extraction parameters
Tailings, low-grade ores, lahan bekas tambang
-2 mm
Plant HarvestingCrop of metals (Biomass)
Biomass burning
Leaching/Bioleaching
ashes
Biomass drying under sunlight/oven
Biomass Grinding Bioenergy = Biogas
www.portonews.com
26
Vetiveria zizanioides (Rumput vetiver = ilalang akar wangi)
Sumeks.co
shopee.co.id
Vetiver dapat menahan gempuran aliran hujan deras dan menjaga kestabilan tanah
Akar serabut vetiver mampu menembus ke dalam tanah hingga 2-4 meter danmengikat partikel-partikel tanah
Vetiver sudah dikembangkan di Indonesia. Badan penelitian dan pengembanganpertanian sudah banyak melakukan penelitian tanaman tersebut baik untukproduksi minyak atsiri maupun sebagai tanaman pencegah erosi dan longsor
Tanaman rumput vetiver tidak menghasilkan bunga dan biji sehingga tidakberpotensi invasif dan merusak ekosistem
Ditumpangsari dengan rumput gajah ataupun tanaman sayur-sayuran juga sudahpernah dicobakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karena sistem perakarannya yang dalam bisa memompa unsur hara ke atas supaya bisa digunakan oleh tanamanselanya seperti sayur-sayuran.
27
www.republika.co.id
Penanaman di ladang
http://p2kp.stiki.ac.idpadi gogo Willscher, 2018
28
South Carolina, USA, 2009Montana, USA, 2009 Montana, USA, 2009
Montana, USA, 2009Montana, USA, 2009Montana, USA, 2009
Altanta,USA, 2009
statik.tempo.co
www.google.com
bandingan-purbalingga.desa.id
Penanaman di Sawah
31
Prof. Dr. Willscher
BUKU FITOMINING
