Journal of Sc ien ti fic & Indu stri al Research Vo l. 62 , Ap ril 2003 , pp 319-328 Phytoremediation of Pulp and Paper Mill and Distillery Effluents by Channel Grass (Vallisneria spiralis) V Singhal, A Kumar and J P N Rai '" Department of Enviro nmental Sciences, G 8 P Uni ve rsit y of Ag ri culture and Tec hn ology, Pant nagar 263 145 , Utt aranchal Received : 29 Jul y 2002; accepted: 03 October 2002 The phytoremedi ati on of th e efnuent s of pulp and paper mill and di stillery emplo yi ng channel grass is assessed in terms of reduction in pH, EC, 800 , COD, TSS , TS , TDS , co lour, li gnin , Na and K. The eftlue nt s are treated at two different co nce ntr at ions, viz . 20 and 40 per cent for 45d. The effect of eftlu e nt s on th e chann el grass healt h is also monitored. In general th e phytoremed iati on by chan nel grass results in signi fica nt red ucti on in all th e se l ec ted parametres of pulp and paper mill and distillery efl lue nt s over ' 0' d va lu e, except th at of pH. Trea tment by chann el grass res ult s into maximum reduction in COD of pulp and paper mill efllu e nt (74.66 per ce nt ) and in co lour unit of distill e ry eftlu e nt (75. 19 per cent) , whil st th e minimum redu ction is obse rv ed in so dium co nt e nt of the two effluents at 20 per ce nt conce nt ratio n (3 1 .84 an d 38.77 per ce nt ). Per plant leaf number and leaf area in creases up to 124 per ce nt and chl oro ph yll a, chl orophyll b, total chl orophyll and total ca rb ohydrate are in creased up to 34.38, 5 1. 85, 39 .56 and 48 .64 per ce nt , respective ly , in pulp and paper mill efll uent at 20 pe r cent concentrati on, whil st in 20 per cent di stillery efnu e nt pla nt s shows th e corresponding in crease by 11 3.75, 11 3.80, 25.0, 37.04, 28.57 and 40.54 per cent, respectively. In general, po lluti on load reduction and plant growth are foun d to be better in 20 th an in 40 per ce nt co ncentration of eftlu e nt s. Introduction The industrial pollution has spoiled the three wealths of life, viz. water, air, and soil. Th e industrial effluents have cau sed havoc for th ese and human s. Effluent tr ea tment IS needed to sa ti sfy lega l req uir ements, la id d ow n by pollution co ntrol authorities or local municipal authorities. Th ese authorities prescribe limits ( upp er limits for most of the parameters, exce pt di sso lved oxyge n content and lower ((nd upper limits for pH) for parametres of treated effluent rel eva nt to the final mode of di s po sa l or e ndure 1 • Pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industri es in our co untr y, which cons umes large amount of water 2 . About 80 per cent of thi s wa ter reapp ea rs as wa stewat er and is usually discharged back into the s treams' . Distillery effluent is also one of the most co mpl ex, caramalised a rfd c umb ersome waste having very hi gh BOD (35, 000- 50,000 ppm) and COD (85,000-1 ,3 0,000 ppm) co ntent, which is hi ghly toxic to e nvironment with other orga ni c and inorga ni c co nstituents 4 . * Author for co rrespondence Like any other industrial effluent trea tment th e pulp and pap er mill and distillery effluent treat ment involves primary, seco ndary and tertiary leve l of trea tment to recove r the pollutant at so urce, preve nt or reduce their formation , conserving water and o th er basic raw materials and c hemic a ls, and easy di sposa l of industrial waste by eco nomical trea tme nt. To achieve this, much emphasis has bee n given on phy sica l and chemical treatment s of industrial effluents, which although pave way for another type of environmental problems. Rece ntly the biol og ical tr ea tment of various industrial effluents has bee n opted at laboratory and/or small- sca le. However, few biologi ca l trea tments have bee n taken at industrial leve l, which is expensive and economically un viable. On the other hand, appli ca tion of plants as e nvironment cleaner is now gaining s ub stantial ground to combat with the ill effec ts of industrial effluents being po se d by rapid industriali za ti on. Amon g the biological method s available for the tr ea tment of effluent by vascular plants is termed as phytoremediation. Phytoremediation (Phyto-Greek word meaning plant, and remediation - th e process of correcting a problem or to put back in proper
Transcript
Journal of Scienti fic & Industri al Research Vol. 62, April 2003 , pp 3 19-328
Phytoremediation of Pulp and Paper Mill and Distillery Effluents by Channel Grass (Vallisneria spiralis)
V Singhal, A Kumar and J P N Rai '"
Department of Environmental Sciences, G 8 P Uni versity of Agri culture and Technology, Pant nagar 263 145 , Uttaranchal
Received : 29 Jul y 2002; accepted: 03 October 2002
The phytoremedi ation of the efnu ents of pulp and paper mill and di stillery employi ng channel grass is assessed in terms of reduction in pH, EC, 800, COD, TSS , TS, TDS, colour, li gnin , Na and K. The eftlu ents are treated at two different concentrat ions, viz. 20 and 40 per cent for 45d. The effect of eftlu ents on the channel grass health is also monitored. In general the phytoremed iati on by chan nel grass results in signi ficant reducti on in all the selected parametres of pulp and paper mill and distillery eflluent s over '0' d value, except that of pH. Treatment by channel grass result s into maximum reduction in COD of pulp and paper mill efllu ent (74.66 per cent) and in colour unit of distillery eftlu ent (75. 19 per cent) , whil st the minimum redu ction is observed in sodium content of the two effluents at 20 per cent concent ration (3 1.84 and 38.77 per cent). Per plant leaf number and leaf area increases up to 124 per cent and chloroph yll a, chl orophyll b, total chlorophyll and total carbohydrate are increased up to 34.38, 5 1. 85, 39.56 and 48.64 per cent , respectively, in pulp and paper mill efll uent at 20 per cent concentration, whil st in 20 per cent di stillery efnu ent plant s shows the corresponding increase by 11 3.75, 11 3.80, 25.0, 37.04, 28.57 and 40.54 per cent, respectively. In general, pollution load reduction and plant growth are found to be better in 20 than in 40 per cent concentration of eftlu ents.
Introduction
The industrial po llution has spoiled the three wealths of life, viz. water, a ir, and soil. The industrial effluents have caused havoc for these and humans. Effluent treatment IS needed to sati sfy legal requirements, la id down by pollution control authoriti es or local muni cipa l authorities. These authorities prescribe limits (upper limits for most of the parameters, except di ssolved oxygen content and lower ((nd upper limits for pH) for parametres of treated effluent re levant to the fina l mode of di sposal or endure 1
• Pulp and paper industry is one of the larges t industries in our country, which consumes large amount of water2
. About 80 per cent of thi s water reappears as wastewater and is usuall y d ischarged back into the streams' . Di stillery e ffluent is also one of the most complex, caramalised arfd cumbersome waste hav ing very hi gh BOD (35,000-50,000 ppm) and COD (85,000-1 ,30,000 ppm) content, which is highly toxic to environment with other organi c and inorganic constituents4
.
* Author for correspondence
Like any other industrial effl uent treatment the pulp and paper mill and di stillery efflu ent treatment involves primary, secondary and terti ary leve l of treatment to recover the pollutant at source, prevent or reduce their formation , conserving water and other basic raw material s and chemica ls, and easy di sposal of industrial waste by economical treatment. To achieve this, much e mphasi s has been given on physical and chemical treatments of industrial e ffluents, which although pave way for another type of environmental problems. Recently the biological treatment of various industria l effluents has been opted at laboratory and/or small-scale. However, few biological treatments have been take n at industrial level, which is ex pensi ve and economically un viable. On the other hand , application of plants as environment cleaner is now gaining substantial ground to combat with the ill effects of industrial e ffluents being posed by rapid industriali zati on. Among the biological methods available for the treatment of e ffluent by vascul ar plants is termed as phytore mediati on. Phytoremedi ation (Phyto-Greek word meaning pl ant, and remediation - the process of correcting a problem or to put back in proper
320 J SCI IND RES VOL 62 APRIL 200]
conditi on) is probably the mos t descript i ve termino logy, which is defin ed as the use o f green plant to re move po llutants from the environment or to render them harmless. Severa l comprehens ive reviews,,· lo summari z ing important aspec ts o f this nove l pl ant-based techno logy are ava ilable . However, a se ri es of fasc inating sc ientific di scoveries combined with an inte rdi sc iplina ry research approach have a ll owed the development of phytoremediation into a promi sing, cos t-effec ti ve and environment fri endl y techno logy, which can be appli ed fo r both organic and inorgani c po llutants, present in so lid (e.g. soi l), liquid (e.g. wate r) and ae ri a l medium. The present study assesses the ph ytoremedi ati on of the wastewate rs o f two contras ting nature e mploy ing submerged macrophyte V. spira lis.
Materials and Methods
Sampling Site of the Effluents
Efflue nt of Century Pulp & Paper Mill , La lku an was co llected from the Bindu Khatta, an outle t of the mill s ituated 12 km away from Pantnaga r. The d istill e ry e fflu ent was co ll ected from main ou tl et o f the effluent from Kesar Enterpri ses, Baheri (UP) situated 28 km southwest of Pantnaga r. E ffluent samples from the point o f di sch arge were co ll ected in c lean pl asti c conta ine rs during firs t week of M ay, 2000. The effluent of a g iven indu stry was co ll ected from three adj acent pl aces rando ml y and was mi xed to form a compos ite sample . lmmed iate ly aft e r co ll ec ti on the e ffluent was brought to the laboratory and stored at 4°C in a refri gerator until ana lys is for its phys ico-che mi ca l properties and furthe r use.
Samplin g (if Chann el Grass (Valli sneria spirolis )
The phytorcmed iator, Vallisnerio spiralis was co llec ted from the fishery ponds, situated in the Uni versit y Campus at Pant nagar. The co ll ected pl ants were washed thoroughl y with running tap wate r to avo id any surface contaminati on, fo ll owed by ri nsing with di still ed wate r and blo tted w ith c lean bl otting paper for any surface mo isture a oiding damage to root ;lIld leaf api ces and were grown and mainta ined in laboratory.
Experimental Design
Before sta rting the ex periment , vari oLl s physicochemica l pa ramete rs o f non-phytore medi ated pulp and paper m ill and di still e ry efflu ent were analyzed fo ll ow ing the s tandard meth ods. T he in iti a l growth
paramete rs of V. spira lis were al so ana lyzed . To assess the phytore medi ati on effi c ie ncy o f V. spira lis in pulp and paper mill and di st ill e ry efflu ents, two concentrati ons of each e fflu ent , i.e., 20 and 40 pe r cent (P20 and P40) were prepared with d is till ed wate r. The e ffluent concentrat ions fo r phytoremedi ation effici e ncy eva luation were dec ided on the bas is of pilo t ex periment result , w hich ex hibited almo~ t no growth of these plan ts beyond 50 per cent efflu ent concentrati on. Non-ph ytoremed iated efflu ents at the two corresponding concent rat ions (NP20 and NP40) were a lso kept for compari son a long with contro l (0 pe r cent efflu ent) . As suc h the ex perimenta l des ign consisted of four treatment s o f two indu stria l effluents and one control. A ll the treatments were triplicated in plasti c tu b ' ( inner d iam 40 cm of capac ity 8 L). In phytore med iati on trea tment, one pl ant o f V. spira lis/tub was a ll owed to grow for 45 d . Tn orde r to prov ide d isso lved oxygen to the pl ant roots, mechanica l aerati on was given by a ir pump at the rate of 10 min/tu b at 3 d inte rva l throughout the ex pe rimenta l pe ri od . A na lys is of the phys ico-che mica l parametres of the e fflu ents drawn from va ri ous treatments was done aft e r 15, 30, and 45 d at the sta rt of ex periment. S imultaneous ly rhe p lan t growth parametres we re a lso assessed .
Analytical Methodology
The va ri ous e fflu ent c harac te ri stics, viz. pH, EC, BOD, COD, TSS , TS , TOS . cr, SO. 1., N, and P were assessed accord in g to standa rd meth ods desc ribed in APHA II. The co lour content was measured accord ing to the method o f C PPA I 2 and lignin accord ing to Pea rl and Be nson 11
. T he chl orophyll con tent of plant s was measured fo ll ow ing the procedure o f Arnonl ~ by ex trac tin g p lant ti ss ue in 80 per cent acetone and measuring its abso rbance at 645 and 663 nm. The to ta l carbo hyd rate was es ti mated according to Sadas ivam and Manick am l) and Na, K , Nand P contents were measured by the method of Tandon l6. For dete rminati on of leaf area per plant , leaf number pe r pl ant was multiplied by leaf area pe r leaf (es timated initi a liy), whil st for biomass es timati on mo isture content was ded ucted from the fresh weight o f the pl ant at a g iven observati on date. S tati sti ca l ana lys is o f the data was performed using re levant treatment.
Results and Discussion
lniti a l phys ico-chemi ca l c harac te ris ti cs of pu lp and paper mill and di still e ry efflu e nts are shown In
SINGHAL el al.: PHYTOREMEDIAT ION OF PULP & PAPER MILL & DISTILLERY EFFLUENTS 32 1
T able I and initial growth parameters of V. spiralis are shown in Tabl e 2. The data showing effect of V. spiralis on phys ico-chemica l c haracteri sti cs of pulp and paper mill and di still e ry effluent are shown in Tabl e 3 and 4, respec ti ve ly. In general phytore medi ati on by channe l grass resulted in significant reduction in a ll the se lected parametres of pulp and paper mill and di still ery efflu ents over 0 d va lue. However the va lue of pH remains excepti on. The ph ytoremedi ator plants showed ab ility of neutra li zing the effluent. There was max imum decrease by 5.49 per cent in pH of pulp and paper mill efflu ent and max imum increase up to 23.79 per cent in pH of disti lI e ry efflu ent phytore medi ated by V. spiralis plants for a period of 45 d . With inc rease in phytoremedi ati on period there was gradual decrease in pH of pulp and paper mill e fflu ent , whi lst a grad ua l increase in pH of distill e ry efflu ent was recorded . Tn general the maxImum reducti on in e fflue nt parametres was recorded at 20 per cent concentrati on (i.e., in P20 treatment) by phytoremcdiation.
T ab le 1- Init ial physico-chemical characterist ics (±SE) of pulp and paper mi ll and d i ~ti ll e ry efnuen ls
Ertluen l parameters Pul p nnd paper Dislillery diluent mill eflluent
Cnlour Dark Browni sh brown yel low
Temperature (oC) 27.2±007 53. 1±0.OS
pH lU3±001 5 5 1 :i:OO I
EC (ps/ em) I 927±2.72 2753±5.44
BOD (ppm) 1222±4.9 1 3690± I S. 7 1
Cal) (ppm ) 316X±7.54 l o:l20±37.71
TSS (ppm) I 740±9.43 7300±9.43
TS (ppm) 4 193±14.40 I 6600± 18.86
TDS (ppm) 2453±5.44 930()±24.94
Colour lInil (hazcn) 5307± 124.85 9429±147.62
Lignin (ppm) 1358±12.7b NT
, (ppm) 17.5±0. 19 59.8±0.43
P (ppm) 3 1.0±0.24 47.3±O.49
CI' (ppm) 270.6± 1.52 222.6± 1.52
S04' (ppm) I 64.6±0.97 263.4±O.97
a (ppm) 8IU± : .52 21 U.7± J.()9
K (ppm) IXlJ.3±1.0t) 33o.0± 1. 89
T ab le 2 - Initia l growth paramelers (±SE) of V. spiralis
Growlh parameters Valli.maia spiralis
Leaf number/planl 15.67±0.33
Leaf area (cm2)/pl allt I 22 .91-:±2.62
Chlorophyll a (mg/g f w) 1.1 I ±0.02
Ch lorophyll b (mg/g f w) 082±OOI
Total ch lorophyll (mgig f w) I 93±O.OI
Tol al carbohydrate (mg/g d w) S8.o7±1 AS
N (mg/g d w) 34.25±O.25
P (mg/g d w) 4.57±0.26
Na (mg/g d w) 1.96±O.05
K (mg/g d w) 19.60±0.13
Tola l biomass (g d w/planl ) 0.95 1 ±O.Uoo
The EC, BOD, COD, TSS, TS and TDS were red uced up to 15.28, 19.50, 18 .0 , 10.53 , 20.67 , and 26 .89 per cen t, respective ly, in NP20 treatment, 9.S7, 12 .67 , 8.99, 5 .26, 16.30, :1nd 24 .07 per cen t in NP40 trea tment , 7 1.88 , 65.78 , 74.66, 70. 18, 7 1.33. and 72 .05 per cent in P20 treatment a nd 69.86, 50.9 1, 66.29 , 59 .64, 59.78 , and 59.88 pe r cent in P40 treatment , respec tivel y, in pulp and paper mi ll efflu en t phytore rnediated for a per iod of 45 d (Figure I ), whereas these parametres we re found to be decreased up to 15 .33, 17.39, 13 .25, 11.05 , 13.4 1, and 15 .65 per cent in NP20 treatme nt , 12.29, 10.9 1, 7 . 19, 9.60, 9.76, and 9.89 per cen t in NP40 treatmen t, 71.36, 56.52, 72.05, 64.79, 65.20, and 65.5 1 per cent in P20 treatment and 64.78 , 48.68 , 67.54, 56 .57 , 58.50, and 59 .97 per cent in P40 treatment. in distillery effl ue nt phytoremediated for the same durati on, i.e. 45 d (Figure 2).
Further, co lour unit , li gni n, Na and K were a lso reduced upto 17.89, 4.96, 3.98, and 1.2 1 per cent in NP20 treatment, 12.25 , 3.46, 1.61 , and 0 .89 per cent in NP40 treat ment , 65.16, 50.20, 3 1.84, and 36.47 pe r cent in P20 trea tment and 56.62. 44.75 , 25 .20 and 30.83 per cent in P40 trea tment , respect ive ly, in pulp and paper mill effluent phytoremediated for a period o f 45 d, whereas colour unit, Na and K were found to be decreased lip to 14.46, 1.89. and 1.42 per cent in NP20 treatment , 8.46, 0 .97, and 0.80 per cent in NP40 treatment , 75 . 19, 38.77 , and 41. 11 per cent in P2CJ treatment and 69.6 1 , 33.50, and 34.76 per cent in
Parameters pH
EC (!l S/Clll" )
BOD (ppm)
COD (ppm)
TSS (ppm )
TS (ppm)
TDS (ppm)
Colour unit (hazen)
Li gnin (ppm)
Na (ppm)
K (ppm)
Table :1- Effec i of V. s"i/"(/Ii.~ on phys ico-chemica l characteri slics (±SE) of pu lp anci pape r mi ll effl uenl ph ytoremed iated for di ffe rent du ral ions
NP20
7.82 ±0.0 1
Y60.0 ±5.77
307 .7 ±IA5
800.0 ±~.1~
380.0 ±13 .W
1000.0 ±11.55
620 .0 t11.55
1319.3 ±3.53
322.7 ±I 33
20.1 ±O.06
4 1.4 ±0.12
Od NP40
8.02 ±0.01
1393.3 ±3.33
552 .7 ±1 ,4 5
1424.0 ±9.2'"
760.0 ±20.0
1840.0 ±1 1.55
1080.0 ± I U5
2381.3 ±4,48
6 17.7 ±2 .67
37 .3 ±0,12
n .5 ±O.12
NP20
7.8 1 to.003
900.0 ±5.77
2l)OJ ± IA5
736.0 ±9.24
376.7 ±13.33
946.7 :t17.64
570.0 ±11.55
1252.7 ±3.53
320.0 ±2.31
19.8 ±0.12
-11.2 ±O.09
NP40
7.98 ±0.003
1346.7 ±3.33
530.3 ± 1,45
1376.0 ±9.24
746.7 ±24 .04
1766.7 ± 17.64
1020.0 ±1 1.55
2300.7 N,48
6 13.7 t3 .53
36.9 ±O. 12
78.2 ±O. l l
15 d P20
7.7Y ±0.01
700.0 ±5.77
200.7 ±2.40
496.0 ±9. 2'"
233 .3 ±6.67
580.0 ±IU5
346.7 ±6.67
900.0 ±5 .00
216.0 ±5.13
16,4 ±O.03
31.6 to. 17
P40
7.83 to.OI
986.7 ±6.67
44 8.0 ±3 .06
1056.0 ±9 .2-t
613 .3 ±6.67
1340.0 ± II.S5
726.7 ±6.67
1857.7 ±4,48
465.7 ±6,44
3 1.6 ±O.12
65 .8 to. 11
LSD P;O.05 NP20
0.Q3
16.2'"
6.10
28046
53.03
42 .75
31.37
13 .19
12 .22
0.30
0.38
7.77 ±0.01
846.7 ±3 .. 13
267 .7 ± 1,45
672.0 ±9.24
366.7 ±17.64
886.7 ±6.67
520.0 ± 11.55
11 61.7 ±5.24
309.3 ±2.67
19.6 ±0.06
41.0 ±O.06
NP40
7.94 ±0.003
1290.0 ±O.OO
50K.3 ±1.67
1306.7 ±5.33
740.0 ±20.0
1713.3 ± 17.64
97303 ±6.67
2 194.3 ±3.53
605.7 ±3.53
36.7 to. ll
77 .9 ±0.05
30 d P20
7.68 ±O .OI
493 .3 ±6.67
144 .0 ± 1.1 5
368.0 ±9.24
193.3 ±13.33
486.7 ± 17.64
293J ±6.67
621.3 N.33
195.3 ±3.53
14 .3 ±0.06
28.7 ±OM
P40 LSD P;O.05 1\ P20
7.75 ±0.0 1
7.\6.7 ±3.33
354 .7 ±1.76
768.0 ±9 . 2~
446.7 ± 17.64
1066.7 ±6.67
620.0 ± 11.55
1345.7 ±6.74
402.3 ±3.53
28.8 ±O.06
56.9 ±O.I I
0.Q3
13 .26
4 .63
26.83
58.09
39.33
31.37
t4.68
9.19
0.25
0.2Y
7.72 ±0.003
813 .3 ±6.67
247 .7 ± 1,4 5
656.0 ±9 . 2~
340.0 ±23.09
793 .3 ±6.67
453.3 ±17 .64
1083.3 ±l .03
306.7 ±1.33
19.3 ±0.12
40.9 ±O.12
NP40
7.90 ±0.003
1260.0 ±5.77
482.7 ±1.45
1296.0 ±Y . 2~
720.0 ±20.0
1540.0 ±11.55
820.0 ± 11.55
2089.7 ±3 .53
596.3 ±1.33
36.7 to.17
77.8 ±O. I I
45 d P20
7049 ±0.01
270.0 ±5 .77
105 .3 ±1.76
202 .7 ±5 .33
11 3.3 ±6.67
286.7 ±6.67
173 .3 ±6.67
459.7 ±3.28
160.7 ±2N
13 .7 ±U.06
26.3 ±O.12
P40
7.58 ±0.0 1
420 .0 ±O.OO
271.3 ±1.76
480.0 ±9 . 2~
306.7 ±13.J3
740.0 ±11.55
433 .3 ±6.67
1033 .0 ±7 .09
341.3 ±5 .8 1
27 .9 to.06
54 .3 ±0.12
LSD P;O.05
0.03
15 .(1)
4 .82
26.83
57,48
31.37
35 .57
13. 17
9 .19
0.32
0.36
VJ t'-.1 N
on n
z Cl ;<:) rn on
< o r C\ N
> -0 ;<:)
r N o o . ...,
pH
EC (~S/cm " )
BOD (ppm)
COD (ppm)
TSS (ppm)
TS (ppm)
TDS (ppm)
Colour unil (hazen)
Na (ppm)
K (ppm)
Tab le 4 - Effecl of V. spiralis on phys ico-chemi cal charac lerisli cs (±SE) of di slill ery efnu enl phyloremedimed for differenl durali ons
Od NP20 NP40
5.80 5.68 ±0.01 ±O.OI
1326.7 1953.3 ±3.33 ±3.33
920.0 1650.0 ±5.77 ±5 .77
2576.0 ~ 633.3
±9.24 ±6.67
1780.0 3193 .3 ±34.64 ±56.96
4080.0 7373 .3 ±13 .09 ±76.88
2300.0 41 80.0 ± 11.55 ±23.Q9
2346.0 4226.0 ±3.2 1 ±4.55
42 .3 82.4 ±O.12 ±O.17
70.3 137 .5 ±O.I I ±O.17
NP20
5.8 1 ±O.OI
1263.3 ±6.67
860.0 ±5 .77
2464 .0 ±9.24
1700.0 ±20.0
3840.0 ±11.55
2140.0 ±23 .09
2203.3 ±3 .28
42.1 ±O.06
70.0 ±O. 12
NP40
5.75 ±0.003
1860.0 ±5 .77
1570.0 ±5 .77
4540.0 ± 11.55
3166.7 ±65 .6O
7093 .3 ±29 .06
3916.7 ±37 .12
4072.0 ±7 .75
82 .2 ±0.12
137 .1 ±0.05
15 d P20
6.20 ±0.05
1086.7 ±3 .33
600.0 ±5 .77
1392.0 ±9 .24
1026.7 ± 13.33
2360.0 ±23.09
13 33 .3 ± 13.33
1563,3 ±6.74
3 1.9 ±O.12
51.8 ±O.12
P40
6.13 tOm
1470.7 ±3 .33
1246.7 ±8.82
285.3.3 ± 14 . 11
2200.0 ±1 1.55
5020.0 ±1 1.55
2820.0 ±23.09
3240 .0 ±7.7Y
65 .2 ±O.12
102 .2 ±O. 12
LSD P=O.05 NP20
O.OK
13 .91
19N1
31.69
122 .37
113 .07
72.14
18 .2 1
0.37
0 .37
5.91 ±0.01
1190.7 ±3.33
8 10.0 ±S.??
2320.0 ±9.2-l
1586.7 ±17 '64
3620 .0 ±11.55
2033.3 ±6.67
2089.7 ±1.33
41.8 ±O.06
69.9 ±O.12
NP40
5.Ra ±0.0 1
I BOO.O ±S.77
1536.7 ±R.R2
4393 .3 ± 17.64
3066.7 ±35 .28
6893.3 ± 17 .64
3826.7 ± 17.64
3940.3 ± 1.39
8 1.8 ±O.06
136.8 ±O.07
30 d P20
6.94 ±O.07
733 .3 ±3.33
530.0 ±5 .77
1130.7 ± 10.67
733 .3 ±711 .55
1860.0 ± 11.55
1126.7 ±59.25
1036.7 ±3 .53
26.9 ±O.12
43.1 ±O.03
P40
6.83 ±O.03
1143 .3 ±3 .33
11 20.0 ±5 .77
2341.3 ±14 .11
I?RO.O ±11.55
4180.0 ± 11..I5
2400.0 ± 11.55
2121.3 ±5 .78
56.6 ±O,3 2
92.1 ±O.03
LSD P=O.05
0 . 10
II.B6
19 .66
36.47
132.58
106 .. 15
85 .92
I U2
0 .10
0.32
NP20
6.01 ±O.OI
11 23 .3 ±0.67
760.0 ±5 .77
2234 .7 ± 14. 11
1583 .3 ±26.67
3533 .3 ± 17.64
1940.0 ± 11.55
2006.7 ±1.l3
41.5 ±0.17
69.3 ±O. I I
NP40
5 ,1) I ±O.OI
17 13.3 ±0.67
1470.0 ±S.77
4300.0 ±II.S5
2880.7 ±24.04
6653.3 ± 17.64
3760.7 ±6.67
3868.3 ± 1,39
81.6 ±0. 17
136.4 ±O.12
45 d P10
7. IK ±O.04
380.0 ±5.77
400.0 ±5 .77
720.0 ±9 .2~
020.7 ± 1 ~.3J
1420.0 ± 11.55
793 .3 ± 17.64
582 .0 ±3.21
25 .9 ±O.II
41.4 ±0.12
P40
7.01 ±O.04
690.0 ±5.77
846.7 ±5.82
1504 .0 ±9.24
1386.7 ±t7.6-1
3060.0 ±1!.SS
1673 .3 ± 13.33
1284.3 ±5 .78
54 .8 ±O. 12
89.7 ±O.OO
LSD P=O.05
0.07
16.77
19.66
.11.69
99.21
107 .70
45.93
11.03
0.42
0.37
C/l
z o :r: » r ~ :: :--
-0 :r: -< b ::0 tTl s: tTl
" :; -l (5 Z o "T1 -0 C r-0
Ro -0 » -0 tTl ::0
s: t= r Ro
" Vi -l
~ tTl ::0 -< tTl
=R r c tTl Z -l C/l
w N '..;.l
324 J SCI IND RES VOL 62 APRIL 2003
[-015 days 030 days 045 days I 015 days 030 days 0 45 days J I NP20 ~r~o
15 ~ 10
im,u~~ l~,' ij
ID 6 g' 10
f.
}~ ~ ;; 5 a.
dilcdJ, EC BOD COD TSS TS TDS cu No K
COD TSS TS TDS CU No
Fi!!UI"C 1- Per ccnt rcduCl ioll ill phys ico-chcmical characterist ics ofpu!p and paper mill cftluent phytoreITIediatcd hy V. sllim/is 1'01'
dirferellt periods
1 00 ~, - -----------
P20 80
80 J;40 --_.-
60
]]j~c ID
@ ~ c '10 ~
Jill I 20 Q
'2:~~~ EC 800 COD TSS TS TDS CU No K
.40 l
60
~ 40
ill U BOD COD TSS TS TOS CU Na K
-20
·40
Parameters Parameler!;
Fi gurc 2 - PCI' CCllt rcduction in physico-chcmical characteri stics of distil lery efnuent phytoremediated by V. sflim lis 1'0 1' di Ikrcllt pcri ods
P40 treatment in di st ill ery effluent phytorcmediated for same peri od (Figure I and 2) . In general , increased phytoremediation peri od resul ted into corresponding increase in reducti on of studied parametres of the two industrial effluents.
Aq uati c weed-based wastewater treatment plants stud ied by Trived i and Nakate l 7 have revealed maximum red uct ion in suspended solids , BOD and COD, nitrogen, phosphorolls, oil , and grease. Similar report has been made by Rose lR
, who inferred that L el11l/({ m;l/or is effi cient in removing BOD, so li ds and nu trient from the was tewater. Recentl y, Trivedy and Naka te l 0 have studied treatment of diluted dist illery was te lI sing Typha !al(fo lia on laboratory sca le alld fo und the reducti on in BOD and COD by 47.59 and 78.77 per cent, respectively in 10 d. Cas:J.bianca ('f (1/. 20 had applied E;chhom;u crossipes [0 red uce COD and BOD5 from paper mill effl uent and argued th ;:lt such reduction is rela ted to both physical setting and plant absorptio n. Simi lar
in ves ti gations were made by others21-2
,), employi ng various industri al wastewaters. In the present study, V. spira lis, beside removi ng the BOD, COD load of the two effluent , also removed substanti al amount of Na and K, which may be due to phytochelatins formation as reported by Gupta e f a!?' in V. spiralis in response to mercury stress. However, thi s needs a further in vest igation.
Effects of vari ed concentrat ions of pulp and paper mill and di stillery efflu ents on growth charac teri sti cs of V. spiralis are shown in Table 5 and 6. In general, max imum increase in growth parameters was observed in P20 treatment at all the phytorernedi ali on periods. Increased durati on of phytoremed iation caused correspond i ng increase in vari ous plant growth parameters compared with that grow n in control. Number of leaves and leaf area per plan t were increased up to 124. 10 and 124. 14 per cent in P20 treatmen t Jnd up to 89.56 and 89.67 per cent in P40 treatment for pulp and paper mil i effluen t and
Table 6- Effec t of vari ed concentrati ons of di stillery efflu ent on growth charac teri stics (±SE) of V. sfiiralis
en
15 d 30 d -15 d Z 0
Growth ~ PO P20 P-lO L.s.D. PO P20 P40 L.S.D . PO P20 P40 L.s.D . ::c »
Total bi omass (g d 0.775 0.898 0.87 1 0.027 0.699 0.8 15 0.760 0.029 0.6 18 w/plant ) ±O.OO9 ±O.OO8 ±O.007 ±OO05 ±O.O I I ±OOO8 ±OO02
-15 d P20 P-10
2 1.67 18.33 ±O.3:; ±O.J~
17008 1-1.1.92 ±2.62 ±2.62
0.86 0.78 ±O.03 ±O.02
0 .... 1 0.39 ±O.02 ±O.m
1.27 1.17 ±O05 ±O.O I
36.67 J2.0 ± 1.-15 ±1.53
2.06 2.02 ±OO03 ±Oom
21.17 20.80 ±O.03 ±O.002
0.739 0.7 16 ±O.0 14 ±O.O II
LS .D. P=0.05
1.1 5
90-1
0.08
007
0. 11
5.84
0.0 1
0.09
0.036
'..,.)
N 0.
(/J
Q Z 0 :A' r:1 (/J
< 0 r 0-N
>--0 :A' r N
~
SI GHAL el al.: PHYTOREMEDIATION OF PULP & PAPER MILL & DISTILLERY EFFLUENTS 327
11 3.75 and I 13.80 per cent in P20 treatment and 93.07 and 93 .11 per cent in P40 treatment for di still e ry effluent over PO treatment value under a phytoremediation peri od o f 45 d . The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and tota l carbohydrate were a lso increased up to 34.38, 51 .85, 39.56, and 48.64 per cent in P20 treatment and 2 1.88, 44.44, 28.57 , and 29 .71 per cent in P40 treatment for pulp and paper mill effluent and 25.0, 37 .04, 28.57, and 40.54 per cent in P20 treatment and 9.38, 18.52, 12.09, and 17.55 per cent in P40 treatment for di stillery effluent over PO treatment va lue under a phytoremediati on for same peri od.
Further, Na and K accumul at ion was found to increase up to 11.0 I and 19.58 per cent in P20 treatment and 9.07 and 15.86 per cent in P40 trea tment fo r pulp and paper mil effluent and 15 .73 and 10.19 per cent in P20 treatment and 13.63 and 5.66 per cent in P40 treatment for di st ille ry e fflu ent over PO treatment va lue under a phytoremediati on period of 45 d. Tota l bi o mass was found to increase up to 19.58 , and 15.86 per cent in P20 and P40 treatment, respecti ve ly, for pu lp and paper mill e fflu ent and up to 10. 19, and 5 .66 per cent in P20 and P40 treatment , respective ly for di stillery effluent as compared to that observed in PO treatme nt after 45 d of phytore mediation. The Na and K accumulati on in plant body may be due to hi gh uptake potential of the aquatic macrophytes from e ffluents, which might have a lso changed chl orophyll , carbohydrate and biomass content o f V. spiralis in response to industri a l effluents . T he results show ing c hange o f chl orophy ll -a and bi omass in the present study were comparable wi th the results o f other workers27
. 28 .
The ex perimenta l results depicted the phytoremediation potent ia l o f V. spira /is for the two contrasting nature o f indu stri a l efflu ents. The total phyto remed iation observed in thi s study mi ght be accounted as a result of phytodegradat ion, ph ytoex traction , and phytovo latili zation to reduce BOD, COD, TS , TDS , TSS and li gnin , and of phytoextrac ti on, rhizofi Itrati on and phytostabil ization to reduce Na and K content in the e fflue nts. T he change in pH , EC and colour unit could be due to changes in the above menti oned parametres through total phytorem edi ati o n as argued by Salt e! af? Howeve r, a moderate reduc ti on in a ll parametres observed in non-phytoremed iated e fflu ents mi ght be accounted fo r the presence of mi croorgani sms and the ir ac tiviti es. In phyto re mediated e fflu ents the
probability of microbial degradati on and its further enhancement owing to availability of more niches in response to rhi zopl anic and/or rhi zospheric effect cannot be ignored .
Acknowledgements
Research facilities provided by G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technol ogy, Pantnagar and financial assistance from Uni versity G rants Commiss ion and ICAR, Government of Indi a are gratefu ll y acknowledged .
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