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Phytoremediation Microbial Endophytes
Katie Fishburn and Jared Bodecker
Endophytes
Microbes that live in plant tissue that increase plant biomass and resistance to pathogens
Of the 300000 known species of plants there is at least one plant-associated endophyte (Strobel G et al)
Can remediate pollutants just as good as rhizospheric microbes in some cases better
There are clear advantages of endophytes compared to the closely associated rhizospheric cousins
Known endophytes in PR
Endophyte vs Rhizospheric
Population control is easier than soil microbes due to lack of competition (protected inside plant tissue)
Degradation of pollutants will be localized to inside the plant being contained from leaking in the soil and air environment
Plant species-specific selection of necessary bacteria for a specific pollutant
Microbial sampling is easier (plant tissue)
Applications endophyte-phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remainInoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Endophytes
Microbes that live in plant tissue that increase plant biomass and resistance to pathogens
Of the 300000 known species of plants there is at least one plant-associated endophyte (Strobel G et al)
Can remediate pollutants just as good as rhizospheric microbes in some cases better
There are clear advantages of endophytes compared to the closely associated rhizospheric cousins
Known endophytes in PR
Endophyte vs Rhizospheric
Population control is easier than soil microbes due to lack of competition (protected inside plant tissue)
Degradation of pollutants will be localized to inside the plant being contained from leaking in the soil and air environment
Plant species-specific selection of necessary bacteria for a specific pollutant
Microbial sampling is easier (plant tissue)
Applications endophyte-phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remainInoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Known endophytes in PR
Endophyte vs Rhizospheric
Population control is easier than soil microbes due to lack of competition (protected inside plant tissue)
Degradation of pollutants will be localized to inside the plant being contained from leaking in the soil and air environment
Plant species-specific selection of necessary bacteria for a specific pollutant
Microbial sampling is easier (plant tissue)
Applications endophyte-phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remainInoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Endophyte vs Rhizospheric
Population control is easier than soil microbes due to lack of competition (protected inside plant tissue)
Degradation of pollutants will be localized to inside the plant being contained from leaking in the soil and air environment
Plant species-specific selection of necessary bacteria for a specific pollutant
Microbial sampling is easier (plant tissue)
Applications endophyte-phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remainInoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Applications endophyte-phytoremediation
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remainInoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remainInoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
2 4-D Degradation
Psuedomonas putida mini Tn5 (GFP)
Root tissue
Stem tissue
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Backdrop picture courtesy of NASA
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Phytoremediation Organics
24-D (herbicide) degradationIsolates from poplar inoculated into pea plants planted in soils with 13 mg of 24-D
Control high levels of 24-D remain
Inoculated plants no 24-D remains in test soils
PAH tolerance in willow and poplarUsed also as carbon source by microbes
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
TNT RDX HMX degradation by methylobacterium found in hybrid poplar
Mineralized 60 of RDX and HMX in 2 months
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Methylobacterium spp Strain BJ001
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Phytoremediation Inorganics
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Brassica chinensisMucor isolate
Cd and Pb toleranceCd and Pb more water soluble more bioavailable
Brassica chinensis
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Thlaspi goesingense
Thlaspi goesingenseMethylobacterium and Shpingomonas
Ni accumulation and tolerancesiderophores and ethylene relieve
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Plant Yield and Growth Promotion
Enhanced nutrientmineral availability and uptake
Phosphate nitrogen
Phosphate solubilization
Siderophore productionMinerals made more bioavailable solubilized by siderophore
Osmotic adjustment stomatal regulation
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Plant Health and Protection
Lessenprevent effects of pathogens on plants
Fungal bacterial viral diseases less harmful after inoculation of endophytes
Endophytes trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR)
Immune-like response by plants
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
IndustrialMedical Applications
Pseudomonas Burkholderia Bacillus Antibiotics anti-cancer compounds antifungal antiviral insecticidal immunosuppressant agents
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Making a (6) Million $ Endophyte
Engineering plant-associated microbes
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Improving already efficient phytoremediation
By-products of degradation can even more toxic when released into the air
When in planta you have natural reduction of volatile toxins
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Improving Toluene Degradation
Normal plant degradation of toluene creates toxic by-products that are volatized into the environment
Burkholderia cepacia G4 (rhizoshperic) with toluene-degrading qualities from pTOM plasmid (toluene-ortho-monooxygenase)
B cepacia VM1330 (endophyte) with the pMON plasmid
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Enhanced Toluene-resistance
Control- Yellow Lupine (no inoculate)
BU0072- YL endophyte strain
G4- YL rhizospheric strain (pTOM)
VM1330- YL transformed endophyte strain (pTOM)
Growth Index (Fresh Weight)
Total Weight (grams)
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Reduced Toluene-volatization
Improved degradation in VM1330 and Yellow Lupine
Which lowers phytotoxicity and evapotranspiration
Sub-phytotoxic levels used in experiments (100mgL)
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Lupine endophytes in Poplar
Control- Poplar (no innoculate)VM1466- P endophyte (pTOM)BU61- P rhizospheric (pTOM)
Decreased Toluene-volatization
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
Horizontal Gene Transfer
Opposite of vertical transfer (parental or ancestral)
Genetic material is transferred from another organism to another organism without being an offspring
Common routes of transferTransformation Uptake of endogenous DNA (naturelab)
Transduction Delivery via vector (bacteriophage)
Conjugation a physical connection between two organisms delivers DNA from one to the other
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92
ReferencesKieran J Germaine Xuemei Liu Guiomar Garcia Cabellos Jill P Hogan David Ryan amp David N Dowling (2006) Bacterialendophyte-enhancedphytoremediationofthe organochlorine herbicide 24 -
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS
Benoit Van Aken Jong Moon Yoon and Jerald L Schnoor (2003) Biodegradation of Nitro-Substituted Explosives 246-Trinitrotoluene Hexahydro-135-Trinitro-135-Triazine and
Octahydro-1357-Tetranitro-135-Tetrazocine by a Phytosymbiotic Methylobacterium sp Associated with Poplar Tissues (Populus deltoides 1113096 nigra DN34) APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Jan 2004 p 508ndash517 Vol 70 No 1
Zujun Dengab Lixiang Caoc Haiwei Huanga Xinyu Jianga Wenfeng Wangc Yang Shia Renduo Zhangalowast (2010) Characterization of Cd- and Pb-resistant fungal endophyte Mucor sp CBRF59 isolated from rapes (Brassica chinensis) in a metal-contaminated soil Journal of Hazardous Materials
Rughia Idris1 Radoslava Trifonova1 Markus Puschenreiter2 Walter W Wenzel2 and Angela Sessitsch1 (2004) Bacterial Communities Associated with Flowering Plants of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY May 2004 p 2667ndash2677
Robert P Ryan1 Kieran Germaine2 Ashley Franks1 David J Ryan2 amp David N Dowling2 (2007) Bacterial endophytes recent developments and applications FEMS
Germaine K Keogh E Borremans B et al (2004) Colonisation of poplar trees by gfp expressing bacterial endophytes FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48 109ndash118
Germaine K Liu X Cabellos G Hogan J Ryan D amp Dowling DN (2006) Bacterial endophyte-enhanced phyto-remediation of the organochlorine herbicide 24-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid FEMS Microbiol Ecol 57 302ndash310
Miller CM Miller RV Garton-Kenny D Redgrave B Sears J Condron MM Teplow DB amp Strobel GA (1998) Ecomycins unique antimycotics from Pseudomonas viridiflava J Appl Microbiol 84 937ndash944
Lodewyckx C Vangronsveld J Porteous F Moore ERB Taghavi S Mezgeay M amp van der Lelie D (2002) Endophytic bacteria and their potential applications Crit Rev Plant Sci 21 583ndash606
Lodewyckx C Taghavi S Mergeay M Vangronsveld J Clijsters H amp van der Lelie D (2001) The effect of recombinant heavy metal resistant endophytic bacteria in heavy metal uptake by their host plant Int J Phytoremediation 3 173ndash187
Taghavi S Barac T Greenberg B Borremans B Vangronsveld J amp van der Lelie D (2005) Horizontal gene transfer to endogenous endophytic bacteria from poplar improved phyto-remediation of toluene Appl Environ Microbiol 71 8500ndash8505
Strobel G Daisy B Castillo U amp Harper J (2004) Natural products from endophytic microorganisms J Nat Prod 67 257ndash268
Van Aken B Peres C Doty S Yoon J amp Schnoor J (2004) Methylobacterium populi sp nov a novel aerobic pink- pigmented facultatively methylotrophic methane-ultilising bacterium isolated from poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra DN34) Evol Microbiol 54 1191ndash1196
Xi C Lambrecht M Vanderleyden J amp Michiels J (1999) Bi-functional gfp-and gusA-containing mini-Tn5 transposon derivatives for combined gene expression and bacterial localization studies J Microbiol Methods 35 85ndash92